As paradoxical as it sounds, the Soviet era can be regarded as a very productive period of time. Even in the difficult post-war period, scientific developments in the USSR were financed quite generously, and the profession of a scientist was prestigious and well paid.

A favorable financial background, coupled with the presence of truly gifted people, brought remarkable results: in the Soviet period, a whole galaxy of physicists emerged, whose names are known not only in the post-Soviet space, but throughout the world.

We present to your attention the material about the famous physicists of the USSR, who made a high contribution to world science.

Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov (1891-1951). Despite his far from proletarian origin, this scientist managed to defeat class filtration and become the founding father of an entire school of physical optics. Vavilov is a co-author of the discovery of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, for which later (after the death of Sergei Ivanovich) the Nobel Prize was received.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (1916-2009). The scientist received wide recognition for experiments in the field of nonlinear optics and microoptics; and also for research in the field of luminescence polarization. Ginzburg is largely responsible for the appearance of common fluorescent lamps: it was he who actively developed applied optics and endowed purely theoretical discoveries with practical value.

Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968). The scientist is known not only as one of the founders of the Soviet school of physics, but also as a person with sparkling humor. Lev Davidovich deduced and formulated several basic concepts in quantum theory, conducted fundamental research in the field of ultralow temperatures and superfluidity. At present, Landau has become a legend in theoretical physics: his contribution is remembered and honored.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989). The co-inventor of the hydrogen bomb and a brilliant nuclear physicist sacrificed his health for the cause of peace and common security. The scientist is the author of the invention of the Sakharov puff scheme. Andrei Dmitrievich is a vivid example of how recalcitrant scientists were treated in the USSR: long years of dissent undermined Sakharov's health and did not allow his talent to reveal its full potential.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894-1984). The scientist can rightly be called the "calling card" of Soviet science - the name "Kapitsa" was known to every citizen of the USSR, young and old. Petr Leonidovich made a huge contribution to low-temperature physics: as a result of his research, science was enriched with many discoveries. These include the phenomenon of helium superfluidity, the establishment of cryogenic bonds in various substances, and much more.

Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (1903-1960). Contrary to popular belief, Kurchatov worked not only on nuclear and hydrogen bombs: the main direction of Igor Vasilyevich's scientific research was devoted to the development of nuclear fission for peaceful purposes. The scientist did a lot of work in the theory of the magnetic field: until now, many ships use the demagnetization system invented by Kurchatov. In addition to his scientific intuition, the physicist had good organizational skills: under the leadership of Kurchatov, many complex projects were implemented.

Alas, modern science has not learned how to measure fame or contribution to science in any objective terms: none of the existing methods allows one to compile a 100% reliability rating of popularity or evaluate the value of scientific discoveries in numbers. Take this material as a reminder of the great personalities who once lived with us on the same land and in the same country.

Unfortunately, within the framework of one article, we cannot mention all the Soviet physicists known not only in narrow scientific circles, but also among the general public. In subsequent materials, we will definitely talk about other famous scientists, including those who received the Nobel Prize in physics.

Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific substantiation of the way spacecraft flew to the moon.

The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land a man on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."

Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.

early years

The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.

Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From schoolboy to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.

"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. The beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.

February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in the cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft building, in particular, small arms were purchased (in rather limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, education, youth

Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and sent him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Fascination with philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L. S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.

Russian scientists invented the television, and Russian directors taught the whole world theater. Which of the Russians made the greatest achievement?

Great Russian scientists

The whole world knows them. They did what was not subject to the powerful of this world. They discovered "Russian science", which the whole world started talking about.

Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, who worked all his life as an ordinary electrical engineer in Paris. It was he, an inconspicuous-looking "hard worker", who invented the world's first electric light bulb. It did not burn for long and had a light of dazzling power. It was unsuitable for small spaces, but was widely used in lighting streets and large spaces. But thanks to Yablochkov, enthusiasts appeared who were able to create the light bulb that illuminates our houses and apartments.

Alexander Popov in 1895 created a unique device that works without wires using electromagnetic waves. This radio is the greatest achievement of the Russian people, an indispensable assistant to any inhabitant of the planet. The Americans and the British offered fabulous sums for Popov to sell them his invention. He firmly answered that everything he invented did not belong to him, but to his Motherland.

Fate has always been kind to the Russians. All the first world inventions belong to the Russian people.

VK Zvorykin created the world's first electron microscope and the first TV set. Thanks to his invention, on March 10, 1939, happy owners of televisions began to watch the first regular television programs that were broadcast from the television center on Shabolovka.

And the first plane in the world was invented by Russian - A.F. Mozhaisky. The complex design of the device was able to lift a person into the sky for the first time.

Russian scientists invented the world's first satellite, ballistic missile and spacecraft. It was our compatriots who managed to create the first quantum generator, caterpillar tractor and electric tram. They always went ahead - Russian scientists who managed to glorify our country.

Russians not only managed to conquer the world. They opened up new lands, giving the whole world the opportunity to look into the unexplored corners of the planet.

Famous Russian travelers

Two brothers, two village guys: Khariton and Dmitry Laptev. They devoted their lives to traveling and exploring the North. Having organized the Great Northern Expedition in 1739, they reached the shores of the Arctic Ocean, opening up new lands to the whole world. The Laptev Sea is known throughout the world, thanks to their courage and perseverance in the development of the wild North.

Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel led an expedition to explore Eastern Siberia. He opened up areas little known to science to the world and compiled a detailed geographical map of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky explored the Ussuri region, discovering previously unknown geographical objects. He became the discoverer of the Altyntag mountains in Central Asia. The whole world learned about the famous Przewalski's horse.

Miklouho-Maclay went to New Guinea in 1870, where he spent 2 years studying these lands, getting acquainted with the culture of wild tribes, their customs and religious rites. In 1996, on the 150th anniversary of the traveler, UNESCO awarded him the title of "Citizen of the World".

Our contemporary - Yuri Senkevich conducted more than 100 studies of human survival in extreme conditions. He participated in the Antarctic expedition, more than once was at the North Pole. His famous program "Travellers Club" had a million-strong audience.

Perhaps not everyone has read their books and is not familiar with their work. But despite this, their names are familiar to every person, because they are the geniuses of our era.

Russian writers popular all over the world

Leo Tolstoy - count, thinker, honorary academician, outstanding writer of the world. He had an amazing ability to learn foreign languages. Looking at the people, he learned to endure all the difficulties of life. Warming his hands by the stove, he immediately stuck them out into the window in the cold, in order to learn not only to bask in the warmth, but also not to be afraid of the cold. He sewed for himself a canvas robe, in which he walked around the house, and at night he replaced the sheet for him. He wanted to be like Diogenes.

He was not interested in secular life. At the balls he was distracted, thinking about his own. The young ladies considered him boring, because he did not try to keep up small talk, which for him were empty talk. He wrote many books that are read by the whole world. His "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace" became world bestsellers.

Fyodor Dostoevsky was the second child of 6 children in the family. My father was a priest, a doctor in a hospital for the poor. Mother belonged to a merchant family. He learned to read from the books of the Old and New Testaments. He knew the gospel from childhood.

He spent 4 years in hard labor, then went to the soldiers. He was against the authorities, which renounced Christian morality and allowed the blood of the Russian people to be shed. His books are full of bitterness. Many consider him the most "depressing" writer of our era. But he created works whose influence was strongly reflected not only in the culture of Russia, but also in the West.

Bulgakov had a carefree youth, which he spent in the beautiful city of Kyiv. He dreamed of a carefree and free life, but the firm nature of his mother and the industriousness of his father, a professor, instilled in him authority for knowledge and contempt for ignorance.

After receiving his education, he worked in military hospitals and was a village doctor. He saved human lives by fighting diseases. He lay in typhoid fever, thinking every morning that this was his last day. It was the disease that radically changed his life. He left medicine and began to write.

"The Turbine Brothers", "The Heart of a Dog", "The Master and Margarita" - brought the writer posthumous world fame. A triumphal procession of Bulgakov's works began, which were translated into many languages ​​of the world.

The Russians have conquered the world in every direction. Our books are being read. Songs and films have become part of foreign culture.

World famous Russian singers and actors

Fedor Chaliapin - Russian bass, People's Artist since 1918. For three years he sang at the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters, performing only the first parts. An opera singer whose voice cannot be confused with anyone. He loved folk songs and romances, filling the space around with a powerful voice with rich timbres.

By the will of fate, he had to leave Russia. From 1922 he sang only abroad. But despite this, the world considers him an outstanding Russian singer.

Her voice is known all over the world. This woman is a legend. Out of five thousand people, she became the only girl who was chosen at the competition for the Pyatnitsky choir. Lyudmila Zykina is an idol of the 60s and an ideal to follow at all times. Her "Orenburg Shawl" and "The Volga River Flows" are sung all over the world. She did not like to be "gray mediocrity." She wore bright clothes and had a weakness for jewelry.

She was an important person and had friendship with the authorities. Everyone loved her: from a peasant and a worker to a Kremlin minister. She was the embodiment of the Russian woman, the Russian soul. She is an outstanding singer, whose voice has become a symbol of Russia.

Mark Bernes is a handsome man, conqueror of women's hearts, singer, actor, sex symbol of the era of his time. At the age of 15, he managed to visit the theater for the first time and fell ill with it for the rest of his life. He dreamed of the stage. He was a poster-poster and worked as a barker for evening performances. He strove to be as close as possible to this temple of art.

He played his first, small episodic role in the film "Man with a Gun." In the film, he sang "Clouds have risen over the city." After the premiere of the film, the whole country started talking about him.

Playing in the film "Two Soldiers", he was sure that this was his last role in life. The director was dissatisfied with him, the role "did not go." For almost two months they tortured him, trying to create an image. And perhaps he would have to say goodbye to the cinema, but he was saved by an inexperienced hairdresser. Going in for a haircut, Bernes fell into her hands. She "cut off" his beautiful hair to zero. Seeing this, the director's face lit up with a smile. This was the image that he had been looking for for so long. For the performance of the role in this picture, the government awarded Bernes with the Order of the Red Star. In 1965 he became the People's Artist of Russia.

Innokenty Smoktunovsky is a provincial actor who, having arrived in Moscow, could not enter the theater school. This failure "gifted" the world from this outstanding actor. Having settled in the studio theater at Mosfilm, he immediately gets a cameo role in the film Soldiers. And it became a takeoff in his career. After filming is over, he plays in The Idiot, striking with his game, transitions and nuances from one state to another. He was prophesied worldwide fame, and this prophecy came true. The outstanding, multifaceted talent of Smoktunovsky has cemented his reputation as the best actor of our time.

Modern Russian actors deserve special attention. .
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Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC)

Every student knows: "In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs." But few people know that Pythagoras was still a philosopher, religious thinker and politician, it was he who introduced the term “philosophy” into our language, which means “love of wisdom”. He founded a school whose students were called Pythagoreans, and he was the first to use the word "cosmos".

Democritus (460-c. 370 BC)

Democritus, like other philosophers of the ancient world, was always interested in the question of what is the fundamental principle of the universe. Some sages believed that water, others - fire, others - air, and fourth - all together. Democritus was not convinced by their arguments. Reflecting on the fundamental principle of the world, he came to the conclusion that it is the smallest indivisible particles, which he called atoms. There are a great many of them. The whole world is made up of them. They connect, they separate. He made this discovery by logical reasoning. And after more than two thousand years, scientists of our time with the help of physical instruments proved him right.

Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)

A student of Plato - Euclid wrote the treatise "Beginnings" in 13 books. In them, the scientist outlined the basics of geometry, which means in Greek "the science of measuring the Earth", which for many centuries was called Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek king Ptolemy I Soter, who ruled in Egyptian Alexandria, demanded that Euclid, who explained the laws of geometry to him, make it shorter and faster. He replied: “Oh, great king, there are no royal roads in geometry ...”

Archimedes (287-212 BC)

Archimedes went down in history as one of the most famous Greek mechanics, inventors and mathematicians, who amazed his contemporaries with his amazing machines. Watching the work of builders who moved stone blocks with the help of thick sticks, Archimedes realized that the longer the lever, the greater the force of its impact. He told the Syracusan king Hieron: "Give me a foothold, and I will move the Earth." Hieron didn't believe it. And then Archimedes, with the help of a complex system of mechanisms, with the effort of one hand, pulled a ship ashore, which was usually pulled out of the water by hundreds of people.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

The great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci showed himself to be a universal creator. He was a sculptor, architect, inventor. A brilliant master, he made a huge contribution to art, culture and science. In Italy, he was called a sorcerer, a magician, a man who can do anything. Infinitely talented, he created various mechanisms, designed unprecedented aircraft such as a modern helicopter, and invented a tank.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Nicolaus Copernicus in the scientific world gained fame for his astronomical discoveries. His heliocentric system replaced the former, Greek, geocentric. He was the first to scientifically prove that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. Widely educated, he was engaged in the treatment of people, was well-versed in the economy, he himself made various instruments and machines. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote in Latin and German all his life. Not a single document written by him in Polish has been found.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

The young Florentine Galileo Galilei, who studied at the University of Pisa, attracted the attention of professors not only with clever reasoning, but also with original inventions. But the gifted student was expelled from the 3rd year, as his father did not have money for his studies. But Galileo was lucky - the young man found a patron, the rich Marquis Guidobaldo del Moite, who was fond of science. He supported the 22-year-old Galileo. Thanks to the Marquis, the world got a man who showed his genius in mathematics, physics, astronomy. Even during his lifetime, Galileo was compared with Archimedes. He was the first to declare that the universe is infinite.

René Descartes (1596-1650)

Like many great thinkers of antiquity, Descartes was universal. He laid the foundations of analytical geometry, created many algebraic notations, discovered the law of conservation of motion, explained the root causes of the motion of celestial bodies. Descartes studied at the best French Jesuit college in La Flèche. And there, at the beginning of the 17th century, strict orders reigned. The disciples got up early and ran to prayer. Only one, the best pupil, was allowed to stay in bed due to poor health - it was Rene Descartes. So he developed the habit of reasoning, finding solutions to mathematical problems. Later, according to legend, it was during these morning hours that he had a thought that spread all over the world: "I think, therefore I exist."

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Isaac Newton - a brilliant English scientist, experimenter, researcher, he is also a mathematician, astronomer, inventor, made a lot of discoveries that determined the physical picture of the world around him. According to legend, Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation in his garden. He watched a falling apple and realized that the Earth attracts all objects to itself, and the heavier the object, the stronger it is attracted to the Earth. Reflecting on this, he deduced the law of universal gravitation: All bodies are attracted to each other with a force proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

James Watt (1736-1819)

James Watta is considered one of the creators of the technological revolution that transformed the world. They tried to tame the energy of steam in ancient times. The Greek scientist Heroes, who lived in Alexandria in the 1st century, built the first steam turbine, which rotated when wood was burned in a heater. In Russia in the 18th century, the mechanic Ivan Polzunov also tried to tame the energy of steam, but his machine was not widely used. And only the English, or rather, the Scottish self-taught mechanic James Watt managed to design such a machine, which they began to use first in mines, then in enterprises, and then on steam locomotives and steamships.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - diversified, he was successfully engaged in financial transactions, but was especially fond of chemistry. He made many discoveries, to his liking became the founder of modern chemistry and would have done a lot if it were not for the radicalism of the French Revolution. In his youth, Antoine Lavoisier participated in the competition of the Academy of Sciences for the best way to light the streets. To increase the sensitivity of his eyes, he upholstered his room with black cloth. Antoine described the acquired new perception of light in the work that he submitted to the Academy, and received a gold medal for it. For scientific research in the field of mineralogy, he was elected a member of the Academy at the age of 25.

Justus Liebig (1803-1873)

Justus Liebig is credited with creating food concentrates. He developed the technology for the production of meat extract, which today is called the "bouillon cube". The German Chemical Society erected a monument to him in Munich. The outstanding German professor of organic chemistry, Justus Liebig, spent his whole life researching the methods of plant nutrition and solving the issues of rational use of fertilizers. He did a lot to increase crop yields. Russia awarded the scientist with two Orders of St. Anne for the assistance rendered to her in the rise of agriculture, England made him an honorary citizen, in Germany he received the title of baron.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Louis Pasteur is a rare example of a scientist who had neither medical nor chemical education. He made his way into science on his own, without any protégés, based on personal interest. But scientists showed interest in him, who noticed considerable abilities in the young man. And Louis Pasteur became an outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, a member of the French Academy, created the process of pasteurization. Especially for him, an institute was created in Paris, later named after him. Ilya Mechnikov, a Russian microbiologist and Nobel Prize winner in physiology and medicine, worked at this institute for 18 years.

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)

Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish chemical engineer invented dynamite, who patented it in 1867 and suggested using it for tunneling. This invention glorified Nobel all over the world, brought him enormous income. The word dynamite in Greek means "strength". This explosive, which consists of nitroglycerin, potassium or sodium nitrate and wood flour, depending on the volume, can smash a car, a house, destroy a rock. In 1895, Nobel made a will, according to which most of his capital was directed to prizes for outstanding achievements in chemistry, physics, medicine, literature, and the promotion of peace.

Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (1843-1910)

Close contact with nature later determined the choice of profession - Robert Koch became a microbiologist. And it started in childhood. Robert Koch's grandfather on his mother's side was a great lover of nature, he often took his beloved 7-year-old grandson with him to the forest, told him about the life of trees, herbs, talked about the benefits and harms of insects. Microbiologist Koch fought against the most terrible diseases of mankind - anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. And he emerged victorious. For his achievements in the fight against tuberculosis in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)

In 1895, a photograph of the hand of the wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, made using x-rays (x-ray, later named after their discoverer x-rays), was published in a German scientific journal, aroused great interest in the scientific world. Before Roentgen, none of the physicists did anything like this. This photograph testified that penetration into the depths of the human body took place without its physical opening. It was a breakthrough in medicine, in the recognition of diseases. For the discovery of these rays, William Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)

During his life, Edison improved the telegraph, telephone, created a microphone, invented the phonograph and, most importantly, with his incandescent light bulb lit up America, and behind it the whole world. There has never been a more inventive man in American history than Thomas Edison. In total, he is the author of over 1,000 patented inventions in the United States and about 3,000 in other countries. But before achieving such an outstanding result, he, according to his own frank statements, made many tens of thousands of unsuccessful experiments and experiments.

Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934)

Maria Skłodowska Curie graduated from the Sorbonne, the largest institution of higher education in France, and became the first woman teacher in its history. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, she first discovered radium, a decay product of uranium-238, then polonium. The study and use of the radioactive properties of radium played a huge role in the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus, the phenomenon of radioactivity. Maria Skłodowska-Curie occupies a special place among world-class scientists; she won the Nobel Prize twice: in 1903 in physics, in 1911 in chemistry. Such an outstanding result is rare even among men.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner, public figure. But he made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist - a thinker, the author of over 600 works on various topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world around us is not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine. Fleming was the first to discover that human mucous membranes contain a special fluid that not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme.

Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

Robert Oppenheimer, an American physicist, creator of the atomic bomb, was very worried when he learned about the terrible victims and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged scientists around the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as the "father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.

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Everything that surrounds us now, everything that we know and can do, is their merit. What are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and the greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of mankind!

Great thinkers of antiquity

Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to define the essence of being, interpret the thoughts and actions of man, and think about the problems of nature.

A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to submit the idea of ​​the presence of an atom as the basis of the structure of substances. After his thought began to develop and Epicurus. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the reign of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their records have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. The follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called) was Lucretius Carus. He wrote the essay "On the Nature of Things", which traced the theory of atomic structure.

Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. Aristotle was his best student. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology, and even zoology.

Significantly contributed to the development of physics and Archimedes. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyancy is quite popular. As he sank into the full tub, the water overflowed the rim. With a cry of "Eureka", Archimedes ran to write down the calculation formulas and proved the existence of a buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the "golden rule of mechanics" and the theory of simple mechanisms.

He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem on the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of the curve, named after him the spiral of Archimedes. Calculate the formula that determines the volume of the ball, and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set fire to enemy ships during the war. When the soldiers of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and directed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.

Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the Syracosia ship, which was huge at that time, using block systems, which were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the drawings of the scientist, written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to protect them. Unaware of the great abilities of a brave adversary, the warrior fired an arrow directly into the chest of a scientist who died on his drawings, covered in blood. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that this was another brilliant discovery.

And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and ways to treat them. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to propose the idea of ​​treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease in everyone proceeds differently. It was then that he began to explore the types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, disinterested and help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.

Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was rather modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.

Herodotus is considered to be the father of history. A man who traveled all over the civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise, which was called "History".

Confucius is considered to be the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. Such simple foundations of upbringing and human relationships he explained to his students. It is the conclusions of Confucius about the rules of human education that are the basis of any society.

The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to the plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made a huge contribution to the development of natural science and astronomy.

The best Russian scientists

The legend of Russian science - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science, physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the threshold of the discovery of oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected the connection between chemical and physical phenomena, writing them down in a single branch of "physical chemistry".

Lomonosov opened his laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilyevich was also fond of astronomy, investigating the movements of the planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Braun, Lomonosov was the first to obtain solid mercury. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographical globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilievich became famous for developing the rules of grammar and literary art.

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War, he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed the tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Pirogov first introduced the idea of ​​using anesthesia during operations, because. Prior to this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from diseases, but from a painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by the fact that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.

No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and was engaged in the study of biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of the mode of work and rest, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. He stated the importance of considering a person at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.

Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He was engaged in the study of embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of a person to maintain resistance to various infectious agents. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the pathogens of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.

He declared the importance of intestinal microflora and was engaged in the study of lactobacilli in the body.

The discovery of the famous Pavlov's reflex brought Ivan Petrovich immense popularity. Through long experiments, he managed to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes in the process of life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for research on the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov won the Nobel Prize.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, mountain ash, gooseberries - named after him.

It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows his periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He was engaged in the study of the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling one or another object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in shipbuilding and the basics of the movement of ships on water.

The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity to rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively engaged in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine.

The most famous scientists in the world today

To date, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. Now they are conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for the discovery of graphene, which they obtained using a pencil and duct tape.

Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, a mathematician. Works at the Institute for Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, Craford awards. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Engaged in the study of superstring theory, the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.

Andrey Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous in the field of modern astrophysics. He is engaged in the study of the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as a comparison of the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.

Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He is engaged in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.

Another famous biologist who works in the US at Yale University and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. Engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.

Artem Oganov is a well-known geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He is engaged in the study of the structure of the crystal according to the chemical formula. To do this, he created a whole algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal at a depth of more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergey Odintsov. He described dark energy, which saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.

Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics, solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincare conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash bonus of $1 million.

In the field of mathematics, Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous. In 2010, he received the Fields Prize. Engaged in the study of the emergence of infinite connected structures.

Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is engaged in the development of polymer capsules that can deliver targeted drugs in the body without being destroyed by the action of accompanying substances.

Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
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