GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: in the center of the Russian Federation, on the East European Plain, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers.
Square: 67,836.2 sq. km.
Capital: Kazan(1,231,878 people).
Population: number - 3,893,800 thousand people (2017), Tatars - 53.2%, Russians - 39.7%.
Administrative-territorial division : 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny).
The Republic of Tatarstan consists of districts and cities of republican significance, the list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Districts consist of cities of district significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with territories subordinate to them, which constitute the primary level in the system of the administrative-territorial structure of the republic. Cities of republican significance may be territorially subdivided into districts within the city.
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1) Agryz |
16) Vysokogorsky |
31) Novosheshminsky |
Head of the Republic: President of the Republic of Tatarstan - Minnikhanov Rustam Nurgalievich
Government: Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan -
Pesoshin Alexey Valerievich
Parliament: unicameral State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan - Mukhametshin Farid Khairullovich
GOVERNMENT
Since 1990, three major documents have been adopted in the republic: the Declaration of State Sovereignty, the Constitution and the Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers with the Russian Federation. All three documents together constitute not only the legal framework, but also the foundation of the political stability of society, the basis of economic reforms.
On April 19, 2002, the State Council of Tatarstan adopted a new version of the Constitution of the Republic. The Constitution proclaims that a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value, and the duty of the Republic of Tatarstan is to recognize, observe and protect the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. The Constitution of Tatarstan enshrined such principles as universal suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, the opportunity to participate in political parties and organizations, etc.
Since June 2000, the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan has been functioning in the republic. In 2010, the position of Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan was established.
The Constitution of Tatarstan establishes the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers.
The head of state and the highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and manages the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.
The highest representative and legislative body of state power in the Republic of Tatarstan is the unicameral State Council (Parliament).
Local self-government within its powers independently. Local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities.
Judicial power is exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal courts of general jurisdiction, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and justices of the peace. Judicial proceedings and office work in courts are conducted in accordance with federal law.
SYMBOLISM
State flag of the Republic of Tatarstan
The national flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is a rectangular panel with horizontal stripes of green, white and red. The white stripe is 1/15 of the width of the flag and is located between equal width stripes of green (cobalt green light) and red (cadmium red light) colors. Green stripe at the top.
The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1:2.
The author of the State Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is T.G. Khaziakhmetov.
State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan
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The authors of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan are N.G. Khanzafarov (idea), R.Z. Fakhrutdinov (performance).
In the color image of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan, the sun is red (cadmium red light), the leopard, its wings and the rosette on the shield are white, the frame is green (cobalt green light), the shield, the ornament on the frame and the inscription "Tatarstan" are golden.
The State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan is an image of a winged leopard with a round shield on its side, with a raised right front paw against the background of the disk of the sun, placed in a frame of a Tatar folk ornament, at the base of which is the inscription "Tatarstan", the wings consist of seven feathers, a rosette on the shield consists of eight petals.
State anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
http://tatarstan.ru/file/gimnrt.mp3
MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CLIMATE
Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of the two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located 797 km east of Moscow.
The total area of the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign countries.
The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. The wide valleys of the Volga and Kama divide the plain into three parts: the Pre-Volga region, the Pre-Kama region and the Trans-Kama region. The Volga region with a maximum height of 276 m occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the Izh river, enter the Eastern Predkamye from the north. The highest heights here reach 243 m. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma upland in the Eastern Trans-Kama region. The lowest relief (mainly up to 200 m) is characteristic of the Western Zakamye.
17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of mainly deciduous trees (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine and spruce. 433 species of vertebrates and several thousand species of invertebrates live on the territory of Tatarstan.
The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a moderately continental type of climate in the middle latitudes, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with average monthly air temperature over the territory of 18 - 20 °C, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °C. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 ° C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly over the territory, their annual amount is 460 - 540 mm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 ha) and Raifsky (5921 ha) are separated from each other by a distance of about 100 km. The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Yelabuga and Tukaevsky. On the territory of the park, several land and water tourist routes are planned through forests, as well as water routes along the water area of the reservoir, along the Kama and Kriusha rivers.
POPULATION
3893.8 thousand people live in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan ranks eighth in Russia in terms of population after the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions. In the Volga Federal District, the republic is the second largest in terms of population.
Compared to January 1, 2017, the population increased by 8.6 thousand people, or by 0.2%. In Tatarstan, the share of the urban population as of January 1, 2018 amounted to 76.8%. The leader in terms of the number of inhabitants is the capital of the republic, Kazan.
Tatarstan is one of the most multinational territories of Russia. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, representatives of over 173 nationalities live in the republic, including 8 nationalities whose population exceeded 10 thousand people: Tatars, Russians, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians and Bashkirs. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the Tatars prevail in terms of population (more than 2 million people or 53.2% of the total population of the republic). In second place are Russians - more than 1.5 million people. or 39.7%, the third - Chuvash (116.2 thousand people or 3.1%).
ECONOMY
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is located in the center of a large industrial region of the Russian Federation, at the intersection of the most important highways connecting the east and west, north and south of the country.
The Republic of Tatarstan has rich natural resources, a powerful and diversified industry, a high intellectual potential and a skilled workforce.
The Republic of Tatarstan is traditionally among the leading regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the main macroeconomic indicators. In terms of gross regional product, the republic ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, agriculture - 3rd, investment in fixed assets - 4th, industrial production and construction - 5th, housing commissioning - 8th, retail trade turnover - 8th.
The volume of the gross regional product of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2017, according to estimates, amounted to 2,115.5 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices compared to 2016. The main contribution to the growth of the economy was made by industrial production, agriculture and trade.
In the structure of the gross regional product of Tatarstan, the share of industry is 43.2%, construction - 9.0%, transport and communications - 6.5%, agriculture - 7.5%.
The industrial profile of the republic is determined by the petrochemical complex (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene and a wide range of oil refining products), large machine-building enterprises that produce competitive products (heavy trucks, helicopters, aircraft and aircraft engines, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea ships, a range of commercial and passenger vehicles), as well as advanced electrical and radio instrumentation.
At the end of 2017, the industrial production index amounted to 101.8% compared to 2016, the volume of shipped products reached 2,254.2 billion rubles. In mining, the production index amounted to 101% compared to 2016, in manufacturing - 102.6%, in the provision of electricity, gas, steam; air conditioning - 99.9%, in water supply; water disposal, organization of collection and disposal of waste, activities for the elimination of pollution - 103.9%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2017 increased by 5.2% in comparable prices against the level of 2016 and amounted to 256.1 billion rubles.
The retail trade turnover in 2017 amounted to 843.9 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices compared to the level of 2016.
The share of small and medium-sized businesses in the GRP of Tatarstan is about 25%.
In 2017, the foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Tatarstan amounted to 16,899.7 million US dollars, including exports - 13,028.7 million US dollars, imports - 3,871 million US dollars.
The average monthly salary of employees at enterprises and organizations of the republic in 2017 increased by 6.2% compared to 2016 and amounted to 32,418.9 rubles. At the end of December 2017, 11.8 thousand unemployed citizens, or 0.58% of the workforce, were registered in state institutions of the employment service.
A network of technology parks is actively developing in the Republic of Tatarstan. CJSC “Innovation and production technopark “Idea”, the industrial site of KIP “Master”, IT-park, technopolis “Khimgrad” are successfully functioning.
A key role in the Kama cluster is assigned to the special economic zone of the industrial production type "Alabuga".
To date, 56 companies have been attracted to the special zone as residents, of which 23 residents conduct industrial and production activities, 16 of them with foreign participation (from the Republic of Turkey - 6, Germany - 4, USA - 3, Denmark - 1, France - 1, Finland - 1).
Today, Alabuga provides residents with such infrastructural opportunities as a developed social infrastructure and ready-made production facilities for rent.
A unique project for the creation of the city of Innopolis is in the stage of intensive development, in which all the necessary local governments have been formed at the moment. Today, Innopolis is 1200 hectares of territory formed within the boundaries of an urban settlement. About 3 thousand people are in the city every day. There are 142 organizations and individual entrepreneurs registered in the city.
HISTORY, CULTURE, RELIGION
Story
The first state in the region was the Volga Bulgaria, created at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries AD. Turkic tribes. In 922 Islam became the state religion. In 1236, Bulgaria became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and then became part of the Golden Horde, as a result of the collapse of which a new state arose - the Kazan Khanate (1438). In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state.
In 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.
On August 30, 1990, the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic was adopted. In 1994, an Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, and in 2007 an Agreement was signed on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, which became a kind of "successor" of the 1994 Treaty.
culture
The republic is inhabited by peoples with different historical past and cultural traditions. The combination of at least three types of cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Slavic-Russian and Finno-Ugric) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of cultural and historical values.
The fate of many outstanding cultural figures is connected with Tatarstan: singer Fyodor Chaliapin, writers Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Aksakov and Maxim Gorky, Vasily Aksyonov, poets Yevgeny Boratynsky, Gavriil Derzhavin, Marina Tsvetaeva and Nikita Zabolotsky, artists Ivan Shishkin and Nikolai Feshin. The classic of Tatar poetry Gabdulla Tukay, poet-hero Musa Jalil, composers Farid Yarullin, Salih Saidashev, Nazib Zhiganov, Sofia Gubaidulina and many others made the glory of Tatar culture.
Religion
Islam and Orthodoxy are traditional confessions for the republic. Tatars and Bashkirs (that is, about half of the republic's population) profess Islam. Another part of the population: Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Mordovians - Christians professing Orthodoxy. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other confessions are also represented in Tatarstan.
Maintaining a balance of interests between the two major confessions and the equality of all religions before the law underlies interfaith harmony in the republic.
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
Pre-school, school and vocational education
As of January 1, 2014, there are 1958 pre-school educational organizations for 168.5 thousand places in the Republic of Tatarstan. The coverage of preschool education for children aged 1 to 7 years in the republic is 71.8%. There are 1431 schools with 361 thousand students.
Higher education
On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, educational activities are currently carried out by 27 educational organizations of higher education, including 17 state, 10 non-state. In addition, there are 49 branches of educational institutions of higher education, of which 27 are state-owned and 22 are non-state. In total, 180,000 people study in higher education institutions located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The science
Tatarstan is rightfully considered one of the leading scientific centers of Russia. The Tatarstan Academy of Sciences and the Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences operate in Kazan, the capital of the republic. The republic conducts fundamental and applied research in advanced areas of science. Scientific schools began to take shape in Kazan in the 19th century. The most famous is the Kazan school of chemists, created under the leadership of N.N. Zinina, A.M. Butlerova, A.M. Zaitsev. The Kazan school of mathematicians also took shape in the 19th century. Its most prominent representative is N.I. Lobachevsky.
Innovation
Currently in Tatarstan there are: Russia's largest special economic zone of industrial-production type "Alabuga", 4 industrial parks, technopolis "Khimgrad", 14 technology parks, IT-park. The sphere of nanotechnologies is a priority for the Republic of Tatarstan.
SPORT
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the sports leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation.
The widespread creation of conditions for sports, the construction of sports facilities in Tatarstan has become the basis for the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the general population.
For the development of mass cultural work among the population, new forms of promoting a healthy lifestyle are used. Spartakiads are held among students of the republic, among universities and colleges, civil servants and municipal employees, among pensioners and the disabled.
The following are organized annually: Spartakiad of students of the Republic of Tatarstan, School basketball league championship among teams of educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan, republican stages of the all-Russian sports competitions for schoolchildren "Presidential competitions" and the all-Russian sports games for schoolchildren "Presidential sports games", the all-Russian football tournament "Leather ball".Every year mass sports competitions are held in the republic - "Ski Track of Russia" and "Ski Track of Tatarstan", "Cross of the Nation" and "Cross of Tatarstan".
The development of the sports and urban infrastructure of Kazan - the capital of Tatarstan, the largest scientific, educational and student center of the country, was also served by the fact that major international sports projects are being implemented in the republic.
The most significant event in sports life is the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013.For the Universiade 2013, 64 sports facilities were involved, of which 30 are new construction facilities.The largest facilities built specifically for the competition: ffootball stadium "Kazan Arena" for 45 thousand seats,Palace of Water Sports, Atennis academy,Palace of martial arts "Ak Bars" and others.
The sports glory of Tatarstan is multiplied by the victories of such well-known teams as Ak Bars, Rubin, UNICS, Zenit-Kazan, Sintez, KAMAZ-master, Dynamo-Kazan and others.
Russia is not only a large country, but also the only power in the world, which includes twenty-two republics. Each of them actively interacts with the Russian government, but retains its sovereignty. The Republic of Tatarstan occupies a special place in the history and economy of our country. Today we will tell you about it.
Russia, Republic of Tatarstan: general characteristics
Tatarstan lies practically in the heart of the Russian Federation. The entire territory of the republic is located within the borders of the East European Plain, where the Volga and Kama meet in its most fertile place. And they, as you know, are one of the largest rivers in Europe. The capital of Tatarstan - the city of Kazan, located at a distance of seven hundred ninety-seven kilometers from Moscow, is considered one of the most beautiful and largest cities in the country.
Republic of Tatarstan: area and territories
The area of the Republic of Tatarstan is 67,836 square kilometers. If we consider this area as part of the Russian Federation, then this is less than one percent of the total territory of our country.
Almost the entire republic is located in the zone of plains and steppes, a little more than ninety percent of the territories lie at an altitude of two hundred meters above sea level.
About eighteen percent of the total area of Tatarstan is occupied by forests, deciduous trees are predominant. Coniferous forests make up only five percent of the total number of "green lungs" of Tatarstan. More than four hundred species of various animals live on the plains and in the forests of the republic.
Tatarstan: a brief historical background
On the territory of the modern republic, people built settlements from about the eighth century BC. A little later, the state of the Volga Bulgars was formed here. In this area, they constituted the main population.
Tatarstan, or rather its territory, in the fifteenth century went to the Kazan Khanate, which a hundred years later became part of the Muscovite state. Only in the twenties of the last century the name of the state was transformed into the Tatar ASSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the name "Republic of Tatarstan" appeared in official documents.
Kazan is the most beautiful city in the republic
In every country, the capital is the most beautiful city. Therefore, it is not surprising that from the first visit to Tatarstan Kazan will become your all-encompassing love. This city amazes tourists with a unique combination of architectural historical monuments and modern buildings that fit perfectly into the appearance of the capital of Tatarstan.
Every year the flow of tourists seeking to visit Kazan is increasing. For example, last year this amazing city was visited by more than two million people. For several years now, the capital of the republic has taken a leading position in the list of the most popular cities where you can spend the New Year holidays. In addition, Kazan has the official status of "the third capital of Russia." All this, combined with the extraordinary beauty of the city and the hospitality of its inhabitants, is enough to attract the attention of tourists to the capital of the former Kazan Khanate.
Republic of Tatarstan: population
Tatarstan is a densely populated republic. According to the latest data, the population is 3,885,253 people. The annual natural increase of the citizens of the republic is 0.2%, this figure allows Tatarstan to hold the eighth place in the Russian Federation in terms of population.
The average life expectancy has been at around seventy-two years for several years. This is the highest limit in the last thirty years. The favorable situation within the republic is evidenced by a figure characterizing how the population is replenished. Tatarstan is a country where the birth rate is kept at a consistently high level. For every thousand people, twelve new citizens are born. Sociologists predict that by 2020 the population of the republic will cross the border of 5,000,000 people.
Tatarstan: population density
The population density of the Republic of Tatarstan, according to 2017 data, is 57.26 people per square kilometer. These are the national averages. Most of the citizens of the republic live in cities, which very clearly characterizes Tatarstan. Kazan accommodates more than forty-five percent of the total population of the country.
Only twenty-four percent of the republic's citizens live in rural areas.
Ethnic composition of the former Kazan Khanate
On the whole territory of Russia there is no such multinational state as Tatarstan. According to the latest data, more than one hundred and fifteen nationalities live here, and all this is a historically developed population. Tatarstan has served as a haven for numerous ethnic diasporas since time immemorial. This policy turned out to be very advantageous for the state, because all peoples are united and there have never been conflicts on the basis of interethnic hostility in the country.
Now eight nationalities live in the state, which in their number exceed ten thousand people, among them are Russians, Maris and Tatars. The most numerous include the following nationalities:
- Tatars - more than two million people;
- Russians - about one and a half million people;
- Chuvash - one hundred twenty-six and a half thousand people.
In percentage terms, Tatars make up fifty-two percent of the total population, Russians - thirty-nine and a half percent of the inhabitants, and Chuvashs, respectively, are three percent of the citizens of Tatarstan.
Religious preferences of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan
The largest confessions in the republic are Orthodoxy and Islam. Approximately fifty percent of the population is Muslim, predominantly Tatars and Bashkirs. Almost forty-five percent of the citizens of Tatarstan consider themselves Orthodox. According to opinion polls, representatives of Catholicism, Judaism and other religious movements live in the country. At the legislative level, the balance of two major confessions is fixed in the republic.
Economic development of Tatarstan
The economy of Tatarstan is one of the most developed in the Russian Federation. It ranks sixth in the country in terms of production. The petrochemical industry plays an important role in the republic. In Tatarstan, they are engaged not only in oil production, but also in its processing, which brings significant funds to the state budget and raises its authority among the subjects of the Russian Federation.
The share of mechanical engineering in the industrial complex of the country is large, which attracts foreign investments to the republic. According to data for the past year, Tatarstan cooperated with one hundred and thirty world powers, and imports and exports were approximately the same percentage.
From the first decade of this century, the Republic of Tatarstan began the reorganization of the housing stock. For six years, more than three hundred thousand square meters of housing has been put into operation in the country. At the same time, the construction of satellite cities of Kazan and the construction of sports and entertainment facilities at the federal level began. This brought Tatarstan to a new level in the international sports arena, which, in turn, gives the republic's budget additional funds directed to the development of the region's economy.
Economists have long been pleased with the monthly increase in the production of the republic, equal to 0.1%. If this trend continues, then in a few years Tatarstan will completely overcome its dependence on the oil industry, which over the past year has shown itself to be extremely unstable. All other subjects of the Russian Federation dependent on this industry have significantly reduced their economic growth. The republic very far-sightedly directed the received investments into the development of the chemical industry, having managed with its help in the end to cover the current budget deficit.
Despite the fact that inflation in the republic is slowly but steadily growing, the standard of living in Tatarstan remains consistently high. The Republic is one of the five regions of Russia with the highest standard of living. Now it occupies the fourth place, losing to the permanent leaders of the list - Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Moscow region.
The Republic of Tatarstan can be attributed to the most unique subjects of the Russian Federation. Sociologists and economists predict rapid growth for the region in the near future, which will bring the republic to a completely new level of development.
- one of the largest and well-developed subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the long history of its existence, the republic has formed as an important geopolitical center of Russia between the areas of European and Asian cultures.
This was facilitated by a favorable economic and geographical position on the eastern borders of the European subcontinent, the proximity of the industrial Central Region and the Urals. Being at the crossroads of the largest transport systems in Russia, the region is connected with the raw material bases of Siberia, the agricultural regions of the Volga Federal District.
Modern Tatarstan is a large region with a complex diversified industry and developed agriculture. The Republic has a high educational and scientific potential.
Geographical position
Tatarstan is located in the center of the Russian Federation on the East European Plain, at the confluence of two major rivers - the Volga and the Kama. The extreme northern point is located near the village of Verkhniy Sardek, Baltasinsky district - 56o40.5′ N, the southern one is near the village of Khansverkino, Bavlinsky district - 53o58′ N, the western one is near the village of Tatarskaya Bezdna, Drozhzhanovsky district - 47o16′ E .d., eastern - near the village of Tynlamas, Aktanysh district - 54o17′ E. From west to east, the republic stretches for 450 km, and from south to north - for 285 km.
It borders in the north with the Kirov region, in the northeast - with the Republic of Udmurtia, in the east - with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the southeast - with the Orenburg region, in the south - with the Samara region, in the southwest - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the west - with the Chuvash Republic, in the north-west - with the Mari Republic.
The total area of Tatarstan is 67,836 km2, or 0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation, and about 7% of the territory of the Volga Federal District.
Kazan is the capital of the republic, located 797 km east of Moscow.
Geological structure and minerals
The platform is based on a crystalline foundation from ancient Archean-Proterozoic rocks. From above, it is overlain by a thick cover of sedimentary rocks of marine and continental origin, 1500–2000 m thick.
Devonian rocks lie on the surface of the basement, below - terrigenous (sandstones, silts, mudstones), above - carbonate (limestones, dolomites with interlayers of gypsum and anhydrite). The thickness of the Devonian deposits is up to 700 m.
The territory of the republic is located in the east of the largest tectonic structure - the Russian platform, within the Volga-Ural anteclise. The main tectonic elements are the Tatar arch with the northern (Kukmorsky) and southern (Almetevsky) ledges, the Melekesskaya depression and the southern part of the Kazan-Kazhimsky trough. The western part of the territory belongs to the eastern slope of the Tokmovsky arch.
The predominant surface area of the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits.
Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites.
Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic.
Rocks of the Carboniferous system (Carboniferous) lie above. Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites. The thickness of the sequence is from 600 to 1000 m. The Permian deposits are represented by the lower and upper sections. The Lower Permian rocks are represented by dolomites, limestones with interlayers of gypsum, anhydrites and marls. The greatest thickness of these deposits is in the east of the republic (up to 300 m), where they come out to the surface in some places.
The predominant surface area of the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits. They almost everywhere come to the surface in the river valleys, are opened by ravines. In the west of the republic, in the lower part, carbonate rocks of marine origin predominate - dolomites and limestones with gypsum interbeds.
Above lie continental formations - red-colored clays, sandstones and marls that make up the watershed surfaces. The thickness of the deposits reaches 280-350 m.
In the east, in the lower part, sandy-argillaceous rocks with interlayers of limestones and marls predominate, clayey-sandy deposits lie above, which are replaced by sandy, silty, clayey continental formations occurring on the highest watersheds with thin interlayers of marls, limestones and dolomites (photo). The total thickness of the deposits reaches 200-300 m.
Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic. The formations of the Jurassic system are represented by clays, siltstones, marls with interlayers of sandstones, oil shales and phosphorite pebbles. The thickness reaches 70-80 m. Cretaceous deposits are gray, dark gray clays, sandstones with thin interlayers of phosphorites, marls, limestones, with a total thickness of up to 120-160 m.
Cenozoic deposits are represented by deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary system, which were formed in continental conditions. Neogene formations are confined to the valleys of large and medium-sized rivers. These are deposits composed of dark gray silty-argillaceous rocks with interlayers and lenses of sands and pebbles with a total thickness of 200-300 m.
The youngest Quaternary deposits everywhere cover the entire territory of the republic. In the valleys of the Volga and Kama, the thickness of alluvial deposits of the terrace complex reaches 70-120 m, their composition is predominantly sandy with interlayers of pebbles, clays, loams and sandy loams.
Slope deposits reach a thickness of 15-20 m at the bottom of the slopes, decreasing up the slope. On the watersheds, the thickness of the deposits is 1.5-2.0 m. The composition is predominantly loamy, sandy loamy with crushed stone.
Minerals
The most valuable are deposits of combustible and non-metallic minerals - oil, gas, bitumen, hard and brown coal, oil shale, peat, building stone, sand and gravel materials. Oil and associated gas are produced mainly in the Trans-Kama and Eastern Fore-Kama regions of the republic. The main deposits are confined to the lower stage of the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, mostly small in terms of reserves. Large deposits include only Romashkinskoye, Novo-Elkhovskoye and Bavlinskoye. The oil is heavy, sour. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - a valuable chemical raw material.
Hard and brown coals have been explored in the Eastern Trans-Kama region of the republic, they lie at considerable depths - from 900 to 1200 m, which makes their extraction unprofitable.
Significant reserves of bitumen and bituminous rocks are confined to the Permian deposits - reserve sources for obtaining hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as deposits of gypsum, limestone, dolomite.
Among the minerals of the Mesozoic, the most important are oil shale, phosphorites, and zeolite-containing rocks. They are found in the southwestern regions of the republic in the Volga region. Small reserves and low quality limit the extraction of these types of minerals.
Deposits of bentonite clays, loams, sands, sand and gravel materials, building stone (rubble stone and crushed stone), and peat are confined to the Cenozoic deposits. They are widely distributed throughout the republic, they are sources of construction and mining raw materials.
Relief
The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is a plain with uplands and lowlands, which were formed over a geologically long time. The average height of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is 150–160 m, 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The highest heights are in the southeastern part of the republic within the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland. The highest point is 381 m. The minimum heights are confined to the left bank of the Volga and Kama rivers, the lowest mark is 53 m (the water line of the Kuibyshev reservoir).
The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is divided into three parts by the Volga and Kama valleys - in the west, on the right bank of the Volga, the Pre-Volga region is distinguished, in the north, on the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama - Predkamye, in the south, southeast, on the left bank of the Kama - Zakamye.
The western part of the republic is the Volga Upland, the northern and eastern borders of which are washed by the Volga waters. The average height of the Pre-Volga region is 140 m, the maximum is 276 m (the upper reaches of the Bezdna River, the right tributary of the Sura, the Drozhzhanovsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan). The banks of the Volga are everywhere steep, indented by valleys of small rivers and ravines.
In the Predkamye, in the north-west of the republic, the southern end includes the southern end of the Vyatsky Uval upland. The highest heights here reach 235 m in the upper reaches of the Ilet and Shoshma rivers, the average height is 125 m. - 120 m, the average height of interfluve spaces is 140-160 m.
In the southeast of the republic, in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, the highest territory is observed - the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland with an average height of 175 m. Two high-altitude steps are well pronounced: 220-240 m and 300-320 m.
The low plains are formed by large rivers, the valleys of which were laid along tectonic faults and troughs. The largest area is occupied by the Zavolzhskaya lowland. It stretches along the left bank of the Volga in the form of a complex of terraces in a narrow strip to the confluence with the Kama, and then, expanding, forms the low-lying Western Trans-Kama region with leveled spaces 80-100 and 120-160 m high.
The Kama-Belskaya lowland corresponds to the valleys of the Kama and Belaya, Ika rivers with prevailing heights of 100-120 m.
The valleys of large and medium-sized rivers have a pronounced asymmetry of slopes, due to the displacement of the channels of these rivers to the right under the influence of the Coriolis force. Steep and high banks are composed of bedrock. On the gentler left slopes, there is a complex of river floodplain terraces.
Large landforms are complicated by river valleys of small rivers and streams, ravines, and beams. The asymmetry of the slopes of the valleys of small rivers is associated with uneven heating of slopes of different exposures in a cold periglacial climate. The slopes facing south and west are steeper.
The features of the relief make it possible to develop agriculture in all regions of the republic. However, human activity, as a result of which forests were reduced, which converted surface runoff into underground, and large areas of land were plowed up, contributed to the development of ravine and soil erosion.
Karst processes are widespread in Permian carbonate rocks, landslides on the slopes of river valleys composed of clays, and other small erosive landforms.
Climate
The climate of the republic is temperate continental. Summers are warm, winters are moderately cold. The duration of sunshine averages 1900 hours, the sunniest period is from April to August. The total solar radiation per year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.
The climate is formed under the influence of the west-east transfer of air masses. Air masses from the Atlantic soften the climate, form cloudy weather with precipitation. Air from Siberia and the Arctic brings a significant cooling during the cold period.
The warmest month of the year is July with average temperatures of 18-20 °C, the coldest is January (-13, -14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44, -48 °C (in Kazan -46.8 °C in 1942). The absolute maximum temperature is +40 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C. The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.
The average amount of precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. During the warm period of the year (above 0 °C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Some years are dry. The growing season is about 170 days.
Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm. The maximum depth of soil freezing is 110-165 cm.
Climatic resources of individual regions of the republic are different. The Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions are relatively cold, but better moistened parts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Western Zakamye is a relatively warm region, but droughts are often observed. The Pre-Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan has the best combination of climatic indicators. The climatic conditions of the republic are moderately favorable for agriculture.
Surface and ground water
The territory of the republic has an extensive river network, which belongs to the Volga-Kama basin. The total length of all rivers is about 22 thousand km, and their number is more than 3.5 thousand. The largest rivers are the Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.
They are transit, their sources are in other regions of the Russian Federation. Transit inflow of river waters is about 230 km3/year, and surface waters of local formation - 8-10 km3/year. The main part of the river network is made up of small rivers and streams. The total area of the water surface is 4.5 thousand km2, or 6.5% of the entire territory of the republic.
The rivers of the republic have a mixed supply with a predominance of snow, which provides 60-80% of the annual flow. In second place is underground, in third - rain food.
The nature of nutrition determines the water regime of rivers. On all rivers, the spring flood is clearly distinguished by a sharp increase in water levels. The earliest (March 28-29) flood begins on the rivers of the south-west of the republic, ends in early May. The average duration is 30-60 days.
After the spring flood comes the summer low water, with low water levels, some rivers and streams dry up. At this time, the river is fed exclusively by groundwater. After intense and prolonged rains, the summer low water is interrupted by floods, on average 2-3 times.
In autumn, a slight rise in water is observed on the rivers, which is largely due to a decrease in evaporation from the surface of the basin. With the onset of cold weather, the rivers begin to freeze, ice formation forms. The thickness of the ice reaches 50-80 cm. During the winter, a steady low water is observed on the rivers, the lowest levels and flow rates of water are observed, food is supplied from groundwater.
The Volga is the largest river in the European part of Russia and the largest river in Europe. The total length of the Volga is 3530 km, the basin area is 1360 thousand km2. It originates on the Valdai Upland at an altitude of 228 m, from a spring in the village of Volgo-Verkhovye, Tver Region, and, flowing throughout Central Russia, flows into the Caspian Sea. In the republic, the Volga flows in its western part for 186 km. The right bank is high, forming picturesque cliffs and ledges. The left bank is gently sloping, occupied by floodplain terraces. The width near the city of Kazan is 3-6 km, in the area of Kamskoye Ustye - up to 35 km. The main tributaries within the republic are the Kama and the Sviyaga.
The Kama is the leftmost tributary of the Volga. The length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km2. The sources are located in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland (in the northeast of Udmurtia). It enters the republic with its lower course (360 km), crossing it from the northeast to the southwest. It flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley. The average water discharge at the mouth is 3500 m3/s.
Large tributaries of the Kama - Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.
Belaya - the left tributary of the Kama, flows from the South Ural Mountains. The total length of the river is 1430 km, on the territory of the republic - 50 km. The river bed is winding, the valley is wide. The average water consumption is 950 m3/s.
The Vyatka is the right tributary of the Kama, flows from north to south, the length is 1314 km (60 km in the republic), the basin area is 129 thousand km2. The current is slow, the channel is winding, a well-developed valley with a steep right bank, the left bank is gentle. There are a lot of riffles on the river. The average water consumption is 890 m3/s.
Ik is a large left tributary of the Kama, flowing downstream after the Belaya River, flows from south to north. Of the 598 km of its length, 483 km are located in Tatarstan, forming a natural border with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The average water consumption is 45.5 m3/s.
The right tributary of the Volga, the Sviyaga, flows through the pre-Volga region of the republic. Starts in the Ulyanovsk region. Length - 375 km (206 km - in the republic), basin area - 16700 km2. It flows from south to north parallel to the Volga. The river bed is winding, the width at low water is 20-30 m. The average water flow is 34 m3/s.
The basins of the Ileti, Kazanka, Mesha, as well as the right tributaries of the Lower Kama (Shumbut, Bersut) and the Lower Vyatka (Shoshma, Burets) are located in the Western Pre-Kama region. The largest is the Mesha River (271 km, average discharge 17.4 m3/s).
In the Eastern Pre-Kama region there are two middle rivers - Izh and Toima with sources in Udmurtia. In the Western Trans-Kama region, the largest rivers are the Bolshoi Cheremshan and Aktai, and in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, Stepnoy Zai and Sheshma.
The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs that provide the republic with water resources for various purposes. The Kuibyshev reservoir was created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, it provides seasonal regulation of the flow of the Middle Volga, navigation, water supply and irrigation. The Nizhnekamsk reservoir was created in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex. The Zainsky hydroelectric complex was established in 1963, it serves for the technical support of the state district power station. The Karabash reservoir was created in 1957 and serves to supply water to oil fields and industrial enterprises.
On the territory of the republic there are more than 8 thousand lakes, more than 7 thousand swamps. The most swampy is the northern part of the Eastern Trans-Kama region - the Kama-Belskaya lowland.
On the territory of the republic there are 731 hydraulic structures, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.
The bowels of the republic are rich in groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh. Groundwater resources fully meet the needs of the population. There are 1.45 m3/day of fresh underground water per inhabitant.
A large number of springs - about 4 thousand. Many of them are equipped, they are places of pilgrimage ("holy keys").
The total reserves of mineral underground waters are 3.3 thousand m3/day.
Soils
The soils are very diverse - from soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozems prevail.
There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:
Severny (Pridkamye) - the most common are light gray forest (29%) and sod-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Soddy soils are found on uplands and hills. 22.5% is occupied by eroded soils, floodplain - 6-7%, marsh - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), soil erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.
Western (Pre-Volga region) - forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the region are occupied by soddy-podzolic and light gray soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, marsh soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are common (leached soils predominate).
Southeastern (Zakamie) - to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems predominate, the right bank of the Small Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. Gray forest and chernozem soils predominate to the east of Sheshma, and leached chernozems dominate in the northern part of the region.
The main part of the territory of the republic is represented by agricultural land. Chernozems are the most fertile. They occupy 40% of arable land. Water and wind erosion, intensive agriculture contribute to the decrease in land fertility.
Flora and fauna
The territory of the republic in the north of the Kama region enters the taiga zone. Most of the Cis-Kama region, the Volga region, the northern part of the Trans-Kama region is located in the zone of deciduous forests, the south of the Cis-Volga region and most of the Trans-Kama region are in the forest-steppe zone.
Only about 17% of the republic's territory is covered with forests. The forests are dominated by deciduous species (oak, linden, birch and aspen), coniferous species are represented mainly by pine and spruce.
The taiga zone is represented by two subzones: the southern taiga zone, with a predominance of coniferous tree species in the forests, and the subtaiga zone, with mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests. Spruce and fir are typical for the forest north of the Volga region, to the south they are replaced by broad-leaved species, especially oak and linden, which also enters the second tier along with elm and Norway maple. Hazel, warty euonymus and other shrubs grow in the undergrowth. Where there are few of them, lush oak forbs develop; there are also mossy places where green mosses are combined with fern thickets.
To the south, natural forests become smaller, the number of broad-leaved species in them increases, linden and oak predominate. Pine forests with oak and linden are found on light sandy loam deposits and sands.
In the southern forest-steppe, starting on the left bank of the Volga south of the Kama River, and on the right bank south of the outskirts of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the amount of heat increases. Here, drier soddy meadow steppes are more common, with a predominance of feather grass, thin-legged, and fescue.
Tatarstan is located on the border of two zoogeographic zones - forests and steppes. There is a wide variety of species - more than 400 vertebrates and more than 270 birds.
In addition to the wolf, fox, common hedgehog, common for the European part of Russia, elks are found here (in the north), occasionally there are bears, lynxes, pine martens and ermines. Siberian species – Siberian weasel and chipmunk – penetrate here from the northeast. Of the common forest rodents, there are hare, squirrel living in tall pine and mixed forests, and dormouse, usually living in oak forests with dense undergrowth. Among mammals there are also waterfowl, such as desman, otter, mink, muskrat.
In the forest-steppe, in addition to the steppe, there are also numerous species of forest animals living in oak forests and pine forests. The steppe fauna of the Middle Volga region is represented by the jerboa, marmot, mole voles, hare, steppe polecat and others.
Many migratory birds nest in the republic and live here temporarily. As among animals, among birds there is also a mutual penetration of the forest and the steppe. The three-toed woodpecker, black grouse, capercaillie, eagle owl, eared owl, tawny owl and hazel grouse are adjacent to the black swift, partridge - gray and white, bustard and lark - field and forest. Inhabitants of reservoirs are numerous: lake gull, Volgar, or steamboat gull, river tern, as well as swans, geese, ducks, dives and mergansers. Feathered predators - peregrine falcon, hawk, upland buzzard, tuvik, griffon vulture, black vulture, steppe eagle, golden eagle, kite, marsh harrier and others - a total of 28 species.
Specially protected natural areas
Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) have been created in the republic to preserve natural complexes. According to the state cadastre of protected areas in the republic, their total number is 163, including the largest of them - the Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, as well as 25 state nature reserves and 135 natural monuments with a total area of 137.8 thousand ha, or 2% of the total area of the republic.
To preserve the diversity of flora and fauna on the territory of the republic, the Volga-Kama Reserve was founded in 1960. It is located in the Western Predkamye, includes two isolated areas: Raifsky (in the Zelenodolsk region, 25 km northwest of Kazan) and Saralovsky (in the Laishevsky region, on the left bank of the Volga, 60 km south of Kazan). Its area is 8 thousand hectares (more than 7 thousand hectares are covered with forests, 58 hectares are occupied by meadows, 62 hectares are reservoirs).
The relief of the Raifa area is mostly flat. The beautiful Raifa Lake, into which the Sumka River flows, has been preserved. The relief of the Saralovsky area is characterized by significant fluctuations in absolute heights (from 50 m to 140 m).
The flora of the reserve consists of more than 800 species. Of particular interest is the dendrological garden located in the Raifa forestry. It contains plants from almost all continents. The reserve also protects 55 species of mammals, 195 species of birds and 30 species of fish (coastal shallow waters are rich spawning grounds).
The vegetation on the Raifa site is bicentennial mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests (with a predominance of pine), characteristic of the central zone of the European part of Russia, there are also oak, linden, spruce, birch, and aspen. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and fir in the European part of Russia passes along the Raifsky site. About 570 species of vascular plants have been registered in the Raifa area, rare species include single-leaved pulp, tuberous calypso, sedges: chaff, tangled, two-seeded.
More than 90% of the Saralovsky section is covered with forest; mainly pine and linden. The most interesting are pine woodlands on sandy hills, where Siberian bluebell, sleep-grass, Marshall's wormwood, Polissya fescue, sandy astragalus, spiked speedwell penetrate. Of the rare species, there are feathery feather grass, squat sedge. Many species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The fauna of the reserve is very rich. There are 21 species of rodents: flying squirrel, common squirrel, river beaver, garden and forest dormouse, red-backed vole, yellow-throated mouse, European hare and white hare. Six species of insectivores have been registered: common hedgehog, mole, shrew. Occasionally there are a wolf, a bear, a lynx, an ermine, a roe deer, a reddish ground squirrel, a hamster; fox and elk, badger, raccoon dog, weasel, American mink, pine marten are common.
Birds are numerous: black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, quail, turtledove, wood pigeon, rock dove, corncrake, gray heron, woodcock, snipe; less often capercaillie, gray crane. Of the owls, the Tawny Owl, the boreal and passerine owls live, of the predatory ones - the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, black kite.
The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park was established in 1991 to preserve and restore the unique natural complex of the richest floristically and typologically forested areas and floodplain meadow communities of the Republic of Tatarstan and use them for scientific, recreational, educational and cultural purposes.
The park is located in the north-east of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Eastern Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions, in the valley of the Kama River and its tributaries Toima, Kriushi, Tanaika, Shilninka. Administratively, the territory of the park is located within two administrative districts - Tukaevsky and Yelabuga. The area of the national park is 26.6 thousand hectares.
Of the local climatic factors, it is worth noting the structural features of the relief and the presence on the territory of a large water basin - the Nizhnekamsk reservoir. The surface of the territory is slightly wavy, dissected by valleys of small rivers and streams, a network of ravines and ravines. The position of the park on the border of three natural subzones (broad-leaved-spruce and broad-leaved forests, meadow steppes) determined the diversity of natural landscape complexes and flora of the park.
The flora of the national park is represented by more than 650 species of higher vascular plants, the basis of which are forest (boreal, upland, nemoral) species growing in forested and forested ecotopes; as well as plants of upland and floodplain meadows, which are confined to watersheds and the valley of the Kama River, to the valleys of small rivers.
Also, about 100 species of lichens, more than 50 species of mosses, more than 100 species of macromycetes grow in the park.
Feather grass growing in the park, red pollenhead are listed in the Red Book of Russia; 86 species of plants present in the flora of the national park are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The fauna of the park as a whole is typical for the east of the middle zone of the European part of Russia. Mammals are represented by 42 species. Among them are the typical inhabitants of the forest: elk, roe deer, wild boar, lynx, badger, pine marten, squirrel, weasel; and inhabitants of reservoirs and their coastal part: beaver, muskrat, otter, raccoon dog. The water bat, brown ear bat, forest bat, forest mouse and chipmunk living in the national park are rare species and are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan. The avifauna is quite diverse (more than 190 species, including 136 nesting species). Most of the species are forest, open space and wetland species.
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State structure and population
Tatarstan is a republic within the Russian Federation. The head of state and the highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and manages the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.
Tatarstan- one of the largest and economically developed regions of Russia. It is in the top three in terms of the number of agricultural products, among other Russian cities. It is an oil republic. With many countries of Europe and Asia, direct trade and economic relations have been established, the result of which is the opening of foreign economic representative offices in other states.
Capital — Kazan. A beautiful, modern city with a population of 1 million 206 thousand people. Center for scientific, cultural, economic, industrial and political life Tatarstan.
A little about the title:
The republic under this name takes its beginning in 1920, when V. Lenin signed a decree on the formation of the TASSR, which is part of the RSFSR.
On August 30, 1990, the sovereignty of Tatarstan was accepted and a new name appeared - the Republic of Tatarstan.
Location:
Tatarstan- the central part of Russia, located at the junction of the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers. In the west it borders on the Republic of Chuvashia and the Mari Republic. In the north - the Kirov region. and Udmurtia. In the east - with Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region. In the south - from the Ulyanovsk and Samara regions.
Square
The territory of the republic is 67,836 km². Length - vertically - about 290 km, horizontally - about 460 km.
Population:
According to the data for 2015, the number of living people is 3 million 855 thousand 258 people. Basically, these are Tatars and Russians.
Tatarstan- one of the most multinational regions of the country. 115 nationalities live here: Chuvashs, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Maris, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Jews, etc.
State flag:
The shape of a rectangle with three transverse stripes: green, white and red.
What do they symbolize?
green - a symbol of spring, rebirth
white - purity
red - maturity, vitality
There is another, no less interesting version:
green - Tatars
red - Russian population
white - a symbol of their friendship and harmony
Territorial division:
Includes 43 districts and 22 cities.
The most famous cities
· Naberezhnye Chelny
Zelenodolsk
Elabuga
Nizhnekamsk
Almetyevsk
· Bugulma
Chistopol
Zainsk
Leninogorsk
· Bavly
Nurlat
Aznakayevo
Briefly about the cities of the Republic of Tatarstan
Naberezhnye Chelny
- the second in size and population after Kazan. Located in the north-east. parts of the republic. Center - Tukaevsky district. The distance to Kazan is 225 km. Population - 524 thousand people
Zelenodolsk
- located in the north-west. parts of RT. Center of the Green district. 38 km from the capital. 98 thousand people live here.
Yelabuga
- to the north - east. Tatarstan. It is located near Chelny and Nizhnekamsk. Center of the Elab.-th district. 215 km from Kazan. The number of people is 72 thousand.
Nizhnekamsk
- a city on the left bank of the Kama. Center of Nizhnekamsk region. 236 km from the capital. Number of people living - 235 thousand.
Almetievsk
- in the southeast. parts. Center of Almetyevsk district. 279 km from the capital. The number of people is 150 thousand people.
Bugulma
- in the southeast. Center of Bugul.-th district. Bugulma is located 333 km from Kazan. 87 thousand people live here.
Chistopol
- located in the middle of Tatarstan. The center of the Chistopol region. Distance from the capital - 144 km. 61 thousand people live in Chistopol.
Zainsk
- a city at the confluence of the rivers Stepna and Lesnoy Zay. Center of the Zainsky district. Population - 41 thousand people. Located 287 km. from Kazan.
Leninogorsk
- southeastern part Tatarstan. Center of Lenin.-th district. The distance to the capital is 322 km. 64 thousand people live in Leninogorsk.
bavly
- south-east of the Republic of Tatarstan. The center of the Bavlinsky district. To Kazan - 369 km. The population is 22 thousand.
Nurlat
- city in the southern part. Center of Nurlat district. 33 thousand people live in Nurlat. 200 km from the capital.
Aznakayevo
- in the southeast. parts. Center of the Aznak.-th district. To Kazan - 376 km. The number of people living is 35 thousand.
Buinsk
- southwestern part. Center - Buinsky district. The number of people is 21 thousand people. Located 137 km. from the capital.
Geography
Climate:
Moderate continental with comfortable summer and winter. July is the warmest month, t° - from +18°C to +20°C, the coldest month is January, t° from -13°C to -14°C. Climate change within the Republic of Tatarstan is insignificant!
Nature:
Tatarstan- mostly plain with zones of forests and forest-steppes. The republic has the richest natural world. There are many rivers, lakes and ponds here. Despite the numerous endless steppes, there are quite a lot of territories in the Republic of Tatarstan occupied by pine and deciduous forests. Many minerals have been found, among which the most significant are oil and coal. Also Tatarstan has the largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk.
Water resources:
The region has a large number of water bodies: rivers - large and small, lakes with their own unique features. A separate point is the presence in Tatarstan huge reservoirs of water that perform strategically important functions.
Rivers and lakes:
The Volga and Kama are the largest rivers in Eastern Europe. The length in the republic of the first is 177 km, the second is 380 km, the Vyatka is 60 km and the Belaya is 50 km, flowing into the Kama. Famous rivers - Sviyaga, Mesha, Shoshma.
In addition to them, there are about 500 smaller rivers in the republic, but at the same time they are no less long (more than 10 km).
There are also about 8 thousand small lakes and ponds.
Notable lakes:
In Kazan - Boar (Middle, Lower, Upper), Swan, Blue
In the Laishevsky district - Kovalinsky, Tarlashinsky
In Zelenodolsk - Raifskoe, Ilinskoe
In Nizhnekamsk - Podbornoe and Vyazovoe
Reservoirs:
The republic has large water reserves concentrated in the following reservoirs:
· Kuibyshevskoe - the largest in Europe, providing regulation of water flows in the Middle. Volga
Nizhnekamskoye is a large water body that constantly distributes flows through the hydroelectric complex
Karabashskoye - a system for supplying water to important industrial enterprises
Zainskoye - the main function is the maintenance of the state district power station
Flora and fauna:
The forest accounts for 18% of the entire territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Basically, oaks, birches, lindens, aspens, as well as pines and spruces grow here. Most often, the forest borders on the steppe, forming vast and numerous forest-steppe zones. There is also a taiga forest, represented by trees - larch and needles.
Availability in Tatarstan forest-steppe makes it possible for animals accustomed to living both in the steppe and in the forest to feel comfortable. More than 400 species of animals live in the republic (hares, squirrels, elks, foxes, hedgehogs, martens, wolves, bears…). You can meet representatives of 270 types of different birds (peregrine falcons, larks, golden eagles, capercaillie, owls, woodpeckers, hawks and many others).
Fertile soils:
Tatarstan- a surprisingly fertile region, represented by a large number of black earth lands. The highest content of humus (a substance containing the most valuable nutrients) is observed in the southern regions of the republic.
Minerals:
Tatarstan has a developed mineral resource base, represented by various valuable minerals.
Oil:
Many people know that the republic is famous for its oil. And indeed it is. After all, oil is its main wealth.
In recent years, about 127 oil fields have been found, the main of which are:
Romashkinskoye - one of the largest in the world
Novo-Elkhovskoe
· Bavlinskoe
Bondyuzhskoe
Pervomayskoe
Gas:
Along with oil, natural gas is produced. On average, 1 ton of oil accounts for approximately 40 cubic meters of associated gas.
Coal:
Along with oil, coal mining is widely developed. 108 coal deposits have been identified, mainly associated with the areas of the Kama coal basin.
Other fossils:
No less significant is the production of:
oil shale
gypsum
Phosphorites
copper
limestone
peat
building stone, etc.
These breeds are a unique material used in various industries.
Transport communication in Tatarstan
Tataria
Tataria
Republic of Tatarstan within the Russian Federation. Official name Republic of Tatarstan adopted in 1992 G. The name Tatarstan is formed from the ethnonym Tatars and Turkic-Iran. mill "the country", i.e. "country of Tatars".
Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 .
Tataria
Tataria (Tatarstan) - a republic within the Russian Federation (cm. Russia), located in the east of the East European Plain. The area of the republic is 68 thousand square meters. km, population - 3772.8 thousand people, 74% of the population lives in cities (2001). The national composition is dominated by Tatars (51%), Russians (41%), Chuvashs (3%). The republic includes 43 districts, 20 cities, 22 urban-type settlements (2001). The capital is the city of Kazan; large cities: Naberezhnye Chelny, Zelenodolsk, Nizhnekamsk, Almetyevsk, Chistopol, Bugulma, Yelabuga. The Republic was formed on May 27, 1920 as the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since 1992 the official name is the Republic of Tatarstan; is part of the Volga Federal District.
The most important industries of Tatarstan include oil and gas and petrochemical industries (production of polyethylene, pipes and pipeline parts from thermoplastics, synthetic rubber, car tires, film and magnetic tape, nitrogen and phosphate mineral fertilizers, inorganic chemistry products). The largest enterprises in this industry are the associations Nizhnekamskneftekhim, Nizhnekamskshina, Tasma, Kazanorgsintez. The fuel industry is represented by Tatneft. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developed in Tatarstan: the production of trucks (KamAZ), ships, passenger airliners, helicopters, laser equipment, equipment for the oil and gas producing and oil refining industries. The Nizhnekamsk HPP plays an important role in the energy sector. A significant part of the electricity is supplied to the neighboring republics (Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Mari El). The main industrial cities are Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Zelenodolsk, Nizhnekamsk, Almetyevsk, Chistopol, Bugulma, Yelabuga.
Tataria borders Udmurtia in the north (cm. Udmurtia) and the Mari Republic (cm. Mari Republic), in the east - with Chuvashia (cm. Chuvashia), in the south - from Ulyanovsk (cm. Ulyanovsk region) and Samara (cm. Samara Region) regions, in the west - with Bashkiria (cm. Bashkiria). The republic is divided into three parts by the valleys of the Volga and Kama rivers: the right bank of the Volga (Volga region), within which the Volga Upland enters, dissected by river valleys and ravines with steep cliffs to the Volga; the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama (Ante-Kama) is a soft-undulating plain; the left bank of the Kama (Zakamie) with the northern slopes of the Bugulma-Belebeev Upland (height up to 364 m). The southern part of the Vyatsky Uval is located in the north-west of the republic. The main rivers are the Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka.
The Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk reservoirs are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The climate is temperate continental; the average temperature in January is -14 °С, in July +19 °С. Precipitation falls up to 500 mm per year. Tataria is located in the zones of broad-leaved and mixed forests, as well as forest-steppe. Forests, mainly deciduous (oak, linden and maple), occupy about 17% of the territory. The nature protection zones on the territory of Tatarstan are the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park and the Volga-Kama Reserve. On the basis of sulfide mineral waters and silt mud of the Blue Lake, several resorts have been created - Izhevsk mineral waters, Bakirovo, Vasilyevsky.
In 550 AD, the Gothic historian Jordanes wrote about the Turkic tribes of the Bulgars who lived in the Northern Black Sea region. Under the pressure of the Khazars, part of the Bulgarians went north and formed the Volga-Kama Bulgaria in the lower reaches of the Kama. In the Bulgarian cities in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama, ferrous metallurgy, pottery, jewelry, and leather crafts developed. The Volga Bulgars minted silver coins with Arabic inscriptions since the 10th century. The first major written work of Bulgarian literature, Kul Gali's poem "Kyyssai-Yusuf", dates back to 1212; it is written in a language close to the literary language of the Kazan Tatars.
Kazan Khanate in 1552 was conquered by Ivan the Terrible. Since 1708, the Kazan province was formed, many of its cities for a long time played the role of fortresses on the eastern borders of the Russian state. After the establishment of Soviet power, on May 27, 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Republic was formed. After the collapse of the USSR in 1992, the Republic of Tatarstan received a special status within the Russian Federation.
Attractions
A large number of archaeological sites have been preserved on the territory of Tatarstan, including the remains of the cities of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria of the 10-13th centuries - Suvara (fortification near the village of Kuznechikha), Bilyara (fortification in the village of Bilyarsk) and Bolgar. The most interesting cities from an architectural point of view are Kazan, Yelabuga, Bolgar, and the village of Sviyazhsk. In the villages of Kshkar, Verkh, Vereski, examples of architecture of the 18th century with baroque elements, mainly mosques, have been preserved. Temples of the 19th century in the style of classicism are located in Chistopol and Yelabuga.
On the territory of the region, examples of folk architecture of the Kazan Tatars have been preserved - wooden log houses with a peculiar coloring (two colored horizontal stripes) and numerous decorative details (niches, columns on the pediments of houses). In Tatarstan, there are many museums with branches - in Kazan, Yelabuga, Bugulma, Tetyushi, Chistopol, Bulgar. Among them is the Museum of V. I. Lenin in the village of Lenino-Kokushkino, Pestrechinsky District: in 1985-1887. here the restoration and reconstruction of the estate of A. D. Blank, the grandfather of V. I. Lenin on the maternal side, was carried out.
The Bilyar Historical, Archaeological and Natural Museum-Reserve was established in 1992 in the village of Bilyarsk, Alekseevsky District. On the territory of the reserve, you can get acquainted with the peculiarities of the nature of the forest-steppe of Eastern Europe, as well as with a complex of archaeological, historical and cultural monuments. The ruins of the Bulgar city of Bilyar have been preserved here; The museum presents objects found in the Bilyar settlement. Iske-Kazan Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve was established in 1992. Its exhibits introduce archeological and ethnographic monuments of the period of the Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. On the territory of the reserve are located the Kamaev settlement of the 13th-15th centuries and the Russian-Urmat settlement of the 13th-14th centuries.
Encyclopedia of Tourism Cyril and Methodius. 2008 .
Synonyms:
See what "Tataria" is in other dictionaries:
Tataria- Tataria. Kremlin in Kazan. TATARIA (Republic of Tatarstan), in Russia. The area is 68 thousand km2. Population 3696 thousand people, urban 73%; Tatars (48.5%), Russians (43.3%), Chuvashs and others. Kazan is the capital. 43 districts, 19 cities, 22 urban-type settlements. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Tataria- Tataria. Numbers indicate: 1. Volzhsko-Kama Nature Reserve 2. National Park Nizhnyaya Kama Tataria, Republic of Tatarstan, located in the east of the European part of Russia. Included in the Volga economic region. The area is 68.0 thousand km2. Population… … Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
TATARIA, Republic of Tatarstan, subject of the Russian Federation; located in the east of the European part of Russia. Included in the Volga economic region. Pl. 68.0 thousand km2. Population 3773.8 thousand people. (1998). Capital Kazan. Dr. large cities ... ... Russian history
- (Tatarstan) The Republic of Tatarstan, in the Russian Federation. 68 thousand km². Population 3723 thousand people (1993), urban 73%; Tatars (1765 thousand people, 1989 census), Russians, Chuvashs, etc. 43 districts, 18 cities, 22 urban-type settlements ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Exist., number of synonyms: 1 tatarstan (3) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
- (Republic of Tatarstan), in the Russian Federation. 68 thousand km2. Population 3773.8 thousand people (1998), urban 73.6%; Tatars (1765 thousand people; census, 1989), Russians, Chuvashs and others. 43 districts, 19 cities, 22 urban-type settlements. Capital ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Tataria- Sp Totõrija Ap Tataria/Tatariya rusiškai Sp Tatarstãnas Ap Tatarstan/Tatarstan totoriškai L RF respublika … Pasaulio vietovardziai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
- ... Wikipedia
TATARIA- The Republic of Tatarstan, part of the Russian Federation Area 68 thousand km2 We are 3658 thousand people (1989, census), 48.5% Tatars, 43.3% Russians, 3.7% Chuvashs languages Tatar and Russian Capital Kazan In 1989, per 1000 people aged 15 years. older... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Tataria- The Republic of Tatarstan within the Russian Federation. Official the name Republic of Tatarstan was adopted in 1992. The name Tatarstan is formed from the ethnonym Tatars and Turks. Iran. stan country, i.e. the country of the Tatars ... Toponymic Dictionary
Books
- Khan Rurik. The Primary History of Russia, Konstantin Penzev. The new work of Konstantin Penzev, the author of the books "The Russian Tsar Batu" and "The Giant Tataria. The History of the Russian Land", became a continuation of his historical research and is devoted to the…
