Kursk region map, Kursk region Rylsky district

Administrative center

Kursk

Square

64th

Total
- % aq. pov.

29,997 km²
0,1

Population

Total
- Density

↘1 117 378 (2015)

37.25 people/km²

Total, at current prices
- Per capita

192.4 billion rubles (2010)

RUB 145.0 thousand

Budget revenues

Total
- Subsidies from the federal

24.97 billion rubles (2011)
?

federal district

Central

economic region

Central Black Earth

Governor

Alexander Mikhailov

Chairman of the Kursk Regional Duma

Tatiana Voronina

Code of the subject of the Russian Federation

46 ISO 3166-2 code RU-KRS

OKATO code

38

Timezone

MSK (UTC+3)

Awards:

Coordinates: 51°45′ s. sh. 36°01′ E  / 51.750° N sh. 36.017° E d. / 51.750; 36.017(G)(O)

Kursk region (Photo on the A142 highway) Postage stamp of Russia, 2010

Kursk region- Subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Central Federal District. The administrative center is Kursk.

The Kursk region borders in the northwest on the Bryansk region, in the north - on the Oryol region, in the northeast - on the Lipetsk region, in the east - on the Voronezh region, in the south - on the Belgorod regions; Sumy region of Ukraine adjoins it from the southwestern and western side.

• 1 Physical and geographical characteristics
  • 1.1 Geographic location
  • 1.2 Relief
  • 1.3 Climate
  • 1.4 Hydrography
  • 1.5 Geological structure
  • 1.6 Soils
  • 1.7 Landscapes and biogeography
• 2 History
• 3 Awards
• 4 Population
  • 4.1 Population change
  • 4.2 National composition of the population
• 5 Administrative-territorial structure
• 6 Power
• 7 Symbols of the Kursk region
• 8 Economy
  • 8.1 Industry
  • 8.2 Agriculture
  • 8.3 Transport
    • 8.3.1 Road transport
    • 8.3.2 Rail transport
  • 8.4 Energy
• 9 Science, education and culture
• 10 Attractions
• 11 Personalities
• 12 Notes
• 13 Literature
• 14 Links

Physical and geographical characteristics

Geographical position

The Kursk region is located between 50°54" and 52°26" north latitude and 34°05" 38°31" east longitude. The extreme northern point of the region is located in Zheleznogorsk, the southern one is in Belovsky, the western one is in Rylsky, the eastern one is in Kastorensky districts.

The area of ​​the region is 29.8 thousand km².

Relief

The territory of the Kursk region is located on the southwestern slopes of the Central Russian Upland. It is characterized by the presence of ancient and modern forms of linear erosion - a dense network of complexly branched river valleys, ravines and gullies that dissected watershed surfaces, which determines a gently undulating, slightly hilly flat relief. The relief has a complex character of vertical and horizontal dissection, characterized by the presence of various altitudinal tiers. The density of the valley-gully network in most of the territory ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 km/km2, and the density of the ravine network - from 0.1 to 0.4 km/km2.

The height of the surface above sea level is mainly 175-225 m. The central part of the region is the most elevated. The absolute height of the territory in the floodplains of modern rivers rarely rises above 140-170 m (in the floodplain of the Seim river, the lowest mark is 130 m). Above the floodplain, in the interfluves, heights of 200-220 m predominate. The highest point is 274 m, near the village of Olkhovatka, Ponyrovsky district .. (According to another version, 288 m in the upper reaches of the Rat River.) west. Cutting depth of river valleys up to 80-100 m.

There are three main watershed ridges in the region - Dmitrovsko-Rylskaya, Fatezhsko-Lgovskaya and Timsko-Shchigrovskaya. They intersect, forming a triangle, decreasing to the west-southwest.

Of the relief-forming processes in the region, the leading role was played by tectonic movements of the earth's crust. in modern conditions, the main role in the creation of the relief belongs to the activity of flowing waters, which create an erosive relief. There are practically no glacial landforms in the area.

Climate

The climate of the Kursk region is temperate continental, with moderately cold winters and warm summers. Continentality intensifies from west to east.

The territory of the region receives 89 kcal of solar energy per 1 cm² of surface per year, and taking into account reflection - 36 kcal / cm². The duration of sunshine per year is about 1780 hours (45% in summer and about 55% in winter). The region is characterized by cloudy weather, the total number of cloudy days per year is about 60%, cloudy and clear - 20% each. The development of large clouds is facilitated by relatively high air humidity and frequent cyclones.

The average annual air temperature in the region ranges from +5.9°С (in the north) to +7.1°С (in the southwest). The period with an average daily air temperature above 0°С lasts 230-245 days, with a temperature above + 5°С - 185-200 days, above + 10°С - 140-150 days, above + 15°С - 100-115 days. The duration of the frost-free period is 145-165 days. In summer, the average daily air temperature, as a rule, is kept within + 20°С, in winter - from 0°С to minus 5°С. The absolute maximum air temperature reaches + 41°C, the absolute minimum - minus 40°C.

The average duration of individual seasons of the year: winter lasts about 125, spring - 60, summer - 115, autumn - 65 days.

The region is characterized by heterogeneity in the distribution of precipitation. the northwestern regions receive from 550 to 640 mm of precipitation per year, in the rest of the territory - from 475 to 550 mm per year. The warm period (April-October) accounts for 65-70% of the annual precipitation.

Permanent snow cover is established in the second decade of December, and snowmelt begins in early March, lasting about 20 days (Kabanova et al., 1997). The height of the snow cover ranges from 15 to 30 cm (maximum 50 cm), and the cover itself lies on average 2-2.5 months.

Hydrography

The Kursk Territory does not have significant water resources, although it has a dense river network (0.17 km/km2), with an annual flow of 3.38 km3. The rivers of the western and central parts of the region (79% of the territory) belong to the Dnieper basin, and the eastern (21% of the territory) belong to the Don basin. The number of all rivers in the region with a length of more than 10 km is 188, and their total length is almost 5160 km.

Within the region, most of the watercourses are very small, there are only four rivers more than 100 km long: Seim, Psel, Svapa and Tuskar. The river network is better developed in the north, east and in the center of the region, where its average density is 0.25-0.35 km/km2, decreasing to the south-west to 0.15-0.20 km/km2.

The valleys of large rivers are usually wide and deep. The valleys of small tributaries of the main rivers of the region resemble large beams in their shape. They have only a floodplain, less often - a low first terrace above the floodplain, composed of loams.

The rivers feed mainly on melted snow water (50-55% of the annual runoff) and less on ground (30-35%) and rain (10-20%). A feature of the river regime is a high spring flood lasting 20-30 days, and a low level in summer and winter. Usually the region's rivers break up in late March - early April. The lowest, so-called low water level occurs in August-September.

There are 870 large and small lakes in the region, with a total area of ​​up to 200 km². Natural lakes in the region are found only in the floodplains of the rivers, their largest number is confined to the ancient, well-developed river valleys. Almost all lakes are oxbow lakes in origin and usually have the form of narrow and elongated strips ranging in length from several tens of meters to several kilometers. The highest level in such lakes is observed in the spring, and the lowest - at the end of summer. Out-of-floodplain lakes in the Kursk region are very rare.

On the territory of the region there are 785 artificial reservoirs - ponds and small reservoirs, with a total area of ​​242 km² (that is, 0.8% of the territory), on average, about 30 reservoirs per 1000 km² of the territory. The area of ​​the ponds is on average small - 0.002 km²), their average depth is 0.8-2 m, the maximum is up to 3-4 m. There are four large reservoirs in the region - Kursk, Kurchatovskoye, Starooskolskoye and Mikhailovskoye, with a filling volume of more than 40 million m3. There are also 147 relatively large artificial reservoirs, with a volume of 1000-10000 thousand m3, 363 reservoirs with a size of 100-1000 thousand m3 and 275 small reservoirs with volumes up to 100 thousand m3. Most of the natural and artificial reservoirs belong to the Dnieper basin.

Geological structure

The elevated and complexly dissected relief of the region is determined by the Voronezh anteclise - the location of the Central Russian Upland above the uplift of the crystalline basement of the Russian Platform, where the thickness of the sedimentary cover is small. The geological basement is represented by relatively shallow Archean and Proterozoic crystalline rocks, on which the sedimentary rocks of the Devonian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods are based. there are manifestations of iron ores, gold and non-ferrous metals in the foundation. The rocks of the sedimentary cover are represented by various deposits of later periods, which are associated with small resources of brown coal, phosphorites, chalk, marl, tripoli, flask, sands, clays and peat.

Soils

Soils are diverse, but the main type is various chernozems (leached, slightly leached, typical, podzolized, and others). They occupy about 2/3 of the territory. A significant part of the soil cover (1/5 of the area) is represented by gray forest soils (dark gray, gray, light gray, and others), which are typical of the northwestern regions. the total mass of chernozem and gray forest soils is interspersed with patches of sandy, meadow chernozem, marsh, and some other types of soils.

According to the mechanical composition, chernozems are classified as heavy loamy or clayey, and gray soils belong to light loamy and medium loamy coarse silt varieties. Most of the land fund - 82% is used for agricultural land (arable land, gardens, hayfields, pastures). Slope lands are subject to planar and linear forms of erosion. Natural vegetation has been preserved on 18% of the area.

Landscapes and biogeography

According to natural conditions, the region is divided into the North-Western (Svapsky), South-Western (Sudzhansky), East (Timsky) and South-Eastern (Oskol-Donetsk) natural-geographical regions.

The northwestern region is located north of the Seim river valley and from the Svapa and Tuskar river valleys to the western border. Sandy-marl deposits of the Upper Cretaceous age and loess-like loams are widespread here; the maximum amount of precipitation falls; the largest forest cover in the region - 13-14%. Various subtypes of gray soils are common - from light gray to dark gray. The typical vegetation cover reflects the features of the northern forest-steppe, alternating broad-leaved forests with meadow steppes. The boundaries of the region are within the Central Russian coniferous-broad-leaved and Central Russian broad-leaved sub-provinces.

The southwestern natural-geographical region occupies the left bank of the river. Seim and the right bank of the river. Psyol. Here, under Quaternary loess-like loams, sandy-argillaceous deposits of the Paleogene and Neogene occur; chalk and marl are exposed. Most of the territory is occupied by chernozems (75%), the rest - by gray and dark gray forest soils. Forest cover about 10%; oak forests predominate, there are pine plantations. Forb-meadow vegetation is mainly preserved only within the Central Chernozem Reserve. The area is located within the Central Russian forest-steppe subprovince. The eastern region is located in the central part of the Central Russian forest-steppe subprovince. In the west, the river is limited. Tuskar, in the south - the right bank of the river. Seim, and in the south-eastern part and in the east its border runs along the watershed between Tim, Ksheny and Olym on the one hand and the Oskol basin on the other. Sands and clays, marls and writing chalk are widespread on the territory of the region; Upper Devonian limestones and Jurassic clays are exposed. Soils are highly eroded; leached and podzolized chernozems predominate in the western part, while typical chernozems prevail in the eastern part. The steppe areas in the region are plowed up, and the forest cover (oak forests and artificial forest belts) ranges from 7% to 1%.

The southeastern region is a natural-geographical region bounded by the river basin. Oskol; is part of the Central Russian forest-steppe subprovince. On the slopes of gullies and river valleys, writing chalk, marls and sands of the Cretaceous period are exposed here; watersheds are composed of Quaternary loess-like loams; Sands and loams of alluvial origin are widespread. In addition to chernozems, there are humus-calcareous soils; soils are eroded. The vegetation is typical of the forest-steppe, but heavily modified by man; there are many relict and rare plants; forest cover is the lowest in the region - less than 3%.

The fauna in all natural and geographical regions of the region reflects a typical combination of representatives of forest and steppe faunistic forms.

Story

Main article: History of the Kursk region Changes in the territory of the Kursk region in 1934-1954

In 1708, during the division of Russia into 8 provinces, the Kursk Territory became part of the Kiev province. In 1719, the Kyiv province was divided into 4 provinces: Kiev, Belgorod, Sevskaya and Oryol. The territory of the modern Kursk region was divided between the Belgorod and Sevsk provinces.

In 1727, the Belgorod governorship was created as part of the Belgorod, Sevskaya and Oryol provinces. In 1749 it was transformed into the Belgorod province.

In 1779, the Kursk governorate was formed, consisting of 15 counties (Belgorod, Bogatensky, Dmitrievsky, Korochansky, Kursk, Lgovsky, Novooskolsky, Oboyansky, Putivl, Rylsky, Starooskolsky, Sudzhansky, Timsky, Fatezhsky, Shchigrovsky). District towns were formed: Bogaty (now the village of Bogatoye in the Ivnyansky district of the Belgorod region), Dmitriev (from the village of Dmitrievskoye, now Dmitriev-Lgovsky), Lgov (from the settlement of Lgov, which arose on the site of the ancient city of Olgov, destroyed by the Tatars), Tim (from the village of Vygornoe ), Fatezh (from the village of Fatezh), Shchigry (from the village of Troitskoye).

In 1797, the Kursk governorate was transformed into the Kursk province, which existed until 1928.

In 1928, the transition to the regional, district and district administrative division took place. On the territory of the former Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol and Tambov provinces, the Central Black Earth Region (TsChO) was created. On the territory of the former Kursk province, the districts were formed: Kursk (14 districts, 527 village councils), Belgorod (14 districts, 482 village councils) and Lgovsky (11 districts, 384 village councils). The eastern part of the province was included in the Voronezh and Ostrogozhsk districts.

In 1929, the Starooskolsky Okrug was created from 13 districts that were ceded from the Voronezh (8 districts), Ostrogozhsky (3 districts), Kursk (1 district) and Belgorod (1 district) districts. In 1930, a resolution was passed on the liquidation of the districts. The districts became directly subordinate to the regional center.

On June 13, 1934, the Central Black Earth Region was divided into two regions: Voronezh (as part of the former Voronezh and Tambov provinces) and Kursk (as part of the former Kursk and Oryol provinces). This date is considered the day of formation of the Kursk region.

In 1944, 5 districts were transferred from the Kursk region to the Oryol region.

January 6, 1954 in connection with the formation of the Belgorod and Lipetsk regions from the Kursk region was transferred: the first - 23 districts, the second - 3 districts. 36 districts remained in the Kursk region. As of January 1, 1960, the Kursk region had 33 districts.

On January 1, 1964, the administrative rural districts were enlarged: instead of 33, they became 12. On March 3, 1964, the number of districts was increased to 14. On January 12, 1965, 19 districts became part of the Kursk region. On December 30, 1966, 3 new districts were formed: Korenevsky, Khomutovsky and Cheremisinovsky. The total number of districts became 22.

Awards

• Order of Lenin (December 7, 1957) - for the successes achieved in increasing the production and delivery of sugar beet to the state;
• Order of Lenin (August 5, 1968) - for the courage and steadfastness shown by the working people of the Kursk region in the defense of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War, and for the successes achieved in the restoration and development of the national economy.

Population

Main article: The population of the Kursk region

The population of the region according to Rosstat is 1 117 378 people (2015). Population density - 37,25 person/km2 (2015). Urban population - 66,88 % (2015).

Population change

All and the urban population (its share) according to the All-Union and All-Russian censuses:

National composition of the population

Administrative-territorial structure

Main article: Administrative-territorial division of the Kursk region See also: Coats of arms of districts of the Kursk region Municipal formations of the Kursk region

The number of municipalities is 540, including:

• urban districts - 5,
• municipal districts - 28,
• urban settlements - 27,
• rural settlements - 355.

Settlements with a population of more than 4 thousand people

Dmitriev	↘7062
Kshensky	↘5750
Korenevo	↘5716
potted	↘5752
Fatezh	↗5846
Sudzha	↘5722
Pryamitsyno	↗5233
Pristen	↘5099

Power

The governor of the region since November 2000, Alexander Mikhailov, at the beginning of 2005, turned to Russian President Vladimir Putin with a request for reappointment for another 5 years and received his consent. On March 1, 2010, by the decision of the Kursk Regional Duma, on the proposal of the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, the powers of the Governor of the Kursk Region Alexander Mikhailov were extended for a third term.

Symbols of the Kursk region

• Indigenous deserts
• Battle of Kursk (Kursk salient)
• Maryino - the estate of the princes Baryatinsky.
• Kursk nightingale.
• nightingale land
• Streltsy steppe
• Kursk chernozem
• Kursk magnetic anomaly
• Kursk antonovka
• Kursk Root Icon of the Mother of God "The Sign"
• Religious procession (in the Kursk province)
• Kursk triumphal arch
• Kursk is an ancient city (there is a mention of Kursk in the Tale of Igor's Campaign).
• Rylsk - an ancient city

Candidates for the role of characters:

Kursk Korenskaya Fair, Serafim Sarovsky, Theodosius Pechersky, Mansurovo - the birthplace of Dmitry Medvedev's ancestors, Kalinovka - the birthplace of Nikita Khrushchev, Kursk field, Kursk sugar, Kozhlyanskaya toy, Evgeny Nosov, Nikolai Aseev, Alexander Deineka, Georgy Sviridov, Nadezhda Plevitskaya, Kursk - the city military glory, Kursk "Timonya", Karagod, Sudzhan carpets, Plekhovo,.

Economy

The region's economy is based on the use of two main types of natural resources: fertile agricultural land and iron ore from the Kursk magnetic anomaly mined in the Mikhailovsky quarry. The Kursk Region of the Russian Federation is distinguished by agricultural products, iron ore mining, sugar production and electricity generation (see Kursk NPP), and light industry products.

Industry

Main industries:

• mining and enrichment of ore; mechanical engineering (production of electrical products, calculating machines, mill and elevator equipment, bearings, drilling rigs, forging and pressing equipment);
• chemical and petrochemical (production of chemical fibers, rubber products), food (sugar production),
• light (knitwear, hemp) industry; production of building materials.

Agriculture

Agricultural land in farms of all categories is 2146 thousand hectares, or 72% of all land in the region, arable land - 1628 thousand hectares, or 54%. The regions grow grain, technical, fodder crops. Cattle for meat and dairy, pigs, and poultry are bred.

Transport

Automobile transport

The Kursk region is characterized by a developed transport infrastructure. There are 9.2 thousand kilometers of roads in the region. highways run within the region M2, M3, A144, A142, R189 R190, R199, R200 Kursk-Sumy. All districts and cities of the region are connected with the regional center by paved roads.

According to data for 2007, the share of road transport in the structure of freight traffic is 84%, 97% of passenger transportation by public transport is carried out by buses and urban electric transport (trams and trolleybuses).

Railway transport

Main article: Rail transport in the Kursk region

As of 2006, the total length of the railway lines of the Kursk region is 1561.2 km, of which 500 km are sidings. The length of electrified lines is 242 km.

The Moscow-Sevastopol, Kyiv-Voronezh and other railway lines pass through the territory of the region, there are three major railway junctions: Kursk, Lgov, Kastornoye and 65 railway stations. In terms of the density of railways, the Kursk region occupies one of the first places in Russia.

Energy

One of the largest in Russia Kursk NPP operates in the region.

Science, education and culture

The Kursk region is one of the regions in which the subject of the Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture (OPC) was introduced as a regional component of education. Teaching in schools has been going on since 1996.

Attractions

Main article: List of sights of the Kursk region Maryino

The most famous sights of the Kursk region are the Root Hermitage, Maryino - the estate of the princes Baryatinsky, the Upper Paleolithic Avdeevskaya site.

1. 1 2 Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and 2014 average (published March 17, 2015). Retrieved March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015.
2. 1 2 Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2010 (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
3. OKATO
4. (Russian). 89 peaks of Russia (10/19/2009). Retrieved November 28, 2011.
5. Population censuses of the Russian Empire, USSR, 15 Newly Independent States
6. Volumes of the official publication of the results of the All-Russian population census of 2010
7. All-Union population census of 1989
8. All-Russian population census of 2002
9. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014.
11. All-Russian population census 2010. Volume 1. The number and distribution of the population of the Kursk region. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014.
12. Decree of the Kursk Regional Duma No. 1154-IV OD dated March 01, 2010 “On conferring A. N. Mikhailov with the powers of the Governor of the Kursk Region - the highest official of the Kursk Region (head of the Administration of the Kursk Region)”
13. 1 2 3 Symbols of the Kursk region. Official website of the Administration of the Kursk region (03.09.2010). Retrieved 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.
14. Kursk nightingale. Official website of the Administration of the Kursk region (17.01.2011). Retrieved November 12, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
15. Kursk region on the EXPERT RA website
16. 1 2 3 Transport. General information (Russian) (inaccessible link - history). Official server of the administration of the Kursk region (20.11.2007). - Brief information about the transport of the Kursk region. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
17. Railway transport (Russian) (inaccessible link - history). Official server of the administration of the Kursk region (20.11.2007). - Brief information about the railway transport of the Kursk region. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
18. Railway transport (Russian). Small Kursk Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.

Literature

• Kursk region: Atlas / Ed. ed. atlas N. N. Chugunov. Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Agency for Geodesy and Cartography. - Omsk: Roskartografiya. Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2009. - 96 p. - (Regions of Russia). - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9523-0255-6. (reg.)

Links

• Server of the authorities of the Kursk region
• Official website of the Governor of the Kursk region
• Official website of the Administration of the Kursk region
• Official website of the Kursk Regional Duma
• Portal of state and municipal services of the Kursk region
• Site of the municipalities of the Kursk region
• Kursk region in the directory-catalog "All Russia"
• Goizman Sh. R. Kursk Encyclopedia, Kursk, 2004
• Memorial complex, museum-reserve Kursk region
• Zheleznogorsk Regional Museum
• Committee of Education and Science of the Kursk Region - The structure of the education system, official information, regional regulations.
• Kursk region turned 75 years old - brief information about the history of the administrative-territorial division.

	Administrative center: Kursk Cities: Dmitriev | Zheleznogorsk | Kurchatov | Lgov | Oboyan | Rylsk | Sudzha | Fatezh | Shchigry Municipal-territorial division: urban districts: Zheleznogorsk | Kursk | Kurchatov | Lgov | Shchigry Municipal areas: Belovsky | Bolshesoldatskiy | Glushkovsky | Gorshechensky | Dmitrievsky | Zheleznogorsk | Zolotukhinsky | Kastorensky | Konyshevsky | Korenevsky | Kursk | Kurchatovsky | Lgovsky | Manturovsky | Medvensky | Oboyansky | October | Ponyrovsky | Pristenskiy | Rylsky | Soviet | Solntsevsky | Sudzhansky | Timsky | Fatezhsky | Khomutovsky | Cheremisinovsky | Shchigrovsky Articles: Geography | Coat of arms | Anthem | History | Population | Administrative-territorial division | Flag

Federal structure of Russia
Republic	Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Komi Crimea Mari El Mordovia Sakha (Yakutia) North Ossetia Tatarstan Tyva Udmurtia Khakassia Chechnya Chuvashia
The edges	Altai Trans-Baikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk
Areas	Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Ivanovo Irkutsk Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Samara Saratov Sakhalin Sverdlovsk Smolensk Tambov Tver Tomsk Tula Tyumen Ulyanovsk Chelyabinsk Yaroslavl
Cities federal significance	Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol
Autonomous region	Jewish
Autonomous regions	Nenets Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra Chukchi Yamalo-Nenets
1 2 On the territory of the Crimean peninsula, the state ownership of most of which is the subject of disagreement between Russia, which controls the disputed territory, and Ukraine. According to the federal structure of Russia, the disputed territories of Crimea are subjects of the Russian Federation. According to the administrative division of Ukraine, the regions of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with a special status of Sevastopol, are located in the disputed territories of Crimea. Part of the Arkhangelsk region 1 2 Part of the Tyumen region

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Kursk region Information About

On the territory of the Kursk region, two soil zones are distinguished - a deciduous-forest zone (the northwestern part of the region) and a forest-steppe zone (the rest of the territory). The border dividing these two zones runs along the bank of the Seim River from Glushkovo through Rylsk, Lgov and Kursk and stretches to Fatezh (Muha, 1991). The Seim River divides the soils of the city of Kursk into 2 types - chernozems and gray forest soils (Mukha, 2006) (Figure 2.1).

Rice. 2.1.

and chernozems

As objects of study, we took gray forest soil and typical chernozem of the Kursk agglomeration (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

Agrochemical properties of soils

Chernozems in the Kursk region are the predominant soils and occupy about 70% of the area. The most common type of forest-steppe soils is typical (powerful) chernozems, which are characterized by high fertility. The chernozems of the Kursk region are classified as medium humus, because. the humus content ranges from 5.5 to 7% (Classification of Soils of the USSR, 1977). Soils have a granular and water-resistant structure, which is due to good humus content and a significant presence of a clay fraction, as well as a large amount of exchangeable calcium. The water-physical properties of soils contribute to their irrigation. Good structure and loamy mechanical composition of typical chernozem determine its moderate filtration capacity (Mukha, 2001; Mukha, 2002; Mukha, 2004).

Section No. 1 was laid out on a watershed plateau near the southern industrial zone of the city on the outskirts of a forest belt located 200 meters from the watershed. Description of vegetation. The tree layer is represented by white birch and common ash, the shrub layer - by red mountain ash, black elderberry, ash-leaved maple. Of the semi-shrubs, wild blackberries and wild raspberries are often found. The herbaceous cover is represented by stinging nettle, Veronica spiky, purpurea, angelica forest, greater celandine. The density of crowns of the upper tier is 40-50%. Bonitet III class. The projective grass cover is 70-80%.

The soil is typical, thick, heavy loamy chernozem, underlain by medium loess-like loam. Large areas of the forest-steppe are occupied by podzolized soils. Among them, weakly podzolized (podzolized chernozems and dark gray forest soils) and strongly podzolized soils (gray and light gray forest soils) are distinguished (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2

Morphological description of the typical chernozem profile. Dukhovets (Nevedrov, Protsenko, 2016)

	Depth, cm	Properties
		The forest litter of the birch-ash forest belt, the color is darkish gray, fresh, the structure is finely cloddy-dusty, abundantly permeated with plant roots, the border is uneven, the transition is marked by density and color.
		The color is dark gray, almost black, uniform, heavy loamy, the structure is finely cloddy-granular, the build is loose, it is abundantly penetrated by roots, passages of worms are noticeable, the transition is hardly noticeable in color, the border is uneven, wavy.
		Dark gray, finely lumpy-granular, heavy loamy, slightly compacted, finely burrowed. The transition is gradual.
		It differs from the overlying horizon in a brownish tint, the roots are much smaller than in the previous one, the structure is finely lumpy, against a brownish-gray background, there are distinct dark gray humus streaks along the roots of plants, the transition is gradual in color. Boils up from 80 cm.
		Transitional horizon with a heterogeneous yellowish-brown color, nutty-lumpy structure with abundant carbonate formations of pseudomycelium.
		Light-yellow, calcareous loam, densely built, finely porous, non-strongly prismatic structure.

The gray forest soils of the Kursk region are located mainly in the northwest of the region and account for 25% of the total amount of soils (Muha, 2006). They contain much less humus and related nutrients than typical chernozems. Gray forest soils are characterized by alkalinity and non-calcareous content, are slightly acidic and require liming, since the saturation with exchangeable calcium is relatively low. Such physical and mechanical properties as short ripening periods, tendency to swim and form a thick crust indicate that gray forest soils are less structural than chernozems (Chaplygin, 1999). At a depth of 30-40 cm in such soils, there is a dense aerated illuvial horizon with low water permeability, which negatively affects the water-physical properties of soils of this type.

Section No. 2 was laid out on an upland in a broad-leaved forest located in a suburb in the north of Kursk. Description of vegetation. Representatives of the tree layer are pedunculate oak (type edificator), Norway maple, white poplar. The undergrowth is formed to a greater extent by common hazel and red mountain ash. The herbaceous cover is represented by an amazing violet, a spiky corow, a fragrant bedstraw, a forest chistetsa, and a common gout. Projective cover of crowns - 60%. Bonitet forest - II class. The projective grass cover is 40%. The soil is gray forest, thin, heavy loam, underlain by medium loess-like loam (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3

Morphological description of the profile of the gray forest soil of the KSU Agrobiological Station (Nevedrov, Protsenko, 2016)

	Depth, cm	Properties
		Weak forest floor
		The humus horizon is thin, grayish in color, the structure is lumpy-granular, abundantly penetrated by the roots of plants of the herbaceous layer.
		The humus-eluvial horizon clearly differs in color and structure, has a light gray color and a lumpy structure with silica powder.
		The eluvial-illuvial horizon is reddish-yellow-gray in color, the structure is finely nutty, there is a layer of silica powder on the surface of the particles.
		The illuvial horizon has a dark brownish-yellow color with a well-defined large-nutty structure. Separations are covered with chestnut-brown films of organo-mineral composition.
		Transition from the illuvial horizon to the parent rock. A small number of illuvial films are noted. The structure, in contrast to the previous horizon, is less dense. Carbonate formations are represented by pseudomycelium and white-eye.

Brief description of the Kursk region Administratively, the Kursk region ...

Brief description of the Kursk region

The Kursk region is located in the center of the European part of Russia, almost in the center of the Great Russian Plain, on the southwestern slopes of the Central Russian Upland, between the forest and steppe zones. The distance to Moscow is 536 km, to the Black Sea - 700 km.

The Kursk region is rich in water resources. The Kursk region is located in the basins of the Dnieper and Don rivers. In total, there are 902 permanent and temporary watercourses in the region. Of the most significant rivers, the Seim with its tributaries Tuskar and Svapa, as well as Psel belong to the Dnieper basin. The Don basin is made up of the headwaters of the Tim and Kshen rivers.

Water supply of the population of the Kursk region with fresh water is mainly based on the use of groundwater. On the balance sheet as of 01/01/2010. there are 43 deposits with total reserves of over 900 thousand m 3 /day.

The region has a powerful scientific and technical potential, developed social infrastructure.

As of January 1, 2010, 1,148.6 thousand people (0.8% of the population of Russia) live in the region, incl. urban population - 742.0 thousand people, rural - 406.6 thousand people. The population of the region continues to decline mainly due to the rural population, which has led to an increase in the share of the urban population to 64.6%. The share of the rural population in the Kursk region (35.4%) remains quite high compared to the national figure (26.9%) and the same indicator in the Central Federal District (19.2%). The average population density is 38.3 people/sq. km.

Characteristic features of the Kursk region are the highly qualified composition of the population (the number of specialists with higher and secondary education is more than 30% of the total number of inhabitants) and its ethnic homogeneity (95.9% - Russians). The average annual number of people employed in the economy is 591.9 thousand people. The number of unemployed increased in 2009 to 10.98 thousand people. (in 2008 - 7.8 thousand people).

The region includes 540 municipalities, including 28 municipal districts, 5 municipalities with the status of an urban district, 27 with the status of urban and 480 with the status of rural settlements.

The administrative, industrial and cultural center of the Kursk region is the city of Kursk with a population of 405.5 thousand people. Distance from Moscow - 540 km.

The Office of the Federal Registration Service for the Kursk region registered and, with varying degrees of activity, 15 different national communities and organizations operate, including: "Ukraine-Seim Partnership", the Armenian community of the Kursk region, the Vietnamese community, the information and cultural center "Jewish Home" , city Jewish charitable center "Hesed Baruch", city society of Polish culture, regional Yezidi-Kurdish public organization "Shumer", regional public organization "Unity-Birlik", community of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, "Azerbaijan community named after. K. Karaev”, Zheleznogorsk public organization “German House”.

Geography and nature of the Kursk region The Kursk region is located in the center of the European part of Russia, almost in the center of the Great Russian Plain, on the southwestern slopes of the Central Russian Upland, between the forest and steppe zones. The distance to Moscow is 536 km, to the Black Sea - 700 km. Administratively, the Kursk region is part of ...

Geography and nature of the Kursk region

The Kursk region is located in the center of the European part of Russia, almost in the center of the Great Russian Plain, on the southwestern slopes of the Central Russian Upland, between the forest and steppe zones. The distance to Moscow is 536 km, to the Black Sea - 700 km.

Administratively, the Kursk Region is part of the Central Federal District. It borders on 5 subjects of the Russian Federation: Bryansk, Oryol, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod regions.

In the southwest and west of 245 km, the border with the Sumy region of Ukraine has the status of the state border of Russia.

The total length of the borders is 1250 km. The distance between the extreme eastern and western points of the region is 305 km, the northern and southern points are 171 km. The land area of ​​the territory is 30.0 thousand square meters. km.

The relief of the Kursk region is characterized by watershed elevations, river valleys, ravines and gullies.

The highest point is 288 m above sea level at the source of the Rat River on the Timsko-Shchigrovskaya ridge. The Dmitrov-Rylskaya and Fatezhsko-Lgovskaya ridges merge with its spurs, forming the main watershed junction of the Great Russian Plain, from where the rivers of the Volga, Dnieper and Don basins originate.

The Kursk region is located in the basins of the Dnieper and Don rivers. In total, there are 902 permanent and temporary watercourses in the region. Of the most significant rivers, the Seim with its tributaries Tuskar and Svapa, as well as Psel belong to the Dnieper basin. The Don basin is made up of the headwaters of the Tim and Kshen rivers.

Water supply of the population of the Kursk region with fresh water is mainly based on the use of groundwater. There are 43 fields on the balance sheet with total reserves of over 900 thousand m 3 /day.

On the territory of the region, mineral underground waters were discovered and tested, which belong to drinking medicinal table waters.

The region is rich in various minerals. The mineral resources of the region are represented by the world reserves of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, dolomites, copper-nickel ores, bauxites and other minerals, including non-metallic raw materials: phosphorites, peat, sapropel. Of all the types of minerals mined in the region, the first place is occupied by iron ores, the balance reserves of which are about 14,000 million tons.

Kursk chernozems are one of the main sources of economic development of the region. The land fund of the region is 3 million hectares, of which almost 2.3 million hectares are agricultural land.

A large area of ​​the region (about 10%) is covered with mixed and coniferous-deciduous forests, some of which is a source of raw materials for industrial production. Every year, reforestation works are carried out in the region in the amount of about 0.4 thousand hectares per year.

There are 785 ponds and reservoirs in the region. The largest artificial reservoirs in the region are: the Mikhailovskoye reservoir on the Svapa River and the cooling pond of the Kursk NPP in the floodplain of the Seim River.

More than 30 species of fish live in fishery reservoirs of the region. The rivers of the region do not have commercial value, but they are habitats, spawning, feeding of valuable fish species, such as pike perch, carp, carp, grass carp, silver carp, burbot, bream, pike, asp, chub.

The Kursk region is home to 56 species of mammals, half of which are commercial.

In the hunting grounds of the region there are: elks, wild boars, roe deer, red deer, hares, foxes, squirrels, wolves, martens.

To preserve and increase the number of various species of hunting fauna in the region, 16 state species reserves have been organized - for the protection of fur-bearing animals: beaver-desman, beaver, desman.

In the region in the Streltsy and Cossack steppes is located the Central Black Earth State Nature Reserve named after. Alekhin with an area of ​​5.3 thousand hectares, which was founded in 1935. This is the world's only standard of unplowed meadow steppe on chernozems in combination with oak forests. The reserve is included in the global network of reference natural complexes, many of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The region has a developed transport infrastructure. Highways and railway network connect it with Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia, Transcaucasia and cities of Ukraine. There is an international airport in Kursk, which provides air communication with the cities of Russia and the CIS countries. 6 main gas pipelines and 2 oil pipelines pass through the territory of the region.

Climate and temperature The territory of the region is located in the temperate continental climate zone within the forest-steppe zone, in favorable climatic conditions for efficient agricultural production. The temperature range of July and January in the western regions is somewhat less than in...

Climate

and

temperature

The territory of the region is located in the temperate continental climate zone within the forest-steppe zone, in favorable climatic conditions for efficient agricultural production.

The temperature amplitude of July and January in the western regions is somewhat less than in the eastern regions, and the annual amount of precipitation is greater, the winter is less severe, the summer is more humid and cool, the transition from cold to warm in spring is not as sharp as in the east of the region.

The average annual rainfall in the region is 584 mm, which is typical for a zone of moderate moisture. The period with a positive average daily air temperature is 220-235 days. The average annual duration of sunshine is 1775 hours (44% of the possible).

The average annual air temperature varies from +4.6 o C near the northern border of the region (Ponyri) to +6.1 o C in its southwestern part (Korenevo). The average monthly temperature in January is minus 8.6 ° C, in July +19.3 ° C.

The average duration of winter in the central part of the region is 136 days, spring - 57, summer - 104, autumn - 68 days. The beginning of the winter climatic season falls on the long-term average on November 11, spring - on March 27, summer - on May 23, and autumn - on September 4.

The duration of the frost-free period in the air averages 150-160 days in most of the region. The growing season (with average daily temperatures above 5 o C) lasts 180-185 days in the northern part of the region, 190-195 days in the southwestern regions. The total amount of average daily air temperatures during the growing season varies for different temperatures on average from 2584 o C in the north of the region to 2875 o C in its southwest. For the full development of winter rye and wheat, the sum of positive temperatures, on average, is about 2000 ° C, for the cultivation of sugar beet about 2500 ° C.

The region is characterized by a significant patchiness in the distribution of atmospheric precipitation with a general decrease in their average annual amounts in the direction from northwest to southeast; on average, the territory receives about 500 mm of atmospheric moisture per year. The minimum precipitation most often occurs in February, the maximum in July or June. Snow cover lies on average 3.5-4 months. By the end of winter, the height of the snow cover in open areas averages about 30 cm, the water reserves in the snow usually range from 50 cm to 100 mm.

In general, the climatic conditions of the Kursk region, combined with fertile soils and rational agrotechnical activities, are favorable for the development of agriculture.

Population of the Kursk region urban population - 743.6 thousand people, rural - 405.0 thousand people. The population of the region continues to decline mainly due to the rural population, which has led to an increase in the share of the urban population...

The population of the Kursk region

As of January 1, 2010, 1,148.6 thousand people (0.8% of the population of Russia) live in the region, incl. urban population - 743.6 thousand people, rural - 405.0 thousand people. The population of the region continues to decline mainly due to the rural population, which has led to an increase in the proportion of the urban population to 64.7%. The share of the rural population in the Kursk region (35.3%) remains quite high compared to the all-Russian indicator (26.9%) and the same indicator in the Central Federal District (19.1%). The average population density is 38.3 people/sq. km.

The administrative, industrial and cultural center of the Kursk region is the city of Kursk with a population of 405.5 thousand people (413.5 thousand people as of 01.01.2010). Distance from Moscow - 540 km.

A feature of the demographic composition of the population of the Kursk region is its gender and age composition, characterized by a high average age of the population. The Kursk region is one of the regions with a significant elderly population and a high demographic burden on the able-bodied population. One of the reasons for this is the extremely low level of population replacement, expressed by the high rates of natural loss noted above. 283 thousand pensioners live in the region (more than 24% of the total population), incl. 123 thousand disabled people, of which 4.8 thousand are children; 5.7 thousand large families; 9.3 thousand single mothers raising minor children; 4.3 thousand orphans and children left without parental care.

As of January 1, 2010, the population younger than working age is 14.9%, working age - 60.5%, older than working age - 24.6%.

Indicators	Unit rev.	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Numerical. population, total as of January 1	thousand people	1281,7	1266,5	1248,6	1231,1	1214,5	1199,1	1183,9	1170,7	1162,5	1155,4	1148,6
Of these, the population aged:
younger than able-bodied	thousand people	241,3	231,1	221,0	209,3	198,6	189,2	181,0	174,7	171,8	170,8	171,1
able-bodied (men 16-59 years old, women 16-54 years old)	thousand people	716,9	719,7	716,9	717,8	719,9	719,3	718,3	714,2	709,3	703,9	694,9
older than able-bodied	thousand people	323,5	315,7	310,7	304	296	290,6	284,6	281,8	281,4	280,7	282,6
Per 1000 people (per year)
born	people per 1000 population	8,2	8,4	8,5	8,8	9,0	8,6	9,0	10,1	10,7	10,8
Deceased - total	people per 1000 population	18,6	18,7	19,3	19,7	19,4	19,7	19,1	18,0	18,3	17,6
including children under the age of 1 year	per 1000 live births	16,4	14,7	15,8	12,5	14,0	12,2	9,9	10,0	9,6	8,8

According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Kursk region. Nevertheless, the national composition of the population is traditionally quite homogeneous, i.e., 97.8% consists of representatives of the indigenous nationalities of the Slavic group of peoples for Russia: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians; 95.87% are Russians, 1.7% are Ukrainians, 0.23% are Belarusians, the remaining 2.2% are 112 other nationalities from near and far abroad. Other largest ethnic groups include: 5899 Armenians (0.5% of the total), 2291 Gypsies (0.18%), 1933 Azerbaijanis (0.15%) and 1576 Tatars (0.13%).

15 different national communities and organizations are registered in the Kursk region and, with varying degrees of activity, operate 15 different national communities and organizations, including: the “Ukraine-Seim Partnership”, the Armenian community of the Kursk region, the Vietnamese community, the information and cultural center “Jewish Home”, the city Jewish charitable center "Hesed Baruch", the city society of Polish culture, the regional Yezidi-Kurdish public organization "Shumer", the regional public organization "Unity-Birlik", the community of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, the "Azerbaijan Community named after. K. Karaev”, Zheleznogorsk public organization “German House”.

All of them are created on the principle of ethnic community and are homogeneous in their activities. The main goals of the organizations are: preservation of cultural identity, charity, support of national entrepreneurship. Most national associations have city status, limiting their scope of activity within the city of Kursk. No obstacles to the implementation of the statutory activities of these public associations by executive authorities and local self-government bodies have been noted in recent years. On the contrary, the Administration of the Kursk Region and local self-government bodies provide all possible support to national associations, providing premises and assisting in the organization of national centers, holding conferences and seminars on issues of national policy. The mass media regularly publish materials about the life and activities of national-cultural associations and national traditions.

There are 14 religious confessions in the region, whose representatives carry out their activities within the framework of 335 registered religious organizations. Of these: 279 - Russian Orthodox Church, 1 - Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 9 - Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church, 9 - Old Orthodox Church, 1 - Roman Catholic Church, 1 - Islam, 2 - Judaism, 16 - Evangelical Baptist Christians, 2 - Evangelical Christians - Pentecostals, 6 - Seventh Day Adventists, 2 - New Apostolic Church, 2 - Jehovah's Witnesses, 1 - Krishna Consciousness (Vaishnavas), 4 - other denominations.

There are 7 monasteries, 1 spiritual educational religious organization.

KURSK REGION, subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the southwest of the European part of Russia. In the west it borders on Ukraine. It is part of the Central Federal District. The area is 30.0 thousand km 2. The population is 1155.4 thousand people (2009; 1483, 3 thousand people in 1959; 1332.9 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Kursk. Administrative-territorial division: 28 districts, 10 cities, 22 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of state authorities of the region is established in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Charter of the Kursk region (2001). State power is exercised by the Kursk Regional Duma, the regional administration, the governor, and other state authorities formed in accordance with the Charter of the region. The Kursk Regional Duma is the permanent, highest and only legislative (representative) body of state power. It consists of 45 deputies elected for 5 years (22 deputies are elected on the basis of the majoritarian system of elections in single-mandate constituencies and 23 deputies - on the basis of a proportional representation system in a single constituency). A unified system of executive authorities is being established in the region, headed by the highest executive body - the regional administration. The administration includes the governor's office and the regional government, headed by the first deputy governor - chairman of the regional government. The work of the regional administration is managed by the governor - the highest official of the region, endowed with powers by the Kursk Regional Duma on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Nature. Relief. The territory is located on the southwestern slope of the Central Russian Upland. The relief is represented by strongly dissected gently undulating and hilly-ridged plains, descending from the northeast to the southwest. There are 4 hills - the so-called ridges. In the eastern part there is the Timsko-Shchigrovskaya ridge, which has the highest height (274 m, the highest point of the Kursk region) and a relatively weak dissection. The slopes of the lower (height up to 260 m) Fatezhsko-Lgovskaya ridge, abruptly breaking off to the right bank of the Seim River, composed of light-colored carbonate deposits (chalk, marl), are often called white mountains. The Dmitrievsko-Rylskaya ridge, which occupies the western part of the region (altitude 220-240 m), is characterized by significant elevation changes and an extensive network of ravines and ravines. For the Oboyanskaya ridge, the largest in terms of area, located in the southern part of the region, depressions of suffusion origin are typical - the so-called steppe saucers.

Geological structure and minerals. The territory of the Kursk region is located in the central part of the Voronezh anteclise of the Russian plate of the ancient East European platform, a shallow (several tens of m - several km) Archean-Early Proterozoic crystalline basement of which comes to the surface in the quarries of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. The sedimentary cover is composed of Devonian terrigenous-carbonate deposits (opened in the valley of the Kshen River in the northeast), Jurassic and widespread Cretaceous, mainly carbonate (writing chalk, limestones, marls), rocks, Paleogene and Neogene terrigenous sediments. The cover of loose Quaternary deposits on the watersheds is represented by loesses and eluvial-deluvial formations, in river valleys - by alluvial deposits. In the extreme western part of the Kursk region, glacial and water-glacial deposits of the Middle Pleistocene Dnieper glaciation are developed.

With the exception of the extreme eastern part, the Kursk region is located within the iron ore basin of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. There are 3 iron ore deposits on the territory of the region - Mikhailovskoye deposit (the largest in the Russian Federation), Kurbakinskoye and Dichnyansko-Reutetskoye. More than 10 phosphorite deposits have been discovered in the north and northwest. Cement raw materials are represented by clays, loams and writing chalk of the Russko-Konopelskoye and Pushkarskoye deposits in the Sudzhansky district. There are known deposits of writing chalk (for liming soils, mineral feeding of farm animals), brick-tile, expanded clay, refractory clays, building and silicate sands, tripoli, building stones (metamorphic rocks of the overburden of the Mikhailovsky deposit). Numerous (over 80) deposits of peat and sapropel.

Climate. Natural conditions are very favorable for the life of the population. The climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in January is -8.6°С, in July 19.3°С. The average annual precipitation amounts to 550-600 mm; about 70% of precipitation falls from April to October. A stable snow cover forms in the 1st half of December and disappears in the 1st decade of April; its thickness is 20-30 cm. The duration of the growing season is from 180 days in the north to 195 days in the south.

Inland waters. More than 900 rivers and streams with a total length of 7600 km flow in the region. All rivers have a flat course; the asymmetry of the river valleys is clearly expressed: high, steep, right banks contrast sharply with the gentle left banks. The main rivers belong to the Dnieper basin (78% of the territory of the Kursk region): Seim (with tributaries Svapa, Tuskar) and Psyol. The rivers are fed mainly by snow. Near the rivers of the eastern part of the region belonging to the Don basin (Tim, Kshen, Olym, Oskol), the share of groundwater nutrition increases to 40-46%. The spring flood on the rivers lasts an average of 20-30 days. Frequent winter floods. There are over 870 lakes, mostly floodplain; 785 small reservoirs and ponds have been created in the valleys of the streams and in the gullies.

Soils, flora and fauna. The territory of the Kursk region is located in the forest-steppe zone. The soil cover is dominated by chernozems (with a humus content of 8-9% under natural steppe vegetation and 4.5-6.5% under arable land): podzolized, leached and typical. Gray forest soils are common in the northwestern part. Alluvial bog and meadow-bog soils have formed in the floodplains of the rivers.

The steppes are mostly plowed; natural vegetation has been preserved only on the slopes of the beams and is distinguished by great species richness: there are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged slender, sickle-shaped alfalfa, alpine clover, multi-colored yazel, backache, spring adonis. Relic species of plants grow on the chalk slopes: upland wolfberry, Podolsk shiverekia, Kozo-Polyansky's prolomnik. About 20 species of plants and fungi are included in the Red Book of Russia (Russian hazel grouse, Kozo-Polyansky's dagger, feather grass, etc.). Forests, which occupy 7.9% of the area of ​​the Kursk region, are extremely unevenly distributed: in the northwest of the region, the forest cover is 17-20%, in the southeast - 1.5-3.5%. Oak forests account for about 70% of all forest plantations. The main species in the composition of oak forests is pedunculate oak, there are also Norway maple, common ash, smooth elm, small-leaved linden. Pine forests, which occupy about 6% of the forested area, mainly grow along the sandy terraces of the rivers - Seim, Svapa, Psyol. Most of the pine forests are artificial plantations. All forests of the Kursk region are classified as protective and have an important anti-erosion and water protection value.

The fauna is represented by both forest and steppe species. Of the mammals (59 species inhabit the territory of the Kursk region), there are elk, roe deer, red deer, and wild boar; from predatory - a fox, a wolf, a polecat, a marten. Rodents are common in the steppes: spotted ground squirrel, hamster, mole rat, large jerboa. Over 200 bird species, including 162 nesting species. Among sedentary species, the great tit, jay, great spotted woodpecker are common; among migratory species, garden bunting, field larks, and oriole are frequent. The common bunting, yellow wagtail, shrike shrikes live in the open spaces of the agrolandscape. The Red Book of Russia includes 28 species of vertebrates (muskrat, some species of diurnal birds of prey, quicksand, sculpin, etc.) and 8 species of invertebrates (steppe dyke, mnemosyne, etc.) animals. In the reservoirs of the Kursk region there are over 30 species of fish, including bream, pike perch, pike, asp; silver carp, grass carp and other valuable fish species have been introduced.

State and environmental protection. The main environmental problems of the Kursk region include: soil degradation due to accelerated erosion (since the 1980s, the area of ​​eroded agricultural land has increased by 36%) and dehumification; an acute shortage of water resources (water availability is 14 times less than in Russia as a whole); atmospheric air pollution (especially in the cities of Kursk, Zheleznogorsk, Shchigry, which account for over 60% of atmospheric emissions). There are pockets of contamination of the territory with radionuclides due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amount to 156.9 thousand tons, including 34.6 thousand tons from stationary sources (mainly enterprises of ferrous metallurgy and electric power industry) (2007). Discharge of polluted wastewater 59.7 million m3 (2007); the main contribution to the pollution of surface waters is made by enterprises of housing and communal services. The trend of reduction in the area of ​​arable land, the growth of areas of fallow lands and their deforestation continues.

The system of specially protected natural areas of the Kursk region is represented by the Central Chernozem Biosphere Reserve - one of the oldest in Russia, 6 zoological and 3 botanical reserves, 58 natural monuments of regional significance (Karyzhsky Les tract, Mininskaya Dubrava, Lake Linevo, etc.), Zheleznogorsk dendrological park. To preserve and increase the number of hunting and commercial species of animals, 16 regional reserves have been created (Zhernovetskaya Dacha, Gnilushi, Vet, etc.).

N. N. Kalutskova.

Population. The majority of the population of the Kursk region are Russians (96.2%). There are also Ukrainians (1.7%), Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Georgians, and others (2002, census).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the population of the Kursk region has been constantly declining (by more than 177 thousand people in 1989-2009) due to a consistently high natural decline. The death rate (18.0 per 1,000 inhabitants, 2007; one of the highest rates in the Russian Federation) is 1.8 times higher than the birth rate (10.1 per 1,000 inhabitants). Infant mortality is 10.0 per 1000 live births. The share of women is about 55%. The proportion of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 14.8%, older than working age - 24.2%. The average life expectancy is 66.7 years (men - 59.9, women - 74.0). Since the 1990s, a steady migration outflow of the population has been characteristic (the maximum figure is 38 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2001), mainly to other regions of Russia, which in 2007 was replaced by a small influx (9 per 10 thousand inhabitants). Average population density 38.5 people/km2 (2009); the most densely populated are the central (Kursky, Oktyabrsky, Kurchatovsky) and southwestern (Rylsky, Glushkovsky, Korenevsky, Sudzhansky, Belovsky, Oboyansky) districts of the Kursk region. The share of the urban population is 64.2% (2009; 20.4% in 1959, 57.6% in 1989) - significantly lower than the average for the Russian Federation and the central federal district; about 55% of citizens live in the regional center. The largest cities (thousand people, 2009): Kursk (410.8), Zheleznogorsk (98.1), Kurchatov (46.9), Lgov (21.6), Shchigry (17.7).

M. D. Goryachko.

Religion. There are 325 religious organizations registered in the region (as of September 1, 2008). Most believers profess Orthodoxy. 279 organizations belonging to the Kursk and Rylsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (founded and immediately abolished in 1657, resumed in 1666-67; the department was located in Belgorod, since 1883 - in Kursk), including 7 monasteries (4 male and 3 female), among which are the Kursk Root Hermitage (1597) and the Holy Trinity Convent (Kursk; founded presumably at the end of the 16th century). 9 organizations belong to the Russian Old Orthodox (Old Believer) Church. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate) and the True Orthodox Church have one organization each. 27 organizations belong to various Protestant denominations (Evangelical Christian Baptists, Pentecostals, Seventh Day Adventists, etc.). There are two Jewish organizations each (1 Orthodox and 1 non-Orthodox), Jehovah's Witnesses; one organization each - the Roman Catholic Church, Muslims, Buddhists and followers of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

Historical outline. The oldest settlements on the territory of the Kursk region belong to the late Mustier (Gremyachka on the Psyol River), although some finds of stone tools can be dated to the late Ashelian. The Upper Paleolithic is represented by a number of sites (including Avdeevo). The Mesolithic and Neolithic have been studied very poorly; probably, part of the monuments is associated with the Desna culture. Several settlements and finds of the early Bronze Age are correlated with the Middle Dnieper culture and the contact zone of this and other cultures. Some of the finds and burial mounds near the village of Srednie Apochki (Oskol River basin) belong to the Srubnaya culture. The Late Bronze Age is represented by the Sosnitsa culture (distributed in the Upper and Middle Dnieper) and the Bondarikhinsky culture (including barrows near the village of Korobkino in the Seim river basin); pottery of the Catacomb culture is known; it is possible that the treasure of a foundry found near the village of Skakun (Kastorensky district) is associated with it; probably, part of the territory of the Kursk region was also included in the zone of the Abashev culture, monuments of which are known in the territory located to the west and (mostly) significantly to the east of the Kursk region.

At the beginning of the Early Iron Age, the main part of the territory of the Kursk region was occupied by the agricultural and livestock population, which was under the strong influence of the Scythian archaeological culture. A little later (about the 5th century BC), bearers of the Yukhnov culture settled here, actively contacting their predecessors (but sometimes crowding them out) and the Scythians themselves. The settlements of Kuzina Gora and Maritsa on the Seim River have been studied the most well. In the first centuries of our era, monuments of the late Zarubinets cultural and chronological horizon of the Kartamyshevo type (see the article Zarubintsy culture) spread over most of the territory of the Kursk region (see the article Zarubinets culture), which by the 3rd century AD became one of the main components in the formation of the Seima-Donetsk variant of the Kiev culture. The territory south of the Seim River and partly north of it from the 2nd half of the 3rd century or in the 4th century was occupied by the bearers of the Chernyakhov culture, who actively interacted with the local "Kiev" population. At the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century, monuments of the Desna variant of the Kiev culture appeared here, indicating migration from the northwest. The Sudzhansky (discovered near the village of Bolshoy Kamenets around 1918-19 and in 1927) and Oboyansky (near the village of Paniki - in 1849) treasures are associated with representatives of the elite at the beginning of the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, apparently the remains of burials of the 1st half - the middle of the 5th century .

By the middle of the 5th century, on the basis of the traditions of the Desna variant of the Kiev culture, the Kolochin culture was being formed (in the territory of the Kursk region, the burial grounds Lebyazhye, Knyazhy, Kartamyshevo, Artyushkovo and a number of settlements were investigated for its study). The end of this culture is marked by the hoards of the Martynovsky treasure circle (including Novosudzhansky within the city of Sudzha, Gaponovsky in the Korenevsky district). Its carriers were assimilated by newcomers who left monuments like Sakhnovka and Volintsevo. On this basis, the Romny culture develops, the monuments of which in the territory of the Kursk region number in the hundreds (Gornal, Pereverzevo, etc.), associated with the northerners.

After the campaign of the Kiev prince Oleg against the northerners (about 884), the eastern regions of their settlement, including the center and west of the modern Kursk region, retained their independence. Eastern silver (Kufic coins) came in significant volumes through the Family in the Middle Dnieper region. In the 10th century, large-scale fortification construction unfolded in Posemye, in the 2nd half of the 10th century a complex tribal principality was formed here, which was a set of tribal principalities connected by a single power structure and a common economic space. The tribal centers of the inhabitants of the Posemye were the settlements of Bolshoe Gornalskoye, Kurskoye, Rylskoye and, possibly, the "Old City" (near the city of Dmitriev-Lgovsky). The territorial expansion of the Kiev princes and their desire to control trade with the East led at the end of the 10th century to the defeat of the fortified settlements of the northerners and the inclusion of the Family into the Old Russian state (probably, this happened in 985, after the campaign of the Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich to the Volga-Kama Bulgaria ). Features of the process of entering this territory into the composition of the Old Russian state are traced according to the materials of the archaeological complexes of Gochevo, Besedinsky (on the river Rat in the Kursk region), Lipinsky (on the river Seim in the Oktyabrsky region), etc.

At the end of the 10th century, Kursk became the center of the new power in Posemye, which turned into a significant urban center by the 1030s. At the end of the 10th century, the overland caravan route Kyiv - Bolgar began to function, a section of which passed through the southern regions of the modern Kursk region. In 1054 the family became part of the Principality of Pereyaslavl. From the end of the 11th century to the middle of the 12th century, the struggle for the Kursk Family was fought with varying success by the princes of Pereyaslavl and Chernigov. In the second half of the 11th - 12th centuries, the Kursk Family was subjected to Polovtsian raids (the invasion in 1185 had especially severe consequences).

In the 1st third of the 12th century, the Kursk principality arose. In 1239 the family was ruined during the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

At the end of the 13th century, due to the Horde raids and princely feuds, the power of the Russian princes on the territory of the Kursk principality was sharply weakened, the Mongol administration of the so-called Kursk darkness began to play the main role. In the 1360-70s, with the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde due to internal strife in the territory of the modern Kursk region, the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) increased. Obviously, with the consent of Mamai, who ruled in the Crimean ulus, and later Khan Tokhtamysh, the Family entered the zone of influence of the ON, his henchman (Prince Fyodor Patrikeevich) appeared on the reign in Rylsk, and the Polish king Vladislav 11 Yagello (Jagailo) in 1395 received a label on " Kursk darkness. Further expansion of the Lithuanian princes was interrupted due to their defeat in the battle on the Vorskla River (1399) with the troops of Khan Timur-Kutlug and Emir Edigei. In the 15th century, there was apparently a permanent Russian population only in the west of the modern Kursk region, where the city of Rylsk continued to exist, while its central and eastern regions were a desert area, a kind of "neutral zone" that lay at the junction of Moscow, Lithuanian and Horde possessions. From the end of the 14th century on the territory of the modern Kursk region there was "Egoldaeva darkness", in the 1st half of the 15th century its heirs converted to Orthodoxy and submitted to the authority of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV Jagiellonchik. As a result of the Russo-Lithuanian war of 1500-03, the Kursk and Rylsk lands became part of the Russian state, which was secured by the Muscovite truce of 1503. 1523).

In the 16th century, roads ran through the territory of the modern Kursk region, along which the Crimean khans raided: Muravsky Way, Izyumskaya Sakma, Bakaev Way, Pig Way, etc. As part of state measures to strengthen the southern borders in the fall of 1596, the city of Kursk was restored on the old settlement, at the end of the 16th century, the Kursk uyezd was formed, the population of which was mainly people from more northern uyezds (Volkhov, Belevsky, etc.). In 1597, on the Tuskar River, at the place where the miraculous icon of the Mother of God “The Sign” was found, the Kursk Root Hermitage was founded. In the Time of Troubles, at the end of 1604, Rylsk and Kursk came under the rule of False Dmitry I. At the beginning of 1605, Rylsk withstood the siege of the troops of Tsar Boris Fyodorovich Godunov. During the Commonwealth intervention of the early 17th century in 1612, Polish-Lithuanian troops and Cherkasy unsuccessfully besieged Kursk, and in 1613 - Rylsk. In 1634, during the Russian-Polish war of 1632-34, the Polish-Lithuanian troops again besieged Kursk, but could not take it. In the 1st half of the 17th century, the Kursk and Rylsk districts were repeatedly subjected to raids by the Crimean Tatars, the attacks were especially devastating in the early 1640s. The construction of the Belgorod line, which protected the territory of the modern Kursk region from the south, contributed to its socio-economic development. The city of Oboyan was founded in 1639, and the city of Sudzha in 1664.

In 1708-27, most of the territory of the modern Kursk region was part of the Kiev province (in 1712-19 there was its Kursk province), in 1727-79 - the Belgorod province, in 1779-1928 - the Kursk province (in 1779-96 the Kursk governorate). The eastern regions of the modern Kursk region were included in 1779-1928 in the Voronezh province (in 1779-96 the Voronezh governorship). A small territory in the north-west of the modern Kursk region (the area of ​​​​the modern city of Zheleznogorsk) was part of the Oryol province in 1778-1928 (in 1778-96 the Oryol governorate). In 1928-34, the territory of the modern Kursk region was part of the Central Black Earth Region.

On June 13, 1934, Kursk Oblast was formed from the western part of the abolished Central Chernozem Oblast, which included 92 districts. The Kursk region included the entire territory of the modern Kursk region, as well as most of the modern Oryol and Belgorod regions. On September 27, 1937, 25 northern districts of the Kursk region were transferred to the newly formed Oryol region (in 1939, the Dolgorukovsky district also moved to it).

During the Great Patriotic War, in the autumn of 1941, almost the entire territory of the Kursk region was occupied by German troops. During the winter offensive of the Red Army in early 1943, a significant part of the Kursk region with Kursk was liberated, as a result of which the famous Kursk salient (Kursk salient) was formed on the front line. In preparation for the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the inhabitants of the Kursk region took an active part in the construction of defensive structures. In the summer of 1943, the railway line Saraevka - Stary Oskol was built in the shortest possible time. As a result of the victory of the Red Army in the Battle of Kursk on September 2, 1943, the Kursk region was completely liberated. On July 13, 1944, the Glazunov, Maloarkhangelsk, Trosnyansky and Dmitrovsky regions were transferred from the Kursk region to the Oryol region. On January 6, 1954, 23 districts of the Kursk region became part of the Belgorod region and 3 districts - of the Lipetsk region. In the post-war period, intensive development of the resources of the Kursk magnetic anomaly began on the territory of the Kursk region, a number of large industrial enterprises were built, including the Mikhailovsky mining and processing plant and the Kursk nuclear power plant, new cities were founded - Zheleznogorsk and Kurchatov.

A. V. Kashkin (archeology), A. I. Razdorsky (history).

economy. The Kursk region is part of the Central Black Earth economic region. The value of industrial output (manufacturing, mining, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water) is more than 3 times higher than that of agricultural output (2007). In the economy of the Russian Federation, it is distinguished by the extraction of iron ore (19.1% of the Russian production volume; 2nd place after the Belgorod Region), the production of iron ore pellets (about 25% of Russian production), conveyor rubber-fabric belts (47.1%), cash registers machines (32.5%), alkaline batteries and rechargeable batteries (26.4%), granulated sugar (about 5%).

GRP structure (2006,%): production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 15.3, agriculture and forestry 14.1, manufacturing 12.2, wholesale and retail trade, various household services 11.4, mining 11 ,1, transport and communications 9.2, public administration and military security, compulsory social security 5.2, construction 4.3, education 3.5, healthcare and social services 3.3, other industries 2.4. The ratio of enterprises by forms of ownership (by the number of organizations, 2007,%): private about 63, municipal 19.1, public and religious organizations (associations) 8.2, state 6.1, other forms of ownership about 4.0.

The economically active population is 600 thousand people, of which about 95% are employed in the economy. The structure of employment of the population by type of economic activity (%): wholesale and retail trade, various household services 21.8, agriculture and forestry 20.1, manufacturing 13.4, education 8.5, healthcare and provision of social services 6.3 , transport and communications 5.5, construction 5.5, real estate operations, rent and services 3.5, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 3.3, provision of other communal, social and personal services 2.8, mining minerals 1.3, other activities 7.7. The unemployment rate is 4.9%. Cash income per capita 11.4 thousand rubles per month (September 2008; 70% of the average for the Russian Federation); 12.6% of the region's population has incomes below the subsistence level (2007).

Industry. The volume of industrial production is about 113 billion rubles (2007); Of these, 51.5% is in manufacturing, 25.3% is in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, 23.2% is in the extraction of minerals (mainly iron ore). The structure of the manufacturing industry of the region (%): food 33.9, mechanical engineering 24.7, chemical 18.8, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper 11.0, production of building materials 3.7, light 3.3, metallurgy and production of metal products 3.3, other industries 1.2.

The main generating source of the energy system of the Kursk region is the Kursk NPP (the city of Kurchatov; about 80% of the region's electricity production; provides up to 14% of the needs of the central federal district; table 1), one of the largest Russian nuclear power plants (4 power units installed capacity of 4 thousand MW). It is planned to modernize the existing power units, complete the construction of the 5th power unit, and build an NPP-2 replacement station (end of 2009).

Ferrous metallurgy is based on its own iron ore raw materials: the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is partially located on the territory of the region. The main deposit is Mikhailovskoye (Zheleznogorsk region), which is developed by an open method. The main mining enterprise, the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant (part of the Metalloinvest holding), produces over 18 million tons of products per year (including 1.7 million tons of sinter ore, 3.9 million tons of iron ore concentrate, 9.7 million tons of pellets). Over 60% of the plant's products are supplied to Magnitogorsk, Orsko-Khalilovsky, Cherepovets and other metallurgical plants, about 30% are exported to other countries.

Machine-building enterprises of the Kursk region produce products for the needs of the defense industry, various instruments for military and civil aviation, radio measuring equipment, alkaline and lead batteries, automotive electronics, cash registers, diesel and welding electric units, drilling equipment, etc. Most of the leading enterprises are located in Kursk (factories: "Mayak" - radio measuring equipment, "Pribor" - aviation devices, "Schetmash" - automotive electronics, cash registers, "Battery", "Electrounit", the group of enterprises "Electroapparat"), the city of Shchigry ("Geomash "- drilling equipment, including mobile drilling rigs), Korenevo village (low-voltage equipment plant). There are also Kursk Machine-Building Production (Kursk; ball bearings), the Globus enterprise (the city of Rylsk; as part of the PHARM group of companies, it produces school and professional drawing supplies).

The chemical industry was developed on the basis of imported raw materials. The production of rubber products (including rubber conveyor belts), polymer films, polyester and polyamide yarns, etc. has been established. The main enterprises of the industry are located in Kursk: Kurskrezinotekhnika, GriNN-Plastic (polymer film), MaxiLine (polyester polyamide threads). The Kursk region is a large manufacturer of medicines (including paracetamol, the main enterprise is Pharmstandard-Leksredstva, immunobiological veterinary drugs - Biofactory-firm BIOK) and glass packaging for them (medical glass factory; all in Kursk).

The main products of the timber industry complex are packaging materials. The largest manufacturer is the GOTEK group of companies (Zheleznogorsk; over 90% of the cost of the industry's products), which includes GOTEK (cardboard, transport packaging), Polypak (flexible packaging based on polymer and paper materials), GOTEK-LITAR (packaging from molded paper pulp), GOTEK-PRINT (packaging made of cardboard and plastic with multicolor offset printing). Cardboard factory (Kursk). Wood is also harvested (about 120 thousand m 3 per year, 80% - small-scale, low-grade and wood), production of fibreboard, joinery, laminated floors (Izoplit company, Oboyan city).

The construction materials industry is based mainly on its own raw materials (about 200 deposits have been explored, more than 25 deposits are being developed, 2007). Refractory clays are mined (the Bolshaya Karpovka deposit in the eastern part of the region is being developed by the Plast-Impulse company, the production volume is 118.3 thousand tons), construction and silicate sands (396.6 thousand m 3), clay raw materials for the production of bricks and tiles. Peat is mined in small quantities (3.0 thousand tons). Among the major enterprises of the industry are a plant for large-panel housing construction, a plant for building materials and works, BazaltEkologiya (basalt fiber, heat and sound insulation materials), the Oktyabrsky House-Building Plant (all in Kursk), a plant for reinforced concrete products (Zheleznogorsk).

Leading light industry enterprises: the Kursktrikotazhprom concern, the Seim knitting plant (both knitwear and yarn), the Seamstress factory (home textiles, etc.), Kurskaya Kozha (all in Kursk).

The food industry is of paramount importance for the Kursk region. There are more than 100 large and medium-sized enterprises in the industry, including 9 sugar factories, about 30 milk processing enterprises, 8 meat processing plants, 6 flour and cereal production enterprises, 6 distilleries, liquor production enterprises, confectionery factories (2006). A high degree of concentration of production is characteristic: more than 50% of the production of meat and sausage products falls on the Zheleznogorsk region, 40% of animal oil - on the Sudzhansky region, most of the confectionery products - on Kursk. The largest enterprises for the production of sugar are the Kshensky Sugar Plant (Shchigrovsky District; as part of the Razgulay group of companies), the Olymsky Sugar Plant (Kastorensky District), Sakhar Zolotukhino (Zolotukhinsky District, the village of Solnechny), Sakharinvest (Bolshesoldatsky District, the village Lyubimovka); confectionery - CONFI, Confectioner-Kursk (both in Kursk), Konteks (Zheleznogorsk); dairy products - "Sudzhansky butter-making plant", "Kursk refrigerator" (processed cheeses, mayonnaise, sour cream, etc.); flour, mixed fodder - "Kursk Combine of Bakery Products", enterprises of the holding company "Russian House" (Schigrovsky Combine of Bakery Products, "Korenevokhleboprodukt" and "Rylskkhleboprodukt"); meat products - "Sudzhansky meat-packing plant", "Province" (the village of Konyshevka; as part of the group of companies "Agroholding"), "Shchigor" (the city of Shchigry). There is a brewery in Kursk (a branch of SUN InBev). The largest industrial center is Kursk, other important centers are Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov, Shchigry, Sudzha, Rylsk.

The foreign trade turnover of the Kursk region is 980.8 million US dollars (2007), including exports of 617.7 million dollars. The basis of the export of the Kursk region is iron ores and concentrates (over 70% of the value) and products of the chemical industry (the main exporter of products is Kurskrezinotekhnika). Imports are dominated by engineering products (about 50%), as well as chemical and petrochemical industries (about 20%).

Agriculture. The value of agricultural products is 34.3 billion rubles (2007), over 70% falls on crop production.

Agricultural land occupies 2146 thousand hectares, of which arable land - 54%. They grow cereals (about 70% of the sown area; rye, wheat, barley), fodder (14.0%) and technical (10.1%; mainly sugar beet) crops, potatoes and vegetables (7.3%). The Kursk region occupies one of the leading positions in the Russian Federation in terms of the gross harvest of grain, potatoes and sugar beets (Table 2). Dairy and meat livestock breeding is characterized by a decrease in the number of cattle (table 3). In terms of meat and milk production (table 4), the Kursk region is among the top ten leaders in the central federal district. Over 80% of agricultural land belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations; 9.6% is occupied by the lands of farming (peasant) households, in the personal use of citizens - 5.6%. There are over 400 agricultural organizations and over 1300 farms (2007).

In the service sector, the development of tourism is essential. The largest number of objects potentially suitable for use in tourism is located in Kursk, on the territory of the Rylsky, Lgovsky, Zolotukhinsky, Ponyrovsky and Zheleznogorsky regions.

Transport. The Kursk region has a developed transport infrastructure. The length of railways is 1061 km (2007); the density of railway tracks is 354 km per 10 thousand km 2 of the territory (4th place in the Russian Federation). Railway lines pass through the territory of the Kursk region: Moscow - Tula - Kursk - Orel - Belgorod - Kharkov and Voronezh - Kursk - Kyiv. Major railway junctions: Kursk, Lgov, Kastornoe. The length of paved roads is 6932 km. The main highways are the federal highway "Crimea" (Moscow - Tula - Kursk - Orel - Belgorod - border with Ukraine), Kursk - Voronezh. Airport in Kursk. The gas pipelines Yamburg - Western border, Urengoy - Uzhgorod pass through the Kursk region.

M. D. Goryachko.

healthcare. In the Kursk region, there are 52.6 doctors per 10 thousand inhabitants (2007), 94.4 hospital beds (2006; in 2005, 10,272 paramedical personnel worked). Medical care is provided by 70 hospitals (including maternity hospitals), 6 dispensaries, 9 polyclinics (of which 4 are dental), 41 outpatient clinics, 1 women's consultation, 1 ambulance station, 697 feldsher-obstetric stations (2007). The overall incidence per 1 thousand inhabitants is 1323.3 cases; tuberculosis per 100 thousand inhabitants 66.6 (2006). The most common diseases of the respiratory, digestive and circulatory systems. The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system (61.8%), malignant neoplasms (11.4%), accidents (8.5%) (2006).

A. N. Prokinova.

Education. cultural institutions. There are (2009) functioning in the Kursk region: 234 preschool institutions (over 27 thousand pupils), 868 general education institutions (over 116 thousand students), 28 primary institutions (over 9 thousand students) and 40 secondary institutions (including branches, over 21 thousand students ) vocational education, 86 institutions of additional education (over 75 thousand students), 31 universities (including branches and representative offices), including 9 state ones (4 of them are in Kursk). There are 1572 libraries in the region (the main libraries are located in Kursk), 4 municipal centralized library systems (in Kurchatov, Zheleznogorsk, 2 - in Kursk), 285 museums, including 26 state (the largest - in Kursk), of which 17 - branches of the Kursk State Regional Museum of Local Lore: military history museums - the Ponyrovsky battle of the Battle of Kursk (1970, the village of Ponyri), "The command post of the Central Front" (1973, the township of Svoboda, Zolotukhinsky district), "The command post of the Voronezh Front" (1983, the village of Kirovsky- 2), "Young Defenders of the Motherland" (Kursk), 13 local history museums. Other museums include the Lgovsk Literary and Memorial Museum of N. N. Aseev (1988), the Lgovsk State Literary and Historical Museum (established in 2006 on the basis of the merger of the Lgovsk State Museum of Local Lore and the Lgovsk Literary and Memorial Museum of A. P. Gaidar); local history museums: in Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov, Rylsk, etc.; memorial museums: A. A. Fet (the village of Vorobyovka, Zolotukhinsky district), the singer N. V. Plevitskaya (the village of Vinnikovo), the House-Museum of the artist E. M. Cheptsov (1982, the village of Medvenka); historical and cultural center "Root Desert" (1990, the town of Svoboda, Zolotukhinsky district). The main scientific institutions of the region are located in Kursk.

Mass media. 130 newspapers are registered, including 28 regional ones (2008). Leading regional newspapers: Kurskaya Pravda (published since 1917; daily, circulation over 25,000 copies), Kursky Vestnik (since 1998; weekly, 10,000 copies, both in Kursk); city ​​and regional newspapers: "Gorodskiye Izvestia" (since 1991; 3 times a week, 6 thousand copies), "Kursk" (weekly, 8.5 thousand copies), "We are Kurians" (weekly, 8 thousand copies, all - in Kursk), "Kurchatov Time" (3 times a week, 4.5 thousand copies, the city of Kurchatov), ​​"Echo of the Week" (since 1994; weekly, the city of Zheleznogorsk), "Selskaya Nov" (2 times a week, Kursk district ) and others. Radio since 1926 (regularly since 1929), television since 1961. Television and radio broadcasts are carried out by the Kursk State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, the Takt television company (founded in 1992, aired since 1993), the Assonance radio company, and others.

Architecture and fine arts. As a result of archaeological excavations, remains of wooden fortifications of Kursk and Rylsk citadels of the 11-12th century, as well as a plinth of the 12th century in the Holy Trinity Monastery in Kursk, were discovered, which confirms the early beginning of brick architecture on the territory of the Kursk region. The construction of the unpreserved wooden ensemble of St. Nicholas Monastery (Volyn desert) near Rylsk dates back to the 2nd half of the 15th - early 16th century (mentioned in 1505, resumed around 1615, closed in 1926, revived in 1991), near which there was a skete in an artificial cave "Sinaika". In the 1500s, by order of Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shemyachich, wooden churches were erected in Rylsk (burned down in 1720) and in the village of Borovskoe near Rylsk (burned down in 1943; tiered with octagonal bell towers placed one above the other and with a hipped bell tower over the narthex).

A significant wave of monastic construction falls on the 1590-1620s, when the monasteries were founded: the Kursk Root Hermitage (1597), in Kursk - the Holy Trinity Monastery (presumably founded at the end of the 16th century, since 1628 for women), the Trinity Borisoglebsky Monastery ( the end of the 16th - the beginning of the 17th century, abolished until 1740), the monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos (1613, from the middle of the 17th century - the Znamensky Monastery); The Nikolaevskaya Amonskaya (known since 1629, abolished in 1745) and Slovenian Bogoroditskaya (known since 1638, abolished in the middle of the 18th century) deserts are near Rylsk. In 1620, the St. Nicholas Church of the St. Nicholas Monastery near Rylsk was built (rebuilt in stone in the middle of the 18th century).

The next period in the development of monastery construction (mid-17th century) is associated mainly with the flight of the Orthodox from the territory of the Commonwealth in connection with the signing of the Union of Brest in 1596 and the raids of the Crimean Tatars. At this time, the monasteries were founded: Novodevichy (Prechistensky) Kazansky (known since 1656, abolished in 1764) in Rylsk, Oboyansky Znamensky (mentioned in 1664, closed in the 1920s), Lgovsky Dimitrievsky (known since 1678, abolished in 1764), Belogorsky Nikolaevsky Miropolsky (founded near Sudzha by the monks of the Divnogorsky Assumption Monastery ruined by the Tatars in 1671; closed in 1785, resumed in 1863 as a hermitage, closed in 1922, returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 2001), Trinity Volpinovskaya hermitage near Kursk (known since 1685, abolished in 1764) , John the Baptist Hermitage near Sudzha (built in 1685-92, abolished by 1840).

In the middle of the 17th century, stone construction became widespread: the cathedral (1649-1680, completely rebuilt in the style of classicism in 1816-26) and the wall with towers (a part of the wall and the tower were preserved, rebuilt at the end of the 18th century) of the Znamensky Monastery in Kursk. From the period of the late 17th - mid-18th centuries, more monuments have survived: the so-called house of Peter I (the turn of the 17th-18th century), the voivodship house and the house of the office (presumably 1720-50s) in Rylsk; chambers of I. S. Mazepa (1704, architect O. D. Startsev) and a stone kitchen (1768) in the village of Ivanovskoye; churches of the “octagon on a quadrangle” type - Holy Trinity (Upper) of the Holy Trinity Monastery (1695-1703) and Holy Trinity (Lower) (1740-42, renovated in 1782) in Kursk, St. Nicholas in the village of Manturovo (1746) , in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Kostrova (1781). One of the best-preserved ensembles of preclassical architecture in the Kursk region is the St. Nicholas Monastery in Prigorodnaya Slobodka of the city of Rylsk with churches completed in Ukrainian style (Krestovozdvizhenskaya, 1733-38; Trinity, 1747; Nikolsky Cathedral, 1733-53), which combine decoration elements of the late 17th - early 18th century with wooden architecture techniques (4-pillar refectory Trinity Church), the Holy Gate with a belfry (1740), a refectory (1744), a high 6-tier bell tower (1793), a private building, rector's chambers and a wall with towers (late 18th century). The main monuments of the metropolitan Baroque in the Kursk region are the Cathedral in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and Sergius of Radonezh (1752-78) and the St. Nicholas Church at the Market (1763, demolished in the 1930s) in Kursk. Following the example of the Tobolsk churches, the Church of the Transfiguration was built in Kursk (1776-88, blown up during the retreat of the Red Army in 1941).

In the 1780s, the spread of classicism began (the former house of Denisyev in Kursk, 1783-90, presumably the architect J. Quarenghi; the house of the merchant F. A. Vykhodtsev in Rylsk, 1783). Manor construction received significant development in the late 18th - mid-19th centuries: the estates - Rtishchevs in the village of Vorobyovka 1st (the main house and the eastern guest wing - the end of the 18th century, reconstructed after the acquisition of the estate by A. A. Fet in 1877-79; stable, carriage house and other buildings of the 1840s), the princes of Baryatinsky in the village of Maryino (palace - 1812-20, architect K. I. Hoffman, rebuilt in 1869-73, architect K. F. Scholz according to the project of I. A. Monighetti; chief The 3-storey building and side wings form an open central and 2 closed side courtyards; a park with a system of ponds, canals, with a 16-column rotunda and a neo-Gothic church on the islands, all from the 1810s) and the village of Nizhniye Derevenki in Lgov (the so-called Shamil's tower with neo-gothic details, an outbuilding with a 6-column portico, a wooden mansion with a mezzanine, all - the 1st half of the 19th century), Nelidovs in the village of Mokva 1st (neo-gothic palace of the 1st half of the 19th century, Spassky Church in the Russian- Byzantine style - 1848, blown up in 1969).

Among the temples in the style of classicism: the Trinity Church (Voznesenskaya, consecrated in 1811; with baroque elements, ceramic colored rosettes) and the Church of the Nativity on Goncharovka in Sudzha (1835); Assumption Cathedral (consecrated in 1811), Nikolaevskaya (1817, demolished in 1950) and Pokrovskaya (1822) churches with similar 6-tier bell towers in Rylsk; The Church of the Resurrection in the village of Durovo-Bobrik (1825), the Church of the Archangel Michael in the village of Gustomoy (1833), the Church of the Resurrection in the village of Bolshie Ugony (1848). Wooden churches of the late 18th - mid-19th centuries repeated the forms of stone architecture [churches in the villages of Shchegolyok (1783), Kozino (1844), Begoshcha (1859)].

The development of trade contributed to the construction of stone trading rows in Sudzha (early 19th century, significantly rebuilt), Rylsk (late 18th - early 19th century, rows with a corner rotunda - 1830s); the guest yard of the Root Fair in the village of Svoboda (1792-1812, architect J. Quarenghi; accommodated 50 thousand people).

The architecture of the Kursk region in the 1840s-1910s is stylistically diverse. Built in the Russian-Byzantine style: the Church of Saints Joachim and Anna in the village of Dolgoe (1852), the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin in the Kursk Root Hermitage (1852-60, architect K. A. Ton; not preserved), the Church of the Nativity in the village of Ulanok ( 1851-62), the Church of the Ascension in Rylsk (1866, architect N. G. Kamenev), the ensemble of the Belogorsky Nikolaevsky Monastery in the village of Gornal (the Transfiguration Cathedral, 1888, has not survived; the warm Intercession Church, the abbot's house, cells, a hotel, a kitchen with a refectory , fence towers, all - 1865 - early 20th century); in the Russian style - 5-domed churches with hipped bell towers in the settlements of Zamostye (1865) and Zaoleshenka (1875) of the Sudzhensky district, the Church of St. Nicholas in Lgov (late 19th century), the chapel in Rylsk (1892), the Church of the Intercession in the village of Bobrovo (1903 ), Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Oboyan (1891-1908); in the neo-Byzantine style - the 5-domed Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky in Oboyan (1891-1907, architect V. G. Slesarev), a church in the village of Popovo-Lezhachi, Glushkovsky district; in the Neo-Gothic style - the Assumption Church in Kursk (1892-96); in the Art Nouveau style - the building of the State Bank in Kursk (1912, architect F. O. Livchak).

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, estate construction in the Neo-Gothic styles (the Takhtamirovs' estate in the village of Rubanshchina: the main house, outbuildings, the end of the 19th century), neoclassicism (the unfinished palace of Prince P.D. Dolgoruky in the village of Guevo, architect V.A. Shchuko, the main house of the estate of A. N. Smetsky in the village of Makarovka, the main house of the estate of the merchant G. A. Novosiltsev in the village of Lebyazhye, the mausoleum of the Stremoukhovs in the Fitizh estate, all - the beginning of the 20th century); in the style of English cottages (the main house of the estate of O. K. Lansere in the village of Ust-Krestishche, now the village of Sovetsky; 1910, architect N. E. Lansere; not preserved), in the style of "Peter's Baroque" (the estate of D. F. Levshin in village of Khomutovka, around 1910, architect Shchuko).

In the 1930s-50s, the style of Soviet neoclassicism developed in architecture (the development of Red Square and Lenin Street in Kursk). In the 1950-80s, a number of memorials to those who died during the Great Patriotic War were erected on the territory of the Kursk region (in Zheleznogorsk, Oboyan, in the villages of Svoboda, Ponyri, etc.).

In the 1990-2000s, new churches and monasteries were restored and built: the complex of the Kursk Root Hermitage, the Intercession Church in the village of Marmyzhi (1996-2006, project by V. M. Klykov), the chapel of St. John of Rylsky in Rylsk (2003-06), Church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "The Sign" in the village of Ponyri (2006-07).

In the 18th - early 20th centuries, icon painting developed on the territory of the Kursk region (including the Znamensky Monastery in Kursk; icon painters A. I. and G. A. Shuklin, F. M. Karachevtsev). In the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries, artists worked here: K. A. Trutovsky, D. E. Bartram, E. E. Lansere, E. M. Cheptsov; master of decorative arts N. D. Bartram (in 1893-1903 he led an educational carpentry workshop in the estate of Semyonovka, Lgovsky district). In 1899-1926, the Association of Kursk Artists operated (among its founders were A. K. Damberg, L. A. Kvachevsky, M. N. Yakimenko-Zabuga; among the exhibition participants were painters K. S. Malevich, G. A. Shuklin , P. K. Likhin, sculptors I. A. Shuklin, L. I. Dondukov-Izedinov). Mostly since the 1920s, artists V. V. Tsvetaev, A. A. Deineka, A. M. Zubov, V. G. and A. G. Shuklin, V. A. Manykin-Nevstruev worked on the territory of the Kursk region; in the 2nd half of the 20th - early 21st century - artists F. P. Tregub, E. M. Zaitsev, V. I. Erofeev, L. I. Rudnev, V. G. Shkalin, sculptors R. V. Tregub, N P. Krivolapov.

P. S. Pavlinov.

Music. Musical culture retains its traditional basis - the song and instrumental folklore of the South Russian tradition; studied in the works of A. V. Rudneva. Leading folklore groups of the Kursk region: "Timonya" (Plekhovo village, Sudzhansky district), Begichev folk choir (Begichevo village, Oboyansky district), ensembles of Belichansky (Belitsa village) and Ilkovsky (Ilek village) houses of culture (Belovsky district), etc.

The foundations of professional musical culture were laid at the end of the 18th century in the estates of the landowners. The landlords of Croatia (the Golovchino estate) maintained a fortress theater, where operas were staged (they existed until the middle of the 19th century), a symphony orchestra, and a music school (the orchestra was dissolved in 1871); Prince I. I. Baryatinsky (see Baryatinsky; in Maryin), Count Mikh. Yu. Vielgorsky (see Vielgorsky; in Fateevka) and many other landowners - symphony orchestras. In Kursk, during the 19th century, isolated opera performances took place, including in the entreprise of the Barsov brothers (she worked in 1792-1816); public concert life was limited to the summer seasons. In 1843-69, the first private music school of M. P. Gerdlichko operated in Kursk. In 1882, the pianist and composer A. M. Abaza opened the music classes of the IRMS (they functioned until 1915). During World War I, musicians from Riga, Moscow, and Petrograd worked in Kursk. In the first years of Soviet power, until 1921, an opera theater operated in Kursk. In 1921 I. A. Egudkin opened a music studio (since 1922 a musical technical school, since 1936 the Kursk Musical College). Among the musicians of that time: pianists - M. A. Krutyansky, S. I. Shekhovtsova, violinists - M. G. Fine, O. A. Loren, B. I. Peterl, V. M. Popov; vocalists - E. A. Danilevich-Slavyanskaya, M. I. Shevlyakov; choirmaster V. A. Podolsky. In 1936, the Regional Philharmonic was founded (initially it was engaged only in organizing tours in the Kursk region), in 1938 - an opera ensemble with it (worked before the Great Patriotic War). In 1946-47, the Russian Folk Choir was organized at the Philharmonic (based on the amateur choir of the Bolshesoldatsky District). Natives of the Kursk region: singer N. V. Plevitskaya, violinist M. G. Erdenko, composer G. V. Sviridov (his name was given to the Kursk Musical College in 1998; since 2003, the College named after G. V. Sviridov).

In Kursk there are: choir chapel "Kursk" (1987, on the basis of the Musical Society of the Kursk Region); as part of the Philharmonic - Symphony Orchestra (1992, organizer and first chief conductor G. S. Lvovich, since 2005 chief conductor I. V. Sukachev); Variety Symphony Orchestra (2001); Russian Chamber Orchestra of Kursk State University (2002) and others; at the Regional House of Folk Art - the Kursk Folk Choir (1958, founder and artistic director until 2006 - S. G. Chagovets; now named after him). In the city of Shchigry - the Folk Choir of the House of Culture of JSC "Geomash"; in the city of Zheleznogorsk - the choir "Voice of Russia" of the Palace of Culture of the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant (1994), the chamber choir "Polyelei" of the choir school "Druzhba". Among the musicians of the region: composer and choral conductor E. D. Legostaev; pianists - L. V. Vintskevich, V. V. Khmelevskoy; singers - I. F. Starodubtseva, N. G. Pikul; harmonist Yu. N. Tkachev.

International Festival "Jazz Province" (mobile; first held in Kursk, 1997). All-Russian annual festivals (all in Kursk): the author's song "Nightingale's Trill" (since 1989, founded as an all-Union festival), "Russian Romance" (since 1993), named after G.V. Sviridov (since 2001; within its framework - the All-Russian Open competition of vocal music named after G. V. Sviridov), festival of arts "Kursk Nightingale" (since 2000). All-Russian festival and competition of performers of Russian folk songs named after N.V. Plevitskaya (in the village of Vinnikovo, Kursk region, since 2002). In December 2006 - February 2007, the festival of music by D. D. Shostakovich and G. V. Sviridov "And the Star Speaks to the Star" (Kursk, Fatezh) took place. In 2001, the All-Russian Competition for Visually Impaired Musicians was founded in Kursk (on the basis of the only music boarding school for the blind in the Russian Federation, founded in 1956).

Theatre. In 1792, at the initiative of the Governor-General A. A. Bekleshov, a theater was built in Kursk at the expense of the city nobility. In 1805 MS Shchepkin made his debut here; in 1826, N. Kh. Rybakov began his stage activity (see Rybakovs). In 1875 the building burned down, in 1886 a new theater building was erected at the expense of the townspeople. P. S. Mochalov, O. O. Sadovskaya (see Sadovskie), the Adelgeim brothers, V. F. Komissarzhevskaya, A. A. Yablochkina, and others toured here. Pushkin. The first troupe of puppeteers appeared at the Drama Theater in 1935. The professional puppet theater in Kursk was founded in 1944. Since 1966, the Youth Theater "Rovesnik" has been operating in Kursk.

Lit .: Zlatoverkhovnikov N.I. Monuments of antiquity and modern times and other sights of the Kursk province. Kursk, 1902; Reference book about churches, parishes and clergy of the Kursk diocese. For 1908 Kursk, 1909; Rudneva A. V. Folk songs of the Kursk region. M., 1957; she is. Kursk tanks and Karagodas. M., 1975; Round I. A. Artists of Voronezh, Kursk and Orel. L., 1960; Bulbanyuk P.I., Lebedev P.F. Kursk folk songs. Kursk, 1962; From the history of the Kursk region: Sat. documents and materials. Voronezh, 1965; Atlas of the Kursk region. M., 1968; Dunaev M. M. On the land of the great battle (Kursk and Oryol regions). M., 1976; Tsapenko MP On the western lands of Kursk and Belgorod. M., 1976; Materials of the Code of monuments of history and culture of the RSFSR. Kursk region. M., 1979; Fedorov S. I. Architectural sketches of the Kursk region. Voronezh, 1982; he is. Maryino. Voronezh, 1988; Kursk region: history and modernity. 2nd ed. Kursk, 1995; Kursk. Documentation. Memories. Articles. Kursk, 1997; Kholodova E.V. Estates of the Kursk province: historical and architectural essays. Kursk, 1997; Archaeological map of Russia: Kursk region. M., 1998-2000. Ch. 1-2; Zorin A.V., Razdorsky A.I. Kursk region. Frontier: Kursk region in the 17th century. Kursk, 2001; Kursk region. Geography: nature, population, economy. Kursk, 2001; Belousova M. Yu. Rationalization of the sectoral structure of the industry of the subsidized region. Kursk, 2005; Enukov V.V. Slavs before Rurikovich. Kursk, 2005; Information about changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Kursk region (1708-1990) // State archive of the Kursk region: Guide. Kursk, 2005; Eastern Europe in the middle of the 1st millennium AD M., 2007; Monuments of Kiev culture in the forest-steppe zone of Russia (III - beginning of V century AD). M., 2007; Parshina A. P. Formation and use of investments in the sugar beet subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex. Kursk, 2007; Pshenichnikova OV Economic efficiency of crop and livestock production in organizations of various forms of ownership and management. Kursk, 2007; Report on the state and protection of the environment in the territory of the Kursk region in 2007. Kursk, 2008; Essays on the history of the Kursk region from ancient times to the 17th century. Kursk, 2008; Problems of socio-economic development of the region. Kursk, 2008; Sukhorukova OA, Mikhailova AN Diagnostics of industries in the region. Kursk, 2008; Formation of the region's strategic priorities based on long-term development scenarios. M., 2008.

Relief of the Kursk region.

The Kursk region occupies the southwest of the Central Russian Upland, the characteristic features of the relief of which are a relatively high altitude and strong dissection by a dense network of river valleys, gullies and ravines. Interfluves rise above 200-220 meters. The highest point of the region - 288 m - is located in the upper reaches of the river Rat. The lowest surface marks are on the floodplain of the Seim River near the border with Ukraine.

The hilly - ridged nature of the region's relief is given by a complexly branched network of river valleys, gullies and ravines. The density of the valley-beam network (the degree of horizontal dissection) from 1.1 - 1.5 km on the steep right banks of the Seim and Psla rivers decreases to 0.3 - 0.9 km per 1 km² closer to the central parts of the interfluves. The depth of incision of river valleys (the degree of vertical dissection) rarely exceeds 80–100 m.

In the distribution of heights, the layering (“number of storeys”) of the relief is clearly expressed. The lowest level - the floodplain of modern rivers - are lowlands, the height of which exceeds 150 m above sea level. Above the floodplain, up to a height of 200 - 210 m (especially on the left banks, four steps of Quaternary floodplain terraces are distinguished. In the structure of the interfluves, two tiers of relief: below 250 m, a flat-wavy, relatively low plain dominates, above - a hilly-ridged elevated plain, on which are the remains of the oldest level of the primary marine plain after the retreat of the Paleogene Sea, raised by subsequent movements to the modern height. areas of various tiers and the complex nature of horizontal and vertical division are explained by the history of the development of the relief of the Central Russian Upland.

The elevated and dissected relief of the region is determined, first of all, by the location of the Central Russian Upland above the uplift of the crystalline basement of the Russian Plain, where the thickness of the sedimentary cover is small. This tectonic structure is called the Voronezh anteclise. Its geological past was dominated by uplifts, when on ancient land (for example, at the end of the Carboniferous, in the Permian and Triassic periods), on uplifts and troughs of the sedimentary sequence, a relief resembling the modern one was formed.

In the Neogene and Quaternary period, after the retreat of the last Paleogene sea, the Central Russian Upland experienced more intense uplifts than the neighboring lowlands. Modern uplifts are: near the city of Kursk - 3.9 mm / year; near Oboyan – about 5 mm/year; near the city of Lgov - 2 mm/year; east of the village of Glushkovo - 0.5 mm / year.

Neotectonic movements of a positive sign were at times weakened or replaced by subsidence, which was reflected in the formation of a layered relief. In addition, they seem to have inherited the uplifts and troughs of the sedimentary cover. Thus, internal forces, with the most active participation of external processes, created the main morphostructural elements of the relief - watershed uplands (on uplifts) and river valleys (on troughs).

Of the external relief-forming processes on the territory of the region, the main role belongs to the activity of flowing waters. In the conditions of the predominance of loose rocks, significant surface slopes and climate features (melt waters and summer showers), they created an erosional relief here - a branched system of river valleys, gullies and ravines that dissected the watershed surfaces.

There are no glacial landforms in the region, although the glacier occupied small areas of the western and eastern outskirts of the region. The influence of glaciation was expressed in the accumulation of easily eroded loess-like loams, sandy loams and other loose sediments in the structure of interfluves and ancient floodplain terraces, which contributed to the formation of a ravine-gully network.

Mesopotamia. The largest elements of the region's relief are interfluves and river valleys. Mesopotamia for their noticeable height and length are called here watershed ridges.

The Timsko-Shchigrovskaya ridge, located in the eastern part of the region, is distinguished by the highest height and relatively weak dissection, it is elongated from southeast to northwest along the line Manturovo - Tim - Shchigry - Zolotukhino. Almost ideally even interfluves are raised to a height of 240 - 260 m, above which individual hills and ridges rise. Near the village of Monturovo is the highest point of the region - 274 meters above sea level. The ridge is asymmetric. The slopes are facing east - northeast, shorter and steeper than the western ones. At their foot the rivers Tim, Kshen and Olym originate, flowing into the Sosna river. The main watershed between the Dnieper and Don basins runs along the hill.

The Fatezhsko-Lgovskaya ridge is also sharply asymmetric, in the northwestern part of the region, elongated from the northeast to the southwest. Between the Tuskar and Svapa river valleys. Rising above 260 m in the Zolotukhinsky and Fatezhsky districts, it gradually decreases to the north-west and falls to the right bank of the Seim in steep steep slopes up to 50-60 m high. The highest point is 265 meters. Composed of white chalk-marl thickness, cut by ravines, the steep right banks of the Seim are often called mountains or "white mountains" (Kudeyarovy Gory, Mount Ivan Rylsky). They offer a wide view of the sloping left bank of the Seim, where steps of floodplain terraces gradually rise above the floodplain lowland.

Steep right banks along the Svapa and Seim rivers are formed by the western Dmitrievsko-Rylskaya ridge. According to the general lowering of the relief to the west, southwest, it does not rise above 220-240 m above sea level, but its height above the floodplain of the Seim River often reaches 100-110 m, and the surface slopes on the slopes are 20 m per 1 km. Large elevation differences and a thick layer of Quaternary loose sediments on the periphery of the Dnieper glaciation led to the formation of an extensive ravine-gully network.

The Oboyan watershed, the largest in area, is a vast asymmetric plateau. Gently sloping in the north, in the south it passes into the steep Psyolsky right bank between the cities of Sudzha and Oboyan, confined to an ancient ledge in sedimentary rocks. From the north-north-west to the south-south-east, the height (from 240-250 m to 270 m) and the dissection of the relief increase. On the northern gentle slope, long branching ravine-beam systems predominate, in the center there are steeper ravines with rare ravines, and numerous freshly growing ravines appear in the south-southeast.

On the surface of the watershed uplands, there are often gentle rounded depressions with a diameter of up to 50 m or more, the so-called "steppe saucers" of subsidence origin. From loess-like loams, atmospheric precipitation seeps out, washing out calcareous and small clay particles, and the rocks settle. Shallow hollows (hollows) of the same genesis come here from the sources of rivers and the tops of ravine-beam systems. All this gives the relief of interfluves a finely wavy character.

River valleys. The most striking feature of the structure of the region's river valleys is their asymmetry and unevenness. The high steep right banks contrast sharply with the gentle left banks. The lowlands of modern alluvial terraces or floodplains are most clearly expressed in the relief of river valleys. They are alternately developed on both banks, mainly in the bends of the rivers.

The width of floodplains from 20-30 meters or less in the upper reaches and on small tributaries increases to several kilometers in the lower reaches. Along the rivers Seimu, Tuskari, Svapa, Pslu, the floodplain is very often divided into low and high (up to 3.5-5 m), which is flooded only in years with especially strong floods. In the relief of wide floodplains of large rivers, an elevated near-channel, flat central, and lowered near-terrass parts stand out. Lakes, swamps and the main peat massifs are not uncommon in terraced depressions.

Scattered everywhere are “manes”, old rivers, remnants from the erosion of the first terrace above the floodplain, tussocks make the floodplain impassable and difficult for economic development. On the floodplain, located at the foot of the steep right banks, the mouths of ravines and gullies open, the drifts from which are sometimes discharged directly into the river, forcing it to wash away the opposite banks.

On the left banks of the river valleys, less often on the right banks, at a height of 7-12 m above the water, the first floodplain terrace stands out. Villages and vegetable gardens stretch in chains along its ledge. The width of the terrace from tens and hundreds of meters on small rivers increases to 1-2 and 4-5 km on large ones, the surface - in the upper reaches is slightly inclined to the river, in the lower reaches - is flat and lowered before a higher level. The depressions are often swampy. The relief in a weakened form repeats the floodplain, but all this is leveled and very convenient for agriculture.

The first floodplain terraces are characterized by the presence of large sand massifs (“Belogorya” - outcrops of white sand on the right steep bank of the valley), high and steep slopes; their total area, taking into account the floodplain sands, is about 4.5 thousand hectares in the region. The steep sections of the right slope often approach directly to the riverbed. If these sections of the slope are cut by deep ravines and gullies, then an impression is created of a significant fluctuation in heights. Therefore, it is not surprising that the population calls them "mountains" (for example, the Kudeyarovy Gory between the villages of Blokhin and Peny of the Kursk region). The largest of them are located along the rivers: the Seimu, in the Rylsky and Glushkovsky districts. Its width in the middle reaches of the river exceeds 10 km. Pslu-in Sudzhansky, Oskol - in Gorshechensky districts. The wind blew small dunes out of the sand, but now they are almost all fixed with pine plantations. Above the white cliffs of marl and chalk, dense thickets of shrubs turn green, broad-leaved forests rustle in the beams, willows bend over the smooth surface of the river. These areas are very picturesque. Especially beautiful is the right bank of the Seim in the Kursk and Lgovsk districts.

The second terrace above the floodplain, rising above the water from 16-17 to 25 m or more, is clearly expressed in the river valleys of the eastern half of the region: Tim, Ksheni, Olyma, as well as on the left bank of the Psyol River, where it stretches in an almost continuous strip 1-2 km. Along the Seimu River, the terrace is strongly eroded and sometimes completely absent. This plain, slightly inclined towards the river, is characterized by rounded suffusion (subsidence) depressions, filled with water in spring and autumn. Sometimes these depressions are numerous and give the landscape of the terrace a "smallpox" appearance. On the second right-bank above-floodplain terrace of the Psel River near the village of Zorino, where they are called "Zorinsky swamps", Suffusion subsidences have a special relict vegetation, and there is every reason to preserve them as a unique landscape - a natural monument.

The high third and fourth terraces above the floodplain are observed in the valleys of large rivers of the region and are morphologically expressed indistinctly. In some places, the flat spaces of these terraces are up to 7-9 or more kilometers wide and occupy a prominent place in land use. So, on the third floodplain terrace of the Seim River there are fields of the Lgovskaya selection station. In the Glushkovsky district, the fourth terrace above the floodplain reaches a considerable width. In its structure there is a moraine of the maximum Dnieper glaciation, confirming the formation of this level in the pre-glacial period. For agricultural use, the ancient high terraces, like the second one, are field ones. On their wide flat surface, only in some places disturbed by shallow beams and single ravines, crops of grain and industrial crops are located.

Beams. In the relief of the Kursk region, beams of various sizes and shapes are common. Their density varies from 1.4-1.3 km/km² to 1.2-1.0 km/km². But the beams are unevenly distributed. Most of them are found on the steep right banks of the Seim, Psl and other rivers, while the central parts of the interfluves are dissected half as much.

The beams of the region can be divided into 2 types: valley-shaped, branched, reaching a length of several kilometers, and short cirque-shaped, usually found on the steep slopes of river valleys, composed of chalk-marl strata. Valley-shaped beams differ from each other in depth, steepness and shape of the slopes, the nature of branching. Deep steeply sloping ravines prevail in the Tuskar-Svap interfluve, where they cut through the thickness of chalk and marl. Some of them reach a depth of 30-50 meters with slopes up to 20-30º.

The right bank of the Seim River in the Rylsky and Glushkovsky districts is characterized by tree-like branching beams, in which wide flat bottoms are combined with rather steep and steep slopes, indented by ravines. On the left bank of the Seima and Svapa rivers, as well as in the Kastorensky and Sovietsky districts, within the gentle slopes of the watershed elevations, long shallow gullies with gentle, vague slopes and a flat bottom, which are called hollows, predominate.

Ravines. Steep banks of river valleys, slopes, tops and bottoms of gullies are complicated by ravines. According to the density of ravines, the region is considered medium ravine. On the steep right banks of the rivers Seima, Psla and Sudzha, the density of the ravine network reaches 0.3-0.5 km/km².

There are bottom and slope ravines (top, coastal and watershed). Slope ravines on the steep banks of rivers in the central part of the region are formed in the thickness of chalk-marl rocks. They have a depth of up to 15-20 m, a length of hundreds of meters, rocky slopes with a steepness of up to 55º. At the tops and on the slopes of the gullies in the Cretaceous-marl rocks, circus-shaped ravines with wide and narrow mouths are widespread, the formation of which is associated with subsidence-karst processes.

Slope ravines southwest of Lgov are formed in easily eroded loess-like loams and sandy-argillaceous rocks. In their peaks, "cauldrons of washing out" appear, the slopes are steep, the depth increases to 20-25 m, the ravines branch out strongly, earthen pyramids and erosion remnants appear in the channel and peaks.

In the Kursk region, there are two types of bottom ravines: shallow (2-3 rarely 5-6 m) and long - at the bottom of "hollows" and deep (up to 10-15 m), which cut not only gully sediments, but also bedrock in young beams with an undeveloped longitudinal profile. Such ravines are available in the Rylsky, Glushkovsky, Sudzhansky districts.

Ravines grow very quickly, especially in spring when the snow melts and in summer when it rains. This is due to the fact that the soil cannot absorb a large amount of water in a short time, and melted snow or storm water creates temporary streams on the surface - trickles, streams. These temporary streams, eroding the soil, form potholes - linearly elongated depressions, which later turn into ravines. Especially many ravines arose in the region before the Great October Revolution, when the landowners destroyed the forests, and wheat was sown on these lands, receiving large profits from its sale. The plowing of land was carried out incorrectly, which favored the growth of ravines. Peasants - individual farmers, the poor, barely making ends meet, could not fight them, and the landowners were not interested in this.

Ravines bring great harm - they destroy the soil, lower the level of groundwater, turn fertile lands into waste lands. Measures to combat various types of ravines are being developed by scientists from the All-Russian Research Institute of Agriculture and Soil Protection from Erosion. A lot of work to combat ravines can be (and is being) carried out by schoolchildren. They measure the ravines, determine the rate of their growth, plant plants on the slopes, install wicker fences.

Other landforms. Considerable obstacles to the economic development of the territory are created by landforms formed as a result of the activity of groundwater and underground: karst failures and subsidence, suffusion hollows and steppe saucers, landslides and landslides.

Especially many karst funnels are found at the bottom of the beams. So, a funnel with a crack that absorbs water was found at the bottom of the Dark (Failure) ravine in the Streltsy steppe. Its depth is 10-12 m, the diameter of the upper part is 20-25 m. In the west of the region in the Dmitrievsky district, where white chalk comes to the surface, at the bottom of the beams there are also funnels that absorb water. Karst funnels up to 2 m deep are characteristic of the surface of the watersheds of the Streletskaya and Cossack steppes, the Timskaya ridge, the upper reaches of the Oskol River, as well as the surface of the floodplain and floodplain terraces.

Landslides are developed on the steep right banks of river valleys, in places where banks are washed away on floodplains, in gullies and ravines. Large coastal landslides are known in the north of the region, in the upper reaches of the Olym, Ksheni, Tim, Kosorzhi rivers, where Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous clays go directly to the water. On their slippery surface, moistened with melt and groundwater, sections of the coast slide down. At the same time, a step or a circus-shaped depression is formed at the place of separation, and a bumpy “body” of a landslide is piled up near the water, where waterlogging is often created due to the outflow of springs. The relief of the central part of the Kursk region is characterized by dry landslides, when loams moistened with water slide along the slippery surface of clays or marls, creating steps, cirques, and hilly bodies on the slopes.

Relief of the Kursk region.

Quiz.

Name the largest elevated landforms of the region. What is their direction?

How many terraces above the floodplain are there in the structure of the river valleys of the region's major rivers? What is their height above the water level?

What is the reason for the elevated and dissected character of the relief of the region?

According to the physical map of the atlas of the Kursk region, determine which of the named cities are located above all above the ocean level: Dmitriev, Zheleznogorsk, Kursk, Oboyan?

5. Crossword "Relief of the Kursk region".

Horizontally: 1. Platform that determines the flatness of the relief of the Kursk region. 2. The nature of the relief of the Kursk region. 3. The hill on which the Kursk region is located. 4. The shape of the relief, funnel absorbing water. 5. Landform formed by the river. 6. "Saucer" from which you can not drink. 7. The river, in the upper reaches of the basin which is the highest point of the Kursk region.

Vertical: 8. The largest positive landform of the Kursk region. 9. A relief form with a bumpy "body". 10. One of the main relief-forming factors of the region. 11. The river, in the floodplain of which is the lowest mark of the region. 12. The form of relief is a former ravine. 13. Erosive relief form. 14. Feature in the distribution of heights of the relief of the Kursk region.

Answers on the topic relief.

The most significant in height is the Timsko - Shchigrovskaya ridge (240-260 m), running from the southeast to the northwest; Fatezhsko - Lgovskaya (up to 260 m) stretches from the northeast to the southwest; Oboyanskaya (240-270 m) - from east to west and Dmitrievsko - Rylskaya (220-240 m) - from north to south.

There are 4 floodplain terraces in the structure of the river valleys. The first has a height of 7-12 m above the water; the second - 16-20 m; the third - 30-40 m; fourth - 50-60 m.

The elevated and dissected relief is determined by the location of the region on the Central Russian Upland, which is based on the Voronezh anteclise, in the geological past of which uplifts prevailed.

Dmitriev - 180 m, Zheleznogorsk - about 200 m, Kursk - the highest place 225 m, Oboyan - 170 m. It is determined only on the map, by the distance of the punch from the horizontal.

Horizontally: 1. Russian. 2. Hilly - ridged. 3. Central Russian.

5. Karst. 5. Valley. 6. Steppe. 7. Army.

Vertical: 8. Mesopotamia. 9. Landslide. 10. Water. 11. Diet. 12. Beam.

1. Ravine. fourteen . Layered.