There are places in the world where epochs intersect in an amazing way, empires are created and perish, where biblical history took place and the breath of the greatest gospel events is felt. All this can be said about Decapolis, where Christ the Savior revealed His miracles to the world.
Gadara or Geras?
In the times of the New Testament, the Decapolis, or in Greek the Decapolis, was called the region of Northern Jordan, which united ten major cities in the region. Evangelists Matthew, Mark and Luke report that Jesus Christ walked on this earth with his disciples-apostles, here he taught and performed great miracles.
Of the ten cities of the Decapolis listed in the writings of the ancient historian Pliny, six are located on the territory of modern Jordan. This is Philadelphia, which has become today the capital of Jordan Amman, Rafan, Dion, Pella, Gadar and Geras. The last two names in all people familiar with the New Testament history evoke the memory of the miracle of the healing by the Lord of a possessed man living in tombs (burial caves). Evangelists Mark and Luke call the place of this miracle the country of Gadarene, and the Apostle Matthew - Gergese. Although none of the Gospels speaks of the cities of Gadara and Geras (Gerges), it is quite obvious that the area on the southeastern shore of the Lake of Gennesaret, named after the two largest cities of the Decapolis, is meant.
Of the ten cities of the Decapolis listed in the writings of the ancient historian Pliny, six are located on the territory of modern Jordan. This is Philadelphia, which has become today the capital of Jordan Amman, Rafan, Dion, Pella, Gadar and Geras.
For posterity
Icon "Healing the demoniac"
These places have forever become famous for the miracle of healing a person possessed by unclean spirits. As the evangelists say, when the Lord and His disciples sailed from Galilee to the opposite shore of the Lake of Gennesaret, a demoniac ran out to meet Jesus. This man hid in burial caves and was in a constant frenzy, tore off his clothes, broke the fetters and chains with which he was bound to relieve suffering. Christ commanded the unclean spirits to leave the unfortunate man and enter a herd of pigs that was nearby. Crazed animals, of which, according to the testimony of the Apostle Mark, there were about two thousand, rushed off the cliff into the sea. Upon learning of this, the surrounding pagans, grieved at the loss of such a large herd of pigs and seized by the fear of even greater losses, began to ask Jesus to leave the city.
The reminder of this miracle of the Lord is especially timely for us, the people of the 21st century, who are rapidly plunging into the abyss of consumption. Are we not like the inhabitants of the country of Gadarene, when we give all our strength to achieve material wealth, turning away from Christ and forgetting about the main goal of our earthly existence - the salvation of the soul.
City of a Thousand Columns
A story about these holy places, and even more so a visit to them, is undoubtedly important and spiritually beneficial for every person. So, let's start with Gerasa, the current Jerush, listed in the list of world masterpieces of culture and history by UNESCO. This city, located an hour's drive from the capital of Jordan, was hidden from human eyes for a long time: for many centuries sands reigned here. Only the tops of a few columns protruded above the surface, and lonely Bedouins wandered among them. Thanks to recent archaeological excavations, the best Greco-Roman architectural ensemble in the world has been discovered under the dunes. Ancient theaters, magnificent arches, several temples of the Byzantine era and entire colonnaded streets have been preserved here, which is why Gerasu-Jerush was called the City of a Thousand Columns.
The Church of Cosmas and Damian is known for its unique mosaic on the floor, which miraculously survived the iconoclasm. The church of John the Baptist was also decorated with mosaics. The Church of St. George became the cathedral church of Gerasa during the Islamic period when other churches were closed. Anyone who would like to imagine with their own eyes all the amazing events associated with the miracles performed by Christ will be extremely interested in the Fountain Court. Here, during the Byzantine Empire, the miraculous transformation of water into wine by Jesus was celebrated annually. A series of springs dedicated to this miracle called the Court of Fountains has become one of the favorite attractions of all modern pilgrims.
Witnesses of great events
Biblical Gadara has changed many names over its centuries-old history - Ton Gaderon, Antiochea, Seleucia, and today it is called Umm-Qais. As in biblical times, it offers a picturesque view of the surroundings. Not far from Umm Qais, there are many ancient caves carved into the rocks. Judging by the ruins recently discovered by archaeologists during excavations, ancient Gadara was once a rich and flourishing city with entire alleys of marble columns, baths and amphitheaters. Scientists consider the ruins of a unique Byzantine temple - a rare basilica with five naves - to be their main find.
Pella is another city of the Decapolis, where there are also many sights from the times of the Old and New Testaments. According to scientists, Pella is the place described in the Book of Genesis, where Jacob wrestled all night with God, who took the form of a man or an angel (GENESIS, 32:24-30). In New Testament times, the first Christians found safe refuge in this city when, due to persecution, they were forced to flee Jerusalem.
Readers of our magazine will find many more stories about the Christian shrines of Jordan, the land where Abraham, Moses, Jacob, Elijah, John the Baptist, the Blessed Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ Himself lived or stopped in their wanderings.
The folk trail will not overgrow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.
My ashes will survive and decay will run away -
At least one piit will live.
The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,
10
And every language that is in it will call me,
Tunguz, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,
20
And don't argue with a fool.
I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk trail will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will run away -
And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunar world
At least one piit will live.
The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,
10
And every language that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.
And for a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy on the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
20
And don't argue with a fool.
Variants and discrepancies
"I AM A MONUMENT TO MYSELF, AN IMPROVEMENT"
(p. 424)
Rumors about me [will spread] throughout all of Great Russia
And every language that exists in it will call me -
And [the grandson of the Slavs], and Fin and now the floorwild
[Tunguz] [Kyrgyz] and Kalmyk -
And for a long time I will be kind to the people
What new sounds for songs I found
That in the wake of Radishchev I glorified freedom
[And aboutillumination>]
O Muse, your call, be obedient
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown
Crowds of praise and [abuse] accepted indifferently
And don't argue with the fool
B. Variants of a white autograph.
(LB 84, fol. 57v.)
3 Started: O <н>
5 No, I will not die - the soul is in an immortal lyre
6 It will outlive me and decay will run away -
9 Rumors will spread about me throughout the great Russia
12 Tunguz and the Kalmyk son of the steppes.
14-16
What new sounds for songs I found
That after Radishchev I glorified freedom
And mercy sang
14 That I awakened good feelings in songs
17 To your calling, O muse, be obedient
18 Do not be afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown;
19 Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
Under text: 1836
Aug.<уста> 21
Kam.<енный>acute<ов>
Notes
Dated August 21, 1836. It was not published during Pushkin's lifetime. First published in 1841 by Zhukovsky in a posthumous edition of Pushkin's works, vol. IX. pp. 121-122, censored: 4 Napoleonic pillar; 13 And for a long time I will be kind to those people; 15 That by the charm of living poetry I was useful.
The restored original text was published by Bartenev in the note "On Pushkin's poem "Monument"" - "Russian Archive" 1881, book. I, No. 1, p. 235, with facsimile. The original versions were published by M. L. Hoffman in the article "Pushkin's posthumous poems" - "Pushkin and his contemporaries", no. XXXIII-XXXV, 1922, pp. 411-412 and D. P. Yakubovich in the article “Draft autograph of the last three stanzas of the Monument” - “Pushkin. Vremnik of the Pushkin Commission, vol. 3, 1937, pp. 4-5. (preliminary partial publication - in "Literary Leningrad" dated November 11, 1936 No. 52/197) See publication in
Buyan Island: Pushkin and Geography Trube Lev Ludwigovich
"And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes"
"And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes"
Every nation is unique. A. S. Pushkin tried to explain this by the influence of climate, the form of government, faith, which gives "each people a special physiognomy, which is more or less reflected in the mirror of poetry." “There is a way of thinking and feeling, there is a darkness of customs, beliefs and habits that belong exclusively to some people,” he wrote in the article “On Nationality in Literature”.
In Pushkin's works there are names of many peoples, both well-known and little-known; some of these peoples appear under the names that are still preserved, and others under the old ones that existed in former times. And above all, these are the names of the peoples, captured in his far-sighted "Monument":
The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,
And every language that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.
The choice by the poet of the names of the peoples given in the "Monument" is not accidental, as happens with other poets for rhyme, but is deeply thought out. In the four names of peoples, in essence, the entire vast territory of Russia is covered. "Proud grandson of the Slavs" represents Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians; Finn - a representative of the peoples living in the vast territory of the north of the country; Tungus - the peoples of Siberia and Kalmyks - the south and southeast, the Mongol-Turkic peoples. True, while working on this poem, the poet did not immediately identify the four indicated peoples. As the draft shows, only two names that appear in all versions of the poem were indisputable for him - these are “Russian” and “Finn”. "Tungus" and "Kalmyk", included in the initial version, were then replaced and such options were outlined: "and a Finn, a Georgian, a Kirghiz", and "a Finn, a Georgian and now a wild Circassian". Apparently, the poet settled on the names of the most representative peoples, more precisely, on the names of the peoples who inhabited the vast territory of the country - from the shores of the Baltic to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea. This only emphasizes A. S. Pushkin’s awareness of ethnology, his knowledge of the history of different peoples, and he knew the history of the Kalmyks well from the manuscript of N. Ya. (Bichurin. - L. T.) an excerpt from his still unpublished book on the Kalmyks. At the same time, Pushkin, according to the researcher A. I. Surzhok, “adheres to his own, completely independent concept about the tragic departure of the Kalmyks from Russia” 1: “worn out of patience, they decided to leave Russia…” due to harassment. She went to her original homeland, to Dzungaria, only a part of the Kalmyks. Having lost many fellow tribesmen on the way, they reached Dzungaria. “But the border chain of Chinese guards menacingly blocked their entrance to their former fatherland, and the Kalmyks could only penetrate into it with the loss of their independence” (notes to Pugachev’s History).
There is no need to talk much about the “proud grandson of the Slavs”: the poet devoted many lines to him in his works.
A. S. Pushkin was proud of his people, the Russian man, primarily the peasant, who formed the basis of the Russian people. “Look at the Russian peasant,” he wrote, “is there even a shadow of slavish humiliation in his steps and speech? There is nothing to say about his courage and intelligence. His receptivity is known. Agility and dexterity are amazing. The traveler travels from region to region in Russia, not knowing a single word of Russian, and everywhere he is understood, his requirements are fulfilled, and conditions are concluded with him. You will never meet in our people what the French call un badaud; you will never notice in him either rude surprise or ignorant contempt for someone else ”(“ Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg ”).
Finn A. S. Pushkin has a clearly collective name, that is, it refers not only to the Finns themselves (Suomi, as they call themselves), who make up the main population of Finland, but also to their relatives Karelians, Estonians and other peoples of the Finnish language group. Earlier, in pre-revolutionary times, they were also called Chukhons (Finnish population surrounded by St. Petersburg):
Your chukhonochka, she-she,
Byron's Greek women are dearer,
And your Zoil is a straight Chukhonets.
"To Baratynsky"
In our country, the peoples of the Finnish group (Karels, Estonians, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts, Komi) make up more than 4 million people, and the area of the republics formed by these peoples is 1375 thousand square meters. kilometers, that is, over 1/4 of the European territory of the USSR.
Tungus , or, as they are now called by the self-name of the people, the Evenks, although they represent a small people (only 28 thousand people), forming an autonomous district as part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are settled not only on the territory of the district, but also far beyond its borders - on most of Siberia, from the Ob to the Sea of Okhotsk. The widespread settlement of the Evenki since ancient times is evidenced, in particular, by the numerous Evenki geographical names, primarily a number of large rivers - the Yenisei, Lena, Yana, which are based on the Evenki word ene meaning "big river". The Evenk is indeed a representative of the peoples of all Siberia, and has long been no longer a “wild” representative of it, but no less enlightened than other peoples.
But in the pre-revolutionary past, the Evenks, like many other small peoples, did not have their own written language and were, one might say frankly, completely illiterate, led a nomadic lifestyle, conical plagues in the camps served as their dwellings.
With Kalmyks the poet communicated directly, was a guest of the Kalmyk family in a steppe wagon, tasted the national dish, however, he, who was accustomed to Russian cuisine, did not like it. Here is how A. S. Pushkin describes his visit to a Kalmyk family on his way to the Caucasus in 1829: “The other day I visited a Kalmyk tent (a checkered wattle fence covered with white felt). The whole family was going to have breakfast; the cauldron was boiled in the middle, and the smoke came out through a hole made in the top of the wagon. A young Kalmyk woman, very good-looking, was sewing, smoking tobacco. I sat down next to her. "What is your name?" "***" - "How old are you?" - "Ten and eight." - "What are you sewing?" - Porta. - "To whom?" - "Myself". She handed me her pipe and began to have breakfast. Tea was brewed in a cauldron with mutton fat and salt. She offered me her ladle. I did not want to refuse and took a sip, trying not to take a breath ... I asked for something to eat it. They gave me a piece of dried mare; I was glad for that too. Kalmyk coquetry frightened me; I quickly got out of the wagon and drove from the steppe Circe ”(“ Journey to Arzrum ”).
Judging by the draft entry, the end of this visit to the Kalmyk wagon looked somewhat different. According to the original version of the entry, the poet swallowed the piece of dried mare with great pleasure. “After this feat, I thought I was entitled to some reward. But my proud beauty hit me on the head with a Musiki instrument similar to our balalaika. Here is a message for her that will probably never reach her…”
Farewell, dear Kalmyk!
Just a little, to spite my ploys,
me a laudable habit
Not carried away among the steppes
Following your wagon.
Your eyes are, of course, narrow
And the nose is flat, and the forehead is wide,
You don't babble in French
You do not squeeze your legs with silk,
In English before the samovar
Do not crumble bread with a pattern.
Don't admire Saint-Mar
You don't appreciate Shakespeare a little,
Don't fall into a dream
When there is no thought in the head,
Do not sing: Madov'?,
You don’t gallop in the assembly ...
What needs? - Exactly half an hour,
While the horses were harnessed to me,
My mind and heart occupied
Your gaze and wild beauty.
Friends! not everything is the same:
Forget yourself with an idle soul
In a brilliant hall, in a fashionable box,
Or in a nomadic kibitka?
It is interesting to note that A. Blok “started” from this poem, creating a portrait of an Egyptian woman: “All the features of an Egyptian woman are far from any kind of “canon” of beauty. The forehead seems to be too large, it was not for nothing that she covered it with her hair. There is something Mongolian in the oval of the cheeks, almost what made Pushkin "forget himself with a passionate dream" in a "nomadic wagon" and dreamily cross out the manuscripts of poems with profiles.
A nomadic people in the past, the Kalmyks now form their own autonomous republic within the Russian Federation, within which 4/5 of the more than 170,000 of them live in the country. Now the Kalmyks, who have reached the same heights in education as other peoples of our multinational country, are not alien to all the achievements of human culture. In the capital of the republic, Elista, a monument was erected to A. S. Pushkin, the great internationalist poet, whose poems every Kalmyk turns to.
Many peoples appear in his works.
The poet dedicated a whole poem gypsies who "... roam around Bessarabia in a noisy crowd." He spent two weeks in a gypsy camp.
“While living in Bessarabia,” writes V. A. Manuilov, “Pushkin learned the gypsy language, got acquainted with gypsy songs, wrote down old Moldavian legends and songs… The Black Shawl is an artistic reworking of a Moldavian song…” 3 .
The unusual fate of the gypsies prompted A. S. Pushkin to give notes to the poem, in which he writes: “For a long time in Europe they did not know the origin of the gypsies; considered them to come from Egypt - until now in some lands and call them Egyptians. English travelers finally resolved all perplexities - it is proved that the gypsies belong to an outcast caste of Indians called bet. Language and what can be called their faith - even facial features and way of life - are true evidence of this. Their attachment to the wild freedom secured by poverty has everywhere tired of the measures taken by the government to transform the idle life of these vagabonds - they roam in Russia, as in England; men are engaged in crafts necessary for the first needs, trade in horses, drive bears, deceive and steal, women hunt divination, singing and dancing.
In Moldova, the gypsies make up the majority of the population ... "
The last statement of the poet, who did not have statistical data, is incorrect (gypsies did not make up the majority of the population of Moldova). It is no coincidence that he made an addition to his note about Bessarabia: “Bessarabia, known from the deepest antiquity, should be especially interesting for us.
She is sung by Derzhavin
And full of Russian glory.
But until now this area is known to us from the erroneous descriptions of two or three travelers.
As of 1833, Bessarabia had a population of 465,000 people 6 . Over the next half century, it increased to 1.6 million people, of which in 1889 about half were Moldovans and 18.8 thousand were gypsies.
Currently, in Moldova, out of 4 million people, Moldovans make up about 2/3 of its population, and there are a little more than ten thousand people, and they are in eighth place among other nationalities of this multinational republic (after Moldovans, Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauzes). , Bulgarians, Jews, Belarusians). Only 1/20 of all Roma in the USSR live in Moldova (according to the 1979 census, there were 209,000 of them in the country).
And here is the apt remark of the poet about the numerous old Chisinau bazaar:
The money-loving Jew crowds among the crowd,
Under the cloak, a Cossack, the ruler of the Caucasus,
A talkative Greek and a silent Turk,
And an important Persian, and a cunning Armenian.
"Squeezing among the crowd..."
The peoples of the Caucasus are not bypassed by the attention of the poet. Having visited Georgia, he spoke about Georgians : “Georgians are a warlike people. They have proven their courage under our banners. Their mental faculties expect more education. They are generally cheerful and sociable” (“Journey to Arzrum”). In four concise phrases, a capacious description of the people with its potentialities is given, which were fully revealed only a century later - in Soviet times.
Passing through the land of ancient Armenia, A.S. Pushkin stopped for the night with people completely unfamiliar to him, who received him very kindly, to which he draws his attention: “The rain poured down on me. Finally, a young man came out of a nearby house Armenian and, after talking with my Turk, he called me to his place, speaking in fairly pure Russian. He led me up a narrow staircase to the second quarter of his house. In the room, furnished with low sofas and shabby carpets, sat an old woman, his mother. She came up to me and kissed my hand. Her son told her to build a fire and cook dinner for me. I undressed and sat down in front of the fire... Soon the old woman cooked me mutton with onions, which seemed to me the height of culinary art. We all went to bed in the same room; I lay down against the fading fireplace and fell asleep ... ". This is a small ethnographic sketch showing the life of ordinary people in Armenia.
Being in the Baltic states, the hero of the work unfinished by the poet (“In 179* I was returning ...”) notes: “From a distance a sad song of a young Estonians ».
Of course, A. S. Pushkin was familiar with Boldino neighbors - Mordovians , as well as our other neighbors - Chuvash and cheremis (now Mari). In the "History of Pugachev" he writes: "Mordovians, Chuvashs, Cheremis ceased to obey the Russian authorities." In Pugachev's army there were "... up to ten thousand Kalmyks, Bashkirs, yasak Tatars ...". The above was about kyrgyz-kaisakah (Kazakhs).
More than two dozen names of the peoples of our country are found in the works of the poet.
Various peoples of foreign countries are also mentioned in the works of A.S. Pushkin: Arvanites, Bosniaks, Dalmatians, Vlachs, Ottomans, Adekhi, Saracens (Sarachins) and others, which indicates the wide geographical knowledge of the poet.
Arvanites - the Turkish name of the Albanians, under which they appear in the story "Kirdzhali": "... the Arnauts in their tattered and picturesque outfit, slender Moldavian women with black-faced guys in their arms surrounded the karutsa" (karutsa - a wicker cart).
Bosniaks (Bosniaks) - residents of Bosnia, in the past a Turkish province, and now a republic within Yugoslavia: “Beglerbey with his Bosniaks came against us ...” (“The Battle of Zenica the Great” - from “Songs of the Western Slavs”).
Dalmatia - residents of Dalmatia, formerly an Austrian province near the Adriatic Sea, and now a region in Yugoslavia: “And the Dalmatians, seeing our army, twisted their long mustaches, put on their hats sideways and said:“ Take us with you: We want to fight the Busurmans "" (“The Battle of Zenitsa the Great” - from “Songs of the Western Slavs”).
Wallachians - residents of the principality of Wallachia, which was under Turkish rule; then, after liberation, they became part of the Romanian nation, and Wallachia became part of Romania. The hero of the story "Kirdzhali", after whom it is named, says: "For the Turks, for the Moldavians, for the Vlachs, of course, I am a robber, but for the Russians I am a guest." And the origin of Kirdzhali "was the Bulgars."
Ottomans - the ancient name of the Turks (after the Turkish Sultan of the XVI century Osman I - the founder of the Ottoman Empire).
I was among the Dons,
I also drove a gang of Ottomans;
In memory of battle and tents
I brought a whip home -
this is how the poet recalls his participation in the battle near Arzrum, which he is silent about in Journey to Arzrum, placing only a drawing on which he depicted himself on a horse with a pike. This is the testimony of an eyewitness N. A. Ushakov: “The shootout on June 14, 1829 is remarkable because our glorious poet A. S. Pushkin participated in it ... Grabbing the pike of one of the killed Cossacks, he rushed against the enemy riders. One can believe that our Don people were extremely astonished when they saw before them an unfamiliar hero in a round hat and cloak. It was the first and last debut of the favorite of the muses in the Caucasus” 7 . By the way, having received from the author a book in which this episode is described, A. S. Pushkin answered him in June 1836: “I saw with amazement that you also granted me immortality - with one line of your pen.”
This episode inspired Pushkin's poem "Delibash". Here is its beginning:
Skirmish behind the hills;
Looks at their camp and ours;
On the hill before the Cossacks
A red delibash winds.
Adehi - from the self-name "Adyge" of three kindred peoples - Kabardians, Circassians, Adyghes, who were also called Circassians before.
Not for conversations and jubilations,
Not for bloody meetings
Not for questions kunak,
Not for robbery fun
So early adekhi gathered
To the yard of Gasub the old man.
Sarachins (for the poet in the form of a magpie), or Saracens, originally (for ancient historians) the name of the nomadic tribes of Arabia, and then in general of all Arabs, and sometimes Muslims. The Sarachins proper are western Cumans.
Brothers in a friendly crowd
Going out for a walk
Shoot gray ducks
Amuse the right hand
Sorochina hurry in the field ...
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"
Noteworthy is the explanation of A. S. Pushkin about “Arabs” and “Araps” in a letter to P. A. Vyazemsky (second half of 1835-1836): “Arab (does not have a feminine gender) inhabitant or native of Arabia, Arabian. The caravan was plundered by the steppe Arabs.
arap, female arapki, so commonly called Negroes and mulattoes. Palace araps, Negroes serving in the palace. He leaves with three smart blacks».
The names of different peoples by A.S. Pushkin are organically woven into the fabric of works, in which apt characteristics and definitions are given, creating their visible images in one or two words: “Moldovan in a mustache and a ram's hat”.
A. S. Pushkin was an ardent champion of the equality of peoples, their friendship, and, naturally, did not consider it shameful that a person belongs to one or another people, if only he was decent.
It's not that you're a Pole:
Kosciuszko Lyakh, Mitskevich Lyakh!
Perhaps, be yourself a Tatar, -
And here I see no shame;
Be a Jew - and it does not matter;
The trouble is that you are Vidok Figlyarin.
"That's not the problem..."
The poet was proud of his ancestor (on the maternal side) - Hannibal, a native of Africa, the "Arap" of Peter the Great:
Decided Figlyarin, sitting at home,
That black grandfather is my Hannibal
Was bought for a bottle of rum
And fell into the hands of the skipper.
This skipper was that glorious skipper,
By whom our earth moved,
Who gave a mighty sovereign run
Rudder of the native ship.
This skipper was available to my grandfather.
And similarly bought arap
Has grown zealous, incorruptible,
The king is a confidante, not a slave.
And he was the father of Hannibal,
Before whom among the depths of Chesme
The mass of ships flared up
And Navarin fell for the first time...
"My Pedigree"
A. S. Pushkin, as a thinker, thought about the fate of not only the peoples of his country, but also the world. And this immense breadth of interests, the depth of penetration of his genius into all aspects of the life of the contemporary world was appreciated by the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz: “... Nobody can replace Pushkin. Only once is it given to a country to reproduce a person who to such a high degree combines in himself such different and apparently mutually exclusive qualities. Pushkin, whose poetic talent surprised readers, captivated, amazed listeners with the liveliness, subtlety and clarity of his mind, was gifted with an extraordinary memory, a correct judgment, refined and excellent taste. When he spoke about foreign and domestic policy, one could think that you were listening to a man who had become seasoned in state affairs and was saturated with daily reading of parliamentary debates. He made many enemies for himself with epigrams and biting ridicule. They took revenge on him with slander. I knew the Russian poet quite closely and for quite a long time; I found in him a character too impressionable, and sometimes frivolous, but always sincere, noble and capable of cordial outpourings. His errors seemed to be the fruit of the circumstances in which he lived; everything that was good in him flowed from the heart.
And the poet's heart beat restlessly in anxieties for the fate of large and small nations, for the future of mankind.
The friendship of free peoples is peace on Earth, which A. S. Pushkin passionately desired, foreseeing it in the future. In a note on the "Project of Perpetual Peace" by Abbé Saint-Pierre, referring to the time of his stay in Chisinau, he wrote:
"one. It is impossible that in time the ridiculous cruelty of war would not become clear to people, just as slavery, royalty, etc. became clear to them ... They will be convinced that our destiny is to eat, drink and be free.
2. Since constitutions - which are a great step forward of human thought, a step that will not be the only one - necessarily tend to reduce the number of troops, since the principle of armed force is directly opposed to every constitutional idea, it is possible that in less than 100 years not there will be a standing army.
3. As for the great passions and great military talents, the guillotine will remain for this, because society is not at all inclined to admire the great plans of the victorious general: people have enough other worries, and only for this they put themselves under the protection of laws ”(“ On Eternal Peace ” ).
The development of the poet's freedom-loving views on the issue of "eternal peace" can be assumed to have been influenced by our countryman A. D. Ulybyshev. Academician M.P. Alekseev writes about this: “Even in St. Petersburg, among the members of the Green Lamp, at the end of 1819, he could hear a reading of a short work by his friend A.D. Ulybyshev called “Dream”, this early Decembrist “utopia ”, which deals with the future of Russia, liberated after the revolutionary upheaval from the oppression of the feudal-absolute regime” 9 . It was a document of advanced political thought in Russia.
A. S. Pushkin, together with the great Polish poet A. Mickiewicz, was convinced that the time would come
When peoples, forgetting strife,
Join a great family.
"He lived between us..."
“Let's hope that Pushkin was right this time too,” MP Alekseev concludes his study “Pushkin and the problem of 'eternal peace'”.
From the book Rat Fight with a Dream author Arbitman Roman EmilievichAnd not a friend, not an enemy, but Wolfgang Holbein. Enemy of the human race. Smolensk: Rusich ("Treasury of combat fantasy and adventure") A well-chosen detective name is already half the success. The German writer Wolfgang Holbein, inventing the title of his
From the book Successes of Clairvoyance author Lurie Samuil AronovichIf a friend suddenly turned up Dedicated to Boris Paramonov The empire collapsed, burying Erich Maria Remarque under the rubble. It is clear that none of the "semicircular" anniversaries associated with the name of the writer will be celebrated this year: 95 years (since the date of birth), 55 (since the publication of
From the book The True Story of the Baskerville Monster author Schepetnev Vasily Pavlovich From the book Literary Portraits: From Memory, From Records author Bakhrakh Alexander VasilievichDear friend of the Baskervilles "The Hound of the Baskervilles" is a truly brilliant detective. The main villain appears before us from the first pages, and the reader remains in the dark to this day. But the day has come! So, “what did the man of science, Dr. James Mortimer, need from the detective
From the book Invisible Bird author Chervinskaya Lidia Davydovna From the book Dead Yes author Steiger Anatoly Sergeevich“Go, my friend. The Lord is with you…” Go, my friend. The Lord is with you. Sorry. Go your own way. I will remain with an intractable fate. How long now ... The blue sky flashed with a smile before the rain and disappeared ... I can not count the losses. Do not count the hopes and inspirations fickle, as
From the book The Case of Bluebeard, or the History of People Who Have Become Famous Characters author Makeev Sergey LvovichMY OLD FRIEND QUIXOTE I am destined: to leave, then to return, To leave without rejoicing, to return without grieving. I'm a little tired of wars, of revolutions And, perhaps, of myself. Leave, begging for alms from life, Return without knowing its bounty, As the knight from La Mancha returned, Naive don,
From the book BY THE COUNTRY OF LITERATURE author Dmitriev Valentin Grigorievich From the book Shishkov author Eselev Nikolai Khrisanfovich From the book Buyan Island: Pushkin and Geography author Trube Lev LudwigovichA FRIEND OF ENLIGHTENMENT Platon Petrovich Beketov (1761-1836) is one of the people who made a significant contribution to Russian culture. He was from an old and wealthy family of eastern origin (surname - from the title "bek" - prince). After a short military and civil
From the book Universal reader. 1 class author Team of authors From the book Literature Grade 7. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study of literature. Part 1 author Team of authorsMentor and friend of the writers of Siberia At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, writers and poets from the regions and distant outskirts of Russia entered literature. The group of Siberian writers who called themselves "Young Siberian Literature" was especially distinguished by their works. In her
From the book On Literary Paths author Shmakov Alexander Andreevich"And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes" Every people is original. A. S. Pushkin tried to explain this by the influence of climate, the form of government, faith, which gives "each people a special physiognomy, which is more or less reflected in the mirror of poetry." “There is a way of thinking and feeling, there is darkness
From the author's bookChildhood friend When I was six or six and a half years old, I had absolutely no idea who I would eventually be in this world. I really liked all the people around and all the work too. I then had a terrible confusion in my head, I was kind of confused and couldn’t really
From the author's bookMy friend! Do you know how many books there are in the world? I swear to you, there are even more of them than islands and underwater reefs in the oceans. Not a single most courageous captain will sail his ship if he does not know about all the islands, shoals and reefs on his way. Imagine
Compare verse Monument to Pushkin, Derzhavin, Horace
VERSE PUSHKIN
I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk trail will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will run away -
And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunar world
At least one piit will live.
The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,
And every language that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.
And for a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy on the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with the fool.
VERSE DERZHAVIN
1Monument
I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metal and higher than pyramids;
Neither his whirlwind, nor thunder will break the fleeting,
And time will not crush him.
So! - all of me will not die, but a large part of me,
Fleeing from decay, after death he will live,
And my glory will grow without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavs?
The rumor will pass about me from the White Waters to the Black ones,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals pour from the Riphean;
Everyone will remember that among innumerable peoples,
How from obscurity I became known for that,
That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
Proclaim the virtues of Felitsa,
In the simplicity of the heart to talk about God
And tell the truth to kings with a smile.
O muse! be proud of just merit,
And whoever despise you, despise those yourself;
With a leisurely, unhurried hand
Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality.
VERSE HORATIO
I erected a monument more eternal than solid copper
And royal buildings above the pyramids;
Its neither caustic rain, nor midnight Aquilon,
Not a series of countless years will destroy.
No, all of me will not die, and life is better
I will avoid funerals, and my glorious crown
Everything will be green as long as the Capitol
The high priest walks with the silent maiden.
And they will say that he was born, where Aufid is talkative
Runs swiftly, where among the waterless countries
From the throne of Long ago the industrious people judged,
What glory was I chosen from nothingness
