Each person should be interested in the past of his people. Without knowing history, we will never be able to build a good future. So let's talk about how the ancient peasants lived.

Housing

The villages in which they lived reached about 15 households. It was very rare to find a settlement with 30-50 peasant households. In each cozy family yard there was not only a dwelling, but also a barn, a barn, a poultry house and various outbuildings for the household. Many residents could also boast of vegetable gardens, vineyards and orchards. Where the peasants lived can be understood from the remaining villages, where courtyards and signs of the life of the inhabitants have been preserved. Most often, the house was built of wood, stone, which was covered with reeds or hay. We slept and ate in one cozy room. The house had a wooden table, several benches, a chest for storing clothes. They slept on wide beds, on which lay a mattress with straw or hay.

Food

The diet of the peasants included cereals from various grain crops, vegetables, cheese products and fish. During the Middle Ages, baked bread was not made due to the fact that it was very difficult to grind grain into a state of flour. Meat dishes were typical only for the festive table. Instead of sugar, farmers used honey from wild bees. For a long time, the peasants were engaged in hunting, but then fishing took its place. Therefore, fish was much more often on the tables of peasants than meat, which the feudal lords spoiled themselves with.

clothing

The clothes worn by the peasants of the Middle Ages were very different from the period of ancient times. The common attire of the peasants was a linen shirt and knee-length or ankle-length trousers. Over the shirt they put on another one, with longer sleeves - blio. For outerwear, a cloak with a clasp at shoulder level was used. The shoes were very soft, made of leather, and there was no hard sole at all. But the peasants themselves often walked barefoot or in uncomfortable shoes with wooden soles.

Legal life of peasants

The peasants who lived in the community were in different dependence on the feudal mode. They had several legal categories with which they were endowed:

• The bulk of the peasants lived according to the rules of "Wallachian" law, which took as a basis the life of the villagers when they lived in a rural free community. Ownership of the land was common on a single right.
• The remaining mass of peasants was subject to serfdom, which was thought out by the feudal lords.

If we talk about the Wallachian community, then there were all the features of serfdom in Moldova. Each member of the community had the right to work on the land only a few days a year. When the feudal lords took possession of the serfs, they introduced such a load on the days of work that it was realistic to complete it only for a long time. Of course, the peasants had to fulfill the duties that went to the prosperity of the church and the state itself. The serfs who lived in the 14th - 15th centuries split into groups:

• State peasants who depended on the ruler;
• Privately owned peasants who depended on a certain feudal lord.

The first group of peasants had much more rights. The second group was considered free, with their personal right to transfer to another feudal lord, but such peasants paid tithes, served corvee and sued the feudal lord. This situation was close to the complete enslavement of all peasants.

In the following centuries, various groups of peasants appeared who were dependent on the feudal order and its cruelty. The way the serfs lived was simply horrifying, because they had no rights and freedoms.

Enslavement of peasants

In the period of 1766, Grigory Gike issued a law on the complete enslavement of all peasants. No one had the right to move from the boyars to others, the fugitives quickly returned to their places by the police. All feudal oppression was intensified by taxes and duties. Taxes were imposed on any activity of the peasants.

But even all this oppression and fear did not suppress the spirit of freedom in the peasants, who rebelled against their slavery. After all, it is difficult to call serfdom otherwise. The way the peasants lived in the era of the feudal order was not immediately forgotten. The unrestrained feudal oppression remained in the memory and did not allow the peasants to restore their rights for a long time. There was a long struggle for the right to a free life. The struggle of the strong spirit of the peasants has been immortalized in history, and still amazes with its facts.

The life of peasants in the Middle Ages was harsh, full of hardships and trials. Heavy taxes, devastating wars and crop failures often deprived the peasant of the most necessary and forced him to think only about survival. Just 400 years ago, in the richest country in Europe - France - travelers came across villages whose inhabitants were dressed in dirty rags, lived in semi-dugouts, holes dug in the ground, and became so wild that in response to questions they could not utter a single articulate word. It is not surprising that in the Middle Ages the view of the peasant as a half-animal, half-devil was widespread; the words "villan", "villania", denoting the villagers, meant at the same time "rudeness, ignorance, bestiality".

No need to think that all the peasants in medieval Europe looked like devils or ragamuffins. No, many peasants had gold coins and elegant clothes hidden in their chests, which they wore on holidays; peasants knew how to have fun at village weddings, when beer and wine flowed like water and everyone ate themselves in a whole series of half-starved days. The peasants were quick-witted and cunning, they clearly saw the merits and demerits of those people with whom they had to face in their simple life: a knight, a merchant, a priest, a judge. If the feudal lords looked at the peasants as devils crawling out of hellish holes, then the peasants paid their lords in the same coin: a knight rushing through the sown fields with a pack of hunting dogs, shedding someone else's blood and living at the expense of someone else's labor, seemed to them not a man, but a demon.

It is generally accepted that it was the feudal lord who was the main enemy of the medieval peasant. The relationship between them was indeed complicated. The villagers more than once rose to fight against their masters. They killed seniors, plundered and set fire to their castles, captured fields, forests and meadows. The largest of these uprisings were the Jacquerie (1358) in France, the speeches led by Wat Tyler (1381) and the Ke-tov brothers (1549) in England. One of the most important events in the history of Germany was the Peasants' War of 1525.

The fates of many peasant families were similar to each other. From year to year they lived in the same village, performed the same work and duties. The modest rural church did not impress either with its size or architecture, but it made the village the center of the entire district. Even as a baby, a few days old, each person fell under its vaults during christenings and visited here many times throughout their lives. Here, who had departed to another world, they brought him before being buried in the earth. The church was almost the only public building in the area. The priest was, if not the only, then one of the few literate people. No matter how the parishioners treated him, he was an official spiritual father, to whom the Law of God obliged everyone to come to confession.
Three major events in human life: birth, marriage and death. So, into three parts, the records in the church registers were divided. In that period of time, in many families, children were born almost every year. The birth of a child was perceived as the will of the Lord, which rarely occurred to anyone to oppose. More children - more workers in the family, and hence more wealth. Based on this, the appearance of boys was preferable. You raise a girl - you raise, and she goes to a strange family. But this, in the end, does not matter: brides from other courts replaced the working hands of daughters who were extradited to the side. That is why the birth of a child has always been a holiday in the family, that is why it was illuminated by one of the main Christian sacraments - baptism. Parents carried the child to be baptized with the godfather and mother. The father, together with the godfather, read a prayer, after that he immersed the baby in the font, put on a cross. Returning home, they arranged a christening - a dinner for which they gathered relatives. Children were usually baptized on their birthday or within the next three days. The priest gave the name most often, using the holy calendar in honor of the saint on whose day the baby was born. However, the rule to give names according to the holy calendar was not mandatory. Godparents were usually peasants from their parish.

Peasants married and got married mainly only in their community. If in the 18th century peasants were married at the age of 13-14, then from the middle of the 19th century the legal age for marriage for a man was 18 years old, and for women - 16 years old. Early peasant marriages were encouraged by the landowners, as this contributed to an increase in the number of peasant souls and, accordingly, the income of the landlords. In serf times, peasant girls were often given in marriage without their consent. After the abolition of serfdom, the custom of giving in marriage with the consent of the bride was gradually established. Severe measures were also applied to juvenile suitors. If someone didn’t want to marry, then the father forced them to be deaf. The overstayed grooms and brides were dishonored.
Among the Ukrainian peasantry, it was a wedding, and not a wedding, that was considered a legal guarantee of marriage: married couples could live apart for 2-3 weeks, waiting for the wedding. Everything was preceded by “loaf” – this is how the main ritual wedding bread was called in Ukraine, and the rite of its preparation itself, which most often took place on Friday. On Saturday evening, the rural youth said goodbye to the young. At the girl's evening, a wedding tree was made - “giltse”, “wilce”, “rizka”, “troychatka”. This dense flowering tree is a symbol of youth and beauty of the young, which was used to decorate bread or kalach. It stood on the table throughout the wedding. Sunday came. In the morning, the bridesmaids dressed the bride for the wedding: the best shirt, an embroidered skirt, a namisto, a beautiful wreath with ribbons. A woman's wedding dress was kept as a relic until her death. The son took his mother's wedding shirt with him when he went to war. The groom also came in an embroidered shirt (it was supposed to be embroidered by the bride). Young people went to get married in the church. After that, they came to the yard of the bride, where they were met with bread and salt, sprinkled with corn, and the young woman invited the guests to the table. The wedding was preceded by matchmaking. There was a custom: for the success of the business, people who went to matchmaking were whipped with twigs or thrown with women's headdresses in order to quickly woo the girl. The morning of the wedding day was interesting, when the bride was bathing. She didn't go to the bathroom alone. When the bride has washed and steamed properly, the healer collects the bride's sweat with a handkerchief and squeezes it into a vial. This sweat was then poured into the beer of the groom in order to bind the young with indissoluble bonds.
Peasant weddings were usually played in autumn or winter, when the main agricultural work was over. Due to the difficult peasant life and early death, remarriages were not uncommon. The number of remarriages increased sharply after epidemics.
Death overtook a person at any time of the year, but in the cold winter months of work, she noticeably increased. The dead were buried until the beginning of the 19th century in the churchyard. However, due to the danger of infection with infectious diseases, a special decree ordered that cemeteries be arranged outside settlements. People prepared for death in advance. Before death, they tried to call a priest for confession and communion. After the death of the deceased, women washed, dressed in mortal clothes. The men made a coffin and dug a grave. When the body was taken out, the lamentations of the mourners began. There was no talk of any autopsy or death certificate. All formalities were limited to an entry in the register of births, where the cause of death was indicated by the local priest from the words of the relatives of the deceased. The coffin with the deceased was taken to the church on a stretcher chair. The church watchman, already knowing about the deceased, rang the bell. 40 days after the funeral, the commemoration was celebrated with dinner, to which the priest was brought for service.

Almost no log cabins or dugouts were built in the Poltava district, so the mud hut should be recognized as a model of the local hut. It was based on several oak plows buried in the ground. Poles were cut into plows, straw or vine or cherry branches were tied to them. The resulting hut was covered with clay, removing cracks and leveling the walls, and a year later it was covered with special, white clay.

The hostess and her daughters repaired the walls of the hut after each shower and whitewashed the outside three times during the year: for the trinity, the covers, and when the hut was furnished with straw for the winter from the cold. The houses were fenced partly by a moat with lushly overgrown wattle, ash or white locust, partly by wattle (tyn) at the gate, usually single-leaf, consisting of several longitudinal poles. A cattle shed (coil) was built near the street. In the yard, usually near the hut, a chopped square comoria was built with 3-4 notches or bins for bread. Also, not a single yard could do without a kluny, which usually towered at a distance from the hut behind the threshing floor (current). The height of the entrance doors to the hut was usually 2 arshins 6 inches, and the inner doors were 2 inches higher. The width of the doors has always been standard - 5 quarters 2 inches. The door was locked with a wooden hook and painted with some dark paint. Shutters painted red or green were sometimes attached to the windows of the hut.

The outer door led to a dark passage, where a piece of clothing, harness, utensils, and a wicker box for bread were usually placed. There was also a light staircase leading to the attic. A spacious outlet also came out here, conducting smoke from the stove up through the chimney to the roof. Opposite the vestibule, another, warm section was arranged, "khatyna" - a shelter for old people from dust, women and children. Large huts also included a special front room (svetlitsa). The extreme corner from the door was entirely occupied by a stove, sometimes making up a quarter of a small hut. The oven was made of raw material. It was decorated with wedges, mugs, crosses and flowers painted with blue or ordinary ocher. The stove was smeared simultaneously with the hut before the holidays. Between the stove and the so-called cold corner, several boards were laid along the wall for the family to sleep. From above they nailed a shelf for women's things: a shield, a sliver, spindles and hung a pole for clothes and yarn. A cradle was also hung here. Outerwear, pillows, and bedding were left in a cold corner. Thus, this corner was considered family. The next corner (kut), located between two corner windows and a side window, was called pokuttyam. It corresponded to the red corner of the Great Russians. Here, on special boards, icons of the father and mother were placed, then the eldest son, the middle and the youngest. They were decorated with paper or natural dried flowers. Bottles of holy water were sometimes placed near the images, and money and documents were hidden behind them. There was also a table or skrynya (chest). At the table along the walls there were more benches (benches) and benches. In the opposite corner, there was a dead corner located at the dead end of the door. It was only of economic importance. There were dishes on the shelf, spoons and knives. The narrow space between the doors and the stove was called the "stump" because it was occupied by pokers and shovels.

The usual food for the peasants is bread, which they themselves baked, borscht, which is "the most healthy, useu's head" and porridge, most often millet. Food was prepared in the morning and for the whole day. They used it as follows: at 7-8 o'clock in the morning - breakfast, consisting of cabbage, cakes, kulish or lokshina with bacon. On a fast day, lard was replaced with butter, which served as a seasoning for cucumbers, cabbage, potatoes, or hempseed milk, which was seasoned with egg kutya, boiled barley, crushed millet, or hempseed with buckwheat cakes.

They sat down for dinner from 11 o'clock and later, if threshing or other work delayed. Lunch consisted of borscht with bacon and porridge with butter, rarely with milk, and on a fast day borscht with beans, beets, butter and porridge, sometimes boiled beans and peas, dumplings with potatoes, cakes with peas, anointed with honey.

For dinner, they were content with the leftovers from lunch, or fish soup (yushka) and dumplings. Chicken or chicken meat was on the menu only on major holidays. By the end of the summer, when most vegetables and fruits were ripe, the table improved a little. Instead of porridge, pumpkin, peas, beans, and corn were often boiled. For an afternoon snack, cucumbers, plums, melons, watermelons, forest pears were added to the bread. From September 1, when the days were getting shorter, afternoon tea was cancelled. From drinks they drank mainly kvass and uzvar. From alcohol - vodka (vodka).
The clothes of the Little Russians, protecting from the climate, at the same time emphasized, set off, increased beauty, especially women's. Concerns about the appearance of a local woman were expressed in the following customs: on the first day of the bright holiday, women washed themselves with water, in which they put a colored and ordinary egg, and rubbed their cheeks with these eggs to preserve the freshness of their faces. In order for the cheeks to be ruddy, they were rubbed with various red things: a belt, plakhta, rye flower dust, pepper and others. Eyebrows were sometimes summed up with soot. According to popular beliefs, it was possible to wash oneself only in the morning. Only on Saturday evenings and on the eve of major holidays, the girls washed their heads and necks and, willy-nilly, washed their faces.

They washed their heads with lye, beet kvass or hot water, in which they put a branch of consecrated willow and something from fragrant herbs. The washed head was usually combed with a large horn comb or comb. Combing, the girls braided their hair both in one braid, in 3-6 strands, and in two smaller braids. Occasionally they made hairpieces, but with any hairstyle, the forehead of the girl was open. Both field flowers and flowers plucked from their flower garden served as a natural decoration for hairstyles. Multi-colored thin ribbons were also woven into the braid.

The main headdress of a woman is an eyeglass. It was considered a sin for young women under 30 not to wear earrings, so the ears of girls from the second year of life were pierced with thin, sharp wire earrings, which were left in the ear until the wound healed. Later, girls wore copper earrings, at a price of 3-5 kopecks, girls already wore earrings made of Polish and ordinary silver, occasionally gold, at a price of 45 kopecks to 3 rubles 50 kopecks. The girls had few earrings: 1 - 2 pairs. A multi-colored namisto up to 25 threads was worn around the girl’s neck, more or less lowered to the chest. Also, a cross was worn around the neck. The crosses were wooden, costing 5 kopecks; glass, white and colored, from 1 kopeck; copper in 3-5 kopecks and silver (sometimes enamelled). The jewelry also included rings.

A shirt - the main part of the linen was called a shirt. At all times of the year, she was dressed in a "kersetka", short, a little more than a arshin, black, less often colored, woolen or paper clothes, opening the entire neck and upper chest and tightly wrapping around the waist. In summer, women wore high-heeled shoes (cherevyki), made of black leather, shod with nails or horseshoes, and in winter, black boots. The boys were given smooth haircuts. Middle-aged men cut their hair "pid forelock, circle", that is, round, evenly over the entire head, cutting more on the forehead, above the eyebrows and behind. Almost no one shaved their beards, but only cut them. The peasant's head was protected from the cold by a lamb's hat, round, cylindrical or somewhat narrowed upwards. The hat was lined with black, blue or red calico, sometimes with sheepskin fur. The generally accepted color of the cap was black, occasionally gray. Caps were also often worn in summer. The men's shirt differed from the women's shortness.

Together with the shirt, trousers were always worn. Wearing pants was considered a sign of maturity. On top of the shirt they wore a gray woolen or paper vest, single-breasted, with a narrow standing collar, without a cutout and with two pockets. Over the vest they wore a black cloth or gray woolen chumarka, knee-length, single-breasted, fastened with hooks, with a waist. Chumarka was lined with cotton wool and served as outerwear. She, like other outerwear, was tied with belts. For the most part, men's shoes consisted of only boots (chobots). Chobots were made from a yukhta, sometimes from a thin belt and "shkapyna" (horse skin), on wooden studs. The sole of the boots was made of a thick belt, the heels were lined with nails or horseshoes. The price of boots is from 2 to 12 rubles. In addition to boots, they also wore boots, like women's, "postols" - leather bast shoes or ordinary bast shoes made of lime or elm bark.

Not passed the peasant share and military service. These were the sayings about recruits and their wives. “To the recruitment - to the grave”, “There are three pains in our volost: uncoolness, taxes and zemshchina”, “Merry grief is a soldier’s life”, “You fought young, but in old age they let you go home”, “The soldier is a miserable, worse than a bastard bast "," A soldier is neither a widow, nor a husband's wife, "" The whole village is a father to the soldiers' guys." The term of service as a recruit was 25 years. Without documentary evidence of the death of her husband-soldier, a woman could not marry a second time. At the same time, the soldiers continued to live in the families of their husbands, completely dependent on the head of the family. The order in which recruits were allocated was determined by the volost gathering of householders, at which a list of recruits was drawn up. On November 8, 1868, a manifesto was issued, according to which it was prescribed to put up 4 recruits with 1000 souls. After the military reform of 1874, the term of service was limited to four years. Now all young people who had reached the age of 21, fit for service for health reasons, were supposed to serve. However, the law provided for benefits based on marital status.

The ideas of our ancestors about comfort and hygiene are somewhat unusual for us. There were no bathhouses until the 1920s. They were replaced by ovens, much more capacious than modern ones. Ash was raked out of the melted furnace. The floor was covered with straw, they climbed in and steamed with a broom. The head was washed outside the oven. Instead of soap, they used lye - a decoction of ash. From our point of view, the peasants lived in a terrible filth. A general cleaning of the house was arranged before Easter: they washed and cleaned not only the floors and walls, but also all the dishes - smoked pots, tongs, pokers. Hay mattresses stuffed with hay or straw were knocked out, on which they slept, and from which there was also a lot of dust. They washed bedding and sackcloth with pryalniks, with which they covered themselves instead of blankets. In normal times, such thoroughness was not shown. It’s good if the hut had a wooden floor that could be washed, and the adobe floor could only be swept. There were no needs. The smoke from the ovens, which were sweating black, covered the walls with soot. In winter, there was dust from the fire and other spinning waste in the huts. In winter, everyone suffered from the cold. Firewood for the future, as now, was not harvested. Usually they bring a wagon of deadwood from the forest, burn it, then go for the next wagon. They warmed themselves on the stoves and on the benches. No one had double windows, so the windows were covered with a thick layer of ice. All these inconveniences were habitual everyday life for the peasants, and there was no thought of changing them.

Saints - a list of saints of the Orthodox Church, compiled in the order of the months and days of the year in which the saint is honored. Saints are included in liturgical books. Separately published calendars are called the calendar.
When writing this article, the following materials were used:
Miloradovich V. Life of the Lubensky peasant // magazine "Kyiv Starina", 1902, No. 4, pp. 110-135, No. 6, pp. 392-434, No. 10, pp. 62-91.
Alekseev V.P. Faceted oak // Bryansk, 1994, pp. 92-123.

The lifestyle of a person in the Middle Ages largely depended on his habitat, but people of that time, at the same time, were quite mobile, being in constant motion. Initially, these were echoes of the migration of peoples. Then people were pushed on the road by other reasons. The peasants moved along the roads of Europe in groups or singly, looking for a better life. Only over time, when the peasants began to acquire some property, and the feudal lords lands, cities began to grow and villages appeared (approximately the 14th century).

Peasants' houses

The houses of the peasants were built of wood, sometimes stone was preferred. Roofs were made of reeds or straw. There was little furniture, mostly tables and chests for clothes. Slept on beds or benches. The bed was a mattress stuffed with straw or hayloft.

Houses were heated by fireplaces or hearths. Furnaces appeared only at the beginning of the 14th century, they were borrowed from the Slavs and northern peoples. The dwelling was lit with oil lamps and tallow candles. Expensive wax candles were available only to rich people.

Peasant food

Most Europeans ate rather modestly. Ate twice: in the evening and in the morning. Daily meals were:

1. legumes;

3. cabbage;

5. rye bread;

6. grain ear with onion or garlic.

They consumed little meat, especially considering that there were 166 days of fasting in the year, it was forbidden to eat meat dishes. There was a lot more fish in the diet. From sweets only honey. Sugar came to Europe in the 13th century from the East, it was very expensive. In Europe they drank a lot: in the north - beer, in the south - wine. Herbs were brewed instead of tea.

The dishes of the Europeans (mugs, bowls, etc.) were very simple, made of tin or clay. They ate with spoons, no forks. They ate with their hands and cut off the meat with a knife. The peasants ate food with the whole family from one bowl.

clothing

The peasant usually wore linen pants to the knees or even to the ankles, as well as a linen shirt. The outer garment was a cloak, tied with a clasp (fibula) on the shoulders. In winter they wore:

1. a warm cape made of thick fur;

2. roughly combed sheepskin coat.

The poor were content with dark-colored clothes made of coarse linen. Shoes were pointed leather boots without hard soles.

Feudal lords and peasants

The feudal lord needed power over the peasants in order to force them to perform their duties. In the Middle Ages, serfs were not free people, they depended on the feudal lord, who could exchange, buy, sell, a serf. If the peasant tried to run away, he was searched for and returned back to the estate, where he was awaited by reprisal.

For refusing to work, for not giving dues on time, the peasant was summoned to the feudal court of the feudal lord. The inexorable master personally accused, judged, and then carried out the sentence. A peasant could be beaten with whips or sticks, thrown into prison or put in chains.

The serfs were constantly subject to the power of the feudal lord. The feudal lord could demand a ransom upon marriage, he could marry and marry serfs himself.

I can only imagine a day in the life of a peasant from books, films, and a bit of a summer in the country. Of course, we are not peasants, we rest in the country. We don’t plant potatoes, we don’t weed carrots, we don’t harvest crops ... Mom plants flowers, there are several currant bushes. I love picking berries!

I think that a day in the life of a peasant begins early - right at the dawn of the sun. These people are close to nature, they know when and what to plant, harvest ... They are able to predict the weather better by signs than in the news. So, the peasant got up, for example, Peter with the dawn. I drank some water and got to work. First of all, I think, you need to wake up your wife so that she also works, and the children can still sleep - they don’t need to go to school! The wife is milking the cow, the milk has just accumulated overnight. Peter has breakfast before a working day. I think he can eat sour milk with grains, like yogurt with muesli. After drinking fresh milk, Peter goes to let the cow out. He himself does not take her to the field, but hands her over to the shepherd. He collects cows from all over the village and (for a moderate fee) walks them all day. While the cow is gone, Pyotr cleans her cowshed, puts in new bedding. Surely, there are both piglets and chickens - everyone needs to be checked (how they survived the night - the wolves did not drag anyone away), feed them.

While the sun has not yet risen - it is not very hot, he begins to work in the garden - weed here, thin out there. There is always a case! After that, you can have breakfast again - with the children already. Surely the wife has already cooked porridge in fresh milk.

After, while the summer is hot, you can arrange a siesta. Lunch is a must. If someone in the family is literate, then you can read books. Domostroy, for example. You can take a nap a little.

After lunch, when the sun had already begun to wane. Again, do something in the garden, think about what to sell to whom, especially if tomorrow is market day. You can help your wife around the house. Again you need to feed the animals. Almost forgot about the dog! Of course, the peasant has a yard dog. And also a horse. Suddenly you have to go to someone, to agree on something.

After dinner, you can make something, crawl the seeds, play the button accordion. Before going to bed, be sure to swim (if in winter, then in the bath), pray. You need to go to bed early, get up early again tomorrow.

Of course, much is repeated in this day. What if the same pets need to be fed several times a day. And, I am sure, there is work all the time: in the garden, at home ... The day is full of worries! But, in nature and in work.

Make up a story 1 day in the life of a peasant according to history

Composition One day in the life of a peasant

The life of a peasant is very different from the life of a city dweller. The peasant is engaged in physical labor and has to do a lot of work for him in one day.

The peasant's morning begins at four o'clock in the morning. The first step is to feed the cattle. Geese, chickens, ducks, pigs and turkeys are a small number of animals that can live in a peasant yard. It is necessary to prepare food, cook porridge for dogs and pigs.

After feeding the animals, you yourself need to start breakfast and start doing agricultural work.

The peasant's breakfast is modest. It can be porridge with vegetable salad, a piece of bacon and compote with buns. It is necessary to have a hearty breakfast, because you will have to work productively all day.

After breakfast, you need to go to the field. There is a lot of work in the field. It is necessary to weed vegetable crops, water the planted plants, take care of them. Field work is very hard and exhausting. You have to get up very early so that the hot sun does not scorch much and you can do most of the work before lunch.

When lunch comes, the peasant can go home or have a bite to eat right in the field in the shade of an old tree. Everything will depend on its location and workload. If a peasant has lunch in the field, then he will eat bread, onions, bacon, and drink kvass. If you go home, you will dine with borscht, soup or cabbage soup.

After dinner, you need to feed the cattle again, clean the barn, clean the pigs. This is if the peasant is at home. If he is in the field, then field work continues.

After field work, you need to make supplies for feeding animals, that is, mow hay. Mowing hay is hard, you need to be able to control the scythe, and you also need to have great strength. The hay is cut, after which it will dry out and will need to be collected in a stack, or transferred to a barn.

In the evening, the peasant is engaged in household chores. There is house cleaning, pet care, laundry and cooking. Before going to bed, the peasants gather at the table, discuss the work plan for the next day, drink uzvar and prepare for tomorrow. You have to go to bed early enough, because you have to get up at dawn in order to have time to do everything.

6th grade, 7th grade

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