Uzbeks (Uzb. Ўzbek, O'zbek) - Turkic-speaking people. The largest nation in Central Asia, they are the main and indigenous population of Uzbekistan, quite large groups of autochthonous Uzbeks live in northern Afghanistan, northwestern, northern, western Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan, southern Kyrgyzstan, northern and eastern Turkmenistan. There are significant groups of Uzbek labor and economic migrants in Russia, the USA, Turkey, Ukraine, and the EU countries. Believing Sunni Muslims. Uzbeks are traditionally engaged in agriculture and trade. More than 48% of the population of Uzbekistan lives in rural areas. Racial type Pamir-Fergana race of a large Europoid race, Mongoloid admixture is fixed. Related peoples: Uighurs, Turks, Turkmens, Tatars. The ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks proceeded in Maverannakhr and adjacent regions. The ancient peoples of Central Asia, the Sogdians, Bactrians, Khorezmians, Fergana, Sako-Massaget tribes, Eastern Iranians, Hephthalites, took part in the formation of the Uzbeks. In the VIII-II centuries. BC. Central Asia was inhabited by Scythians (according to Greek sources), or Saks (according to Persian sources), Massagets and Sogdians, Khorezmians and other ethnic groups.
According to Greek sources, in the territory of Eurasia to Altai-Siberia and Eastern Mongolia, various tribes lived under the general name of the Scythians. The historian Pompey Tron called the Scythians one of the most ancient peoples, which also included the tribes of Massagets and Saks (Shak). So, in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya (Transcaspian Plain), the Massagets lived, and the territory of Kazakhstan, the southern and eastern parts of Central Asia (up to Altai) was inhabited by the Sakas, the oases of Tashkent and Khorezm, as well as the Fergana Valley and most of the territory of Sogdiana - Turkic-speaking ethnic groups (Kangguy, or Kanglyytsy), part of which formed the state of Kangha, or Kangyuy (from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD). The conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the Great (329-327 BC) and 150 years of Greek-Macedonian domination did not affect the ethnic composition and language of the local population. The next layer in the process of formation of the Uzbek people were the Turkic ethnic groups that came from the east: the Yue-Chzhi (or Kushans, or Tochars of the III, II centuries BC) and the Huns (II-IV centuries), as well as the Hephthalites tribes (V-VI centuries). The Kushans formed their own state, and the Ephthalites their own. The Guishuan (Kushan) clan was at the head of the Kushan kingdom. The kingdom occupied Central Asia, part of India, Afghanistan. In written sources, it is noted that these tribes (or tribal associations) were Turkic-speaking. The ethnic composition of the Ephthalites is unknown, but their relationship with the Huns is indicated.
The study of Sogdian coins from Panjikent by OISmirnova convincingly proves that many representatives of the dynasty that reigned in Sogd were from Turkic tribes. In the VI-VIII centuries. Various Turkic clans and tribes penetrated the territory of present-day Uzbekistan from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Semirechye and other neighboring regions, which were subsequently assimilated by the local population. VI-VII century. can be defined as the period of the Turkic Khaganate, whose territory included Central Asia. As is known, the Turkic Khaganate was subsequently divided, in 588, into the Eastern (Centre-Mongolia) and Western (Centre-Seven Rivers) Khaganates. The Western Khaganate was inhabited by tribal and tribal associations of Karluks, Khalajs, Kanglys, Turgeshs, Chigils and Oguzes. Subsequently, the Oguzes separated from this association and formed their own state. The Uighurs dominated the Eastern Khaganate at that time. In 745, the Turkic Khaganate was conquered by the Uyghurs, after which the Uyghur state was formed, which existed until 840. Then it was overthrown by the Khakass. This led to the fact that part of the Uighurs united with the Karluks, part moved to Tibet, while the rest remained in Altai and mixed with other clans of the Turkic ethnic group. In the early Middle Ages, a sedentary and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population was formed on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Sogdian symbiosis. Among the Mug Sogdian documents of the beginning of the 8th century. on the territory of Sogd, a document was found in the Turkic language, written in the runic alphabet.
More than 20 runic inscriptions in the ancient Turkic language were found on the territory of the Ferghana Valley, which indicates that the local Turkic population in the 7th-8th centuries. had its own writing tradition. At the beginning of the 8th century Central Asia is conquered by the Arabs. During the Arab domination, the Sogds lived in Bukhara, Samarkand, Karshi, Shakhrisabz, while the Karluks lived in the Fergana oasis. Other Turkic tribes, such as the Turgesh, were nomads and occupied the vast territory of Central Asia and present-day Kazakhstan. The historian Tabariy points out that the leaders of the Sogds were Turks. The Arab conquest of the second half of the 7th-first half of the 8th century had a certain influence on the course of ethnic processes in Central Asia. The Sogdian, Bactrian, Khorezmian languages and their writing disappeared along with the Turkic runic by the 10th century. out of use. The main languages of the settled population became Persian-Tajik and Turkic. In subsequent centuries, the main ethno-cultural process was the rapprochement and partial merging of the Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population. In Central Asia in the 9th-10th centuries. dominated by the Samanids. During this period, the Arabic language functioned as the language of the office, scientific works. The spoken, everyday language was the language of various Turkic tribes.
The process of the beginning of the formation of an ethnos, which later became the basis of the Uzbek nation, was especially intensified in the 11th-12th centuries, when Central Asia was conquered by the unification of Turkic tribes, headed by the Karakhanid dynasty. In the middle of the XI century. the state of the Karakhanids was divided into eastern (with a center in Balasagun, then Kashgar) and western (with a center in Uzgend, then Samarkand). The territory of the eastern state consisted of East Turkestan, Semirechie, Shash, Fergana, ancient Sogdiana, the territory of the western state - Afghanistan, Sev. Iran. The state of the Karakhanids was founded by clan associations of the Karluks, Yagmas and Chigils. With its separation, the connection of Maverannahr with East Turkestan and Semirechye was weakened. Historians believe that it would be wrong to oppose Maverannahr, as a Sogdian-sedentary world, to Semirechye, as a Turkic-nomadic world. According to sources, until the XI century. in Maverannahr and Semirechye, the main and leading were the Turkic tribes. The settlement of new and new Turkic tribes strengthened the position and language of the Turkic tribes that inhabited this territory. From the 8th century in Ferghana, the main, defining tribe was the Karluks, in Shash, the Oguzes. The Sogdians, occupying small territories within the Turkic tribes, gradually lost their ethnic isolation, as the Sogdians married the daughters of the Turks or, conversely, gave their daughters for the Turks. The Sogdians also gradually lost their language, replacing it with Turkic. In the X-XI century. the bulk of the Oghuz lived on the lower Syr Darya, then they moved to the territory of present-day Turkmenistan. In Semirechye, from the Talas valley to East Turkestan, the Karluks dominated, then the Chigils and Yagma came there. They settled in the northeast of Lake Issyk-Kul and in East Turkestan. As for the Türgesh (or Tukhsi and Argu), they settled in the southwestern part of Semirechye. M. Kashgari believes that the Turgesh language (tukhsi and argu) is mixed with Sogdian. Apparently, the mutual influence of these tribes was strong. After the Mongol conquest of the 13th century, the Mongol tribes (later assimilated with the Turkic-speaking tribes) joined the population of Central Asia.
During this period, such tribes and clans as the Naimans, Barlas, Arlats, Kungrats, Jalair, and others settled in the oases of the Central Asian interfluve. After the Mongols invaded Central Asia in 1219, the ethnogenesis of the population of Central Asia underwent a change. According to the latest genetic genealogical testing from Oxford University, the study showed that the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks is intermediate between the Iranian and Mongolian peoples. After the collapse of the Golden Horde as a result of internecine wars in the eastern part of the Dashti Kipchak (Polovtsian steppe), which stretched from the Volga in the East to the northern side of the Syr Darya River (which included the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Southwestern Siberia), a state of nomadic Uzbeks was formed (20s 15th century). The founder of this state was the grandfather of Muhammad Sheibanikhan-Abulkhairkhan, who overthrew the power of the Timurids. Sheibanikhan, continuing his conquests, began to own the territory from the Syr Darya to Afghanistan. Turkic-speaking population of the Central Asian interfluve, formed by the XI-XII centuries. formed the basis of the Uzbek people. Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes that came to Central Asia in the 16th century. under the leadership of Sheibanikhan, they found here already a large Turkic and Turkicized population, which had been formed over a long period. The Dashtikipchak Uzbeks joined this Turkic-speaking population, passing on their ethnonym "Uzbek" to it only as the last, latest ethnic layer. The process of formation of the modern Uzbek people proceeded not only in the steppe spaces of the north of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, but also in the agricultural regions of Fergana, the Zeravshan, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya valleys, as well as the Khorezm and Tashkent oases. As a result of a long process of ethnic rapprochement and cultural and economic interrelations of the population of the steppes and agricultural oases, the modern Uzbek people was formed here, absorbing elements of these two worlds.
In general, the Turkic-Mongolian tribes, nomadic in the second half of the XIV century. in the eastern part of the Dashti Kipchak, were called Uzbeks, and their territory was the edge of the Uzbeks. After their conquest in the first half of the 15th century. Maverannakhr, the local population also began to be called Uzbeks. It should be noted that the ancient clans of the Saks, Massagets, Sogdians, Khorezmians and Turks, as well as other ethnic groups that joined them a little later, formed the basis for the formation of the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Karakalpaks, Uighurs and other Turkic peoples, they also participated in the formation of the neighboring Tajik people. It should be taken into account that the same clans and tribes could participate in the formation of different Turkic peoples. For example, in the composition of the Uzbek and Kazakh peoples there are clans of Kipchaks, Jalairs, Naimans, Katagans. Therefore, the fact of the presence in the Uzbek and Kazakh languages of common phenomena inherent in the languages of the above-mentioned genera should not be considered as a product of the relationship between the Uzbek and Kazakh languages of a later time. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that the domination of the ancient Turks in Central Asia covers the 5th-10th centuries, during this period the power is concentrated in the hands of the Tukyu Kaganate (V-VIII centuries), the Central Asian Turkic Kaganate (552-745), the Uighur Khaganate (740-840), the Uighur state (until the 10th century). The frequent change of power did not lead to any changes in the ethnic composition of the Turkic population, who then lived on a very large territory (in the south of Siberia, in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, East Turkestan): language, customs, clothing, culture and other components of the Turkic ethnic groups continued to be very similar.
As a rule, each kaganate consisted of certain ethnic groups, and each ethnic group was called the name of the most privileged clan or tribe, although it included many other clans and tribes. For example, the Karluk ethnic group included, in addition to the Karluks themselves, Chigils (mainly in Maverannahr) and Yagma (in the territories from the Ili River basin to Kashgar). The genus Yagma, before merging with the Karluks, was part of the Tugiaguz (Tukkiz-Oguz) ethnic group. The same picture is observed in the composition of the Uighur ethnic group. For example, not only modern Uyghurs, but also Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, etc. were formed from the Uighur ethnic group. The same can be said about written monuments. For example, written monuments conventionally called Uyghur refer to the history of the formation of not only Uyghur, but also other modern Turkic languages, whose speakers were part of the ancient Uyghur ethnic association. By the 11th century in Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia, large Turkic alliances were formed: the Oguzes in the south of Asia, the Karluks and Uighurs in the east, the Kipchaks in the west and northeast. Of course, this division is arbitrary, since each of them united dozens of small ethnic groups in its composition. Depending on which clan was in the position of dominance in a given period, the state language was also determined. During the period of domination of any of the above states (Kangyuys, Kushans, Ephthalites, Karakhvanids, Turkic Khaganate, etc.), the process of rallying various ethnic groups and convergence of their languages was simultaneously going on. This led to the formation and spread of a common language, as well as to the assimilation of it by various ethnic groups. The language of written monuments of the 6th-10th centuries. characterized by relative homogeneity, although at this time, as already mentioned, there was a frequent change of power and dominant position of one kind or another.
It was noted above that the dominant position in a particular kaganate was occupied, as a rule, by one of the clans or an association of a group of clans. So, in the Kushan state, the Kushans and Kangyuis (or Kanglys) occupied a dominant position, in the Western Turkic Khaganate the Karluks, Kanglians, Turgeshs, Chigils and Uighurs (the main ones among them were the Karluks) prevailed, and in the state of the Karakhanids the leading position was occupied by the Karluks, Chigils and Uighurs. M. Kashgari at one time distinguished the Kipchak, Oguz and Uighur languages. M.Kashgari considered Oguz, as well as the languages of the Yagma and Tukhsi clans, to be the most “elegant” language of that time. However, in his opinion, the literary language is the Khakani language (according to Bartold, this is the language of the Yagma tribe). During the period of Mongol domination in Central Asia, the Mongolian language and its culture did not have a serious impact on the local Turkic languages and their culture. On the contrary, some Mongolian clans (Barlas, Jalairs, Kungrats, etc.) were assimilated by the Turkic clans. Thus, it is impossible to identify the modern Uzbek people only with the Uzbek tribes, which in the XIV century. were part of various states that existed for a long time on the territory of Central Asia. The formation of the Uzbek people was based on many ancient ethnic groups of Central Asia: Saks, Massagets, Kanguys, Sogdians, Khorezmians and the Turkic clans and tribes that later joined them. The process of formation of the Uzbek people began in the 11th century. and by the 14th century. was basically completed. From about that time, the ethnonym "Uzbek" was assigned to him. A small number of Uzbek tribes that came from Dashti Kipchak were only the last component of the Uzbek people. Literary and scientific works were written in the Uzbek language, and the Tajik language was adopted in the office. In Samarkand and Bukhara, Tajik and Uzbek were spoken. According to E.K. Meyendorff, in 1820 in the Emirate of Bukhara, out of the 2.5 million population of the country, 1.5 million were Uzbeks. Back in the 1870s, it was noted that “the Uzbeks, no matter what kind of life they lead, all consider themselves one people, but are divided into many genera.” The people closest to the Uzbeks were Tajiks. E.K. Meyendorff, who visited Bukhara in 1820, wrote that “differing from each other in many respects, Tajiks and Uzbeks have much in common…”. The commonality of cultures of modern Uzbeks and Tajiks is explained by the history of the formation of these peoples. They are based on the same ancient culture of the population of agricultural oases. Those groups of carriers of this culture who kept the Iranian languages in everyday life were the ancestors of the Tajiks, and those groups that learned the languages of the nomadic Turks who settled in the territory of the oases became the ancestors of the Uzbeks. The authors of the late 19th century described the Uzbeks as follows: Uzbeks are a settled tribe, engaged mainly in agriculture and inhabiting the space from the southern shore of the Aral Lake to Kamul (a forty-day journey from the Khiva Khanate). This tribe is considered to be dominant in the three khanates and even in Chinese Tataria.
According to the Uzbeks themselves, they are divided into thirty-two tayors. The generally accepted version, the name of the people came from the name of the Khan of the Golden Horde-Uzbekhan (1312-1341). Rashid ad-din writes that Sultan Muhammad, nicknamed Uzbekkhan, was the son of Mingkudar, the grandson of Bukal, the seventh son of Jochi, and at the age of 13 became the Khan of the Golden Horde and the nomadic Uzbeks were not his subjects. The meaning of the word "Uzbek" and its origin causes a lot of controversy. The main hypotheses of the origin of the word Uzbek: The earliest mention of the word Uzbek as a personal name dates back to the 12th century. The personal name "Uzbek" is found as a quality in Arabic literature, in Usama-ibn-Munkyz (d. 1188) in his "Book of Edification"; describing the events that took place in Iran under the Seljukids, the author notes that one of the leaders of the troops of the ruler Hamadan Bursuk in 1115-1116 was the "emir of the troops" Uzbek ruler of Mosul. According to Rashid ad-din, the last representative of the Ildegizid dynasty, who ruled in Tabriz, was Uzbek Muzaffar (1210-1225). In 1221, one of the leaders of the troops of Khorezmshah Jalaladdin in Afghanistan, Jahan Pahlavan Uzbek Tai. Thus, the word Uzbek originated in Central Asia even before the Mongol campaigns. According to A.J.Frank and P.B.Golden, the personal name "Uzbek" appeared on the historical scene even before Uzbekkhan, on the territory of Dashti Kipchak (Polovtsian steppe). The Uzbek historian M. Ermatov suggested that the word Uzbek was derived from the name of the Turkic tribe Uz. According to the scientist G.V. Vernadsky, the term Uzbek was one of the self-names of “free people”. He suggests that the term Uzbeks was used as a self-name of the united "free people", various occupations, language, faith and origin. In his work Mongols and Russia, he wrote: “According to Paul Pelio, the name Uzbek (Özbäg) means “owner of oneself” (maître de sa personne), that is, “free man”. Uzbek as the name of the nation would then mean "a nation of free people." The same opinion is shared by P.S. Saveliev, who wrote about the Bukhara Uzbeks in the 1830s, who believed that the name Uzbek means “uz-uziga bek” - “master himself”.
NUMBER OF UZBEKS AND FAMOUS UZBEKS
The number of Uzbeks around the world is approximately 30-35 million people, of which 24 million people live in Uzbekistan. Outside of Uzbekistan, a large number of Uzbeks traditionally live in all countries of Central Asia: in Afghanistan 2.8 million, Tajikistan about 1.21 million, Kyrgyzstan 836.1 thousand (1.01.2014), Kazakhstan 521.3 thousand, Turkmenistan about 250-500 thousand, Saudi Arabia 300 thousand, Russia 290 thousand, Pakistan 70 thousand. Turkey about 50 thousand. USA approx. 20 thousand, China 12370 (2000 census), Ukraine 12353, Belarus 1593 (2009 census), Mongolia 560, Latvia 339 (2011 census).
Famous Uzbeks: Sultan Rakhmanov, Olympic champion in weightlifting, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the strongest person. Alikhan Tura (1944-1946) - the first president of the East Turkestan Revolutionary Republic (VTR). Abdullah Qadiri (1894-1938) - writer. Usman Nasyr (1913-1944) poet, writer. Musa Tashmukhamedov (Oybek) (1905-1968) - writer, poet. Nabi Rakhimov (1911-1994) - actor. Razzak Khamroboevich Khamraev (1910-1981) - actor. Sherali Zhuraev is a musician, poet, singer. Muhammadkadyr Abdullayev is the world champion (1999) and the Olympic boxing champion (2000). Orzubek Nazarov is a 7-time world boxing champion (according to WBA). Abdulrashid Dostum is an Afghan military and political leader. Jahongir Fayziev is a director and producer. Sylvia Nazar is an American economist, writer, and journalist. Rustam Usmanovich Khamdamov - director, screenwriter, artist. Elyor Mukhitdinovich Ishmukhamedov is a film director and screenwriter. Salizhan Sharipov - pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Ravshan Ermatov - FIFA referee. Rustam Mashrukovich Kasimdzhanov is a grandmaster, FIDE world chess champion in 2004. Shukhrat Abbasov is a film director and screenwriter. Batyr Zakirov is a singer, artist and writer. Ibrahimbek-Kurbashi, leader of the Basmachi movement in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Faizulla Khodzhaev is a Soviet party and statesman. Samig Fayzulovich Abdullayev - head of the Union of Artists of Uzbekistan, Hero of the Soviet Union. Khamza Hakimzade Niyaziy - poet, playwright, public figure, people's poet of the Uzbek SSR. Tursuna Akhunova - twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize. Vasit Vakhidovich Vakhidov is an outstanding surgeon, scientist, founder of the school of specialized surgical care in Uzbekistan. Rufat Asadovich Riskiev, world boxing champion in 1974, silver medalist at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Uzbek billionaires: Usmanov Alisher Burkhanovich (born in Chust in 1953) - 18.7 billion US dollars (owner or co-owner of Gazprominvest, Metalloinvest, Megafon, Mile-ru, Kommersant newspapers ”, Muz-TV, 7TV, Digital Sky Technologies, FC Arsenal), Makhmudov Iskandar Kakhramonovich (born in Bukhara in 1963, son of the chairman of the Bukhara Regional Executive Committee) - 10 billion US dollars (President, owner of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company), Patokh Kayumovich Shodiev (1953. A native of the Jizzakh region) - 3.7 billion US dollars (co-owner of the ENRC holding produces ferrochromium, alumina and iron ore).
Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan
Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan are the second largest people (since 1997). Like the predominant Kyrgyz in the country (71% in 2009), Uzbeks are Turkic-speaking and also profess Islam, but have a slightly different origin. The traditions and way of life of the Uzbeks are also very different from the Kyrgyz and Kazakh. According to the 2009 census, the number of Uzbeks was 768 thousand (14.3%). The traditional occupation of the Uzbeks is agriculture and trade. Uzbeks speak the Ferghana dialect of the Uzbek language. Unlike the Kyrgyz, who spontaneously migrated to the high Tien Shan from the Yenisei valley in the 15th century, the Uzbeks were the product of the gradual Turkization of autochthonous settled groups of Indo-Jewish origin, who gradually adopted the language of the migrating Turkic tribes, retaining their sedentary agricultural way of life. The areas of compact residence of Uzbeks became part of the Kirghiz SSR after the delimitation of Central Asia. Since the late 60s, the process of settling of nomadic and semi-nomadic Kyrgyz began, which was facilitated by the health care and education system of the Soviet republics. Nevertheless, the Uzbeks of Kyrgyzstan have largely preserved their customs and traditions in places of compact residence, occupying special economic niches. Unlike Russians in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbeks (both urban and rural) retained a high natural increase and were not inclined to leave Kyrgyzstan even in the conditions of mass migration of Kyrgyz, which inevitably led to an increase in conflict potential between groups, given the obvious overpopulation of the Ferghana Valley .
Urban Uzbeks traditionally occupied the sector of catering, trade and consumer services. Dynamics of the number and share of the Uzbek population in Kyrgyzstan according to the 1926 censuses 106.28 thousand (10.6%), 1939 151.55 thousand (10.4%), 1959 218.6 thousand (10 .6%), 1970 332.6 thousand (11.4%), 1979 426.2 thousand (12.1%), 1989 550.1 thousand (12.9%), 1999 665.0 thousand (13.8%), 2009 768.4 thousand (14.3%). In 1999, 65.6% of the Uzbek population of Kyrgyzstan (436 thousand) lived in villages, 34.4% in cities (229 thousand), and in 2009 already 36.1% of Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan (277 thousand people) were townspeople. Interestingly, in the Russian Empire, and then until the mid-1950s in the Kirghiz SSR, the Uzbeks in the republic were highly urbanized (47% of them were city dwellers in 1926). For comparison, in the same 1926, only 1% of the Kyrgyz lived in cities. Today, there is a trend in which the proportion of the urban population among Uzbeks, which gradually decreased to 34% in 1999, increased again to 36%. At the same time, the proportion of city dwellers among the Kyrgyz is growing rapidly (in 1970, the number of townspeople among the Kyrgyz was 186 thousand, the share was 14%, and in 2009 there were already 1,130 thousand or 30% of Kyrgyz city dwellers). Uzbeks inhabit mainly lowland towns and villages in five regions of the republic, which account for 99.1% of Uzbeks. Osh region 55% of the Uzbeks of the republic (366 thousand), Jalal-Abad region 31.8% of the Uzbeks of the republic (211 thousand), Batken region 8.3% of the Uzbeks of the republic (55 thousand), 2% each (13 thousand) each: Chui region and Bishkek. Uzbeks live here mostly dispersed. The Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan belong to the autochthonous peoples and live there compactly, mainly in densely populated areas of the Fergana Valley, close to the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border. Their presence is especially significant in the ancient cities of Osh and Uzgen and in the surrounding lowland villages. There are many of them in the city of Jalalabad, as well as in the extreme west of the Batken region, where they live together with Tajiks near the Tajik city of Khujand. In 1999, Uzbeks were relatively predominant in the city of Osh (49%) and absolutely in the city of Uzgen (90%), the Aravan region on the border with Uzbekistan (59%), and also constituted a significant proportion of the population in the rural areas of Osh, Jalal-Abad and Batken regions. In none of the regions, however, Uzbeks were in the majority: in Osh 31.8%, in Jalal-Abad 24.4%, in Batken 14.4%, in Chui 1.7% of the population. Traditionally, the native language of the Uzbeks of the republic is the Uzbek language. The Uzbeks of Kyrgyzstan are multilingual. Thus, 36% of adult Uzbeks called Russian their second language (49% of Kyrgyz). In addition, 19% of the adult Uzbek population can communicate in Kyrgyz. At the same time, 49% of Tajiks and 15% of Turks speak Uzbek in Kyrgyzstan. For example, in the city of Osh, 60% of the total adult population speaks a second language, but Russian is called the second language among Uzbeks twice as often as Kyrgyz, and the number of Kyrgyz who speak Russian is five times more than those whose second language is Uzbek.
Famous Uzbeks of Kyrgyzstan: among the Uzbeks of Kyrgyzstan there are more than 40 Heroes of the Soviet Union, Socialist Labor and Kyrgyzstan, Salizhan Sharipov, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of Russia and Kyrgyzstan, Mirsaid Mirrakhimov, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences since 1969, Ernst Akramov Hero of Kyrgyzstan, Alisher Sabirov was elected a deputy 4 times Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic, major general of militia, Sherkuzi Mirzakarimov major general of militia, Bakhodir Kochkarov FIFA referee.
UZBEK LANGUAGE
The Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic group of languages. Together with the Uighur language, it belongs to the Karluk languages. The dialect composition of the modern language indicates the complex historical path that the Uzbek language has traveled, which was formed on the basis of the Samarkand-Bukhara, Tashkent, Ferghana and Khorezm groups of dialects, reflecting the Karluk-Uigur, Oguz and Kipchak linguistic features. The main sources for determining the periodization of the history of the Uzbek language should include, first of all, written monuments written on the basis of the Turkic-runic, Uighur and Sogdian scripts, which are very similar to each other, although they were found on a vast territory in Mongolia, the oases of Turfan, Eastern Turkestan, Eastern Siberia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, Buryatia, and in 1979 in Hungary in the village of St. Nicholas. However, the languages of the monuments written from the 12th to the 14th centuries have significant differences among themselves: in some, new features of the Karluk-Uigur prevail, in others, Oguz, and in others, Kipchak.
Since the end of the XIV century. the linguistic features of written monuments again acquire a general character and differ little from each other. This reflects the role of socio-political factors of the time: the formation of a centralized state, as a rule, led to the unification of peoples and the convergence of their languages (i.e., to integration), and the fragmentation of the state led to the separation of peoples and the strengthening of the role of local dialects. Classification and periodization proposed by individual researchers of the history of the Turkic (and Uzbek) languages. Based on the data of the history of the formation of the Uzbek people and the analysis of the language of the available written monuments, the following five layers can be distinguished in the process of the formation of the Uzbek language, each of which is characterized by its own phonetic, lexical and grammatical features:
1. The most ancient Turkic language, which developed from ancient times to the formation of the Turkic. kaganate (i.e. until the 4th century). Written monuments characterizing the language of that time have not yet been found, which determines the conditionality of the temporal boundaries of its formation. The languages of the ancient Sakas, Massagets, Sogdians, Kanguys and other ethnic groups of that period are the fundamental basis for the formation of the modern Turkic languages of Central Asia, including the modern Uzbek language.
2. Ancient Turkic language (VI-X centuries). The monuments of this period are written in runic, Uighur, Sogdian, Manichaean and Brahmin (Brahmi) scripts. They were found on stones (for example, Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions), leather or special paper (found in Turfan), etc. All monuments were created during the period of the Turkic and Uighur Khaganates and the Kyrgyz state. The language of the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions (6th-10th centuries) is a fully formed literary written language with its own specific phonetic and grammatical features, with its own grammatical and stylistic norms. Therefore, there is every reason to believe that this language and its written form did not develop during the period of writing the monuments, but much earlier. This linguistic tradition, grammatical and stylistic norms can also be traced in the Turpan, Uighur written monuments of the 8th-13th centuries, in the monuments of the Karakhanid period of the 10th-11th centuries. etc. Thus, the language of the Orkhon-Yenisei and Turfan texts seems to have been a common language for all Turkic ethnic groups.
3. Old Turkic language (XI-XIV centuries). During the period of its formation, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Karakalpak and other Turkic languages were formed. A.M. Shcherbak calls the Turkic language of this period, in contrast to the Oguz and Kipchak languages, the language of East Turkestan. Such well-known works as “Kutadgu bilig”, “Divanu lugatit-turk”, “Khibatul-hakayik”, “Tefsir”, “Oguzname”, “Kisa ul-anbiye” were written in the Old Turkic language. Written in written literary language, they nevertheless carry the linguistic features of various ethnic groups. For example, in "Kutadgu bilig" Karluk language features prevail, in "Oguzname" - Kipchak (to a lesser extent Kangly and Karluk) linguistic features. And in "Khibatul-hakayik" it represents something between the Old Turkic and Old Uzbek languages.
4. Old Uzbek language (XIV-first half of the XIX century). At the beginning of the XIV century. the Uzbek language began to function independently. This can be traced already in the works of the poets Sakkokiy, Lutfiy, Durbek, written in the 14th century, in which the linguistic features of the Karluk-Uyghur groups that took part in the formation of the Uzbek people are increasingly evident. At the same time, in the language of "Mukhabbatname" and "Taashshukname" we find some features of the Oguz language, and in "Khosrav va Shirin" of the Kipchak languages. In the language of the works of A. Navoi and M. Babur, such dialectal elements are almost absent. The works of Lutfiy, Sakkokiy, Durbek and others, written in the early periods of the functioning of the Old Uzbek language, more reflect the features of the living spoken language of the Uzbeks. This language is well understood by our contemporaries. A. Navoi improved this literary language in his works, enriching it with Arabic and Persian-Tajik linguistic means. As a result, a peculiar written literary language was formed, which for several centuries served as a model, a standard for writers and poets. Only in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the works of Turdi, Abdulgazi and Gulkhaniy, this literary written language was somewhat simplified and approximated to a living spoken language.
5. New Uzbek language (since the second half of the 19th century). From the second half of the XIX century. a literary written language began to take shape, reflecting all the features of the living spoken Uzbek language. This process was expressed in the departure from the traditions of the old Uzbek literary language, in the rejection of archaic forms and structures, in its convergence with the living national language. This process was especially intensified in the 20s of the XX century. The phonetic structure of the modern Uzbek language is based on the Tashkent dialect, and the morphological structure is based on the Ferghana dialect. With the spread and strengthening of Islam from the 9th century. spread of the Arabic alphabet. Until 1928, the Uzbek language was based on the Arabic alphabet. In 1928, the alphabet was reformed in order to adapt it to the phonetic structure of the Uzbek language. In 1928-1940, instead of the Arabic alphabet, the Latin alphabet was used, in 1940 the Latin alphabet was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, and in 1992, the Latin alphabet was reintroduced in Uzbekistan. In Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbeks use the Cyrillic alphabet. The modern Uzbek language has a complex structure of dialects. The dialects of most Uzbek urban centers (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara, Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the southeastern (Karluk) group of Turkic languages. Also, as part of the Uzbek language, there is a group of dialects that belong to the Kipchak group, and an Oghuz group, which includes the dialects of Khorezm and adjacent territories located in the north-west of the country. Some groups of Uzbeks are characterized by bilingualism. Among the Uzbeks in Afghanistan, the majority, along with Uzbek, also speaks the Dari language.
UZBEK CULTURE
The culture of the Uzbek people is one of the brightest and most distinctive cultures of the East. This is inimitable folk music, dances and painting, unique national cuisine and clothes. Uzbek folk musical creativity is characterized by the versatility of themes and a variety of genres. Songs and instrumental pieces, in accordance with their functions and forms of existence, can be divided into two groups: those performed at a certain time and under certain circumstances and performed at any time. The first group includes songs associated with rituals, labor processes, various ceremonies, theatrical performances, games. The national Uzbek dance is unusually expressive. He personifies all the beauty of the Uzbek nation. The main differences between Uzbek dance and other dances of the peoples of the East are, firstly, the emphasis on complex and expressive hand movements, and secondly, rich facial expressions. There are two types of Uzbek dance - traditional classical dance and folk (folklore) dance. Classic traditional Uzbek dance is an art that is cultivated in special dance schools and then shown on a big stage. There are three schools of Uzbek dance: Ferghana, Bukhara and Khorezm. The dances of the Fergana group are distinguished by softness, smoothness and expressiveness of movements, a light sliding step, original movements in place and in a circle. The Bukhara dance is also distinguished by sharpness of movements, thrown back shoulders and a very beautiful gold-embroidered costume. Original and original movements distinguish the Khorezm style (as well as other Muslim cities).
The development of national painting began many centuries ago. In the 16-17 centuries, in the capital Bukhara, and some other urban centers, the art of manuscript and bookbinding achieved significant success. The artistic design of the manuscript included exquisite calligraphy, fine ornaments on the margins with water-based paints. The Central Asian school of miniature flourished in Samarkand and Bukhara.
Handicraft production has developed in Uzbekistan from century to century, leaving unique products. In the 20th century, due to progress in the socio-economic sphere, handicrafts gradually began to fade into the background after industrial production. Ceramics, the production of pottery in Central Asia was one of the most developed areas of production. The most common forms of pottery were glazed and dry pottery, which had their own local characteristics. The largest centers for the production of pottery have survived, such as Rishtan, Gijduvan, Samarkand Gurumsaray, Urgut, Shakhrisabz, and Tashkent. Engraving, modern masters working with brass and copper produce high-quality engraved products from these metals. The outstanding masters of this business are the masters of Bukhara, who are distinguished by the subtlety and richness of the created images. The traditional types of folk art (embroidery, pottery, chasing and engraving of copper utensils, carving and painting on wood and ganch, stone carving, etc.) have reached a high development, retaining their originality in certain historical and cultural areas (Khorezm, Fergana, etc.). .). Oral folk art flourishes (epics, dastans, various songs and fairy tales). Folk theater and circus performances by wits, puppeteers, tightrope walkers are popular.
In housing construction, especially in villages, features of traditional building art are used: an earthquake-resistant wooden frame, a covered terrace, and niches in the walls of houses for bedding, dishes, and other utensils. The Uzbeks had different regional schools of architecture: Ferghana, Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz and Samarkand. Their features were expressed in design, construction techniques, planning, etc.
Uzbek men's and women's clothing consisted of a shirt, trousers with a wide step and a dressing gown (quilted with wadding or simply lined). The robe was girded with a sash (or folded scarf) or worn loose. From the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, outerwear in the waist-camisole spread. Hats for men - skullcaps, felt caps, turbans, fur hats, for women - headscarves. Leaving the house, women threw a veil over their heads, covered their faces with a net of horsehair-chachvan. Girls and women before the birth of their first child braided their hair into small braids (up to 40), the rest of the women in two braids. Traditional shoes - leather boots with soft soles, on which
leather, later rubber galoshes were worn.
Uzbek culture is its cuisine. Unlike their nomadic neighbors, the Uzbek people had a strong and settled civilization for many centuries. In oases and fertile valleys, people grew grain and domesticated livestock. The resulting abundance of products allowed the Uzbek people to express their unique tradition of hospitality. Seasons, and especially winter and summer, influence the composition of the main menu. During the summer, fruits, vegetables and nuts are ubiquitous. Fruits in Uzbekistan grow in abundance grapes, melons, watermelons, apricots, pears, apples, quinces, persimmons, peaches, cherries, figs, pomegranates and lemons. Vegetables are equally plentiful, including some lesser-known varieties of green radishes, yellow carrots, the gourd family, in addition to the usual eggplants, peppers, turnips, cucumbers, and juicy tomatoes. Uzbek food consists of all kinds of vegetable, dairy and meat products. An important place in the diet is occupied by bread baked from wheat flour in the form of flat cakes (obi non, patir). Flour products (including desserts) are also common. The range of dishes is very diverse. Dishes such as noodles, soups and cereals made from rice (shavla) and legumes (moshkichiri) are seasoned with vegetable or cow butter, sour milk, red and black pepper, and various herbs (dill, parsley, cilantro, raihan). Dairy products are varied - katyk, kaymak, sour cream, cottage cheese, suzma, pishlok, kurt, etc. Preferred meat is lamb, less often beef, poultry meat (chicken), horse meat. Plov is a national and favorite dish with more than 100 varieties. A large place in the diet is occupied by vegetables, fruits, grapes, watermelons, melons, nuts (walnuts and peanuts). The main drink is tea, often green. The colorful national flavor is preserved by Uzbek dishes and table etiquette.
National sports: Kurash-Uzbek national wrestling. Poyga (Uzbek type of equestrian sport) is a type of horse racing. Ulak or Kukpar-goat-wrestling (the fight of riders for the carcass of a goat).
UZBEK TRIBES AND CLANDS
92 KINDS OF UZBEKS
It is traditionally believed that there are 92 clans and tribes of Uzbeks of nomadic Dashti of Kipchak origin, who became part of the future Uzbek nation. As the modern historian T. Sultanov established, these 92 "kinds" include "the names of most Turkic and some non-Turkic ethnic groups that inhabited Central Asia at that time." A legend is attached to the list of 92 tribes, which reports that 92 people went to Medina, where they took part in the war of the Prophet Muhammad against the infidels and were introduced to Islam by the holy Shahi Mardan. From these 92 people, according to legend, the Uzbek tribes originated, also called in the text by the common name Ilatiya. To date, more than 18 lists of 92 Uzbek tribes are known, and all of them were compiled on the territory of Maverannahr, that is, the oases of the Central Asian interfluve. The earliest list dates back to the 16th century, and the latest to the beginning of the 20th century. One of the lists was written down by N. V. Khanykov, who was in Bukhara in 1841. Analyzing the lists of Uzbek tribes, it can be noted that most of them begin with the names of three tribes: Ming, Yuz and Kyrk. There was also the Dashtikipchak Uzbek tribe Uishun (Uysun), whose groups are known in the Tashkent and Samarkand oases, trace their origin to the Usuns. Among the Uzbeks, the Uishun tribe is considered one of the most ancient among the 92 Uzbek tribes and enjoyed certain privileges. In one of the lists of 92 Uzbek tribes compiled in Maverannakhr, the tribes that lived in the oases of Central Asia long before the conquest of the region by Sheibanikhan are indicated. For example, in the list from manuscript 4330.3 from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Uzbekistan, one can find such clans as: barlas, kipchak, uz, naiman, etc. both "extremely Caucasoid" and "strongly Mongoloid" and many "mixed to varying degrees" individuals. The poet Alisher Navoi in his works written in the 15th century mentioned the ethnonym "Uzbek" as the name of one of the ethnic groups of Maverannahr. 17th century poet Turdi wrote about the ethnonym Uzbek as a unifying name for 92 clans in Central Asia.
By the beginning of the twentieth century. after the abolition of the Kokand Khanate, and the last period of the existence of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, in the interfluve of the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya, a population heterogeneous in its language, culture and way of life was formed, consisting of a population conventionally divided into three groups. From the point of view of national identity and the meaning of the ethnonym, modern Uzbeks should be distinguished from the nomadic Dashtikipchak Uzbeks of the period of the 15th-19th centuries. Modern Uzbeks are descendants of at least 3 ethnic communities
1) Dashti of the Kipchak (Polovtsian) nomadic Uzbeks, who mostly migrated to the region of Central Asia at the beginning of the 16th century.
2) Local Turkic tribes and clans that joined them from among the so-called Chagatai, as well as Oguz Turkic tribes and clans.
3) Sarts, consisting of a settled Turkic-speaking, predominantly urban population of mixed Turkic-Persian origin and not having its own separate tribal structure, as well as a Turkicized population of Persian origin.
The first and second groups numerically prevailed, inhabiting both the steppe territories and cities and large villages and historically had great political weight (most of the khans of the Kokand and Khiva khanates, as well as the Bukhara emirate were representatives of this group). Representatives of the third group inhabited exclusively most of the cities and large villages. Each of these groups, and especially the first and second groups, in turn, was divided into many clans and tribes constantly competing with each other. Often this competition turned into a long inter-clan feud.
After the conquest of Central Asia by Russia in the 19th century, the process of national consolidation of representatives of all three groups intensified significantly. However, at the beginning of the XX century. they still did not represent a single people. They were subdivided into sedentary inhabitants of cities and agricultural villages and pastoralists, nomads or semi-nomads, who retained the division into tribes and clans. The first called themselves by the name of the area where they lived: Tashkent, Kokand, Khiva, Bukharan, Samarkand, etc., the second - in accordance with the tribal affiliation: Kuramins, Mangits, Ironians, Kungrads, Lokais, Durmens, Mings, Yuzes, Barlases , Kataganians, Karluks, and so on, there were 92 tribes in total. On the eve of the national-territorial delimitation of 1924, Uzbeks made up 41% of the population of the Turkestan Republic, more than 50% in the Bukhara Republic, 79% in the Khorezm Republic.
Anthropology of the Uzbeks. Among modern Uzbeks, the Pamir-Fergana type of the Caucasoid race (Pamir-Fergana race or the race of the Central Asian interfluve), with an admixture of Mongoloid elements, predominates. The Pamir-Fergana race arose as a result of a crossbreeding between the powerful Andronovo (Paleo-Caucasian) type and the local gracile Mediterranean type. In general, the proportion of Mongoloid elements among the Uzbeks is higher compared to the Tajiks, but only in certain groups does the Mongoloid element become, if not dominant, then at least numerically equivalent to the Caucasoid.
Dermatoglyphics of Uzbeks with tribal divisions. Anthropologist Khodjaeva studied the dermatoglyphics of Uzbeks, conditionally dividing them into 2 groups. Groups living in this territory until the 16th century were compared. (the so-called "early" tribes) and groups living in Uzbekistan since the 16th century. (the so-called Dashtik-Pchak tribes). Comparison of these groups based on dermatogolyphic indicators and complexes revealed the following picture. The delta index turned out to be lower in the "late", significantly among women. According to the value of the Cummins index, men do not differ, and among women it is higher among the "early".
By the end of the XIV century, on the territory of the eastern Dashti Kipchak (Polovtsian steppe), in the ulus of Sheibanikhan, an alliance of nomadic Mongol-Turkic tribes was formed adhering to the foundations of Uzbekkhan, nicknamed “Uzbeks” for this. Much later than the end of the reign of Uzbekkhan, namely in the 60s of the XIV century, the ethnonym "Uzbek" became a collective name for the entire Turkic-Mongolian population of the eastern Dashti Kipchak. The borders of the state of nomadic Uzbek-Kazakhs stretched in the north to Tura, in the south to the Aral Sea and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, including the western part of Khorezm. Its eastern border passed in Sauran, and in the west along the Yaik (Ural) River, i.e. this state included most of modern Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and Southwestern Khorezm. Under Abulkhair, due to the contradictions between the Argyns and Karakipchaks (the Karakipchak Koblandy batyr kills the Argyn Dairkhodzha), the tribes that laid the foundation for the Kazakh people are separated from the horde. Representatives of the Anushteginid dynasty of Khorezmshahs - sultans Jalaladdin and Muhammad were directly related to some Kipchak tribes, which suggests that 92 Uzbek-Kazakh tribes were divided into departments by origin. The Mongols and other alien tribes and clans were assimilated mainly by the Kipchaks and related Turkic tribes.
92 Uzbek tribes "Ilatiya"
| № | "Majmu at-Tawarikh" | "Tuhfat at-tavarih-i khani" | Manuscript 4330.0 from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the UzSSR | List of tribes according to Zakir Chormoshev (Kyrgyz, Adigine tribe) | 32 main tribes according to G. Vamberi was compiled in 1865. |
| 1 | ming | ming | ming | ming | ming |
| 2 | yuz | yuz | yuz | juz (yuz) | |
| 3 | kyrk | kyrk | kyrk | kyrk | |
| 4 | jalair | jalair | jalair | jalair | gelair |
| 5 | congurat | congurat | kungrat | congurat | kungrad |
| 6 | tangut | tangut | tangut | tangut | |
| 7 | mangut | mangyt | mangyt | mangyt | mangit |
| 8 | wishun | wishun | wishun | oishon | osun |
| 9 | merkit | merkit | merkit | merkit | |
| 10 | ongut | ongut | ongut | ongkot | |
| 11 | barn | barn | barn | barn | |
| 12 | alchin | alchin | alchin | alchyn | alchin |
| 13 | argun | argyn | argun | argyn | |
| 14 | targyl | targyl | targyl | targyl | tyrkish |
| 15 | Kypchak | Kipchak | Kipchak | Kypchak | Kipchak |
| 16 | naiman | naiman | naiman | ayman (naiman?) | naiman |
| 17 | hytai | hytai | hytai | kytai | hitai (ktai) |
| 18 | burkut | burkut | burkut | burkut | |
| 19 | chakmak | chakmak | chakmak | chakmak | |
| 20 | Kalmak | Kalmak | kalamak | kaldyk | |
| 21 | shymyrchik | symyrchik | symyrchik | shymyrchik | |
| 22 | Turkmen | Turkmen | Turkmen | Turkmen | |
| 23 | juburgan | juburgan | shuburgan | juburgan | |
| 24 | kishlyk | kishlyk | kishlyk | kyshtyk | |
| 25 | kilekesh | kineges | keneges | kunakash | kenegez |
| 26 | kyat | kyat | kyat | kyat | |
| 27 | qiyat | qiyat | qiyat | qiyat | |
| 28 | byout | buyuruk | buyurak | boyrock | balgali |
| 29 | kangly | kangly | kangly | kangeldi | canly |
| 30 | arlat | arlay | arlat | arlay (adylai) | achmaili |
| 31 | jyyit | jyyit | jyyit | jyil | |
| 32 | dope | dope | dope | dope | dormen |
| 33 | tabyn | tabyn | tabyn | taban | |
| 34 | tama | tama | tama | there (tama?) | |
| 35 | Ramadan | Ramadan | Ramadan | ramlam (ramnan) | |
| 36 | oglan | oglan | oglan | corners (oglen) | kulan |
| 37 | widths | widths | widths | widths | |
| 38 | hafiz | hafiz | hafiz | apyz (apyl) | |
| 39 | Uigur | Uigur | Ughur | Uigur | Uigur |
| 40 | Buryat | buyat | buytai | buyat | |
| 41 | badai | budai | budai | badai | |
| 42 | jurat | juirasut | jurat | juurat | |
| 43 | Tatars | Tatars | Tatars | Tatars | |
| 44 | tubai | tubai | tushlub | tubai | |
| 45 | Sankhyan | Saktian | Sakhtiyan | sactan | sayat |
| 46 | chimbay | chimbay | chimbay | chynabai | |
| 47 | charkas | chilkas | chilkas | chilkas | |
| 48 | oglen | oglen | oglen | oculate | |
| 49 | Shuran | suran | Shuran | sooran | |
| 50 | kohat | kohat | kohat | snarls | |
| 51 | kirlyk | kurlat | curlaut | kurlas | |
| 52 | Kardari | kiradi | kalyvay | kirdiray (kyldyray) | kettekeser |
| 53 | anmar | arnamar | agar | agar (achar) | aibet |
| 54 | yabu | yabu | yabu | oychu | |
| 55 | kyrgyz | avar | kyrgyz | kyrgyz | |
| 56 | fakhir | ongachit | ongachit | ongkoy | |
| 57 | rubber | kattagan | kattagan | katagan | |
| 58 | uryuz | Sulduz | Sulduz | Sulduz | |
| 59 | kilechi | kilechi | kilechi | kutcha | |
| 60 | timeout | timeout | timeout | uyat | |
| 61 | kereit | keraite | keraite | kirat (kilat) | cysts |
| 62 | climate | mitan | mitan | mit | miten |
| 63 | punishment | punishment | punishment | kydy | karakursak |
| 64 | Arab | Arab | gharib | arap (arab) | |
| 65 | ilachi | ilachi | heaps | ylaachi | ichkili |
| 66 | kettlebell | kettlebell | kettlebell | kyirat | whip |
| 67 | avghan | Azak | tuvadak | adak (azak) | az |
| 68 | Kyrgyz | kyrkyn | barlas | kyrgyn (kyrchin) | |
| 69 | turgak, turgan | turgan | bonds | turukai | |
| 70 | kudzhalyk | kudzhalyk | nikuz | kojoluk | |
| 71 | nujin | majar | mahdi | majar | |
| 72 | burlan | burlat | buse | bullak | bagurlyu |
| 73 | yurga | ong | ong | moyton | |
| 74 | kuji, heaps | buyout | Boston | koshchu (koshchu) | |
| 75 | utarchs | tuichi | utarchs | Choplachi | |
| 76 | pulachi | bulat | pulachi | bulanches | beer kulak |
| 77 | Kuralash | kuralas | Karluk | caltaby | kanjigali |
| 78 | juyut | jaljaut | juyut | chuvut | |
| 79 | juljut | Gilgiut | jaljut | Charchut (Chalchut) | dzhegatai |
| 80 | mamasit | masit | masid | munduz | |
| 81 | shuja-at | uirasut | oirat | oirot | knox |
| 82 | uyurji | uyurji | urmak | Toodak | |
| 83 | removed | storm | bouillazout | biria | |
| 84 | thilau | thilau | there | tobacco | tas |
| 85 | batash | bakhrin | bakhrin | chykyr | |
| 86 | kabasha | banache | chickens | kuulat (kurlat) | |
| 87 | Turk | karakalpak | Kara | Cossack | |
| 88 | teite | sanvadan | dujir | cheat | |
| 89 | tourmute | baghlan | bagan | kyldy | |
| 90 | junalahi | jubalaji | jusulaji | jyglak | |
| 91 | jalaut | b.j.c.r. | yaj.k.r. | ||
| 92 | derajat | julaji |
DASHTI KIPCHAK UZBEKS
The Polovtsian steppe or Dashti Kipchak is a historical region of Eurasia, representing the Great Steppe, stretching from the mouth of the Danube to the lower reaches of the Syr Darya and Lake Balkhash. In the late Middle Ages and Modern times, the Polovtsian steppe was inhabited by the peoples of the Kipchak group: Tatars, Bashkirs, Nogais, Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Kumyks, Altaians, Karakalpaks. Now the Polovtsian steppe is divided mainly between the states of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, a small part of the steppe in the west belongs to Romania and Moldova. Known in Byzantine and European sources, under the name Komania. For the first time, the term "Dashti Kipchak" is found by the Persian author Nasir Khosrov in the 11th century, when the Kipchaks, or Cumans, having come from the banks of the Irtysh, from 1030 became neighbors of Khorezm and occupied the territories of modern Kazakhstan and the South Russian steppes. Until the end of the XIX century. The Uzbeks were mainly understood as direct descendants of the Dashti of the Kipchak Uzbek nomadic tribes who migrated to the Maverannahr region at the beginning of the 16th century. and settled here during the reign of the Sheibanid dynasty, as well as local Turkic tribes who later joined them. However, the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek is associated precisely with the Dashti Kipchak Uzbeks. He, apparently, comes from the name of Uzbekkhan (1312-1340), the ninth sovereign from the house of Jochi (the eldest son of Genghis Khan). Uzbekkhan was one of the most successful and popular rulers of the Golden Horde (Kok Horde). He ruled for 28 years and went down in history by successfully combining the type of a strong military leader, a just ruler and a devout servant of Islam. Uzbekkhan is known as the first of the Jochi clan, who established Islam in the Golden Horde. Thanks to the popularity and fame of this Mongol ruler, part of the subjects of the Golden Horde began to be called Uzbeks.
For the first time, the Uzbeks are mentioned in the work of Hamidullah Kazvini (born c. 1280), who in the Selected History (Tarihi Guzide) tells about the invasion of Khan Uzbek into Iran in 1335, while calling the Golden Horde army Uzbeks, and the state of Uzbeks (Golden Horde) Uzbek state (Memleketi Uzbeks). The historian of Temur, Nizamaddin Shamiy, in his story about the flight of two emirs of Temur in 1377, reports that both emirs went to the region of the Uzbeks and took refuge at Uruskhan, whom he calls the Uzbek khan. Another historian of Temur, Sharafaddin Ali Yazdiy, talking about the 1397 embassy from the Golden Horde Khan Timur Kutlug, calls the Uzbeks who arrived ambassadors. These sources confirm that the term Uzbek came into use under Khan Uzbek and, therefore, is associated with his name; then it began to be applied to the subjects of the Golden Horde under Uruskhan and Edigei, and not only to the Turkic-speaking, but also Turkic-Mongolian, in their origin, tribes, which already then formed the Uzbek ulus within the Juchi ulus. However, later this term began to mean mainly subjects of the White Horde. The defeat of Tokhtamysh's troops by Temur in the XIV century. contributed to the disintegration of the Golden Horde into a number of smaller states: the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, Khorezm, which went to the possessions of the Temurids, the Nogai and Uzbek uluses as part of the White Horde. The Uzbek ulus occupied the steppe spaces between the Urals and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, and as a state formation, it was firmly established only by the middle of the 15th century. The fact that the subjects of the White Horde began to be called Uzbeks is partly due to the fact that Erzenkhan, planted by Uzbekkhan in the city of Sygnak, as the ruler of the White Horde, began to zealously pursue his patron's policy of spreading Islam among his subjects. This tradition of following the foundations of Islam was preserved and strengthened under the direct descendants of Sheiban Abulkhair and Sheibani. Under the leadership of these khans, the term Uzbek became a collective name for a whole group of Turkic-Mongolian tribes of the White Horde.
A feature of the Dashti ethnogenesis of the Kipchak Uzbeks, at least in its first stages, was that the decisive role in their unification under the auspices of a strong centralized state was played by charismatic leaders such as Uzbekkhan, Abulkhairkhan and Sheibanikhan, who combined adherence to both Islam and steppe law (Yasi ), inherited from Genghis Khan. Uzbek tribes united around Sheibanikhan: Kushchi, Naiman, Uigur, Kurlaut, Ichki and Datura. They were also joined by the Mangits, who did not get along with the rest of the Uzbeks. As Sheibani's military successes in conquering Central Asia, they were joined by the emirs of other Uzbek tribes of the Kiyats, Kungrats, Tumans, Tanguts, Khitays, Chimbays, Shunkarlyevs, Shadbaks, Yidzhans, who contributed to the triumph of Sheibanikhan as the new ruler of Movarounnahr. At the beginning of the XVI century. the Uzbek tribes led by him finally conquered the territory of Movaraunnahr. Since then, the Uzbek khans, with a break of a hundred and fifty years (from the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, when the Ashtarkhanids dominated the region), ruled the territory of Central Asia, gradually moving from a nomadic to a settled way of life. At the end of XIX beginning of XX century. different sources have already named 903, 974 and 1025 Uzbek tribes. The discrepancies in numbers were obviously due to two factors. Firstly, the composition of the Uzbek tribes and clans became more complicated through the emergence of new tribes and divisions, as well as the entry of some of them into tribal unions among themselves. For example, part of the Yuz clan, having entered into an alliance with the Kyrk tribe, formed a relatively independent clan Yuz-Kyrk.
Secondly, the Dashti proper, the Kipchak Uzbeks, who came to this region at the head of the Sheibanids, formed only the core, around which other Turkic and Turkic-Mongolian tribes that were in Maverannahr by the time the Sheibanid dynasty was established later united. The Uzbek tribes were joined, although they kept some distance from them, by a number of Mongolian, Oghuz and other steppe clans and tribes that penetrated the region during the Chagataid period, as well as before and after it. Some of them, such as the Mongolian tribes of Chagatai, Jelair, Barlos and others, gradually became Turkicized, having adopted the Turkic dialects and converted to Islam, other, more ancient Turkic tribes of the Oghuz, Uighurs, Karluks, Kipchaks, themselves contributed to the Turkization of the above-mentioned tribes and the Dashti of the Kipchak Uzbeks themselves. .
MANGIT
The last Emir of Bukhara Sayid Mir Muhammad Alimkhan (1880-1944) Amir of Maverannahr 1910-1920 (photo 1911) from the Mangit (tuk) clan
Mangits (uzb. mang'it) is one of the clans of Turkic-Mongolian origin who participated in the campaigns of Genghis Khan and later became part of the Nogais, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks and Kyrgyz. The term "mangit" in the sources is found as "mankit", "mankut". T. Nafasov believes that the Mangits are one of the ancient Turkic tribes, a large ethnic unit that became part of the Uzbek people. Mangat is the most ancient name, the affix "t" in the Altai language means prefabricated. The sources mention that the ancestors of the Mangits were Mongol tribes living in Mongolia at the beginning of the 13th century. During the XIII century. they settled in Dashti Kipchak. In the XIII-XIV centuries. most of the Mangits settled in the territory between the Volga and the Urals. During this time, under the influence of the Kipchaks, they forgot their language and adopted the Turkic-Kipchak dialect. At the end of the XIV century. created their own separate state, the Mangit Horde. In the middle of the XV century. the mangits were called "nogai" (nugai), and their horde was called the Nogai Horde. In the middle of the XVI century. The Nogai Horde split into Big Nogai and Small Nogai. Subsequently, the Mangits from Bolshoi Nogai entered the ethnic composition of the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks and, in part, the Kazakhs, and in the 16th century. moved to the territory of Uzbekistan. Under the cultural influence of the local Turkic peoples, who had long lived in Maverannahr and were engaged in agriculture, part of the Mangits gradually settled down, while another part of them settled in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, engaged in animal husbandry.
At the beginning of the XVI century. during the movement of Sheibanikhan with Uzbek clans to the south, they also included mangits. Muhammad Salih writes about this: “There were many warriors, Haji Gogi was from the Mangit family. There were 4,000 Uzbeks here, all relatives among themselves. Among them were kungirats, mangits, dope, ushuns and uyrats. Basically, the Mangits settled in the Zarafshan Valley, partly in the Khorezm Khanate, the Karshi steppe, the Chardjou region on the left bank of the Amu Darya. The largest Mangit tribes were: Ok Mangit, Tuk Mangit, Kora Mangit, Och Mangit, Chala Mangit, Boigundi Mangit, Temir Khoja, Shobiy, Gavlak, Kusa, Toz, Karabayir, Bakirchi, Kula, Tamgali Mangit, Kazakh, Unikki, Chukai, galabatyr, beshkal, chebakchik, uz, uvamiy. As of 1924, more than 130,000 Mangits lived on the territory of Uzbekistan. Of these, about 100 thousand lived on the territory of the Bukhara Emirate: in the Bukhara oasis and in the Karshi district - 44 thousand, in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan - 8 thousand, in the middle reaches of the Zarafshan - 10 thousand, in the Jizzakh district - 2600 and in Khorezm - 10 thousand. Part of the Mangyts live in the Aravan region of Osh. In addition, 11 thousand Mangits lived in the Chardjou region of Turkmenistan, they were engaged in breeding Karakul sheep and farming. They also developed handicrafts (carpet weaving, weaving of multi-colored fabrics, coarse calico, alachi, kalamy, etc.). The mangit-zhulkhirs carpet was very famous.
In the "Secret History" (Secret History of the Mongols) and "Altan debter" (Golden Book), the official history, excerpts from which Rashid ad-Din cites, one can trace the history of the emergence of the Mangyts from the Mongolian clan Borjigin. From Bodonchar, who was born, according to the Mongolian historian H.Perlee in 970, the family code of Altan Urug, the Golden Tree, which gave the Mongols and the whole world Genghis Khan, is kept. From Khabichi-baatur was born Menen-Tudun (Dutum-Mennen). Menen-Tudun had seven sons: Khachi-huleg (Khachi-Kuluk), Khachin, Khachiu, Khachula, Khachiun, Harandai and Nachin-baatur.
The son of Khachi-Kuluk was Khaidu (Rashid al-Din called Khaidu the son of Dutum-Manen), from whom Genghis Khan descended.
The son of Khachin was Noyagidai, from him came the clan Noyakin.
The son of Khachiu-Barulatai, from him, as well as the sons of Khachula Eke-Barula and Uchugan-Barula, came the Barulas clan.
The sons of Nachin-baatur were Uruudai and Mangutai, the founders of the Uruud and Mangud clans.
Secret story. Chapter "Mongolian Ordinary Izbornik". Section I. "Genealogy and childhood of Temujin (Genghis Khan)". Paragraph §46. The sons of Nachin-Baatur were called Uruudai and Mangutai. From them came the Uruud and Mangud tribes. As the Mongol Empire was formed, the Manguts settled in different uluses. Some of their units migrated to Dashti Kipchak, where they united under the name of Mangyts part of the local Kipchaks and, possibly, Guzes. Under Biy Said Ahmad (reigned in 1520-1548), the possession subject to him turned into an independent khanate of the Nogai Horde. The word "nogai" began to serve as a designation not only for the Mangyts, but also for the rest of the population of the state, regardless of tribal affiliation. After the collapse of the Nogai Horde, those of its inhabitants who moved to the west retained the ethnonym "Nogai" (in the North Caucasus to the present day). Those who remained behind Yaik became part of the Kazakh Younger Zhuz (and later joined the Kazakh ethnos), as well as a number of Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Siberia. It is assumed that after the campaigns of Genghis Khan, a small part of the Mongols-Manguts penetrated the Central Asian steppes, who, being surrounded by some group of Kipchak tribes, were assimilated, but gave them their name. The Mangyts within the Karakalpaks were divided into 19 clans. Uzbek amirs from the Mangyt tribe created their own dynasty of emirs of Bukhara (1756-1920), which replaced the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. The oldest clan of Uzbeks in the Bukhara Khanate was considered Mangyt; from the branch of which Tuk came the reigning dynasty, in addition, this family enjoyed privileges. The founder of this dynasty was a simple Uzbek from the Mangyt clan Rakhimbiy (1747-1758), who, having killed Khan Abulfaizkhan, began to rule the Bukhara Khanate with the title of atalyk, and then in 1756, he took the title of Khan. The Mangyt dynasty lasted until 1920, when it was overthrown as a result of the revolution. The Bukhara Mangyts spoke the Kipchak dialect of the Uzbek language. The Uzbek tribe of mangyts was divided into the following clans: tuk mangyts (include: sultan, kuzy kuchkar, kukaldor, karasar); timur khodzha, baurdak-mangyt, uch urug mangyty (their divisions: isabai, kupak, bai degandi); kara mangyt: (their divisions: chauki, un ikki, kusa, bakirchi, kula tamgali, brocade, kara, taza, pish kul). Two representatives of the Mangyt tribe from Western Mongolia were tested for the N1c haplogroup of the Y-chromosome DNA. One turned out to be a representative of the haplogroup N1c. The other turned out to be not belonging to the N1c haplogroup.
SW (Zhuz)
Yuz is one of the largest Uzbek tribes. The Yuzes are a medieval Turkic-speaking tribe, first formed as a military unit, then included in the Uzbeks. The earliest mention of the Yuzes as part of the Uzbek tribes of Maverannahr dates back to the 16th century. The word “yuz” is derived from the Turkic word yuz- (hundred). Judging by their tribal composition, it can be assumed that they were a conglomeration of the descendants of some medieval Turkic-speaking tribes. According to medieval sources, the Yuzes were one of 92 Uzbek tribes. In "Majmua at tawarikh", "Tuhfat at-tawarikh khani" they are listed in the second place. Researcher Ch.Valikhanov recorded legends about 96 Uzbek tribes, which included: Mings, Yuzes, Kyrks. In his opinion, they were the descendants of the ancient Turks. -According to Kh.Daniyarov, the Yuzes are considered the largest and most numerous clan among 92 Uzbek tribes and clans. Yuzus are divided into three large groups: brand bolasi, korabchi, rajab bolasi. They mainly live in Syrdarya, Jizzakh, Samarkand, Surkhandarya, Tashkent, Ferghana, Andijan, Kashkadarya regions. Part of the Yuz belonging to the Zhuz tribe among the Turkmens, sometimes called the Turkman. Surkhandarya Turkmen-zhuzes have 16 genera and are divided into two large groups: Zhilontamgali and Vokhtamgali.
In Jizzakh and its district, they to some extent retained family relations with the Kazakhs in terms of dialect and culture. This is due to the fact that a large group of Kazakhs lived on the Maverannahr bank of the Syr Darya, who settled there after they were exterminated by the Dzungars in 1723. It is known that some of the Kazakhs returned to their homeland, while the other remained in Maverannahr and mixed with the Uzbeks. N.A. Maev writes that the Marka moved from Uratepa and Jizzakh in 1866. Zhuz Turkmens, who are a subgroup of the Yuz tribe, settled in Gissar a little earlier. The local population considers them natives, the land was considered their territory and was called Turkmendasht. Some of them mixed with the Chagatai, but have less Mongolian features than the Kungrats. According to their name, dialect, physical structure and way of life, the Zhuz Turkmens are included in the Dashti Uzbek groups of Kipchak origin. This is evidenced by the similarity of their subethnonyms with the corresponding divisions of the Kungrats (such as Voktamgali, Kazioyokli, Bolgali, Tarakhli), Naimans (Voktamgali, Kazioyokli, Zhilanli). In the first half of the 18th century, Uzbeks of the Yuz clan, according to Tukhfati Khani, mainly inhabited the Jizzakh region and the Gissar valley. The Yuzes also took part in the formation of the Uzbek population of Fergana. In the sources there is a common name kyrk-yuz. It is possible that it was a union of these tribes. It is known that the Kyrks maintained family ties with the Uzbek tribe of Yuz in the territory of the Zerafshan valley. Yuzes (zhuzes) consisting of Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Turkmens were under the influence of different ethnic groups, as a result of which they speak different dialects. The Yuz (zhuz) dialect corresponds to the mixed dialect of the Kipchak, Oguz and Karluk-Chigil dialects of the Uzbek language. The Yuzes have now retained their ethnic name, although they have partially forgotten their family-related groups.
KUNGRAT
Isfandiyorkhon II - the last Khan of Khiva 1871-1918
(ruled 1910-1918, photo 1911) from the Kungrat family
Ungirat, Khonghirat, Kungirat is a historical Mongolian family. According to the Mongolian genealogical legend cited by Rashid ad-Din in "Jami at Tavarikh" ("Collection of Chronicles"), the Ungirats belonged to the Darlekin Mongols (Mongols "in general"), that is, the descendants of Nukuz and Kiyan, who left for the Ergune kun area. The branched structure of the Ungirat clan and at the same time, the proximity of its individual branches to each other was displayed in the Mongolian genealogies as descendants from the sons of a man called the Golden Vessel (Mong. Altan Khudukh). His eldest son, Dzhurluk mergen, gave rise to the Ungirats proper. Skrynnikova reveals the presence of a dual-clan organization in which the Ungirats and clans close to them were marriage partners (anda-kuda) of the Borjigins of Temujin Genghis Khan and his ancestors. J. Holmgren managed to trace the origin of 69 women who became the wives of representatives of the ruling house of the Mongol Empire from the time of Genghis Khan to the fall of the Yuan dynasty; Ungirats accounted for 33% of their total number (20% for the pre-Yuan period and about 50% for the Yuan period
The Kungrats were one of the Dashti of the Kipchak Uzbek tribes. The area of their subsequent distribution includes the Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Khorezm regions of Uzbekistan.
Legends about the origin of the Kungrats are found in the work of Abul Gazi "Shazharayi Turk" ("Tree of the Turks"), written in the XIV century. In their status, the Kungrats differ from other tribes, because Genghis Khan and his relatives married the daughters of noble Kungrats, thereby elevating this tribe above others. According to I.P.Magidovich, the ancestors of most of the Khorezm Uzbeks were the Kungrats, who lived before the settlement of the bulk of the Dashti of the Kipchak Uzbeks. The Union of Khorezm Kungrats participated in the Sheibanid invasion of Maverannahr. Elderly Kungrats claim that their true homeland is the Guzar-Baysun steppes. It is known that the epic of the Kungrat ethnos "Alpomish" reflects stories about the Kungrat people and their Baysun-Kungrat homeland. There are Karakalpak, Kazakh, Khorezm and Surkhan versions of this epic. The described events take place mainly in the Baysun-Kungrat region. Historians claim that "Alpomish" was written a thousand years ago. If we accept this point of view, then we can conclude that some of the Kungrats before the 15th century. lived in the territory of Maverannahr. The Kungrats are divided into five clans, each of which is divided into several small clans: the 18th of Voktamgali, the 16th of Kushtamgali, the 14th of Konzhigali, the 12th of Ainni and the 6th of Tortuvli. A total of 66 genera, which are also divided into even smaller family groups. Many Kungrats are found among the Kazakhs and, in particular, the Karakalpaks. According to the data of 1924, 3,000 kungrats were registered in the Bukhara district, 10875 in the Gijduvan district, 1370 in the Karmana district, 20615 in Guzar, 325 in Shakhrisabz, 23164 in Sherabad, and 9890 in Baysun. The population was made up of Kungrats. In the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, 17 thousand kungrats were registered. According to Reshetov, the dialect of the Uzbek Kungrats belongs to the Kipchak dialects with the use of "zh". Although at present the Kungrats on the territory of Eastern Uzbekistan have retained their ethnic name, the division into small clans has been forgotten. The Uzbek clan Kungrat was the ruling dynasty in the Khiva Khanate.
MING
Said Muhammad Khudoyorkhon III (ruled 1845-1875)
the last khan of Kokand from the Ming clan.
According to legend, the Mings came to Central Asia with Genghis Khan. At first they wandered around the Syrdarya. According to legend, the history of the Mings was associated with such tribes as the Kyrk and Yuz, which may indicate the Turkic basis of their origin. In the Timurid era, separate groups of Mings lived in Maverannahr. At the beginning of the 16th century, some groups of Mings were part of the army of Sheibanikhan during the campaign from Dashti Kipchak to Maverannahr. Numerous written sources indicate a large number of Uzbek-Mings in the 16th century. in the Fergana and Zeravshan valleys, Jizzakh, Ura-Tyube. The Beks of Ura-Tyube and Urguta were from the Ming family. The Uzbek-Mings lived in the southeastern part of the Zarafshan district and in the Amu Darya basin near Gissar, Baysun; Shirabad, Denau, Balkh, in the Kunduz possessions and in the Khiva Khanate. According to the 1920 census, the Mings were the second largest tribal group of Uzbeks in the Samarkand district and numbered about 38 thousand people. The Uzbek Mings of the Zaravshan Valley were divided into 3 large clans, which in turn were divided into smaller clans: 1. Tugali (Akhmat, Chagir, Tuyi Namoz, Okshik, etc.), 2. Boglon (chibli, bark, mirza, etc.). ), 3. Uvok tamgali (algol, chaut, zhaili, uramas, tuknamoz, kiyuhuzha, yarat). The genus of the Tugaly was Bek. Uzbeks of the Ming clan also live in some areas of the north. Afghanistan: Balkh, Mazar Sharif, Maymen and Tashkurgan. Since the 18th century, the Uzbek clan Ming was the ruling dynasty in the Kokand Khanate. The last representative of the Ming who ruled the Kokand Khanate was Khan Khudayarkhan.
KYRK
Kyrki, a medieval Turkic-speaking tribe, formed at first as a military unit, then became part of the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs and Turkmens. The earliest mention of kyrks dates back to the 16th century. The word "kyrk" is derived from the Turkic word kyrk (forty). Judging by their tribal composition, it can be assumed that they were a conglomeration of the descendants of some medieval Turkic-speaking tribes. According to legends and sources, the formation of kyrks took place after the campaigns of Genghis Khan in Central Asia. Kyrks are not mentioned either in the hordes of Genghis Khan, or among the local pre-Mongolian Turkic-speaking tribes. In the first half of the 18th century, the Uzbeks of the Kyrk clan, according to Tukhfati Khani, mainly inhabited the Jizzakh region. The Kyrks also took part in the formation of the Uzbek population of Fergana. Two quarters of Kirk were in Kokand itself. The Kyrks were part of the tribal army (elnavkar) of the Bukhara emirs from the Uzbek Mangyt dynasty and participated in the coronation. Large clans of the Uzbek tribe Kyrk: Korakuyli, Koracha, Moltop, Mulkush, Chaprashli, Chortkesar. Karacha, in turn, were divided into: beams, zhangga, chekli, kuchekli, chuvullok. Moltops were divided into: boylar tupi, kavush tupi, oyuv (ayik) tupi, beklar tupi. In addition, the following tribal divisions were found in the kyrks of Gallaaral, Jizzakh and Bulungur: kuya bosh, kuk gumboz kyrk, sugunboi, tuk chura, kuyonkulokli, koshika bunok (қashқabuloқ), uch kiz, kush kavut kyrk (keshkovut), bark chivar, tangili.
KIPCHAK
Kipchaks (in European and Byzantine sources - Cumans, in Russian sources - Polovtsians, in Arab-Persian sources - Kipchaks) - the ancient Turkic semi-nomadic people of the Black Sea steppes. The term "kyueshe" (juyeshe), mentioned in 201 BC, is perceived by many Turkologists as the first mention of the Kipchaks in written sources. However, a more reliable mention of them under the name "kibchak" - in the inscription on the so-called Selenga stone (759) "Kipchak", "Kyfchak" - in the works of Muslim authors: Ibn Khordadbeh (IX century), Gardiziy and Mahmud Kashgariy (XI c.), Ibn al Asir (XIII c.), Rashid ad-Din, al Umari, Ibn Khaldun (XIV c.) and others. Russian chronicles (XI-XIII centuries) call them Polovtsians and Sorochins, Hungarian chronicles - Palots and Kuns, Byzantine sources and Western European travelers (Rubruk of the XIII century and others) - Komans (Kumans). In the first period of political history, the Kipchaks acted together with the Kimaks, actively acting as part of the Kimak tribal union in the struggle for new pastures. By the end of the 10th century, the political situation in the steppes of Kazakhstan was changing. Here the ethnic name "Kimak" disappears. Gradually, political power passes to the Kipchaks. At the beginning of the XI century. they are advancing close to the northeastern borders of Khorezm, displacing the Oguzes from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya and forcing them to move to Central Asia and the steppes of the North. Black Sea region. By the middle of the XI century. Almost the entire vast territory of Kazakhstan was subordinate to the Kipchaks, with the exception of Semirechye. Their eastern border remains on the Irtysh, the western limits reach the Volga, in the south of the Talas River region, and the north. the border was the forests of Western Siberia. During this period, the entire steppe from the Danube to the Volga region is called the Kipchak Steppe or "Dashti Kipchak". The Kipchaks-Polovtsy began to move to more fertile and warmer lands, displacing the Pechenegs and part of the northern Oghuz. Having subjugated these tribes, the Kipchaks crossed the Volga and reached the mouth of the Danube, thus becoming the masters of the Great Steppe from the Danube to the Irtysh, which went down in history as Dashti Kipchak. The Kipchaks, like the Kangly and the Turkmens, were the elite in the army of the Khorezmshahs. The Kipchaks-Mamluks defended the Holy Land from the Crusaders. When the Mongols captured Dashti Kipchak, the Kipchaks became the main force of the Golden Horde. Under the onslaught of the Mongol tribes, a group of Western Kipchaks led by Khan Kotyan left for Hungary and Byzantium. In the Kokand Khanate, representatives of the Kipchak clan were viziers.
DURMAN
Datura is one of the largest and densely populated Uzbek clans. As indicated in some sources, Datura origin are Mongolian tribes. This is one of the ethnic groups, which in the XV century. participated in the election of Abdulkhair as Khan of the Uzbeks in Dashti Kipchak, later supported Sheibanikhan and settled with them in the territory of Maverannahr. A separate group of Datura Uzbeks took part in the conquest of Balkh and Kunduz as part of Sheibanikhan's troops in Afghan Turkestan. It is mentioned that the first Uzbek ruler of Kunduz was Datura Urusbek. They tried to maintain their authority even under the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. At the beginning of the XX century. Datura Uzbeks lived in various places - in Balkh (Northern Afghanistan), Zarafshan, the upper basin of the Syrdarya and Khorezm, in the villages of Durman and Garau, located in the Gissar valley in the Kurgantepe bekstvo (Tajikistan), in the villages of Durmanpech and Gishtmazar. According to the materials of B.Kh. Karmysheva, Datura is divided into Hissar and Kabadiyon. In addition, they are divided into four groups: uchurug (divided into: tibir, saltik, karatana, konur, alatoy, zhamantoi, akhcha, oyuli), kiyannoma (includes kiyot, kabla, kutchu, zhertebar, togizalu, okkuyli, gurak goat, nugay , borboy, mouth), gurdak and saxon. In 1924, 5579 datura were registered in Gissar, 1700 in the Urgench region. Datura also lived separately in the settlements of the Zarafshan and Tashkent oases. For example, now on the territory of the Kibray district of the Tashkent region there are such ethnotoponyms as the village of Durman, the garden of Durman. According to a comparative analysis by N.G. Borozny, who conducted special scientific studies of the material culture, economy and ethnographic features of Datura, the geneonyms of Datura, like other Uzbek clans, are similar to the geneonyms of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. From this we can conclude that Datura were also among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Turkmens on the territory of Central Asia, participating to one degree or another in the formation of these peoples. Their dialect belongs to the Kipchak dialect with the use of "zh".
KANGLI
Kangli is one of the many ancient ethnic groups, part of the Uzbek, Karakalpak and Kazakh peoples. The ethnonym "Kangli" is mentioned in the Orkhon Chronicles (VIII century) as "Kengeress", in the historical work of K. Porphyrogenitus (X century) under the name "Kangars", in the work of al Idrisi (XII century) - "Khankakishi". These and subsequent authors believe that the name "kangli" is formed from the name of a tribe or an association of tribes. The ancestors of the Kangli were the Sakas, who lived on the banks of the Syr Darya. In the III century. BC. they created a large state of Kang. In the II-I century. BC. and I-II c. AD this state occupied a huge territory, including the Tashkent oasis, the southeastern territories of Kazakhstan, Maverannahr, Khorezm, the southern, southeastern and northwestern regions of the Aral Sea. During this period, as a result of the merging of the Sakas with the Huns, Usuns and other Turkic peoples, a new people, the Kangars, appeared, which constituted the most ancient indigenous Turkic layer formed in Central Asia. Kangar culture appeared as a result of the combination of two cultures - nomadic and semi-nomadic ethnic groups (Khuns, Usuns, etc.) with the culture of the local population (Saki). Archaeologists call this culture the Kangju culture. The consequence of the invasion of the Mongols was the movement of the Kangli group to the north, to the region of the Southern Urals, and assimilation with the Bashkirs. But a certain part of the Kangli continued to roam in the steppes of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea, and became part of the Kazakhs and Karakalpaks. Kangli, who lived on the banks of the Syr Darya, Talas and Chu oases, became the settled population of the Khorezm oasis. According to Abul Gazi, before the Mongol attack on Khorezm, 90,000 members of the Kangli tribe moved here. Later, part of the kangli, together with Sheibanikhan, moved to the territory of Maverannahr. In the 70-80s of the XIX century. 1,650 Kangli families (or 8,850 people) lived in Kurama uyezd (Tashkent oasis). They mainly lived in Niyazbek, Toytepa and Okjar volosts. At this time, the Kangli continued to lead a semi-sedentary lifestyle, engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The former names of settlements have been preserved, indicating the residence here in the past of the Kangli tribe. In the Niyazbek Volost, two villages were called and continue to be called Kangli, in the Kushkurga Volost there was a village of Kizil Kangli; in the Bulatovskaya volost, the villages of Zhilkash kangli and Bobo kangli; in the volost Okjar-village Oltmish kangli. According to the data of 1920, 7,700 Kangli lived in the Jizzakh district. According to the same census, 1,200 kangli were registered in the Samarkand district. In the Ferghana Valley (in the villages of Bolgali kangli, Irgaki kangli and Kurgali kangli), 6,000 kangli were registered at the same time. In the villages of Katta kangli and Kichik kangli of the Khazorasp district of the Khorezm region, 500 kangli lived. Thus, in the first quarter of the XX century. on the territory of Uzbekistan 24 thousand people. belonged to the Kangli ethnic group. The Kangli language contains elements of the Karluk-Chigil, Oguz and Kipchak dialects. For many centuries, the Kangli ethnos maintained close ethno-cultural contact with many ethnic groups (Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks). The groups that were part of the Uzbeks spoke Uzbek (Turkic) dialects, and those that were part of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz spoke the corresponding languages. After the national delimitation of 1924, the Kangli were no longer registered as an independent ethnic unit, having become part of the mentioned titular nations.
KATAGAN
The Katagans are a medieval tribe related to the Genghis Khan family, which later became part of the Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Kirghiz. The Turkic-Mongolian tribe Katagan (Khatagins), originates from Bukh Khatagi, the eldest son of the foremother of the Mongols Alan-goa (from the Mongolian group of Nirun tribes). The Katagan tribe came to Maverannahr together with the son of Genghis Khan Chagatai and played a huge role in the political history and ethnogenesis of many modern Turkic peoples. According to the Secret Legend of the Mongols, the origin of the Khatagins (Katagans) is as follows: Dobun Mergan married Alangoa, the daughter of Khori Tumatsky Khorilartai Mergan, who was born in Arikh Usun. Entering the house of Dobun Mergan, Alangoa gave birth to two sons. They were Bugunotai and Belgunotai. After the death of Dobun Mergan, Alan Goa, being a husbandless woman, gave birth to three sons from Maalih Bayaudai. They were: Bugu Khatagi, Bukhatu Salchzhi and Bodonchar simpleton.
Belgunotai became the ancestor of the Belgunot tribe.
Bugunotai became the ancestor of the Bugunot tribe.
Bugu Khatagi became the ancestor of the Khatagi (Katagan) tribe.
Buhutu Salchzhi became the ancestor of the Salchzhiut tribe.
Bodonchar became the ancestor of the Borzhigin generation from which Genghis Khan descended.
One of the largest ethnic groups of the Uzbek people, the Katagans, live on the territory of the Khorezm, Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya regions and in the Ferghana Valley of Uzbekistan. Katagans also live on the territory of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The first data on kataganas are found in Rashididdin Fazlulloh Qazviniy in Zhomye ut Tavorikh, written in the 14th century. Information about the Katagans living in the Balkh region (Northern Afghanistan) is contained in the works of Burkhaniddinkhan Kushkekiy. In his works, Rashididdin calls the Katagans a Mongol tribe, he notes that the Katagans are not a Mongolian, but a Turkic tribe, which is only called Mongolian. For example, Ch.Valikhanov, speaking about the Elder Zhuz of the Kazakhs, notes that the main clan of Katagans originated from one of its branches, from the second - Uysuns, from the third - Kangli. It is these katagans that he refers to the composition of the Dashti of the Kipchak Uzbeks. The scientist continues his idea that the Katagans are the most ancient people living in the south of Central Asia. At the beginning of the XVII century. they constituted the main supporting force of the ruler of Tashkent, Tursunkhan, and in the middle of the 17th century. one of them became part of the Uzbek people, and the other part of the Kazakh tribe Chanishkli. Researchers associate the appearance of Katagans among the Uzbek people with the following tragic event: in 1628, the Kazakh Khan Ishim killed the ruler of Tashkent, Tursunkhan, defeated and exterminated the Katagans, who constituted the main force of the latter. Part of the Katagans became part of the Kazakh Kangli tribe under the name Chanishkli, the rest fled to the southwest of the Syrdarya and joined the Uzbeks. Magidovich believes that Katagan Uzbeks are related to some groups of Kyrgyz. Magidovich writes about one kind of Kyrgyz-Katagans, sayoks: “The clan of Kyrgyz-Katagans, living in the north-east of Afghanistan, considers themselves to be Sayoks. If we can determine their direct relationship with the Afghan and Bukhara Uzbeks-Katagans, it will be confirmed that this is one of the many ancient tribes, as well as the tribes famous in China under the name "Se", among the Greeks and Persians - under the name "Sak". During the time of the Ashtarkhanids, northern Afghanistan was given to the Katagans as an ulus.
At the beginning of the 17th century, during the reign of Mahmudbiy from the Katagan clan in Balkh and Badakhshan, this region began to be called the land of Katagans. Thus, the Katagans lived on a very large territory - this is Central Asia, North. Afghanistan, Eastern Turkey, and are one of the numerous Turkic ethnic groups. Katagans of Kunduz and Tashkurgan were considered descendants of 16 sons, the Besh bola group was divided into the following clans: kesamir, jung, katagan, lukhan, tas, munas. Munases were divided into: Chuchagar, Chechka, Yugul, Sirug, Temuz, Burka, Berdzha. The choguns consisted of clans: murdad, basuz, sir-i katagan, churag, juduba, katagan kurasi, murad shaikh, ajigun, kin, kudagun, semiz. The Katagans speak the Kipchak and Karluk-Chigil dialects of the Uzbek language, as evidenced by a number of ethnolinguistic studies. By the beginning of the XX century. Uzbek-Katagans have well preserved their ethnic name and ethnographic features. To this day, entire villages of Katagans can be found in Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya. The materials of the 1926 census indicate that 1,190 Katagans live in the east of Mount Kuhitang, 2,695 Katagans live in the area of the middle reaches of the Sherabaddarya, 665 in the upper reaches of the Sherabaddarya, and 1,055 Katagans live on the right bank of the Surkhandarya. They also lived in the Kashkadarya steppe, in the Zarafshan oasis, Khorezm, the Ferghana Valley, Chinaz of the Tashkent oasis. At present, the names of the places of residence of the Katagans have passed to the names of settlements in the form of ethnotoponyms. For example, in the Shakhrisabz, Kasan districts of the Kashkadarya region, Samarkand, Khorezm regions, there are villages, mahalla guzars called Katagan. In Namangan, the remains of the ancient settlement of Katagan Sarai have been preserved. One of the 12 gates of Tashkent was called Katagan. In the southern regions of the republic, only ethnic names have been preserved, but under the influence of general ethnic processes, ethnographic features have become part of the cultural values and customs of the Uzbek people.
UZ I A3
Uz and az (oz)-tribes that took part in the formation of the Uzbek people. There are conflicting opinions about their ethnogenesis. So, M. Ermatov explains that the terms "uz" and "az" are the names of one people. He believes that the name "Uzbek" came from these terms. Based on this interpretation, the scientist R. Ageeva connected the ethnic name “Uzbek” with the name of the Khan of the Golden Horde Uzbek, who lived in the first half of the 14th century: “According to some researchers, the name Uzbek (like the ethnic name “Uzbek”) came from the names of the people "uz", "oz", which were once called so in Central Asia. According to K. Shaniyazov, each of the Uz and Az tribes was a separate nationality. First, about the bonds. In the VI-VII centuries. the bonds were part of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and in the 8th century, they were part of the Turkesh khanate. In the 60s. In the 8th century, or rather in 766, the basins of the Chu and Ili rivers were occupied by the Karluks, who subjugated most of the bonds. Since that time, the Karluks participated in the formation of the Uzbek family. Another part of the bonds, which did not submit to the Karluks, moved to the Syr Darya, mainly to the deserts on the left bank. It was at this time (VIII century) on the banks of the Syr Darya and in the deserts in the south-west and north of the Aral Sea that the union of the Oghuz (Guz) tribe was created. Later, in the ninth century The state of the Oghuz was created. All the tribes that lived in this territory, including the Uzes, were enslaved by the Oghuz. A significant part of the bonds, which did not submit to the Oghuz, retreated and settled in the northwestern territory of the Aral Sea. Another part of the bonds remained to live on the banks of the Syr Darya, separated from the tribesmen who retreated to the west. Some groups of bonds that remained to live on the banks of the Syr Darya began to lead a sedentary lifestyle, creating cities and large villages. Some of them they named after themselves. For example, the city, located between the left bank of the Syrdarya (between the city of Signak and the village of Barchinlikent) and in the west, the Yaik (Ural) River, was called Uzkend. It survived until the 13th century. Two burial mounds in the area of the middle reaches of the Syr Darya are called Ishki Uzkend and Kirgi Uzkend, and Lake Uz. One of the cities, located in the upper reaches of the Syr Darya (in the Ferghana Valley), was called Uzkend (now Uzgan) at the beginning of the Middle Ages. In the mountainous regions in the north of the Ferghana Valley in the VIII-X centuries. (maybe even earlier) the ethnos of bonds was supposed to live, subsequently moving to a settled way of life. The bonds that moved to the northwestern territories of the Aral Sea in the middle of the 9th century. settled down between the rivers Emba and U il. The tribes of Kangli and Bizhanak (Pechenegs) lived there, and in the northeast, the tribes of Kipchaks and Kimaks. The main part of the Uz still lives on the territory of Uzbekistan, and has retained its ethnic name (Uz). They are mainly located in the villages of Harduri, Taloktepa, Shurabozor, Utamali, Khushakholi, Maylidzhar and other villages of the Karshi steppe. Some groups of knots live on the territory of the Navoi region and the Ulus farm of the Kattakurgan region.
The Az ethnic group also actively participated in the formation of the Uzbek people. Their ancestors lived in the foothills of the Altai and Sayan mountains, in the Tuva territory and were part of the body tribal union. In 709, one of the Turkic khans, Magilan, seized the lands of the Azes, and in 716, his brother Kultegin dealt them a crushing blow. After that, the Azov ethnos lost its independence, and they were divided into several groups. One group left their territory and settled in the Chui valley. These basics are mentioned in the works. Ibn Khurdodbek and Gardiziy (XI century). According to the information given in the sources, the Az, who settled in the Chui valley, became part of the Turgesh tribal union. V. Bartold relates the Azov to the Azgish, which are an offshoot of the Turgesh. In 766, the Karluks occupied the Semirechye region, including the valley of the Chui River. Part of the Azs submitted to the Karluks and remained on these lands, the other part moved to the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, a desert near the Aral Sea. One of the Azov groups remained in its ancient homeland, in the foothills of the Altai and Sayan mountains. Under the name az, tert as (turt az), deti az (etti az), they are still preserved as part of such Altai peoples as the Altai-Kizhi Teleuts, Telechis and other Turkic ethnic groups of this region. The term az (and in the form of oz, uz) is found in the names of localities and rivers of Altai and Yenisei. The ethnos az (oz, az sarai) has survived to this day and lives in the Samarkand and Kashkadarya regions, retaining its ethnic name. Based on all the above data, it can be argued that uz and az (oz) are the ethnic name of two different tribes, the remains of which have survived to this day.
NAIMAN
Naimans (from Mong. Naiman "eight") are a medieval Mongolian people. Currently, the Naimans are known as part of the Mongols, Kazakhs, Karakallpaks, Kirghiz, Nogais and Uzbeks. One of the versions of L. Gumilyov originated from the Mongolian-speaking Kara-Kitais, who, having crossed into Western Mongolia, after the fall of the Liao dynasty, formed a union of Naiman clans or tribes: the Khitans were an eight-tribe people, and the word “hiring” means “eight” in Mongolian. When confronted with the Keraites and Mongols, the Naimans explained themselves excellently with them, which speaks of their Mongol-speaking. Mongol-speaking Naiman nomads came to Altai in the second half of the 12th century. together with the Khitans, rather as part of the Khitans, associates of Yelü Dashi. The first reliable information about the Naimans is from Rashid ad-Din (XIII century), who describes them as follows: “These tribes (Naimans) were nomadic, some lived in very mountainous places, and some in the plains. The places on which they sat, as mentioned, are as follows: Great (Eke) Altai, Karakorum, where Ogedei-kaan, in the local plain, built a majestic palace, mountains: Elui Siras and Kok Irdysh (Blue Irtysh) mountains lying between that river and the region of the Kirghiz and adjoining the borders of that country, to the areas of the lands of Mongolia, to the region in which He Khan lived. The area of the Naimans stretched almost throughout Central Asia, from Balkhash and Altai to the territory of modern Mongolia and China. In the 8th century, Chinese history mentions the Naiman as a tribe living south of Lake Baikal. After the formation of the Karakitay state, the Naimans were part of it, but after the death of Yelü Dashi they gained independence. In the XII century. The Naiman confederation, along with the Kereites and Merkits, was a large Central Asian state association. The Naimans were one of the strongest nomadic tribes in Mongolia. Many Naimans became part of the Chagatai ulus. Naiman groups were noted by sources in Maverannahr as early as the 14th century. Some served in the army of Tamerlane. Among the emirs of Amir Timur were Naimans: Timur Khodja, Latifallah, Ak Buga, Ali Tutak and Saadat. During Timur's campaigns, part of the Naimans, together with the Argyns, occupied the territory from the Ishim River in the southwest to Karatal and west to the Nura (Aristov) River. Some clans of the Naiman became part of the Uzbek people. According to researchers, at the beginning of the 20th century, Uzbek Naimans divided themselves into 17 clans: Pulatchi, Ilanli, Kushtamgali, Karanaiman, Cossack Naiman, Burunsav, Kozayakli Naiman, Karaguk, Agran, Mamai, Sakzil, Chumchukli, Sadirbek, Ukresh Naiman, Zhagarbayli, Baganali , baltali naiman. In the Andijan region of Uzbekistan there is the village of Naiman.
USUNI
Usun-nomadic (a Turkic-speaking tribe that lived in ancient times in the north of modern Xinjiang, and then moved to the territory of Semirechie in the Hunnic era. The history of the Usuns can be traced back to the 3rd century BC. According to the descriptions of the Chinese, the Usuns were of medium height, had white skin , blue eyes and red hair.Anthropologists define their racial type as Caucasoid.Regarding the ethnicity of the Usuns, researchers talk about their Turkic origin.P.Pelliot and L.Ηambis determined the common origin of the ancient Usuns with the Sary-Usuns of the Kirghiz, Uzbek Usuns and Uishuns, and the Uysyns of the Kazakhs. Due to strife with the Yuezhi, the Usuns moved to the lands of the Saks-tigrahaud in Semirechye in 160 BC. In the 1st century BC, their number reached 630 thousand people. Ili valley, and the western border passed along the rivers Chui, Talas, where the Usuns bordered on the Kangyui.In the east, they had a common border with the Huns, and in the south, their possessions bordered on Ferghana. and Usun in the ancient Turkic language. The Usun capital Chuguchen (Kyzyl Angar) was located on the banks of Issyk-Kul (now the village of Kyzyl-Suu, the center of the Jeti-Oguz region of Kyrgyzstan). The Usun state was divided into three parts: eastern, western, central. The Usuns waged wars with the Kangyus and Huns for pastures, had extensive diplomatic and family ties with China. Usun society has reached the level of statehood. Sources mention the city of Usun. The settled Usuns lived in permanent dwellings built of mud-brick and stone, while the nomadic ones lived in yurts. Usuns bred mainly horses and sheep. Private property extended not only to livestock, but also to land. The Usuns, who had 4-5 thousand horses, were considered the richest. Chinese sources characterize Usuns as nomads. The Usuns developed deposits of lead, copper, tin, and gold. They made sickles, knives, swords, daggers, arrowheads from iron. A striking monument of Usun jewelry was the Kargaly diadem, found in the Kargaly Gorge, not far from Almaty, dating from the 1st century BC. BC-II c. AD
BARLAS
Timur ibn Taragay Barlas (1336-1405) Amir of Movarounnahr (1370-1405) from the Barlas clan.
Barlas, Barlos, (Mong. Barulas) is one of the famous tribes of Mongolian origin that participated in the campaigns of Genghis Khan. There is also a mention of barlas in the Secret History (“Secret History of the Mongols”) and in Altan debter (“Golden Book”) excerpts from which Rashid ad-Din cited. In his opinion, the Barlas family comes from the Borjigin family, the founder of which is Bodonchara. From Bodonchar, who was born, according to the Mongolian historian H. Perlee, in 970, the family code “Altan Urug” (Golden Tree) is kept, which gave the Mongols and the whole world Genghis Khan. Khachi Kulyuk's son was Khaidu (Rashid ad-Din called Khaidu the son of Dutum Menen) from whom Genghis Khan descended. The son of Khachiu-Barulatai, from him, as well as the sons of Khachula Eke Barula and Uchugan Barula, came the Barulas clan.
Secret story. Chapter "Mongolian Ordinary Izbornik". Section I. "Genealogy and childhood of Temujin (Genghis Khan)". Paragraph § 46. The son of Hachiu was called Barulatai. He was large in stature, and well to eat. His clan was called Barulas. The sons of Khachula also formed the Barulas clan. The ethnonym Barlos has been known since the time of Genghis Khan. Rashid ad-Din writes that the 4,000-strong army that Genghis Khan allocated to his son Chagatai consisted, in particular, of the Barlas and that, like the Jalairs, they were originally a Mongol tribe called barulos, which in Mongolian means "thick, strong" . It also meant "commander, leader, brave warrior" and was associated with the military courage of the tribe. Originally inhabited the territory of modern Mongolia. According to the ethnographer B. Karmysheva, the Barlas were one of the early and powerful Turkic tribes that became part of the Uzbeks. In most sources, the Barlas are interpreted as a Turkicized tribe in the second half of the 13th century and by the 14th century, who already fully spoke the Turkic Chagatai (Old Uzbek) language. Some of them moved to the oases of Central Asia after 1266. They were mainly located on the territory of Kesh (modern Shakhrisabz region of Uzbekistan).
Barlas reached the pinnacle of power during the reign of Temur (1370-1405) and the Timurids (1405-1507) in Maverannahr and Khorasan. Timur himself was from the Barlas clan and during his campaigns he relied on the Barlas commanders, although various clans and tribes were represented in his army. Before the rise of Temur, the Barlas were an impoverished tribe of the tribal nobility of the Mongolian nomads. Under the patronage of Temur, barlas began to spread to other regions. At the end of the 15th century, part of the Barlas, together with Babur, after the defeat of his Dashti troops by the Kipchak Uzbeks, went to the North. India. In the middle of the XVIII century. Biy Mangitov Muhammad Rakhimbiy resettled about 20 thousand Barlas families in the territory of Samarkand and Shakhrisabz. By the beginning of the XX century. there were few of them left in Maverannahr, many were assimilated or moved to Afghanistan, Pakistan and North. India. They were divided into the following genera: talibbachcha, kozybachcha, polatbachcha, akhsakbachcha, nematbachcha, shashbachcha, kata kalhopisi, maida kalhopisi, jatta. In the southern regions of Uzbekistan, two clans of barlas live - oltibachcha and kalkhofizi. In the 1920 census, the main part of the barlas of the Samarkand region was recorded in the Karatepa, Magiano-Farab, and Penjikent volosts in the amount of 3002 people. In 1924, 7,501 Barlas Uzbeks lived in the former Hisar Bekstvo and 468 Barlas Uzbeks lived in the former Denau Bekstvo. In 1926, there were 710 barlas in the Upper Kashkadarya and they lived in the villages of Sayot, Khasantepa, Ommagon, Toshkalok, Ayokchi, Khonaka, Taragay. In these villages lived such tribes as tolibbachcha, kazibachcha, nematbachcha. At present, the ethnic names of barlas have been preserved in the Samarkand and Kashkadarya regions, but in other regions of Uzbekistan the name barlos is found only in the form of an ethnotoponym, for example, the village of Barlas in the Sarias district of the Surkhandarya region. A small group of Katagans in the village of Katagan in the Kashkadarya region call themselves Barlas, and their place of residence is called Barlostup. The Barlas dialect belongs to the intermediate between Karluk-Chigil and Kipchak, i.e. as a separate type of dialect of the Uzbek language. The Barlases, for the most part, became Turkicized and assimilated into the Uzbek ethnos, being its ethnographic group. Famous barlases: Temur is a Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region and Russia, an outstanding commander, emir (1370-1405). Founder of the Timurid Empire and Dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand. Mirza Ulugbek Guragan - the ruler of the Timurid state, the grandson of Temur, an outstanding astronomer, astrologer. Babur-Chagatai and Indian ruler, commander, founder of the Mughal state (1526) in India, poet and writer.
KARLUK
Karluks (Uzb qorluqlar) is a nomadic Turkic tribe that lived in Central Asia in the 8th-15th centuries. Initially, the Karluk tribal union consisted of three large tribes, among which the Chigil tribe was the most numerous. Some other Karluk tribes are listed in Chinese sources: moulo (bulak), chisy (chigil) and tashi (tashlyk). The capital was located near the modern village of Koilyk, Almaty region. Since 960, the Karluks professed Islam. In 742, the Uighurs, Karluks and Basmyls united and destroyed the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. In the famous battle for Turkestan between the Arabs (Caliphate) and the Chinese (Tang dynasty) on the Talas River (751), the Karluks, having gone over to the side of the Arabs, decided the outcome of the battle. These lands later became part of the Karluk Khaganate (766-940), which was then replaced by the Karakhanid state (940-1210). In 1211, the ruler of Almalyk, Buzar Arslankhan, who had previously served the Kara-Kitays and Naimans, as well as the Ferghana Karluks of Kadarmelik, voluntarily submitted to Genghis Khan. The Karluk dialect (the Chagatai language in Mongolian times, 1220-1390) formed the basis of modern Uzbek (in Transoxiana) and Uighur (in East Turkestan) languages. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, part of the Karluks, who became part of the Uzbek people, lived on the territory of modern Kashkadarya, Bukhara and Surkhandarya regions of Uzbekistan. Uzbeks-Karluks are pronounced representatives of the Caucasoid race of the Central Asian interfluve. Among them there are also representatives of the Iranian-Afghan race.
JALAIR
Jalair is a union of tribes that lived on the banks of the Onon in the 12th century. According to the historical chronicle of Rashid ad-Din "Jami at Tavarikh" (XIV century), the Jalayirs belonged to the Darlekin Mongols ("Mongols in general"), in contrast to the Nirun Mongols (actually the Mongols). They began to rank as Mongols after the creation of the Mongolian state. "Their appearance and language are similar to the appearance and language of the Mongols." The Jalayirs were subdivided into ten branches: Jat, Tukaraun, Kunksaut, Kumsaut, Uyat, Nilkan, Kurkin, Tulangit (Dulankit), Turi, Shankut, numbering about 70 thousand families. The ethnographer N.A. Aristov, based on the analysis of the generic names of the Jalair tribe, came to the conclusion about his mixed Turkic-Mongolian origin. He considered the Jalairs to be a very ancient tribe on the grounds that it included genera and subgenera, many of which had been known for a very long time. In the second half of the XIII century. groups of Jalairs moved to the oases of the Central Asian interfluve. In the middle of the XIV century. each large tribe in Maverannakhr had its own lot. The Jalairs lived in the region of Khujand and others. The Jalairs participated in the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh, Karakalpak and Uzbek peoples. In the early 1870s, the Uzbeks-Jalairs lived in the Zerafshan valley on both banks of the Akdarya, and only near Khatyrcha did they reach the right bank of the Karadarya. According to them, they came from one ancestor - Sarkhan ata. The Jalairs of the Samarkand region were divided into two branches: the Kalchils and the Balgals. Mostly they were farmers. They lived in 34 villages together with other tribes. In total there were 3.5 thousand people.
LOKI
Lokais or Lakais are one of the largest Dashtikipchak tribes of Uzbeks, they inhabited the southern territories of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the north of Afghanistan. The Lokais were the third largest Uzbek tribe in Eastern Bukhara - in 1924, there were 25,400 of them. Before the revolution, there were more of them, this tribe was especially affected by the Basmachi, as they actively participated in the movement. The Lokais are one of the most warlike ethnic groups in the region. The detachments of Ibrahimbek, who fought in southern Tajikistan against the Soviet regime until 1937, were staffed precisely by the Lokais. At present, there are 162,560 Lokais. According to the 2010 Tajikistan census, the number of Lokays in the country was 65,555 people. Researchers considered the Lokays to be one of the clans of the Dashtikipchak Uzbeks who came to the southern regions of modern Tajikistan at the beginning of the 16th century. together with Sheibani Khan. Ethnographic study of the Lokais, conducted by B. Karmysheva in 1945-50. made it possible to establish that they are typical representatives of Uzbeks of Dashtikipchak origin, who most clearly preserved the features of the steppes in their culture. Among the ethnonyms of the Uzbek tribes, there are very few coincidences with the Lokai genonyms. Perhaps this is due to the fact that, compared to other Uzbeks, the Lokais were made up of a slightly different group of Dashtikipchak tribes, in particular from the Argyns, who were almost not represented in other Uzbek tribes. Most of the similar ethnonyms among the Lokays were with the Kazakhs, in particular, with the Argyn, Naiman, Kerey, Kipchak tribes, which were part of the Middle Zhuz. According to B. Karmysheva, the Lokays stood out among other Uzbeks by the proximity of their culture to the Kazakhs. These observations were confirmed by anthropological and dialectological studies. It turned out that among the descendants of other Uzbek groups of Dashtikipchak origin, the Lokays stand out for their Mongoloid nature and in this respect are close to the Kazakhs, while their dialect is characterized by a much greater proximity to the Kazakh and Karakalpak languages than the dialects of the other jocking groups of Uzbeks. These features may indicate that the Lokays moved to Movarounnahr later than the rest of the Uzbek tribes. The legends of the Lokais themselves, recorded by B. Karmysheva in the 40s, say that initially they were one of the 16 divisions of the Uzbek Katagan tribe and lived in Balkh. Under the ruler Mahmudkhan (at the end of the 17th century), they moved to Hisar. Dr. Lord cites the genealogy of the Katagan tribe, which he extracted from written documents, presumably of the late 17th-early 18th centuries. In it, the Lokais are listed as one of the 16 divisions (Urug) of the Katagan tribe. The well-known local Kurbashi Ibrahimbek, nicknamed Napoleon.
KURAMINTSI (KURAMA)
Kuramintsy (Uzb. qurama; literally - composed of different parts) is an ethnographic group of Uzbeks, formed from various Uzbek and partially Kazakh tribes and clans. By origin, they are sedentary steppe dwellers, living mainly in areas that share the habitat of nomads and the Sarts themselves, living along the Angren River in the Akhangaran valley of the Tashkent region. Also, the Kurama people live in some villages of the Andijan region. In the anthropological type of a part of the kuram and in some features of everyday life, there are similarities with the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. They are carriers of the Kurama dialect of the Uzbek language, which is close in content and morphology to the Kazakh and, to a lesser extent, to the Kyrgyz speech, now this dialect is almost lost. The origin of the Kurama tribe explains its self-name, which means united mixed. According to historigraphic data, in the outskirts of ancient settlements such as Tunken (now Dukent), Abrlyk or Sablyk (now Oblik), Tila (now Telov), as well as others located on the coast of the Angren River, Turkic tribes roamed, and in the settlements themselves, mainly Sarts and impoverished nomads forced to move to a settled way of life. As a result of such a rapid assimilation of the sedentary steppe Turkic-speaking tribes with the Sarts, in the conditions of a closed valley, a mixture took place, where the sedentary steppe people played a dominant role, which introduced steppe elements into their life and language. Such assimilation, where the steppe dwellers played a dominant role, is strikingly different from the assimilation processes that took place in other parts of modern Uzbekistan at the beginning of the 19th century. where the Sart and Iranian beginning prevailed over the steppe and partly Turkic elements. Kuramints, judging by the name of the people (kurama in Turkic-collected) consist of unrelated clans: Katagans, Durmen-Barlases, Barshalyks, Mangitais, Mogoltais, Kungrads (Baysun Kungrads), Kipchaks, Tarakts, Altai-Karpyks, Nogails. According to other sources, 5 genera are distinguished among kuram: teleu, dzhalair, tama, tarakly, jagalbayly.
SART
Sarts (Uzb. sartlar) is a common name for some population groups that lived in Central Asia in the 18th-19th centuries. According to the TSB, before the October Revolution of 1917, the name "Sart" in relation to settled Uzbeks and partly lowland Tajiks was used mainly by Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The originally settled population of Central Asia, which became part of the modern Uzbeks. For the first time, the name Sart in the form "sartaul" or "sartakty" is found in Mongolian and Tibetan sources from the 11th century. residents of Turkestan, later Muslims in general. It is assumed that the word comes from the Sanskrit meaning merchant. Apparently, this term became more widespread after the campaigns of Genghis Khan, since in the official Mongolian chronicles the state of Khorezmshahs was called the country of Sartauls. Although in fact, in the local sources of the state of Khorezmshahs, this name does not occur at all. Instead, such ethnic names as Kangly, Turk, Yagma, Karluk, Turkmen are used. In the form of "Sart", the ethnic name appears only in the 16th century in the works of Navoi and Babur, in which the local Tajik population of Central Asia is called so. In the 19th century, the name Sart was used by nomadic tribes to refer to the settled population of Central Asia, regardless of origin. Residents identified themselves by the name of the area where they lived. The largest of them were Tashkent, Kokand, Namangan, Khorezm, as well as those who once inhabited the territory of the former Kokand Khanate. Director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan R. Masov in the book “Tajiks: displacement and assimilation” (2003) wrote that the Sarts are a “mixed people”, which arose from the merger of the Iranian-speaking population with the Turkic-Mongolian newcomers, and the admixture of Tajik blood among the Sarts was much more. The unification of heterogeneous tribes under the name "Sarts" was caused by the need to separate some nomadic Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and the population leading a sedentary lifestyle and without tribal affiliation. The Turkmens used the name tat to designate a settled population without tribal affiliation. In the Kokand Khanate, the term "Sart" or "Sartiya" was used in the sense of "sedentary, urban dweller" as opposed to the term "nomad". The same meaning was invested in the concept of "Sarts" by Russian researchers of the middle of the 19th century. So, L.N. Sobolev wrote: Sart is not a special tribe, both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade, are called Sart indifferently. This is a kind of philistinism, an estate, but not a tribe. L.F. Kostenko noted that the word "Sart" means the names of the kind of life, occupation, in translation it means a person engaged in trade, a city dweller, a tradesman.
Anthropology of Sarts, Sarts are of medium height (men average 1.69, women 1.51 m); corpulence easily passes in them into obesity. The skin color is swarthy, the hair is black, the eyes are dark brown, the beard is small. According to the head index (85.39), as well as according to the cranial index, they are true brachycephals. The skull of the Sarts is small, the forehead is medium, the eyebrows are arched and thick, the eyes are rarely located not in a straight line; the nose is straight, sometimes arched. The face is generally oval. Sometimes slightly protruding cheekbones, located at a slight angle of the eye and a large distance between the orbits clearly indicate the presence of "Altai" blood, but in general "Iranian" blood takes over.
About the language of the Sarts, the encyclopedic dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron gives the following explanation: “The Sarts are very similar in appearance to the Tajiks, but unlike the latter, who live scattered among them and have retained their Persian language, the Sarts speak a special Turkic dialect , known as Sart Tili. At the beginning of the 20th century, N. Sitnyakovsky wrote that the language of the Sarts of Fergana was “purely” Uzbek.
During the first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897, when distributing the population according to their native language and counties, the Sarts were counted separately from the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kirghiz-Kaisaks, Kashgarians and Kipchaks.
| Regions of the Russian Empire 1897, | Sarts | Uzbeks | Kipchaks | Kashgarians |
| Fergana region | ||||
| Syrdarya region | ||||
| Samarkand region |
In total, according to the 1897 census, there were 968,655 Sarts in the Russian Empire, for comparison, the number of Sarts exceeded the number of Uzbeks (726,534 people) and among other peoples of the empire speaking Turkish-Tatar dialects (Turkic dialects) was the fourth largest after only the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (4084139 people), Tatars (3737627) and Bashkirs (1321363). According to the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, the total number of Sarts reached 800 thousand people, accounting for 26% of the total population of Turkestan and 4.4% of its settled population, according to data for 1880. The word Sart in relation to the current Uzbeks and Tajiks is most often used by their neighbors Karakalpaks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs
At present, the word sart can be used both as an insulting address and as a proud self-name. In the pre-revolutionary period, the Sarts stood out as a separate ethnic group and were counted separately from other ethnic groups of Central Asia, including the Uzbeks, during the census. The well-known Sart Yakubbek is the ruler of the state of Yetishar (“Seven cities”) in East Turkestan. The creators of Chagatai literature, Babur and Alisher Navoi, in their written works noted the existence of the Sart people along with other peoples inhabiting the Central Asian region, but did not consider themselves to be this ethnic group.
IRANIAN PEOPLES
The Iranian peoples are a group of peoples of common origin who speak the Iranian languages of the Aryan branch of the Indo-Hebrew family of languages. Currently distributed in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Oman, Uzbekistan, China, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Russia. The ethnonym "Iranians" comes from the historical name "Iran" (derived from the ancient Iranian-Aryan land). Ethnogenesis, the origin of the Iranian-speaking peoples is associated with the collapse of the Indo-Iranian continuum, which took place approximately at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. on the former territory of the ancient Bactrian-Margian culture (Central Asia and Afghanistan). As a result, initially compact communities of Indo-Aryans, Mitannians and Iranians proper appeared, which turned out to be separated by linguistic and geographical barriers.
From the end of II to the end of I millennium BC. there is a wide expansion of Iranian-speaking tribes from the Central Asian region, as a result of which the Iranians are settled in large areas of Eurasia from the west of China to Mesopotamia and from the Hindu Kush to the North. Black Sea region. By the end of the 1st millennium BC. Iranian peoples settled in vast territories, including the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, the Hindu Kush region up to the Indus, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, the steppes north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea. Sedentary and semi-sedentary ancient Iranian peoples: ancient Persians, Medes, Parthians, Sagartii, Satagitii, Arei, Zarangians, Arachosia, Margians, Bactrians, Sogdians, Khorezmians. Nomadic Iranian peoples: Saks, Saks of Khotan (who became a settled people), Massagets, Dakhs, Parnis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Yazygs, Roxolans, Alans, Hephthalites, Chionites. Disintegration since the III century. AD Iranian-speaking nomads in the Eurasian steppes and its gradual assimilation by the Turkic nomads and possibly the Slavs. Expansion first of the Middle Persian, and then its descendant of the New Persian language to the entire space of Greater Iran and the assimilation of many local Iranian dialects by it. As a result, an extensive Persian-Tajik community is formed from Hamadan to Ferghana, speaking closely related dialects. Starting from the tenth century. the peoples of Movarounnahr and Khorasan speaking the Persian-Dari language call themselves "tozik" - that is, Tajiks. Extensive, but far from complete, displacement of the Tajik language by Turkic dialects in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan and the formation of an Uzbek nation with strong settled Iranian traditions.
Modern Iranian peoples are Persians and Tajiks. In the eastern regions of Afghanistan, Tajiks gravitate towards the Tajiks of Tajikistan. Other modern Iranian peoples: Pashtuns (Afghans), Kurds, Balochs, Mazenderans, Gilans, Lurs, Bakhtiars, Khazars (descendants of Mongol warriors), Charaimaks (discovers a Turkic substratum or adstratum), Tats, Talyshs, Ossetians, Yases, Bashkardi, Kumzari, Zaza , Gorani, Ormurs, Parachis, Vanetsi, Ajams, Khuvalas, Pamir peoples - a set of diverse high-mountain ethnic groups (Shugnans, Rushans, Vakhans, Bartangs, Oroshorvs, Khufs, Sarykols, Yazgulyams, Ishkashims, Sanglichs, Munjans, Yidga), Yagnobs (their dialect relic of the Sogdian language).
Iranian culture had a great influence on the peoples of the Middle East, the Caucasus, South Asia, as well as Eurasian nomads and their descendants in various forms: in the form of the culture of Iranian-speaking nomads, the powers of the Achaemenids and Sassanids, or the Persian-Muslim culture. Interaction with other peoples of the Iranian region and the extensive assimilation of the Iranian-speaking population in new ethno-linguistic communities led to the penetration of many elements of Iranian culture into the traditions of non-Iranian-speaking peoples. The book "Avesto" mentions the peoples of Turkestan who fell under the rule of the Achaemenids and Sassanids. Among these peoples, the Tur (Khura) people are also mentioned. We can say that the peoples under the common name "Turk" in ancient times lived in the territory called Turan. In the book of Abulkasym Firdavsiy "Shahname" it is written about the relations between Iran and Turan. The ethnogenesis of many Turkic-speaking peoples (Azerbaijanis, settled Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs) took place on a significant Iranian substrate.
The tribal composition of the Kyrgyz in the late 15th and early 16th centuries
(according to Majmu at-Tawarikh)
|
Left wing(Sol rope) |
Right wing(He's a rope) |
Bulgachi group(Ichkilik) |
||||
|
"Ancestors" Kuu uul or Kubul |
"Ancestors" Ak Kuu uul (Ak uul) or Otuz uul |
"Ancestors" Ak uul or Salvas biy bulgachy |
||||
|
Kara-bagysh |
Mongoldor |
|||||
| saruu | bugoo | Boston | ||||
| kushchu | sary bagysh | teyit | ||||
| munduz | doolos | kydyrsha | ||||
| basyz | salto | doolos | ||||
| jeon bagysh | dzhediger | candy | ||||
| kytai | sayak | joo kesek | ||||
| Jetigen | kara-choro | bagysh | kesek | |||
| you | cherik | suu murun | Avat | |||
| language | keldike | orgu | ||||
| congurat | baaryn | noigut | ||||
| Kypchak | ||||||
Note: The names of the tribes are in italics, supplementing the composition of the associations according to the legends of the 19th-20th centuries. The main tribal composition of the Kyrgyz did not change, gradually replenishing with separate small foreign groups, which were subjected to okyrgyzization. For example: kalmak, kong(u)rat, jetigen and others.
A significant number of tribal ethnonyms continued to remain in the bosom of three tribal formations, consisting of: 1. On Kanat (right wing): Sarybagysh, Bugu, Sayak, Solto, Zhediger, Tynymseit, Monoldor, Bagysh, Baaryn, Basyz, Cherik, Zhoru, Beru, Bargy, Karabagysh, Tagay, Sary, Adyge (Adigine?), Mungush. From the end of the XV century. and to this day it occupies the north and east of Kyrgyzstan. According to A. Tsaplisk, he rope consists of two groups: Adyge (Adigine?) and Tagay, uniting seven clans: Bugu, Sarybagysh, Solto, Sayak, Cherik, Chonbagysh (recorded in the salt rope by official historiography), Basyz. According to the Kyrgyz Soviet historiography, he rope was formed from six groups: Adyge (Adigine?), Tagay (Bugu, Sarybagysh, Solto, Zhediger, Sayak), Mungush, Monoldor, Kara-Choro (Cherik, Bagysh, Baaryn), Kara-Bagysh .
2. Sol Kanat (left wing), which includes the tribes: Kushchu, Saruu, Munduz, Zhetider, Kytay, Chonbagysh, other tribes, Bassyz. According to A.Tsapliska, Sol Kanat was formed by three clans: Saruu, Kushchu, Munduz.
3. Ichkilik rope, which unites the tribes of Kypchak, Naiman, Teyit, Kesek, Tookesek, Kangy, Boston, Noygut, Dioioliyo (Doolos?).
Zones of settlement of the Kyrgyz tribes: Bugu occupied the southern shores of Lake Issyk-Kul and the foothills of the Ili valley, near the Tekes River; Sarybagysh Kemin valley and north-west of Issyk-Kul lake; Solto, Saruu, Kytai, Kushchu in the Chui valley and in Talas; Sayak on the shore of Lake Son-Kul, in Suusamyr and in Ketmen-Tube; Monoldor and Cherik in the Central Tien Shan and in eastern Turkestan; Adyge (Adigin?) in Alai and the Pamirs; Ichkilik Kanat (Teyity, Keseki), Kushchu, Munduz and Basyz in the west of the Ferghana Valley; Mongush, Bagysh and Karabagysh in the east of the Ferghana Valley.
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Origin of the Uzbek people.
The origin of any people is always a very complex process, which over the centuries leads to the emergence of a new people, with a new name, with a new culture, with a new language. Almost always, a new people absorbs the culture and languages of the peoples who lived before the appearance of this new people. And the self-name of the people often arises from the name of the area where the people live, often the name of the people appears on behalf of some famous ruler (or leader), whose name his fellow tribesmen remember as the name of the founder of a new people (new state). We find many such cases in history. But in order to find the true roots of the origin of any nation, one must start from the most ancient times (from legendary times, which are often not recognized by modern science). Modern historical and ethnographic science likes to greatly (very strongly) simplify all the processes taking place in the world since ancient times.
I am engaged in the ancient history of the peoples of the world, on the basis of my research I have created a historical atlas of peoples, tribes, cultures from 17 ml. years ago. (of course, this atlas is not recognized by science, although it is mainly based on archaeological finds, as well as on the basis of myths and legends - they are not even recognized by historians). I have compiled detailed tables on the appearance (disappearance) of any peoples of the Old World (I still do not have enough time to study the emergence of the Indian peoples of America).
In this article, I will reveal the history of the emergence of the Uzbek people, while I will use not only scientific (recognized by modern science) materials, but also the results of my research.
What do we know about Uzbeks from official sources?
Wikipedia says that the Uzbeks are a Turkic-speaking people who are the indigenous population of Uzbekistan. The ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks proceeded in Maverannahr. The ancient peoples of Central Asia took part in the formation of the Uzbeks - the Soglians, Bactrians, Khorezmians, Fergana, Saks, Massagets, Eastern Iranians, Hephthalites, Turkic-speaking tribes, who began to penetrate into Central Asia at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries.
Since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate (6th century), the number of the Turkic-speaking population began to increase. In the VII-VIII centuries. in Central Asia, such Turkic tribes lived as: Turks, Turgkshi, Karluks, Khalajs, etc. In the early Middle Ages, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population was formed on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian population. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Sogdian symbiosis (interaction, merger).
After the Mongols invaded Central Asia in 1219, the ethnogenesis of the population of Central Asia underwent a change. According to the latest genetic genealogical testing from Oxford University, the study showed that the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks has an intermediate position between the Iranian and Mongolian peoples.
The Arab conquest of the second half of the 7th - 1st half of the 8th century had a certain influence on the course of ethnic processes in Central Asia. The Sogdian, Bactrian, Khorezmian languages disappeared and their writing, together with the Turkic runic, went out of use by the 10th century. The main languages of the settled population became Persian-Tajik and Turkic.
In subsequent centuries, the main ethno-cultural process was the rapprochement and partial merging of the Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population. The process of the beginning of the formation of an ethnos, which later became the basis of the Uzbek nation, was especially intensified in the 11-12 centuries, when Central Asia was conquered by the unification of Turkic tribes, headed by the Karakhanid dynasty. The emergence of the Uzbek people was preceded by the formation in the 12th century of the large state of Khorezmshahs, which united both the settled and partially nomadic population of Central Asia.
A new wave of Turkic-speaking tribes joined the population of Central Asia after the Mongol conquest in the 13th century. During this period, in the oases of the Central Asian interfluve, such tribes and clans settled as: Naimans, Barlas, Arlats, Katagans, Kungrats, Jalair, etc. Hordes from the time of Uzbek Khan, 14th century), migrated to Maverannahr on the border of the 15th-16th centuries, led by Sheibani Khan from the steppes of modern Kazakhstan.
The Turkic-speaking population of the Central Asian interfluve, formed by the XI-XII centuries. formed the basis of the Uzbek people. The last wave of Turkic-speaking nomads who joined the population of this region were the Deshtkipchak Uzbeks, who came at the end of the 15th century together with Sheibani Khan. Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes that came to Central Asia in the 16th century. under the leadership of Sheibani Khan, they found here already a large Turkic and Turkicized population, which had been formed over a long period. The Deshtikipchak Uzbeks joined this Turkic-speaking population, passing on their ethnonym "Uzbek" to it only as the last, latest ethnic layer.
The process of formation of the modern Uzbek people proceeded not only in the steppe spaces of the north of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, but also in the agricultural regions of Fergana, the Zeravshan, Kashka-Darya and Surkhan-Darya valleys, as well as the Khorezm and Tashkent oases. As a result of a long process of ethnic rapprochement and cultural and economic interrelations of the population of the steppes and agricultural oases, the modern Uzbek people was formed here, absorbing elements of these two worlds.
And what is written in the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia about the origin of the Uzbek people.
The literary language of the Uzbeks belongs to the Turkic group of languages. Sogdians, Khorezmians, Bactrians, Fergana, Saks, Massagets were ancient ancestors of U. From the middle of the 1st millennium BC, Mongoloid groups of mlemen begin to seep into Central Asia. From the 2nd half
In the 6th century, since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate, this process has intensified, the process of Turkicization of the language of the Iranian-speaking population began. During the time of the state of the Karakhanids, the Turkic-speaking tribes moved to a settled way of life. The entire Turkic-speaking population of Mezhdarkchye (the territory between the Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya rivers), which developed to
11-12 centuries formed the basis of the Uzbek people. As a result of the Mongol conquests in the 13th century, a new wave of Turkic-Mongolian tribes joined the population of Mesopotamia. The last wave of Turkic-speaking nomads who joined the population of this region were the Deshtkipchak Uzbeks, who arrived at the end of the 15th century together with Sheibani Khan.
In general, here the history of the origin of the Uzbek people is similar to that described in Wikipedia.
As we noted, the Deshtkipchak Uzbeks (to whom the name “Uzbeks” had already been applied, since they considered themselves subjects of the state of Uzbek Khan, put the final point in the formation of the Uzbek people. For this reason, the origin of the Uzbek people must be considered in two directions at the same time - the origin of all peoples on the territory of modern Uzbekistan (changes in the composition of the population in this territory) from the most ancient times,
- the origin of the Deshtkipchak Uzbeks from the most ancient times.
This is what I will do in this article. I will start doing this using the maps of my atlas.
I'll start with 17 million years ago - at that time the territory of modern Uzbekistan was at the bottom of the ocean. There was only one people on Earth - the asuras. Their modern descendants are the Bushmen, Hottentots, Pygmies, Veddoids, Papuans and Australian Aborigines. Asuras lived on one large continent - Lemuria (in the place of the modern Indian Ocean).
4 million years ago - a new people appeared - the Atlanteans (these are the western asuras)
1 million years ago - a new people appeared - the Muans (these are the eastern asuras)
700 thousand years BC - Asura as a people disappeared to the territory of the Earth, instead of it there were tribes of Australoids, who lived mainly on the shores of the Indian Ocean (East Africa, South Asia, Indonesia, Australia).
399 thousand years BC - Muans as a people disappeared, instead of them there were tribes inhabiting the islands of Oceania, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan (the ancestors of the Ainu were Muans).
199 thousand years ago - the territory of modern Uzbekistan became dry land, but the Aral Sea was still connected to the Caspian and Black Seas. There were no modern humans in this area. Mostly Neanderthals lived there (these are not people, but upright apes similar to people - this is an unsuccessful attempt to create a new race of people, undertaken by the asuras and Atlanteans with the help of genetic engineering). At this time, the migration of the descendants of the Atlanteans to the Middle East and Western Europe begins, as the mainland Atlantis begins to sink under the waters of the Atlantic.
79 thousand years BC - on the territory of Mesopotamia (between the rivers Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya) small settlements of the descendants of the Atlanteans begin to appear. At the same time, large settlements of the descendants of the Atlanteans also appeared on the territory of Northern China and southern Mongolia. This people called themselves Turanians, as they lived on the shores of the large Turan Sea (this is on the site of the modern Gobi Desert).
17500 BC - tribes of the Kostenkovskaya archaeological culture appear on the territory of Mesopotamia, who came there from the territory of Eastern Europe. These are the ancestors of the future dravidoids (these tribes were formed as a result of the mixing of Caucasians and Australoids, which occurred in the vicinity of the Middle Volga). They are European people with dark skin color.
12000 BC - in the north of Eurasia, a cooling occurred and large glaciers appeared. This cold snap occurred due to the use of nuclear weapons by the Atlanteans against the Turans (because they did not submit to the power of the Atlanteans). As a result of this action, the Turan Sea began to dry up quickly and turn into the Gobi desert. And the Turanians themselves, having received strong radiation, partially died, and the survivors underwent a genetic mutation and acquired Mongoloid traits (they began to differ from the rest of the descendants of the Atlanteans who lived in Europe and the Middle East). In addition, the Turanian single people divided into large groups of tribes - proto-Altaians (proto-Turks), proto-Mongols, proto-Chinese, proto-Tungus, proto-Tibetans, etc.). All these peoples subsequently always began to have Mongoloid signs.
7500 BC - Tribes of the Ali-Kosh culture from the territory of modern Iran penetrate into the territory of Mesopotamia, these are also dravidoid tribes (Caucasoids with dark skin). If anyone wants to know what language the inhabitants of Mesopotamia spoke in those days. I can only assume that the language of the dravidoids is similar to the Elamite and Sumerian languages, since these peoples were also dravidoids.
5700 BC - the Dzheitun culture was formed on the territory of Mesopotamia. These are the tribes of the same Dravidians, but they were influenced by more northern Caucasians from Eastern Europe.
3500 BC - the Anau culture was formed on the territory of Mesopotamia. These are also dravidoids, they were also influenced by the northern Caucasoids, since they were pushed to the south by the tribes of the Indo-Europeans, who by this time had already reached the northern shores of the Aral Sea.
1900 BC - the Suyangar culture appeared in the north of Mesopotamia (these are the tribes of the ancient Indo-Iranians (Aryans). The southern part of Mesopotamia is inhabited by the tribes of the Altyn-Depe culture (these are the tribes of dravidoids, related to the Elamites and dravidoids of the Harappan civilization in northwest India).
1500 AD - the Aryans are divided into ancient Indians and ancient Iranians.
The ancient Indians are already occupied by the territory of the southern Mesopotamia, and the northern part of Mesopotamia is inhabited by ancient Iranian tribes (tribes of the Tazabagyab culture). By this time, there were no more dravidoids on the territory of modern Uzbekistan, they were pushed to the south - to Iran and north-west of India.
1300 AD - the entire territory of modern Uzbekistan is occupied by the tribes of ancient Iranians. By this time, the ancient Indians had already gone to India.
700 AD - by this time in the north of Mesopotamia (Khorezm) a new Iranian-speaking people had formed - the Khorezmians (Aleirbad culture). In the rest of the territory, ancient Iranian tribes continued to live.
600 BC - the state of Khorezmians - Khorezmia was created in the north of Uzbekistan, the state of Sogdians - Sogd - was created in the southern part of Uzbekistan. Both of these states are inhabited by Iranian-speaking peoples. In the north-eastern part of Mesopotamia, a new Iranian-speaking people formed - the Massagetae (nomads).
By 539 AD - Khorezmia, Sogdiana, Bactria were subordinated to the Persian state of the Achaemenids. Persian attempts to subdue the Massagetae were unsuccessful.
By 327 AD - Sogdiana and Bactria were subordinated to the empire of Alexander the Great. Khorezm, Massagets and Saks (nomads to the north-east of Khwarezmia), the Macedonians could not subdue. Since that time, the strengthening of the state of Khorezm began.
250 BC - a new people comes to the south of Uzbekistan - the Tochars, they were forced out by the Turkic and Mongol captives from the territory of northwestern China. In the north-east of Uzbekistan, a new people has formed - the Kangyuis (this people arose on the basis of the Massagegs and other Iranian-speaking tribes). They had their own state. A new state of Greco-Bactria emerged in the south of Uzbekistan.
130 BC - small Tocharian states arose in the south of Uzbekistan on the site of Greco-Bactria.
50 BC - on the basis of the Tocharian states, the Kushan state arises.
450 AD - as a result of the great migration of peoples, caused by the movement from east to west of many Turkic-speaking tribes led by the Huns, Turkic-speaking tribes appear in the north-east of Uzbekistan (this is in the place of the Kangyuis). The south of Uzbekistan is part of the Ephthalites state. Iranian-speaking peoples - Khorezmians, Sogdians and Bactrians still remain the main population of the territory of modern Uzbekistan.
In 712, Khorezm was conquered by the Arabs, but this conquest was short-lived and Khorezm restored its independence.
750 - a new Turkic people, the Kipchaks (nomads), formed on the territory of the eastern part of Kazakhstan. The northeastern territories of Uzbekistan are inhabited by Karluks (a Turkic-speaking people).
In 819, the Samanid state arose on the territory of Uzbekistan, which included not only the territory of Uzbekistan, but also part of Iran.
900 - in the north and east of the Aral Sea, a strong alliance of tribes was formed, led by the Oghuz (Turkic-speaking nomads). They even created their own state. The onslaught of the Turkic-speaking tribes (settlement of the territory of Uzbekistan) intensified.
In 999, the Samanid state ceased to exist as a result of the war with the Karakhanid Turks and became part of the Karakhanid state. The south of Uzbekistan became part of the Ghaznavid state.
1050 - the population of Uzbekistan became Turkic-speaking. The territory of Uzbekistan became part of the Seljuk state.
1097 - Khorezm became independent from the Seljuks again, although at times it had to admit its dependence on the Seljuks.
1183 - under Khorezmshah Tekesh, Khorezm became completely independent and Khorezm became a powerful state.
In 1219, Khorezm was conquered by the Mongols and became part of the empire of Genghis Khan.
Since 1224, the territory of Uzbekistan became part of the state of the Golden Horde (ulus of Jochi). The south of Uzbekistan is part of the Chagatai ulus.
In 1313-1341 Uzbek Khan was the Khan of the Golden Horde. He adopted Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde. Since that time, the Golden Horde in some Arabic sources began to be called the state of Uzbek.
1350 - in the south of Kazakhstan, a new people, the Kipchaks-Uzbeks, begins to form. The south of Uzbekistan (Maverannahr) breaks up into a number of small states.
From 1371, Uzbekistan was part of Timur's empire.
In 1428, the Uzbek Khanate was created, headed by Khan Abul-Khair, this Khanate arose as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, which was defeated by Timur. Initially, it was located on the territory of southern Kazakhstan.
1450 - Kipchaks-Uzbeks inhabit the territory of modern Uzbekistan, become the basis for the education of the Uzbek people.
In 1499, Sheibani Khan, a descendant of Abul-Khair, began to seize the territory of Maverannahr (the territory of Uzbekistan).
In 1501, Sheibani Khan conquered Samarkand from the Timurids, having founded the state of Sheibanids, he established his power not only over Mavenannahr, but also over Khorasan (northeast of Iran).
In 1512, the Khiva Khanate was formed (in the northern part of Uzbekistan), which was formed in connection with the collapse of the Sheibanid state. It was formed almost simultaneously with the Bukhara Khanate. The Khanate of Khiva was ruled by the Arabshahid dynasty. The main population of the Bukhara Khanate were Uzbeks. Both Uzbeks and Tajiks lived in the Khanate of Bukhara (south of Uzbekistan).
1600 - Karakalpaks stand out from the total mass of the Kazakh tribes, who settle in the north of Uzbekistan. By this time, the Uzbek people were almost completely formed.
- a colorful country with a special oriental flavor and rich history. The Uzbek ethnic group belongs to the oldest on the planet and is the most numerous in Central Asia.
Many features of the behavior of Uzbeks in society and family are determined by Muslim rules. The dominant religion in the country is decisive in everyday life, worldview and many other issues, as well as in politics and art. Thus, the daily five-time “prayer” is obligatory, the severity of fasting in the holy month of Ramadan, and there is also a ban on alcohol, cigarettes and food before sunset.
The rituals that take place during the birth and upbringing of children, marriage and even cooking are, in fact, an interweaving of the customs of Islam and magical ancient rituals. Taking into account all this, the Uzbeks are not religious fanatics, in their life there is a place for the secular side and all kinds of religious tolerance.
The family has a rather rigid hierarchy of relationships. The younger ones are unconditionally subordinate to the head of the family and the older ones. A woman is given a strong position as the mother and wife of the owner of the house and a weak one as a subordinate of her husband and his father (or mother).
In ancient times, the age of marriage for women was 13-14 years old, but in modern society, preference is given to European voluntariness in this matter. Even today, however, early marriages are quite common. Children in any family are supposed to be loved and cherished in every possible way.
A peculiar traditional social form in Uzbekistan is the so-called "makhalla", which is a neighborhood community, including close neighbors and relatives, united by the rules of mutual assistance. Sometimes such a community includes the whole village or other locality.
The unshakable tradition of Uzbeks is the clear rules of hospitality. To be able to receive a guest well is extremely important in the local society. Usually the family meets a distinguished guest right at the door, they are sure to greet everyone, and also ask about the news in life. A table for a meal (“dastarkhan”) is usually placed either in the central hall or in the shade in the courtyard (fortunately, the warm climate allows this).
Eating opens and ends the tea party. The amount of tea also serves as a determining degree of the guest's desire. A dear, long-awaited guest is supposed to pour as little as possible so that he often turns to the owners for more, this is a sign of respect for the house. An unwanted guest will receive a cup filled to the end.
Communication between Uzbeks is simple and democratic. A favorite place for talking about the important and transient is the tea house. Here you can hold business negotiations and discuss someone's personal problems.
Population
Population Uzbekistan and today has exceeded 28.5 million inhabitants. About 80% of them are Uzbek nationality, belonging to the Pamir-Fergana race with the addition of Turkic and Mongolian blood. Among the national minorities, the Russian population occupies the first place in terms of numbers (about 5.5%).
In addition, in Uzbekistan you can find Tajiks (their 5%), Kazakhs (their 3%), as well as Karakalpaks (2.5%), Tatars (1.5%) and representatives of other nationalities. On average, the life of a resident of Uzbekistan lasts 64 years. About 42% of the country's population is urbanized.
Language
official language country is Uzbek, which is spoken by almost everyone (about 90% of the population). Within the Uzbek language, dialects and dialects (Karluk, Kypchak, Oghuz and others) are widely spread. The Russian language is regularly used by 5% of the population, it is used much more widely in cities. In addition, it is the language of interethnic communication.
In cities such as Samarkand and Bukhara, people from Tajikistan live in large numbers, so Tajik speech can be heard here quite often. The tourism and trade sector is increasingly using English.
Religion
Despite the fact that officially Uzbekistan is a secular state, about 90% of the population are Sunni Muslims. In addition to them, professing Orthodox Christianity (9%), Buddhism and other confessions live in the country.
Behavior rules
If the owners received an invitation to dinner, it would be impolite to refuse. It is better to come with souvenirs and sweets for children, it is indecent to be late. When entering the house, do not forget to take off your shoes.
It is worth remembering that the reception of guests for Uzbeks is like some important theatrical ceremony, where everyone wants to please everyone as much as possible. Politeness in this process is required from the guest without fail.
The most honorable places at the table are those located away from the front door. Women are traditionally not supposed to sit at the table with men, but in cities few people remember this condition. At the table, beautiful women are not admired and generally do not pay close attention to them. It would be appropriate to ask about the affairs and health of the family.
When starting a meal, it is worth remembering that Uzbek dishes put fat in abundance, so you should try to drink more green tea so that there are no digestive problems. Care must be taken with the hot cakes that are placed on the table. They can not be turned over and dropped to the ground, this is a very bad omen.
Uzbek tea drinking is often accompanied by complex rituals. The best way not to goof off is to repeat the actions after those present.
They shake hands with everyone, even with strangers (however, not with women). At the same time, it is supposed to take an interest in health and the like. It is customary to greet women and those who sit too far away by placing the right hand over the heart and bowing politely.
There are no restrictions on clothing styles, but you should not come to places of worship in short or too open. And in everyday wardrobe, you should refrain from shorts, especially if it is a rural area with its more conservative views.
National Uzbek holidays
January - Eid al-Adha (date floating);
March-April - Prophet's birthday (date floating);
October-November - Ramadan Bayram (end of Ramadan);
On the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek and "nomadic Uzbeks".
The origin of the ethnonym Uzbek and the people with the same name was of interest to many researchers. According to the established unspoken tradition, Uzbeks were called nomads from the eastern Deshti-Kipchak, who invaded Central Asia under the leadership of Muhammad Sheibani and overthrew the Timurids.
Various versions have been put forward regarding the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek:
Aristov N.A., Ivanov P.P., Vamberi G., Chaplichek M.A., Khuukam X believed that the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek is associated with the name of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek.
Grigoriev V.V. in his review of the book, Vambery wrote: “In his extensive review of A. Vambery's book "History of Bukhara", published in 1873 in London in English, prof. Grigoriev wrote "... and this popular name (Uzbeks - A.S.) Mr. Vamberi considers the Turkic clans to have adopted it - in memory of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek, as the Khiva historian Abulgazi also claims ... In the Golden Horde, where Uzbek- Khan, there were never any Uzbeks, but Uzbeks appeared in the Blue Horde, to which the power of Uzbek Khan did not extend, and appeared no earlier than a hundred years after his death.
Bartold V.V. called the Uzbeks the Golden Horde nomads who lived in the Eastern Deshti-Kipchak, Safargaliev himself calls the Uzbeks as the nomads of the Shiban ulus.
Regarding the origin of the Uzbek people, most versions say that the nomadic population of the eastern Deshti-Kipchak was called Uzbeks: Grekov B.D. and Yakubovsky A.Yu. believe that from many Persian (and Tajik) Uzbeks - Uzbeks later the term Uzbek arose, "which became a collective name for a whole group of Turkic-Mongolian tribes of the Ak-Orda." The term "Ulus of Uzbek" began to be applied not to the entire Ulus of Jochi, but only to its Ak-Orda part.
Their point of view is supported by Semenov A.A.: “Of course, the chronological framework for the appearance of the name of the people Uzbeks now has to be significantly pushed back, but the main position of prof. V.V. Grigoriev that there were no Uzbeks in the Golden Horde, but they appeared in the Blue Horde (otherwise in the White Horde), to which the power of Uzbek Khan did not extend, remains, undoubtedly, in force to this day. Continuing his thought Semenov A.A. writes: “In other words, Sheibani Khan, without making any distinction between the Kazakhs and Uzbeks at the beginning of the whole tirade and generalizing them into one Uzbek people, further separates the latter from the Kazakhs in the sense that by Uzbeks he means the tribes of the former ulus of Sheiban, and under the Kazakhs - the tribes of the former Eastern Kipchak or the ulus of the Horde.
Summing up his article, Semenov A.A. gives the following conclusions:
1) the Uzbeks did not come from the Golden Horde and it is not proven that they got their name from the Golden Horde Uzbek Khan, as some believed. Making up one people with the so-called Kazakhs, the Uzbeks from time immemorial lived in the steppes of Desht-i-Kipchak; Chu, the Uzbeks, having separated from the general mass, began to be called Cossacks (Kazakhs), i.e. free people
4) Incessant strife between the Uzbek tribes of the possessions of Sheiban and the Horde, turning into bloody wars with colossal robberies of the vanquished and turning them into slaves, in the 15th century. AD resulted in a more definite form of struggle between the Uzbek khans from the house of Sheiban and the Uzbek-Kazakh khans from the descendants of Genghis along a different line. And the final isolation of the Uzbek tribes of Desht-i-Kipchak, the so-called Uzbek Kazakhs, from the Uzbek tribes of Sheibani Khan took place during the reign of the latter, as evidenced by the entire policy of Sheibani Khan in relation to his fellow tribesmen who did not follow him to Central Asia and who remained in Desht-i-Kipchak.
Further ideas of Semenov A.A. developed by Akhmedov B.A. in his monograph "The state of nomadic Uzbeks". Akhmedov B.A. believed that in the 20s of the 15th century in the Eastern Deshti-Kipchak (east of the Volga and north of the Syr Darya) a state of nomadic Uzbeks was formed, under the Uzbeks Akhmedov B.A. meant the tribes formerly included in the uluses of Shiban and Horde. Here we want to note that the original composition of the Shiban ulus is known: according to Abulgazi, there were four tribes Kushchi, Naiman, Karluk, Buyruk. According to the list of Masud Kukhistani, there were 27 tribes under the rule of Abulkhair Khan, of which we can recognize some “tribes” as Jochid clans (Ijan, Kaanbayly, Tangut, Chimbay), thus, out of 23 tribes subject to Abulkhair Khan, only three (Kushchi, Naiman, Karluk) were indigenous Shibanid tribes. The Kiyat, Kongrat and Mangyt tribes, which were three of the four clans of the Karachi-biys in the Great Horde, were also present in the khanate of Abulkhair Khan. Of the indigenous Tuka-Timurid tribes (Ming, Tarkhan, Uysun, Oirat), the khanate of Abulkhair Khan included the Ming and Uysun tribes, and possibly Oirat. We do not know the tribes that were part of the ulus of the Horde.
Thus, it can be argued that the composition of the population of the khanate of Abulkhair Khan (“nomadic Uzbeks”) was much wider than the tribes of the former uluses of Shiban and Horde.
Yudin V.P. in his review of the monograph by Akhmedov B.A. makes the following remarks regarding the topic of the article:
1. The term Uzbek acquired the meaning of an ethnonym already in the 14th century and not in Central Asia, but in Eastern Deshti-Kipchak.
2. Exaggeration of the role of the state of Abulkhair Khan in the history of the eastern Deshti-Kipchak. This state is the natural successor of the Jumaduka state.
Here we can agree with two points, indeed the Uzbeks as an ethnonym began to flicker back in the 14th century, and Abulkhair Khan did not establish any separate khanate that laid the foundation for the Uzbeks, but was another of the khans of the eastern part of the Golden Horde.
Iskhakov D.M. believes that initially the Uzbeks were the name of the nomads who were subordinate to the Shibanids, but later this term acquired the character of a polytonym and began to cover such ethnic groups as Kazakhs, Mangyts, Uzbeks-Shibanids
In general, having illustrated various points of view, we would like to move on to the question of the ethnonym Uzbek from the other side. We will deliberately omit the various interpretations of historians and orientalists of the 19th-20th centuries and conduct a content analysis of the primary sources for the presence of the ethnonym Uzbek in them.
Most of the sources that use the word Uzbek as a designation of an ethnic group or country can be divided into two parts:
1. Central Asian (Timurid) sources
2. The rest.
Let's start the content analysis with the second group:
2.1. Qazvini:
“Arpa-kaun sent troops to go behind the lines of the Uzbeks (Uzbekiyans) ... news came of the death of Kutluk-Timur, on which the state of Uzbeks (mamlakati Uzbeks) rested” . It can be noted here that it is unlikely that the term Uzbeks here has an ethnic character, it simply states that the army belonged to Uzbek Khan. The state of Uzbek here should also be understood as the state of Khan Uzbek, and not the state of Uzbeks
2.2. Ibn Batuta:
Talking about the country (Chagatai ulus), Ibn Batuta testifies: “His country is located between the possessions of four great kings: the king of China, the king of India, the king of Iraq and the king of Uzbek.” According to Arapov A.A. “By such a comparison, he actually admits that the name “Uzbek” is not a personal name, but the name of the country is “the country of Uzbeks (Uzbeks)”, the same as China, India, Iraq.”
2.3. al-Kalqashandi
The only Arabic author who used the phrase "Uzbek countries". "an envoy from Tokhtamysh, sovereign of the Uzbek countries".
In general, in all three sources, the name Uzbek does not carry ethnicity, but has either a geographical character or refers to the personality of Khan Uzbek.
Let's move on to the Central Asian and Timurid (and dependent) sources, excerpts from which are in SMIZO:
1.1. Shami
“They (the emirs Adil-shah and Sary-Bug) ... went to the region of the Uzbeks and took refuge with Urus-khan.” "Kutluk-Buga, son of the king Urus Khan of Uzbekistan". “and he (Tamerlane) set out to march into the region of the Uzbeks. Noyons and emirs gathered and reported that it would be right if we first went to Inga-tura and destroyed its evil, and then went to the country of the Uzbeks. "Timur-Kutluk-khan in the region of the Uzbeks died, his ulus was mixed up".
In this source, Urus Khan is presented as an ethnic Uzbek, and the news of the death of Timur-Kutluk in the Uzbek region is also interesting.
1.2. Natanzi
"Fog-Timur Uzbek". “Tokhtamysh granted his request (the request of Baltychak, emir Timur-bek-oglan for his own execution). After that, the entire Uzbek state became in his power. “When 6 years of his (Timur-Kutluk’s) reign had expired and the affairs of the kingdom returned completely to their former order, one day he fell asleep after a long drunkenness, his breathing stopped, and he died. After him, the state again fell into disarray, and the Uzbek ulus, according to its custom, began to look for the glorious urug Chingiz Khanov. "Since the Uzbeks have always had a desire to manifest the power of the descendants of Genghis Khan, they went to serve the court of Timur Sultan (son of Timur Kutluk)" . "Kara-Kisek-oglan (Juchid, commander of Urus Khan) sent towards Otrar to get tongue, Satkin big and Satkin small, the most outstanding Uzbek daredevils with a hundred horsemen".
1.3. Yazdi
"Tuman-Timur Uzbek (Emir of Timur)". "Kutluk-Timur-oglan, Kunche-oglan and Idigu-Uzbek". “That night two nukers of Idig-Uzbek” [IKPI, 310]. "Yagly-biy bakhrin, one of the associates and Ichkiyevs of Tokhtamysh Khan, rushed forward with the brave souls of his Uzbek army." “He (Timur) gave to the son of Urus Khan, Koirichak-oglan, who was with him, a detachment of Uzbek brave men, who was among the servants of the highest court.” “The ambassador of Timur-Kutluk-oglan and the man of Emir Idigu arrived from Dasht, the ambassador of Khizr-Khodzhi-oglan also arrived from Jete ... his majesty mercifully treated the ambassadors of the Uzbeks and Jete” . It is worth noting here that the Timurid authors meant the Moghuls from Moghulistan by Jete, while the Moghuls called the Chagatays Karaunas.
1.4. Samarkandy
“The nukers of Pulad Khan, Amir Idigu-Bahadur and Amir Ayse, who were the holders of power in Dashti-Kipchak and the Uzbek countries, arrived as ambassadors.” “Events 813 (06.05.1410-24.04.1411)… Amir Idigu-Bahadur arrived from the country of Uzbeks and Dashti-Kipchak”… “Tavachi Aban returned, who traveled to the Uzbek region to Amir Idig” . “News came from Khorezm that Jabbar-berdi, having put Chingiz-oglan to flight, took possession of the Uzbek ulus.”
“The sons of Khojalak fled from the Uzbek possessions and reported that the Uzbek region was in disorder”, “at the end of the Rabi (03.28.1419-04.26.1419) Barak-oglan, who had fled from the Uzbek ulus, came to seek refuge at the court of Mirza Ulugbek-gurgan” , "there (to Burlak) a man named Balkhu fled from the Uzbek side and brought news of the frustration of the Uzbeks" .
“Barak-oglan captured the horde of Muhammad Khan (in this case, Haji Muhammad) and most of the Uzbek ulus submitted and submitted to him”, “Barak-oglan captured the horde of Muhammad Khan, the king of Uzbek and took possession of the ulus”, “He (Barak) went to the Uzbek country and the management of the ulus fell into his hands. “The Uzbeks, to whom the image of victory in the mirror of their imagination seemed impossible, saw it, and they got into their hands a huge booty (about the victory of Barak-oglan over Ulugbek)” .
"Events ... The Uzbek army ... invaded Khorezm", according to Ghaffari, this army was sent by Kichi Mohammed.
“at times, some of the Uzbek troops, having become Cossacks”, “observed the actions of the Deshti-Kipchak army and the Uzbek Cossacks”, “the Uzbek king Abulkhair Khan” .
“Khan ordered several Uzbek people to set the Yede stone in motion. The Uzbeks acted according to the order.”
“A decree arrived to send Saiyd-yeke of the Sultan (Saydek Khan, uncle of Ibak Khan), brother of Abulkhair Khan of Uzbekistan ... to send to the highest Horde”, “Abu Said sent him grateful and contented to the Uzbek region.”
1.5. Ghaffari
“Timur (son of Timur-Kutluk) fled from him (Jalaladdin, son of Tokhtamysh) and was killed by Gazan Khan (son-in-law of Jalaladdin, who besieged Idiga), one of the Uzbek emirs who besieged Khorezm.”
1.6. Razi:
“Until the end of his days, Abu Said was the sovereign of the entire ulus of Jochi Khan. In 728/1327-28 he had no rivals left. The ulus of Dzhuchiev after him became known as the ulus of Uzbek. “Seid Khan (ruler of the Moghuls) ... thinking that maybe with his help he could expel the Uzbeks of Sheibani Khan from his hereditary possession.”
1.7. Muhammad Haydar Dulaty.
In most cases, the author divides the Uzbeks into Uzbeks of Shayban and Uzbek-Cossacks, often the use of the ethnonym Uzbek means “Uzbeks of Shayban”, but there are exceptions, as with the Kazakh Khan Takhir, son of Adik, son of Dzhanibek, whose subjects the author often calls simply Uzbeks. Below we will mention the information that is indirectly related to the Uzbek Cossacks and Uzbeks of Mohammed Sheibani:
"The second book is about the life of this slave and what I saw and knew about the sultans, khans, Uzbeks, Chagatai and others." “In that area, a high ear (Sakhibkiran) was informed that Tuktamish Ugolan was arriving, who, fearing the Urus Khan of the Uzbek, turned his face of hope to the threshold of the refuge of the world of Sahibkiran.” “After the death of Abul-Khayr Khan, the ulus of the Uzbeks fell into disarray, great disagreements arose there, and most [people] went to Kirai Khan and Janibek Khan, so that their number reached two hundred thousand people and they began to be called Uzbek Cossacks.”
"The Killing of Buruj Ugul bin Abulkhair Khan Uzbek". “Khan (Yunus) approached with six people, one of whom was a standard-bearer, and, blowing a horn, crossed the river. Every Uzbek who settled in the house was immediately seized by women. When Burudj Uglian heard the sound of a horn and saw six people with a banner, he jumped up to mount a horse, [however] his stablemen - Akhtachi and the horse were seized on the spot by maids, and women jumped out of the house and grabbed Burudj Ugolan himself. At that moment, the khan arrived and ordered that his head be cut off and put on a spear. Of those twenty thousand Uzbeks, few survived.”
“So, with the help of [Khan] Shahibek Khan took Samarkand and firmly established himself in it. His army reached fifty thousand [people] and wherever [only] there were Uzbeks, they joined him.” . “After these events, he (Sultan Ahmad Khan) opposed the Uzbek Cossacks. The reason for this was the following. When describing the affairs of Sultan Mahmud Khan, it was mentioned that Sultan Mahmud Khan twice gave battle to the Uzbek-Kazakhs and was defeated. For this reason, Sultan Ali Khan opposed the Uzbek Cossacks and defeated them three times. For everything they did to his older brother, Sultan Mahmud Khan, he paid in full. He fortified Mogolistan so much that the Kalmaks and Uzbeks could not pass close to the territory of Mogolistan at a distance of seven to eight months' journey.
“By courage, he (Sultan Said Khan) also stood out among his own kind. So, once I was with him when he personally led the attack, and a description of this is in the second book. In shooting, I did not see an equal to him, neither among the Mughals, nor among the Uzbeks, nor among the Chagatai, both before him and after.
"After the death of Abu-l-Khair Khan, disagreements arose in the ulus of the Uzbeks". “There are many large rivers in Mogolistan, similar to Jeyhun or close to it, such as Ila, Emil, Irtish, Chulak, Narin. These rivers are in no way inferior to Jeyhun and Seyhun. Most of these rivers flow into the Kukcha Tengiz. Kukcha Tengiz is a lake separating Mogolistan from Uzbekistan. Less water flows out of it than flows in - what flows out is equal to one part of the water flowing into it and flows through [the territory] of Uzbekistan and flows into Kulzum called Atil. Atil is written in historical books, but among Uzbeks it is known as Idil.
“After the death of Adik Sultan, this Sultan Nigar Khanim was taken [as a wife] by Kasim Khan, brother of Adik Sultan. After the death of Kasim Khan, the khanate went to Tahir Khan, the son of Adik Sultan. He revered the khanim so much that he preferred her to his own mother. Khanim was grateful to him for such an attitude towards her, but turned to him with a request: “You are like a son to me, and with you I never remember and do not want to see another son except you. However, I am old and I do not have the strength to endure this nomadic life in the steppes of Uzbekistan. “Since Rashid Sultan remained in Mogolistan, he arranged a wintering in Kochkar. And Tahir Khan was in Uzbekistan. The events that took place there forced him to leave for Mogolistan, and he came close to Kochkar.
“Those places belonged as iqta to Qasim Khusayn Sultan, who was from the Uzbek sultans of Kafa and Crimea.” This sultan was probably a descendant of Sultan Bayazid, a second cousin of the Crimean Tukatimurid khans, who served the Timurids.
1.8. Firdaus al Iqbal
Abulek Khan, [the son of Yadgar Khan], after his father and elder brother, was a padishah for sixteen years. He was a very gentle and harmless person. Therefore, [under him] liberties arose among the Uzbeks and anarchy manifested itself. Aminek Khan, the son of Yadgar Khan, after [the death] of his brother opened the way for justice and fairness. Eli Muhammad Shaybani Khan, who took possession of Maverannahr, migrated to Maverannahr during the [reign] of Aminek Khan, and there was no ale left around him, except for people who [directly] belonged [previously] to Yadgar Khan.
As we know, Yadiger, Abulek and Aminek were khans of the Nogai Horde with the support of Musa mangyt, the son of Vakkas. The following news also suggests that the Mangyts and Uzbeks were close, if not identical.
1.9. Ibn Ruzbihan:
“Three tribes are attributed to the Uzbeks, which are the most glorious in the possessions of Genghis Khan. Now one [of them] is the Shibanites, and his Khan's Majesty, after a number of ancestors, was and is their ruler. The second tribe is the Kazakhs, who are known all over the world for their strength and fearlessness, and the third tribe is the Mangits, and [from] them the kings of Astrakhan. One edge of the Uzbek possessions borders on the ocean (i.e., on the Caspian Sea. - Jalilova R.P.), the other - on Turkestan, the third - on Derbend, the fourth - on Khorezm and the fifth - on Astrabad. And all these lands are entirely places of summer and winter nomadic Uzbeks. The khans of these three tribes are in constant strife with each other, and each encroaches on the other. And when they win, they sell each other, take them captive. In their midst, they consider the property and people [of their opponent] to be permitted spoils of war and never deviate from this [rule] ... In all these clans there are a lot of respected khans: each clan of the great and eminent [from] descendants of Genghis Khan is called sultans , and the one who is more noble than all of them is called khan, that is, the greatest of their sovereigns and rulers, to whom they submit obedience.
It is quite possible that the ocean does not mean the Caspian Sea, as Dzhalilova R.P. suggested, but the Black Sea, near which the Nogais also roamed. Calling the Caspian Sea a border in the context of that message looks strange, because the borders that are located along the western (Derbend) and eastern (Astrabad) parts of the Caspian Sea are named.
Ibn Ruzbikhan also describes the Kazakhs as being related to the Uzbeks of Sheibani. The Mangyts with the kings of Astrakhan are also named Uzbeks.
Here we come to the main question, what was the ratio between Uzbeks and Tatars?
If we follow the scientific tradition during the collapse of the Golden Horde, two ethnic groups arose: Tatars in the Western part of the Jochi ulus and Uzbeks in the Eastern part of the Jochi ulus.
Here it is quite possible to express disagreement with this point of view for the following reasons:
1. In written sources, we did not find a strong connection between the Shibanids and Uzbeks, moreover, these sources often contain such persons as Tokhtamysh and his son Jabbarberdi, Idigu, Timur-Kutluk, Urus-khan, Yagly-biy bakhrin, Timur-khan and Pulad -khan, sons of Timur-Kutluk, Kichi Mohammed, Koyrichak, son of Urus-khan, Barak, son of Koyrichak, Haji-Muhammed, Abulkhair-khan and his son Burudzh-oglan, Ghazan (son-in-law of Jalal ad-Din), Yadiger, Aminek, Abulek are either directly named by the Uzbeks, or are closely associated with them (or are the rulers of the ulus of the Uzbeks). Of these, only Haji Mohammed, Abulkhair Khan with his son and the Arabshahids are Shibanids. Here it is reasonable to assume that since the 14th century there is absolutely no connection between the "Uzbeks" and the Shibanids, because initially the "Uzbeks" are associated with the rulers of the Golden Horde.
2. The peculiarity of the mention of the ethnonyms Tatars and Uzbeks.
Nowhere, except for the Central Asian Timurid chronicles, such an ethnonym as an Uzbek is found, this was also noted by Semenov A.A.:
“The Uzbeks, as a people as a whole, were not uniform in composition, no matter how they tried to explain the name of this people, whether on behalf of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek (712 / 1313-741 / 1340) or as a self-sufficient name of the people, taken by itself. An interesting circumstance, in any case, is that neither Arab authors contemporary to Uzbek Khan and subsequent to the 15th century, nor Persian sources closest in time to them, ever mention the Uzbeks as part of the tribes of the Golden Horde, although the relations of Uzbek Khan with the contemporary Mamluk sultan of Egypt, al-Malik-an-Nasyr Muhammad (709/1309-741/1341), were very lively.
Neither Russian, nor Arabic, nor even European sources of the ethnonym Uzbek in the 13-14 centuries are recorded. Moreover, the memoirs of Johann Schiltberger, who was directly on the territory of the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 15th century, are known, he does not find any Uzbeks in the eastern Dashti-Kipchak, calling all nomads Tatars, moreover, Hadji Muhammad was named as the Tatar king, at that time as in the Central Asian chronicles he is the "Uzbek sovereign". The same solidarity silence about the ethnic group of Uzbeks is kept by Russian and Arabic chronicles, which refer to the population of the Golden Horde as Tatars.
Khaidar Dulati also understood Kafa and Crimea as Uzbek territories:
"Those places belonged as iqta to Qasim Khusayn Sultan, who was from the Uzbek sultans of Kafa and Crimea". It is very strange that some "Uzbek" sultans of Kafa and the Crimea are not recorded anywhere in the history of the Crimean khans.
Moreover, the ethnonym Tatars is absolutely not found in the Central Asian Timurid chronicles, except when it refers to a tribe (for example, Kara-Tatars from Rum (Asia Minor)), not one of the khans of the Golden Horde is called Tatar, and his army is Tatar.
A paradoxical situation arises when the ethnonym Tatars occurs in Russian, European, Arab chronicles, but does not occur in Central Asian sources, while the ethnonym Uzbek occurs in Central Asian sources, but does not occur in Russian, European, Arab chronicles.
This situation is reminiscent of the situation with the Polovtsy, when some authors separated the Kipchaks of the Eastern Deshti-Kipchak and the Polovtsians of the southern Russian steppes as two different peoples.
Based on all of the above, we would like to express our assumption that the ethnonym Uzbek among Central Asian authors was the name of all the Golden Horde nomads (and not just its eastern part). At the same time, Russian, European and Arabic sources referred to the entire nomadic population of the Golden Horde as Tatars.
This is confirmed by the words of Ibn Ruzbihan:
"The Kazakh army in the old days, when Genghis Khan appeared on the arena of history, was called the Tatar army, this is mentioned by the Arabs and Persians." . Thus, Ibn Ruzbihan indirectly equates the Uzbeks of the Central Asian authors and the Tatars of the Arab and Persian sources.
Also interesting are the statements of Matvey Mekhovsky in the "treatise on two Sarmatians", where he calls the Kazakhs the Tatar horde.
Thus, it can be summarized that the ethnonym Uzbek was not the self-name of the ethnic group of the Jochi ulus that had developed in the East, such an ethnic group did not exist, there was one nomadic ethnic group on the territory of the Golden Horde, which in Arabic, Russian and European sources was called Tatars, and in Central Asia Uzbek . Initially, the inhabitants of Central Asia denoted the nomadic population of the entire Juchi ulus, but later, after the conquest of Central Asia by the “Uzbeks” of Muhammad Sheibani, it narrowed down to defining the descendants of this group of “Uzbeks” as this ethnonym. Of course, it can be said that in the ulus of Jochi there was no separate ethnic group of “nomadic Uzbeks”.
Based on this, it can be argued that the ethnonym Uzbek is the local Chagatai name for the nomadic population of Ulus Jochi (“Tatars” according to other sources), and speaking of the “Turkic-Tatar states” (post-Horde khanates) that arose after the fall of the Golden Horde, we must include here such states as the Khiva and Bukhara khanates in Central Asia and the Kazakh khanate.
The Golden Horde Tatars were the ancestral ethnic group for the Siberian, Crimean, Kazan, Polish-Lithuanian Tatars, Bashkirs, Uzbeks who left Sheibani for Central Asia, Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks, etc. The hypothesis that two ethnic groups arose on the territory of the Jochi Ulus (Tatars and Uzbeks) is not confirmed by primary sources. It is based on the initial acquaintance of Orientalists with the Central Asian chronicles, in which the name Uzbek was quite common.
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The ancestors of the Uzbeks began to unite from the 10th to the 15th century. This led to mixing of the ancient Iranian population with the ancient Turkic tribes between the 11th and 13th centuries. The first settled populations (Sogdians, Khorezmians, Bactrians, Ferghans, who spoke the northeastern Iranian languages), and the second (that is, nomads) included the Kipchaks, Oguzes, Karluks and Samarkand Turks. The third element was added by the invasion of the Turkic nomadic tribes under the leadership of Muhammad Sheibani Khan at the beginning of the 16th century, when the Uzbeks had already formed. It was in the XIV century that such outstanding Uzbek poets as Hafiz Khorezmi and Lutfi appeared. The poet Alisher Navoi, in his works written in the 15th century, mentioned the ethnonym "Uzbek" as the name of one of the ethnic groups of Maverannahr. From the border e . begins the penetration into the Central Asian interfluve of individual groups of Turkic-speaking tribes. From the 2nd half of the VI century. n. e., since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate, this process has intensified. In subsequent centuries, the main ethno-cultural process that took place on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve was the rapprochement and partial merging of the settled, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking, with the nomadic, mainly Turkic-speaking, population.
Among the Sogdian documents of the beginning of the 8th century, a document in the Turkic language, written in the runic alphabet, was discovered on the territory of Sogd. More than 20 runic inscriptions in the ancient Turkic language were found on the territory of the Ferghana Valley, which indicates that the local Turkic population had its own written tradition in the 7th-8th centuries.
The Arab conquest of the Central Asian lands, which took place in the second half of the 7th - the first half of the 8th century, had a certain influence on the course of ethnogenesis and ethnic processes in Central Asia. The Sogdian, Bactrian, Khorezmian languages disappeared, and their writing, together with the Turkic runic, went out of use by the 10th century. Farsi and Turks became the main languages of the settled population.
In subsequent centuries, the main ethno-cultural process was the rapprochement and partial merging of the Iranian-speaking, Turkic-speaking and Arabic-speaking population. The process of the beginning of the formation of an ethnos, which later became the basis of the Uzbek nation, was especially intensified in the 12th centuries, when Central Asia was conquered by the unification of Turkic tribes headed by the Karakhanid dynasty.
A new wave of Turkic-speaking tribes joined the population of Central Asia after the Mongol conquest of the 13th century. During this period, such tribes and clans as Kipchak, Naiman, Kangly, Khytai, Kungrat, Mangyt and others settled in the oases of the Central Asian interfluve. Hordes from the time of Uzbek Khan, XIV century), migrated to Maverannahr on the border of the -XVI centuries, led by Sheibani Khan and led by the Shibanid princes - Ilbars and Bilbars from the north beyond the Syr Darya and from the southern Russian steppes.
Turkic-speaking population of the Central Asian interfluve, formed by the XI-XII centuries. formed the basis of the Uzbek people. The last wave of Turkic-speaking nomads who joined the population of this region were the Deshtikipchak Uzbeks, who came at the end of the 15th century together with Sheibani Khan.
Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes that came to Central Asia in the 16th century. under the leadership of Sheibani Khan, they found here already a large Turkic and Turkicized population, which had been formed over a long period. The Deshtikipchak Uzbeks joined this Turkic-speaking population, passing on their ethnonym "Uzbek" to it only as the last, latest ethnic layer.
The process of formation of the modern Uzbek people proceeded in the agricultural regions of Ferghana, Zeravshan, Kashka-Darya and Surkhan-Darya valleys, as well as the Khorezm and Tashkent oases. As a result of a long process of ethnic rapprochement and cultural and economic interrelations of the population of the steppes and agricultural oases, the modern Uzbek people was formed here, absorbing elements of these two worlds of the dialect.
As early as the 1870s, it was noted that “Uzbeks, no matter what kind of life they lead, all consider themselves one people, but are divided into many genera”. According to E.K. Meyendorff, who visited Bukhara in 1820, “Differing from each other in many respects, Tajiks and Uzbeks have much in common…” . The commonality of cultures of modern Uzbeks and Tajiks is explained by the history of the formation of these peoples. They are based on the same ancient culture of the population of agricultural oases. The ethnic groups of speakers of Iranian languages are the ancestors of the Tajiks, and the groups of speakers of Turkic languages, the Turks, became the ancestors of the Uzbeks.
The Uzbeks are a settled tribe, engaged mainly in agriculture and inhabiting the space from the southern shore of the Aral Lake to Kamul (a forty-day journey from the Khiva Khanate). This tribe is considered to be dominant in the three khanates and even in Chinese Tartary. According to the Uzbeks themselves, they are divided into thirty-two tayors, or branches.
