The part of speech that characterizes the actions and states of an object is a verb. What does this mean? An object does something, stays in some state or experiences it on itself.

In the indefinite form, the verb answers the questions of action: what to do? or what to do? However, in Russian this part of speech has several morphological features, due to which the grammatical form of this part of speech can change.

Infinitus means indefinite

A verb is a speech unit in which gender, tense, person and other morphological characteristics can be determined. But if the verb is in the infinitive, the only sign we can see is the perfective or imperfective. The infinitive is, in other words, indefinite or, as it is also called, This property of this part of speech helps to deal with the spelling of verb endings when it comes to conjugation. By the infinitive you can ask questions what to do? (to do?) It usually ends in -th(walk, saw, sit down, etc.), on -ti(go, find, save, etc.) or on -whose(guard, bake, lie down, etc.).

verb tense

This is the ability to designate an action or state of an object at all times: I am doing it now, I did it before (I did it), then I will do it (I will do it). Not all verbal characteristics fall under the category of tense. For example, perfective verb forms are not used in the present tense. Verbs in the conditional mood have neither the future tense nor the present, but can only be used in the form with the particle by.

verb mood

A verb is a part of speech that can be used in three moods.

• In the indicative mood, this part of speech describes actions that are currently happening, have happened in the past, or will happen in the future. Examples: I'm telling, I'm telling, I'll tell (I'll tell). Sometimes verbs in the indicative mood in the position of the present, future tenses may lose the vowel, which ends with the stem of the infinitive: sit - sitting.

• In the conditional mood, the verb characterizes actions that are possible under certain conditions, or those that they want to perform. Examples: I enjoy would tell you this story. He would have honored if there were listeners. Conditional words are formed by adding a suffix to the stem of the infinitive -l- plus particles would (b). The particle can be used after the verb, before it, it is also sometimes separated from the verb by another word: I would like to express my request, but there is a lump in my throat. I would listen carefully, then I would understand the essence.

• In the imperative mood, the verb reflects some kind of coercion. Examples: tell, sit down, read. The imperative mood can be obtained by adding the suffix to the stem of the verb in the present or future tense -and- or zero suffix.

When forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another

In some cases, which are determined by semantic coloring, the form of one mood can use the meaning of another. Consider examples.

• Indicative mood with particles let (let), yeah taken as imperative verbs. Examples: Long live the truth! Let them say a loud cheer to the defenders of freedom.
• Conditional mood, conveying the meaning of the imperative: Would you, Natalya, leave these chores.
• Imperative mood, conveying the meaning of the conditional: If I hadn’t spared the money then, I would have been on the ship already.
• An imperative mood that conveys the meaning of the indicative: He serves the master, and sweep, and clean, and be on errands.
• The indefinite form of the verb, conveying the meaning of the indicative mood:
  And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders ... (A. Pushkin); conditional: Take a pinch of native land as a keepsake; imperative: - Forgive! Forgive! voices rang out. (M. Bulgakov.)

Verb types

A verb is a part of speech that can take two forms.

• Perfect - verbs of this kind name an action, indicating its completion or result. Examples: what did you do? - told (past tense); what will I do? - tell (future tense). Infinitive: what to do? - tell.
• Imperfect - verbs of this kind name an action, without indicating its completeness or result. Examples: what did you do? - told (past tense); what do i do? - tell (present tense) what will i do? - I will tell (future tense). In the infinitive: what to do? - tell.

Usually the same verb can be used in both forms, but there are words that have only one form:

• only perfect - to appear, find oneself, strike, etc .;
• only imperfect - to belong, roam, etc.

Also in Russian there are so-called two-species verbs, they can be used as words of both types. Example: A scientist recently (did what?) cloned an experimental animal. A Shostakovich concerto was broadcast on the radio while the scientist (what was he doing?) cloned the experimental animal. Another example: The villain (what did he do?) wounded the prince with a knife. Your words (what are they doing?) cut me to the very heart.

at verbs

Verb conjugation is the ability to change in persons and numbers. There are only two of them. The conjugation rule helps us figure out how to write the endings of verbs used in the form of the first, second, third person, if they are not stressed. It must be remembered that all verbs that end in the infinitive in the infinitive belong to the second conjugation. -it. There are only two exceptions here - the words shave and lay, which will refer to the first conjugation.

All other verbs belong to the first conjugation. But here, too, there are exceptions that must be remembered: 7 verbs ending in the infinitive with -et and 4 verbs with -at. They are easier to remember in rhymed form:

Drive, hold, look and see
breathe, hear, hate,
and offend, but endure,
and depend, yes twirl.

Verbs formed in a prefixed way from these exception words also belong to exceptions: see, catch up, cover, hear, etc.

As we mentioned, this is what makes it possible not to make mistakes in the spelling of unstressed verb endings. This is how the personal endings of verbs in I and II conjugations look like.

What is the algorithm of actions when determining how to write the ending in the verb from the sentence “Men call ..t firewood”? We turn the form of the verb into an indefinite one: to prick. It ends in -ot and does not apply to exceptions, which means that it belongs to the I conjugation. According to the above table, in the third person plural we will write the ending -yut: Men chop wood.

Another example: Wind, why are you driving clouds to the south? We put the verb in the infinitive form - to drive, we see the ending -at. The word must belong to the I conjugation, but it is included in the group of exceptions and therefore belongs to the II conjugation. Therefore, in the second person singular, the verb has the ending -ish: Wind, why are you driving clouds south?

Persons of the verb

A verb is a part of speech that can change by person, except when it is used in the past tense. In each of the three persons, the verb has different endings. Examples: I notice, you notice, he notices, we notice, you notice, they notice.

Verb numbers

This part of speech in all grammatical forms can be used in singular and plural. Examples: A dear guest has come to us. We have guests.

verb gender

The verb is a speech component that can change by gender in the past tense: The kid crawled on the floor (masculine). The clock hand crawled back (feminine). The insect slowly crawled along the road (neuter).

In the present and future tense, the gender of the verb cannot be determined: I am crawling through the tunnel (gender -?). I will crawl the required distance (genus -?).

Transitivity

A verb is a special part of speech that has the property of transitivity.

• Transitive verbs are combined with nouns or pronouns in the form of the accusative case and without a preposition: listen (what?) music, put (who?) a giraffe.
• All the rest belong to intransitive verbs: pay (for what?) Fare, hope (for whom?) For a friend.

Voice of the verb

This grammatical feature reflects the situation when either the object itself performs an action, or an action is performed on it. The pledge can be active (the action is carried out by someone or something) and passive (the action is carried out on someone or something). Examples: Sister planting flowers (actual pledge). The flowers were planted by my sister (suffering pledge).

recurrence

This part of speech can have a reflexive form, which is obtained by adding a postfix to the end of the word -sya (-sya). Examples: play - play, played, break - break, broke, etc.

Usually the same verb can be reflexive and non-reflexive, but there are words that are always only reflexive. These include verbs to be proud, to like, to be lazy, to doubt, etc. Usage examples: I have a dream. BABY We all hope for reason.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, verbs play the role of a predicate and are underlined by two lines. Like the subject, the predicate belongs to the main members of the sentence and together with it creates the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The verb in the infinitive can be not only a predicate, but also other members of the sentence. Examples: To love is to carry the sun in the heart (in this case, the verb to love answers the question what? and is the subject). I had a dream to go to Australia (what dream? - go to Australia, here the verb plays the role of a definition). I asked you to go to the store (asked for what? - go to the store, in this sentence the verb acts as an addition). We sent my grandmother to a sanatorium for treatment (we sent her to a sanatorium for what? - to heal, this is a circumstance of the goal).

Summarize

A verb is one of the independent parts of speech that characterizes the action of an object or its state. It has such morphological qualities as appearance, transitivity, conjugation, recurrence. The verb can change by mood, number, tense, person, gender. In a sentence, this part of speech is usually a predicate, and in an indefinite form it can play the role of any member of the sentence.

The verb is perhaps the most used unit of our native language. It is found in texts written in an artistic, scientific, journalistic style, in colloquial and literary genres.

In this article you will find answers to the questions: “How is the verb characterized?”, “What does it mean?”

Verb

It is an independent representative of our beautiful language. It performs two main tasks:

1. Talks about an action performed by an object, person, phenomenon. For example: ran, jumped, peers, stands, is, eats.
2. It characterizes the state, property, sign, relation of the object. Consider an example: I get sick, blush, envy.

You can recognize a verb in a sentence by asking it the question “what to do?” or one of its forms ("what am I doing?", "what did I do?", etc.).

Verb forms

All verbs are conditionally divided into four categories:

1. Initial, it is also an infinitive. It is formed from the stem of the word by suffixing with "t", "ti", "ch". This form does not change according to persons, genders and numbers. Lets you know what action is being taken. Able to act in a proposal in any role. It has features of transition and recurrence. It can be characterized as a perfective or imperfective verb. Examples: lose heart, be sad, dig, learn, view, love.
2. Conjugated forms. This group can include any changeable having permanent and non-permanent features.
3. Participle - in modern Russian grammar, this is a special form of the verb. The task of this part of speech is to characterize the attribute of an object by action.
4. The participle is, according to one version, an invariable verb form. Some linguists distinguish it as a separate one. In the sentence, it denotes an additional, clarifying action.

Verb type

Consider the first constant feature that characterizes the verb. What does the word "view" mean in relation to this part of speech?

All verbs can be divided into two large groups: perfective (CB) and imperfective (NSV).

You can find out what type a word belongs to by asking a question to its infinitive. If the verb answers the question "what to do?" is the perfect look. If the question "what to do?" - imperfect.

Perfective verbs characterize an action that has reached its logical conclusion. Words from the imperfective group denote a process that is still ongoing.

The perfect form of the verb in most cases is achieved using the prefix method.

Verb tenses

In our native language, there are verbs of the past tense, future and present. Any of them is easily recognized in the context with knowledge of the theoretical material.

Past tense verbs describe an action that ended before the beginning of speaking. It should be borne in mind that the time in which the story takes place is not always expressed in the present. You may encounter an option where the future or past tense will meet. For example: "I told my mother that I went to the cinema" - or: "He will say that he successfully completed the task."

Words belonging to the past tense change by gender, number. They are created by adding "l" to the base of the initial form.

The present tense of the verb occurs only in imperfective words. It is expressed with the help of a personal ending. Describes the action taking place at the moment of speaking. It can also perform the following roles:

1. Describes an action that is constantly repeated. For example: "The mouth of the river flows into the sea."
2. Talks about an action that happens regularly. For example: "Every Friday at six o'clock she goes to the dance."
3. Talks about an event that could potentially happen: "Some guys are rude."

The future form of the verb tells about an event that will happen only after the moment of speech comes to an end. It can be represented by both perfective and imperfective verbs.

There are two forms of the future tense: simple and compound. The first is formed with a verb. The second is by adding forms of the lexeme “to be” to the main word (I will, will be, will be, etc.).

Certain verbs of one tense can be used in the meaning of another. For example, it may have the meaning of the present in the context: “Here she is forever like this: she didn’t see anything, she didn’t hear anything.”

Time is considered to be a non-permanent feature.

verb mood

Mood is another inconstant feature of the verb. It expresses the relation of this part of speech to reality. It is divided into three types: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. Each of them has a number of characteristic features.

Indicative verbs represent an actual action taking place in the past, present or future. This is the distinguishing feature. Words belonging to other moods cannot be expressed in any tense.

Imperative verbs are able to convey a request, order, wish, advice. They are formed in two ways: using the suffix "and" or through zero suffixation. In the plural, the ending "those" appears. Words do not change over time.

Subjunctive verbs describe an action that could be realized under a certain set of circumstances. This inclination is formed by adding to the word in the past tense, the particle "by".

Verb: what does the word "conjugation" mean in relation to it?

Conjugation is a constant feature. Its essence lies in changing the verb in persons and numbers. There are only two types of conjugation, which are usually denoted by Roman numerals I and II.

Finding out to which conjugation a word can be attributed is quite simple if you remember simple facts:

1. If the ending of the verb is stressed, then the conjugation of the word is determined by this form. If it is in an unstressed position - by infinitive.
2. Verbs that can be defined in the group of the first conjugation are characterized by the endings "eat", "eat", "eat", "eat", "ut", "yut". Related to the second conjugation - "ish", "it", "im", "ite", "at" or "yat".
3. There is a group of forms which, when changed, have part of the endings of one group, part of another. These are the verbs "to want" and "to run".

In this article, we looked at the verb (what this part of speech means). We got acquainted with some of its permanent and non-permanent features, gave examples. In the future, it will not be difficult for you to identify the verb in the text and give it a brief description if necessary.

Good afternoon, dear student! With my students, we began to study, perhaps, one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages ​​of the world there are only a few times, in Russian there are 3 of them - this is the past tense, present and future. In order to correctly understand and use them in our speech and writing, we will consider all three tenses in more detail.

present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that is happening at the moment, now, moreover, they can be conjugated, i.e. change its shape. Verbs in the present tense are one of the most inflected verbs, while in an imperfect form, it should be noted that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because the action has already been completed!

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Katia in a hurry Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - in a hurry - she is now, at the moment in a hurry, which means that the present time.

Every week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are the parents doing? - go, every week shows us that the action takes place regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a clue to you what time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties in using present tense verbs.

Future time

Very often my students get confused and do not understand why there are so many different verbs in the future tense and how to remember all this. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter if it is soon or far away. Future tense verbs answer questions:

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will holiday, I I will go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - they will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means that we understand that the conversation is about the future tense.

What will I do? - I will go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, the future tense is of two types, you can find, for example, such a verb:

I draw this picture and I will give Mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - draw, give

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then to figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that the verbs of the future tense are simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions what will I do? What will I do?)

I'll make up, I'll clean, I'll take it, I'll tell you, I'll sing- they all answer questions of the perfect kind. Where a characteristic that will help you remember this form is the addition of the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I will remove

Compound future tense verbs are formed from imperfective verbs with the help of the verb to be+ the infinitive or the initial form of the verb is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and you will see that the verb: I guessed it is in the form of an infinitive: guess.

Let's look at examples with compound verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " to be", in turn, changes according to faces:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense change for person and number, but genus cannot be determined in the future!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here is some of them:

To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When they are used, the word completely changes in the future tense, for example:

I will find myself in..
I want to make sure I want to convince
I will be the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

In previous articles, I already wrote about tenses of the verb, here I want to note only the main features that we did not touch on at the initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did they do? What did you do?

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and the addition of the suffix -l, for example:

clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - see L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without any problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the genus: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is an alternation in a word (when letters interchange each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters h / / g, h / / k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

stereo whose- guarded (masculine, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural, an ending is added depending on the person: guarded, guarded she was watching over, they were watching over.

Remember, please, that with past tense verbs we cannot determine the person, only gender and number.

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - mood and tense forms), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon ... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) a -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [to]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive and basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive	Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a.	1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing).
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw.	2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw).
3. Real past participles: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing).
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in the change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: talk- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

To reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish-I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat eat	ladies give give give
	eat eat eat	give dad-they will give

Verb to be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers there is and essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common, accepted by almost all historians, general abstractions are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will be- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated to be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. The form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(future time).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

AT conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -and- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ and etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

The form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, how in violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

The form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

The form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

The form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

The form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

The form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

The form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces and numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers and childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient and redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o and smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance and It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect appearance; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate.