Volosts of the Irkutsk province. Maps of the Irkutsk province

Irkutsk province
Irkutsk province

- in Eastern Siberia, between 51 ° and 62 ° 30 "N and 96 ° and 107 ° E (from Grinich) exceeds France or Germany in space: according to Strelbitsky's measurement, it has 653290 sq. E., in including under part of the waters of Lake Baikal 15042 sq. in. and under the island of Olkhon 550 sq. in. The greatest length of I. Gubernia from the southwest to the northeast reaches 1300 in. with a width of 650 in. The boundaries of the province : in the north and partly in the north - Yakutsk, in the east and south-east the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province. It is a flat elevation with an inclination from south to north, belted in the southwest, south, and east by mountain ranges, among which, in the southeastern outskirts of the province, there is an extensive deep-water basin, Lake Baikal. the most ancient strike-slip that separated most of the area it occupied from the high Trans-Baikal plateau lying in the southeast, and in the northwest from the lower terrace located in the middle part of the Yenisei Gubernia. area I. lips. consists of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and riverine valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries. The mountains that fill I. provinces belong to two main ranges - the Sayan and the Baikal mountains; of these, the first, filling the south of the lips with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the limits of I. lips., in the southwest. its part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, is sent from the N.Z. to Yu.V. - either in one chain, from 15 to 20 in. wide, then in several parallel chains, separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 in. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7500 feet. above the surface of the monastery, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8500 feet, and its highest loach lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, forever covered with snow on top, reaches up to 11500 feet. On the sowing The slope of this char descends from its top during the 4th c. double glacier, pushing its terminal moraines to the lake. Ehoy. The general disorder in the location of the Sayan Mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute the characteristic features of the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which snow disappears for a period from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer. Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at 1200 feet. above ocean level. The lowering of the Sayan mountains goes, as it were, in ledges: the highest row of bald mountains is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the tops of the mountains, already covered with forest, then follows - the third row, of even lower height, etc., all these mountains run parallel to each other to each other, then mutually intersecting. Within I. lips. Sayan separates many branches from itself, which can be considered independent ridges: in the southwest. corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsk Mountains, reaching up to 6200 feet. abs. height. Further going to the southeast. direction, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cups) lies with lava flows over a distance of 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge rises up to 7200 ft., going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the Nuku Daban node rising to 7500 ft. and component sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between channels pp. Belaya and Kitoy; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the S. valley of the river. Irkut; The chain of mountains running parallel to them, bounding the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunal respects from the Sayan. Finally, to the southeast. part of the province is the Urguldey knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murina, a tributary of the river. Irkut and Dzhida, which flows into the river. Selenga; from this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet abs. height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying in the southwest. corner of Baikal and the Baikal Mountains in general. Of the mountain passes in the Sayan, the most famous and convenient are: a) the mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the river. Khangi, a tributary of the river. Irkut. Further to S.Z. lie: b) Naryn-Khoroysky pass, c) Uryuk-Daban, d) Tengiz-Daban, e) Taurus-Daban and f) Mustag-Arsha; of these, the first and third are used for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to the city of Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). 2nd group of mountains I. lips. make up - Baikal, rising at the head of pp. Lena and Kirenga to the highest altitude of 6000 ft. and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky (see). The flat upland, on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests, occupies the entire north and northwest. I. lips., having for the most part a height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the provinces, is located in the northwest. its parts, downstream pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the provinces: Berezovy (see), Ilimsky, Tungussky, etc. The most extensive plain is located along the river. Angara, having a boundary line running approximately from the city of Irkutsk to the river. Kitoy, from here to the river. Belaya to the mouth of the river. Zalary, then crosses the middle course of the river. Kady and goes to S.V. on the river Angara, where, having crossed to its right bank, it ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, in I. lips. there are two more: one between pp. Okoy and Udoy, another, more elevated and treeless, called the "Brotherly Steppe", stretches along the Yakut tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the river. Lena. The geognostic composition of the soil of I. lips. due to its diversity deserves special attention. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the latest modern deposits consist of lacustrine-river pebble and sandy-argillaceous sediments, are found everywhere in river valleys and often border the shores of lakes in the form of a rampart; alluvium is often found on the slopes and even on the tops of mountains; loose sands are located in different places of the province, but in small areas. From the more ancient Tertiary deposits we find in the southwest. parts of Baikal, in some places in the Sayans and in the entire Tunkinskaya hollow - loess. In the river valley Hangars were found from post-Pliocene layers: pebble deposits, loess-like layered loam and forest; then tertiary deposits are also found: along the river. Kamenka and in the west. parts of the province - downstream pp. Oki, Kimilteiki, Udy, etc. In the east. parts of I. province, in the upper reaches of the river. Lena and its tributaries, as well as downstream pp. Angi and Buguldeyki are sediments - clay-sand or gravel; in addition, uniform red-colored deposits and loess are strongly developed in the Lena Valley. The remains of thick-skinned animals that once lived in this area were found in the Tertiary sediments: a primitive bull, aurochs, various deer and antelopes. The rocks of the tertiary system are insignificantly distributed in I. lips. Of the sediments of the Mesozoic (secondary) era, only the Jurassic formation was found in the south. part of the province, stretching a strip of about 100 ver. in width from Lake Baikal to the city of Nizhne-Udinsk; its sediments (on Devonian red sandstones or on Upper Silurian limestone) consist of shaly clays and marls, sandstones with interlayers of brown coal and, in places, limestone and silicic shale. Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which, from the outburst of the Angara from Lake Baikal, run in a wide strip along the Angara almost to sowing. borders of the Balagansky district; are also found in the watershed pp. The Angara and Lena, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system, are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the river. Angara, a little higher than the city of Balagansk, throughout the valley of the river. Wasps, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, drag along the pp. Ungi, Ii and Oka and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to the city of Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone. Older sedimentary deposits—of the Cambrian-Silurian system—characterized by a considerable thickness of their layers (up to 2,500 feet) are widely distributed in the mountainous parts of I. Guba. slope of the Onot Range, in many places on the Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the river. Belaya to the city of Balagansk, and so on. Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak, and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky-Baikal Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, the Baikal Mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper one consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is mostly gneiss, granite, granite-syenite and chlorites. shale. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. Stretching of folds in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunkinsky Alps in the WNW - ESE direction, in the Eastern Sayan from WSW to NW, and in the Baikal Mountains from WSW to ENE; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the I. province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are found mainly in app. and northwest. parts of the lips. and in the river valley Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of Lake Baikal, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, in the Tunkinskaya basin there are lava hills, and in the Elovsky spur there is a friend. in places - lava flows: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk. The Irkutsk province is rich in minerals, but it is poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the Biryusa river system, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892 23 pounds of gold was washed at 21 mines. 22 lb. 20 gold, with an average gold content of 100 pd. - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed in the Kirensky district, according to pp. Kheppe and Jalogun, where gold was panned 2 pd. 30 fn. (1890). Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into Baikal, and along the upper tributaries of the river. Lena, in the Verkholensky district. (cm.). Graphite of high value is found in the Botugolsky bald lake (its development has been abandoned; see) and on the island of Olkhon. Brown coal has been found in many places: near the city of Irkutsk in the coastal cliffs of the Angara, along pp. Irkut, Kude, Ushakovka, in several places of the Balagan region, the most noteworthy deposits of coal along the river. Oka; but it is not found anywhere. Iron ore is found in many places in the province, but is developed only at the confluence of the river. Oki in the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworking plant. Iron vitriol is located near the village. Ziminsky, on the right bank of the river. Oki and in Zheltuni-Tong mountain. There are salt springs: in the 68th c. from the city of Irkutsk, on the river. Angara, along the river. Ilim and four versts from the bank of the river. Lena, on the river. Kuta. In these places, on four varnits, table salt was mined in 1892 in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs are also known: on the river. Taganka, which flows into the river. Oka, in the upper reaches of the river. Ungi, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley pp. Kuda and Belaya, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the river. Angara, lying above the city of Balagansk. Glauber's salt (Gudjir) is located in small lakes near the north-west. shores of Baikal, between the river. Angoy and Olkhon Island. Saltpeter mud lie along the river. Taloy, near the village. Tunks. Of the mineral springs, the most famous are: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the river. Uhe-Ugun, in the 250th c. from Irkutsk, have a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R. Arshan-Su is a carbon dioxide source, in the 40th century. from the Turan guard. Okinsky - on the river. Ok, in 500 c. from Irkutsk. Barnaul - soda, near the village. More-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsk district. and others. Gypsum is located: in the upper reaches of the river. Wasps, along the river. Angara, above Balagansk, on the right bank of the river. Ungi and its tributary the Hive; lime burning is carried out in many places of the province. Kaolin and white clay are mined in the upper reaches of the river. Oyoka. Refractory clay is located along the river. White, near vil. Badai, and brick - in many places of the province. Refractory stone found along the river. Ange, adj. Baikal, and in the 10th c. from the village of Bratsky Ostrog. Feldspar and quartz for glass plants. mined in the Baikal mountains, near the Ulan-Nur cape and pp. Malaya Buguldeyka and Elantsa. Millstone - along the river. Asya 2nd and on the right bank of the river. Angara, near the village. Yanda. Grindstone - between the stations of Olzonovskaya and Baendaevskaya of the Yakut tract. White fine-grained marble - along the river. Slyudyanka, which flows into Baikal. Colored stones are found most in the southeast. parts of I. lips., so: lapis lazuli - along the river. Slyudyanka; venisa - along the river. Malaya Fast; Amazonian stone, sphene and crimson feldspar - along the river. Big Fast. Mica, serpentine, talc, chondrodite, laurel - are located along the river. Thaw; blue calcareous spar, rose quartz, salite, baikalite, tremolite, black schorl, etc. - along the river. Slyudyanka. Black mica, green apatite - in the valley of Uluntui; jade in the upper reaches of the river. Belaya, in the Kitoy Alps. And. the province is plentifully irrigated with waters; the first place in terms of the vastness of the reservoir belongs to the lake. Baikal, which constitutes the natural border of the province on Yu.V. (cm.). Apart from it, there are no large lakes in the province. Almost all the rivers of I. lips. belong mainly to two river basins - the Yenisei and Lena. 3 Tunguskas belong to the Yenisei system: Upper, or Angara, Podkamennaya and Lower, with their tributaries. Angara and Lena are the two main water arteries that are of great importance in the economic life of the region; of these, the Angara forms the waterway to the west and serves to float grain for the trade of the Yenisei Gubernia. and other goods, and Lena plays an even greater role in the delivery of bread and manufactured goods to the Yakutsk Territory. The Angara-Lena watershed, passing 70-100 versts from each of these rivers, determines the insignificance of the right tributaries of the Angara and the left - the Lena. The largest tributaries of the Angara flow into it from the left, carrying their waters from the more remote alpine places of the Sayan; more significant tributaries of the Lena flow into it from the right, collecting their waters - in the Baikal, Ikat, Severo-Muisky and other remote mountain ranges. Angara, leaving Baikal, crosses I. lips. in the north-north-west. direction for about 1000 century, and its depth along the fairway from Baikal to Irkutsk is from 3 to 5 s. In the Angara from Baikal to Irkutsk, due to the rapid flow of water, the freezing of the river does not occur before the onset of 30-degree frosts - at the end of December, and the formation of ice occurs at the bottom of the river. In general, the course of the Angara is very fast, and the rapids on it make navigation along it very difficult. Starting from the confluence of the river. Oka, the Angara changes its name (to the Upper Tunguska) and over the course of the 70th century, one after the other, within the I. provinces, 7 rapids appear on it, of which the most important are: Hangover - stretching for 1 century, with a fall water up to 3 1/2 sazhens, Pyanovsky - 1 1/2 in. long, water drop 4 1/2 sazhens, and Padun - with the same length having a water drop up to 7 1/2 sazhens, and in all these rapids, a granite ridge of reefs runs throughout the entire width of the river. Of the left tributaries of the Angara, the most remarkable are pp. Irkut (see), Kitoy, Belaya (see), Oka - one of the most significant rivers of the province - and Uda. Of the right tributaries of the Angara, the most famous are: Ushakovka (60th century), Kuda (170th century), Yanda (140th century), Ilim (380th century) and Kata (200th century). Podkamennaya Tunguska, flowing to the right into the river. Yenisei (see), belongs to I. lips. only by its sources, and the Lower Tunguska irrigates the province for 650 years, taking a fairly significant tributary of the river. Nenu (150 century; see). Lena, originating about 20 versts from Lake Baikal, from the north-west. slopes of the Baikal mountains, irrigates the province during the 1600th century; its course is rather quiet, it becomes a raftable river from the village. Kachug, lying about 200 versts from its source; here it has 30 fathoms. lat. and up to 6 ft. depths; at Ust-Kuta, the width of the river. Lena up to 1/2 century, and Vitim up to 1 century. Along the river The Lena grouped the settled population of the Verkholensky and Kirensky districts. Of the largest right tributaries of the Lena are known: Kirenga (500th century), Chaya (240th century), Chuya (320th century) and Vitim (see). Of the left tributaries of the Lena, the largest are the Kulenga (120th century), the Ilga (200th century), the Kuta (280th century), the Peleduy (300th century), and the Nyuya (370th century). The climate of I. province, which lies far from the seas, high above the surface of the ocean, covered with primeval forests, is continental, with a significant annual amplitude and prolonged cold weather. Average long-term temperature in I. Gubernia:

	Latitude	Height above sea level	Of the year	Winters	Springs	Summer	Autumn	January	July
Gor. Irkutsk	52°17" -	454 m	-0,9	-19,4	0,2	16,2	0,7	-21,7	18,1
Kultuk village	51°43" -	500 m	-1,5	-17,6	-2,1	12,5	1,1	-19,9	13,8
Shimki village	51°47" -	799 m	-4,2	-25,3	-4,0	14,6	-3,5	-27,1	17,4
Cheremkhovo village	53°13" -	336 m	-0,5	-18,9	0,4	17,4	-0,9	-20,5	19,8
Gor. Verkholensk	54°8" -	515 m	-4,7	-26,5	-2,6	15,3	-4,9	-29,8	16,9
Banshchikovo village	58°3" -	?	-4,3	-26,7	-2,8	16,9	-4,6	-29,2	19,5

The warmest are the places lying near Irkutsk, and the places located near the lake. Baikal, due to the cooling effect of the waters of its basin, have a less warm climate. The absolute lowest temperature in January drops to -45.6°, and the maximum reaches 34°.6 in June, a difference of 80.2. The first frosts and snow occur in other years at the end of August, and frost - at the end of July. The average annual rainfall in the valleys of I. lips. reaches up to 380 stm., and even more in the mountains; the driest seasons are winter and spring, and of the months - March, with a moisture loss of 10 mm. The most moisture falls in summer - in July, with an average of 72 mm; but in other years, the amount of precipitation in July reaches 180 mm, causing strong river floods and an increase in the water level in Baikal. A small amount of precipitation in winter is due to weak cloudiness with a constant almost calm due to the predominance of the anticyclone. The prevailing wind direction in winter in the southern parts of the province is south-east, and in summer - north-west; number of sowing winds everywhere increases from winter to summer, and in sowing. parts of the province winds are more often in the cold season, and east. - warm. The vegetation is diverse, especially highly developed - forest: the entire space of the province, with the exception of the highest peaks (bald mountains) of the Sayan, Tunkinsky proteins, is covered for the most part by primeval forest (taiga), consisting mainly of coniferous tree species: larch, cedar, spruce, fir , and from deciduous: birch, aspen, various types of willows, in some places balsam poplar (Populus suaveolens), bird cherry, hawthorn, and in the south - apple trees. Woody vegetation in the northwest. part of the province, on the Sayan Range, appears in the form of stunted cedar and larch trees, at an altitude of 6200 feet, and in the central part, more southern, at an altitude of 6600 feet. above ur. seas: downstream along the rivers, with a decrease in the height of the mountains, coniferous forests become denser, larger, deciduous species join, and the forest covers all the slopes of the mountains and river valleys. In the forests, trees are covered with a mass of lichens and mosses hanging in cosmos on their branches, and not only in low places, but also on the foothills in dense forests, on damp soil, everywhere they are very common - sporosphytes, lichens, mosses, fungi, ferns, horsetails and club mosses. Of the plants, we should mention the shrub found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). In addition to forests, vegetation is developed in the province: alpine, calcareous rocks and cliffs, solonetzes and steppe, and in the Baikal places already come across plants belonging to the flora of the Far East. In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from multi-hoofed - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, elk and reindeer. In Baikal there is a special genus of seal - the seal (Rhosa b a icalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of the grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibirica), which reproduces strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.

Administratively, I. lips. since 1857 it has been divided into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district. The population density is negligible; a huge space (up to 90% of the provinces) is not fenced and does not belong to anyone. In the most populated Balagansky district, per 1 sq. ver. the rural population accounts for 3.3 days, in the least populated, Kirensky - 0.11 days, in the entire province - 0.62 people. In the more populated three districts, one farm accounts for 5.6 d.v. etc., and workers - 1.3. For 100 mzh. accounts for 97.7 women. Settled and nomadic Buryats - 117811, Tungus - 1654, Karagas - 431; the rest of the population is dominated by the Russian element; among the exiles there are many Poles, Jews, Tatars. The population of the province, consisting of a mixture of foreigners, settlers and exiles from different areas of Russia, formed a special local type - the Siberian, with a special local dialect. The largest part of the population of average height, namely 71%; high - 12%, low - 17%. Goiter with its companions - cretinism and deaf-mutism is quite common. In 1892, 4736 marriages were concluded in I. province, 20895 were born (10722 males and 10173 females), 16710 died (9093 males, 7617 females). According to the average conclusion over the past 30 years, the percentage of births: in the Orthodox population - 4.9%, and in the pagan - 3.6%; the mortality rate among the Orthodox is 3.9%, among the pagans - 3.2%. Natural population growth - 1.07%, actual - 1.33%; the difference falls on immigration. In 1890, there were 4441 hereditary and personal nobles, White Orthodox clergy -1880, monastic -87, Catholic - 2, Lutheran - 1, Jewish -1, Lamai - 10, Mohammedan - 9; honorary citizens of hereditary and personal - 1368, merchants - 1623, philistines - 27111, workshops - 2983, peasants of all denominations - 223812, regular troops - 2546, retired lower ranks, soldiers' wives and children - 18039, Cossacks - 5230, settled aliens - 14178, nomads - 103633, vagrants - 2085, foreign nationals - 68, exiled settlers and settled workers - 29218, political exiles - 619, settlers from exiled convicts - 5441, persons not belonging to the indicated categories - 482. In 1892, there were 372456 Orthodox, 382 schismatics of various sects (most of all Subbotniks in the village of Zima, Balagansky district), Catholics - 3485, Armenian Gregorians - 86, Protestants - 569, Mohammedans - 2843, Jews - 6315, Lamaites - 14210, shamans - 64945. In the period from 1872 to 81, he adopted Orthodoxy in I. lips. 16704 people (mostly Buryats). In the province, not counting the cities, there were 223 churches, 2 ministries, 216 chapels, 2 mosques, 2 datsans and 5 prayer houses. In 1892, for all salaries 1112098 rubles were subject to collection, of which 450149 rubles remained in arrears, including:

	Subject to collection	%	Remaining arrears	%
From the state peasants and foreigners	539236 r.	48,5	85212 r.	18,9
From the peasants from the exiles	61352 r.	5,5	46725 r.	10,3
From exiled settlers	273625 r.	24,6	257773 r.	57,2
From the philistines, shop and friend.	27619 r.	2,5	16833 p.	3,8
From foreigners	108088 r.	9,7	20218 r.	4,5

So, mainly the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least power to pay. Unpaid 561,977 rubles remained in the arrears, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only up to 94,143 rubles, including among peasants - 87,506 rubles, among foreigners - 6,637 rubles. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles. Public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children of school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parish schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parochial - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were cared for; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms. The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which only the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas, do not deal with. The entire north of the province, i.e., most of the Kirensky district. and north-east. part of Nizhneudinsky, as well as the entire rocky west. the shore of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island should be included in the non-grain zone; then less than other parts of the province grain-growing app. and southwest, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. Center and south some are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilizer; but in the south only the Irkut valley is inhabited. The most common in I. lips. the soils are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white, the first ones lie in higher places and along the slopes of the mountains, and the forest loam, which occurs in higher places, is considered better for processing than the steppe. This kind of soil at a depth of 3-4 vrsh. are difficult to process, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. A total of 348,400 dessiatins of land under sowing in 1892 was shown. ; of this number accounted for the Balagan okrug. 39.8%, I. - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. In recent years, the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagan and Irkutsk regions. Of the winter crops, they are sown more in Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky, and spring - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1. Potatoes and hemp are grown everywhere; crops of buckwheat, peas and millet are less common. The degree of harvest, in addition to the quality of the soil, is affected by the height of the field, since in lower places the grain often suffers from frost and frost; further, the degree of protection from the winds, the direction of the slope of the field - to the north or south, the presence of mountain grasses - sow thistle. Bread is sold mainly in the city of Irkutsk and on the Nizhneslobodskaya pier on the river. Ilge, in the Verkholensky district, from where it is rafted to the Olekminsko-Vitimsky gold mines. Horticulture has an industrial character only in the villages lying near the city of Irkutsk, and at a few other points of greater demand. In the village of Alexandrovsky, vegetables are considered the best in the province; the village of Galumet produces an excellent bow; all L. Belsky developed hop-growing with annual sales of up to 40,000 pd. hops. Tobacco is bred in gardens, mainly in the Irkutsk district, where in 1892 it was collected from 154.5 dess. up to 21595 pd. Hemp for the sale of seeds is bred in the villages closest to the province. city. Foreigners almost do not engage in gardening. After agriculture, the most developed cattle breeding, what is favored by vast steppe places in the central part of the province, where the Buryats are engaged in cattle breeding as a trade; but for the most part it serves only as an aid to agriculture. Most of the livestock is bred in the Balagansky district and in the Tunkinskaya basin of the Irkutsk district; but cattle breeding does not meet the needs of the population, and therefore part of the cattle is brought in annually - for the city of Irkutsk and the gold mines - from Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and even from Tomsk. Local cattle are small, cows give little milk; horses are distinguished by rare endurance. Total livestock was registered in the province (in 1892), with the exception of cities: horses - 292111, cattle - 380336, sheep - 356408, goats - 51112, pigs - 88572, deer - 3930, camels - 210. - Animal industry constitutes the exclusive occupation of the Tungus and Karagas; from the Russian population, the inhabitants of villages lying in the remote taiga, or in mountainous areas, or in the valleys of Tungusok, Ilim, Kirenga, and others are engaged in obtaining the beast. rec. They hunt mainly squirrels, and partly other fur-bearing animals, getting them with a gun, dies, pits, etc. Bears and wolves are beaten only by chance, when hunting other animals. Of the birds, hazel grouse, black grouse and water birds are the subject of fishing. Of the products of the animal industry, the skins of fur-bearing animals, musk musk, antlers (young deer horns) are sold for 100-200 rubles. individually or by weight from 6 to 12 rubles. per pound. In 1888, in 3 districts (I., Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky), 4822 persons were engaged in the fur industry, who got the beast in the amount of 122246 rubles. fishing due to the proximity of the villages to the river. Angara and Lena, and mainly to the lake. Baikal, where up to 1500 people are engaged in fishing annually. On Baikal, the subject of fishing is omul, Baikal hairyuz, and in the rivers whitefish, lenok, taimen, Angarsky hairyuz, occasionally sturgeon and friend are caught. On Baikal in 1892, 707 barrels of omul were caught in summer fishing, each from 800 to 1000 pieces, and in autumn - 785 barrels; caviar 57 barrels, fat 201 pd., in total for the amount of 66,000 rubles. 1171 workers (1020 men and 151 women) were hired for fishing, on 9 vessels, with 50 seines. In addition, the Olkhon Buryats near the Small Sea industrialized 905 barrels. fish, 173 pd. fish and 591 pd. seal fat. Handicraft production poorly developed in the province and serves mainly as a help in the household, such as cooperage, the manufacture of carts, wheels and other handicrafts from wood, the weaving of nets and nets, the weaving of ropes, the preparation of coarse cloths (tare), rugs, knitting from wool and hair woolen stockings and mittens for mittens, dressing of furs and skins, extraction of resin or sulfur - for chewing (local custom). This also includes charcoal burning, tar smoking, tar planting, and the collection of pine nuts. Blacksmithing, pottery

Article about the word Irkutsk province"in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron was read 1274 times

Irkutsk province

Irkutsk province - the province of the Russian Empire and the RSFSR in 1764-1926. The capital is Irkutsk. In 1900 it consisted of five districts and one county.

Irkutsk Governorate was formed in 1764 as part of the counties of Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsky, Nizhneudinsky, and Kirensky. In 1783-1797 it was renamed to the Irkutsk region. In 1797 the Irkutsk province was restored. In 1805, the northern part of the territory was allocated to the Yakutsk region. In 1851, the eastern part of the territory was allocated to the Trans-Baikal region.

The Irkutsk province consisted of districts or districts. Managed by the governor and provincial government. It was abolished on June 28, 1926, on its territory 3 districts of the Siberian Territory were formed - Irkutsk, Tulunsky and Kirensky.

Geography (description for 1907)

Geographical position

Irkutsk province is located in Eastern Siberia, between 51° and 62°30′ N. sh. and 96° and 107° E. d. (from Greenwich) surpasses France or Germany in space: according to Strelbitsky's measurement, it has 653290 sq. versts, including under part of the waters of the lake a 15,042 sq. miles and under the island of Olkhon 550 sq. verst. The greatest length of the Irkutsk province from the southwest to the northeast reaches 1,300 versts with a width of 650 versts. The borders of the province: in the north and partly in the northeast - the Yakutsk region, in the east and southeast the Transbaikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province.

Relief

In particular, the area of the Irkutsk province consists of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and riverine valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries.

The mountains that fill the Irkutsk province belong to two main ridges - the Sayan and the bsky mountains; of these, the first one, filling the south of the province with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the borders of the Irkutsk province, in its southwestern part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, it goes from northwest to southeast - then in one chain, wide from 15 to 20 versts, then by several parallel chains separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 versts. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7,500 feet above the sea surface, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8,500 feet, and its highest char lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, eternally covered with snow on top, reaches up to 11,500 ft. On the northern slope of this char, a double glacier descends from its top for 4 miles, pushing its terminal moraines to the lake. Ehoy.

The general disorder in the location of the Sayan Mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute the characteristic features of the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which snow disappears for a period from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer.

Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at an altitude of 1,200 feet above sea level. The lowering of the Sayan mountains goes, as it were, in ledges: the highest row of bald mountains is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the tops of the mountains, already covered with forest, then follows - the third row, of even lower height, etc., all these mountains run parallel to each other to each other, then mutually intersecting.

Within the Irkutsk province, Sayan separates from itself many branches that can be considered independent ridges: at the southwestern corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsky Mountains, reaching up to 6,200 feet of absolute height. Further going to the southeast. direction, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cups) lies with lava flows over 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge rises up to 7200 feet, going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the node of Nuku Daban, rising to 7,500 feet and making a sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between channels pp. Belaya and Kitoy; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the valley of the river from the north. Irkut; parallel to them, the chain of mountains running, limiting the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunal respects from the Sayan. Finally, in the southeastern part of the province there is the Urguldeysky knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murina, a tributary of the river. Irkut and Dzhida, which flows into the river. Selenga; From this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet of absolute height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying at the southwestern corner and in general of the Baikal Mountains.

Of the mountain passes in the Sayan, the most famous and convenient are: a) the mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the river. Khangi, a tributary of the river. Irkut. Further to the northwest lie: b) Naryn-Khoroysky pass, c) Uryuk-Daban, d) Tengiz-Daban, e) Taurus-Daban and f) Mustag-Arsha; of these, the first and third serve for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). The 2nd group of mountains of the Irkutsk province are - bsky, rising at the sources of pp. Lena and Kirenga to the highest height of 6000 feet and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky. The flat upland, on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests, occupies the entire north and north-west of the Irkutsk province, having for the most part a height of 1500 to 2000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the province, is located in the northwest of its part, along the course of pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the province: Berezovy, Ilimsky, Tungussky, etc. The most extensive plain is located along the river. Angara, having a boundary line running approximately from Irkutsk to the river. Kitoy, from here to the river. Belaya to the mouth of the river. Zalary, then crosses the middle course of the river. Kady and heads northeast to the river. Angara, where, having crossed to its right bank, it ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, there are two more plains in the Irkutsk province: one between pp. Okoy and Udoy, another, more elevated and treeless, bearing the name of the "Brotherly Steppe", stretches along the Yakut tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the river. Lena.

Geology

Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which from the outburst of the Angara from Lake a go in a wide strip along the Angara almost to the northern border of the Balagansky district; are also found in the watershed pp. The Angara and Lena, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system, are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the river. Angara, a little higher than Balagansk, throughout the valley of the river. Wasps, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, drag along the pp. Ungi, Ii and Oka and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone.

Older sedimentary deposits - the Cambrian-Silurian system - characterized by a significant thickness of their layers (up to 2500 feet), are very common in the mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, and the upper tier is made up exclusively of limestones located in the northwestern slope of the Onot Range, in many places on Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the river. Belaya to Balagansk, etc. The lower tier of the Cambrian-Silurian system consists of clayey and gray slates and sandstones, mainly located in the Sayan - in the upper reaches of the river. Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, and the Bsky mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper layer consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is most often gneiss, granite, granite-syenite, and chlorite schists. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. Folding in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunka Alps in the WNW - ESE direction, in the Eastern Sayan from WSW to NW, and in the mountains from WSW to ENE; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the province and in the valley of the river. Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of lake a, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries, volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, there are lava hills in the Tunka basin, and lava flows in the Elovsky spur and other places: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk.

Minerals

The Irkutsk province is rich in minerals, but it is poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the Biryusa river system, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892, 23 poods of gold 22 pounds 20 spools were washed at 21 mines, with an average gold content of 100 poods - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed in the Kirensky district, according to pp. Nerpe and Dzhalohun, where 2 poods of 30 pounds of gold was washed (1890). Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into, and along the upper tributaries of the river. Lena, in the Verkholensky district. Graphite of high value is found in the Botugolsky bald mountain (its development has been abandoned) and on Olkhon Island. Brown coal has been found in many places: near Irkutsk in the cliffs of the Angara, along pp. Irkut, Kude, Ushakovka, in several places of the Balagansky district, the most noteworthy deposits of coal along the river. Oka; but it is not found anywhere. Iron ore is found in many places in the province, but is developed only at the confluence of the river. Oki in the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworking plant. Iron vitriol is located near the village. Ziminsky, on the right bank of the river. Oka and in the mountain Zheltuni-Ton

There are salt springs: 68 versts from Irkutsk, on the river. Angara, along the river. Ilim and four versts from the bank of the river. Lena, on the river. Kuta. In these places, four varnits were mined in 1892 table salt in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs are also known: on the river. Taganka, which flows into the river. Oka, in the upper reaches of the river. Ungi, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley pp. Kuda and Belaya, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the river. Angara, lying above Balagansk. Glauber's salt (gujir) is located in small lakes near the northwestern shores, between the river. Angoy and Olkhon Island. Saltpeter mud lie along the river. Taloy, near the village. Tunks. Of the mineral springs, the most famous are: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the river. Uhe-Ugun, 250 versts. from Irkutsk, have a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R. Arshan-Su is a carbon dioxide source, 40 versts from the Turan guard. Okinsky - on the river. Oka, 500 miles from Irkutsk. Barnaul - soda, near the village. Bolshe-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsky district, etc.

Gypsum is located: in the upper reaches of the river. Wasps, along the river. Angara, above Balagansk, on the right bank of the river. Ungi and its tributary Hive; lime burning is carried out in many places of the province. Kaolin and white clay are mined in the upper reaches of the river. Oyoka. Refractory clay is located along the river. White, near vil. Badai, and brick - in many places of the province. Refractory stone found along the river. Ange, adj. and, and 10 versts. from the village of Bratsky Ostrog. Feldspar and quartz for glass factories are mined in the Baikal mountains, near the Ulan-Nur cape and along pp. Malaya Buguldeyka and Elantsa. Millstone - along the river. Asya 2nd and on the right bank of the river. Angara, near the village. Yanda. Grindstone - between the stations of Olzonovskaya and Baendaevskaya of the Yakut tract. White fine-grained marble - along the river. Slyudyanka, which flows into. Colored stones are found most in the southeastern part of the province, as follows: lapis lazuli - along the river. Slyudyanka; venisa - along the river. Malaya Fast; Amazonian stone, sphene and crimson feldspar - along the river. Big Fast. Mica, serpentine, talc, chondrodite, laurel - are located along the river. Thaw; blue calcareous spar, rose quartz, salite, baikalite, tremolite, black schorl, etc. - along the river. Slyudyanka. Black mica, green apatite - in the valley of Uluntui; jade in the upper reaches of the river. Belaya, in the Kitoy Alps.

Hydrography

Irkutsk province is abundantly irrigated with water; the first place in terms of the vastness of the reservoir belongs to the lake. y, which constitutes the natural border of the province in the southeast. Apart from it, there are no large lakes in the province. Almost all the rivers of the Irkutsk province belong mainly to two river basins - the Yenisei and the Lena. 3 Tunguskas belong to the Yenisei system: Upper, or Angara, Podkamennaya and Lower, with their tributaries.

Angara and Lena are the two main water arteries that are of great importance in the economic life of the region; of these, the Angara forms the waterway in the west and serves to float grain to the crafts of the Yenisei province and other goods, and the Lena plays an even greater role in the delivery of bread and manufactured goods to the Yakut Territory. The Angara-Lena watershed, passing 70-100 versts from each of these rivers, determines the insignificance of the right tributaries of the Angara and the left - the Lena. The largest tributaries of the Angara flow into it from the left, carrying their waters from the more remote alpine places of the Sayan; more significant tributaries of the Lena flow into it on the right, collecting their waters - in the bsky, Ikatsky, Severo-Muisky and other remote mountain ranges. The Angara, leaving a, crosses the Irkutsk province in a north-north-western direction for about 1000 miles, and its depth along the fairway from a to Irkutsk is from 3 to 5 s. In the Angara from a to Irkutsk, due to the rapid flow of water, the freezing of the river does not occur before the onset of 30-degree frosts - at the end of December, and the formation of ice occurs at the bottom of the river. In general, the course of the Angara is very fast, and the rapids on it make navigation along it very difficult.

Starting from the confluence of the river. Oka, Angara changes its name (to Upper Tunguska) and on it appear for 70 miles, one after another, within the Irkutsk province, 7 rapids, of which the most important are: Hangover - stretching for 1 verst, with water falling up to 3 1 / 2 sazhens, Pyanovsky - 1 1/2 versts long, water drop 4 1/2 sazhens, and Padun - with the same length having a water drop of up to 7 1/2 sazhens, and in all these rapids there is a granite ridge of underwater stones goes to the entire width of the river. Of the left tributaries of the Angara, the most remarkable are pp. Irkut, Kitoy, Belaya, Oka - one of the most significant rivers of the province - and Uda. Of the right tributaries of the Angara, the most famous are: Ushakovka (60 versts), Kuda (170 versts), Yanda (140 versts), Ilim (380 versts) and Kata (200 versts). Podkamennaya Tunguska, flowing to the right into the river. The Yenisei belongs to the Irkutsk province only by its sources, and the Lower Tunguska irrigates the province for 650 miles, taking a fairly significant tributary of the river. Nenu (150 miles).

The Lena, originating about 20 versts from Lake 1, from the northwestern slopes of the Baikal Mountains, irrigates the province for 1,600 versts; its course is rather quiet, it becomes a raftable river from the village. Kachug, lying about 200 versts from its source; here it has 30 fathoms. lat. and up to 6 feet deep; at Ust-Kuta, the width of the river. Lena up to 1/2 verst, and Vitim up to 1 verst. Along the river The Lena grouped the settled population of the Verkholensky and Kirensky districts. Of the largest right tributaries of the Lena are known: Kirenga (500 miles), Chaya (240 miles), Chuya (320 miles) and Vitim. Of the left tributaries of the Lena, the largest are: Kulenga (120 versts), Ilga (200 versts), Kuta (280 versts), Peleduy (300 versts) and Nyuya (370 versts).

Climate

The climate of the Irkutsk province, which lies far from the seas, high above the surface of the ocean, covered with primeval forests, is continental, with a significant annual amplitude and prolonged cold. The warmest are the places lying near Irkutsk, and the places located near the lake. and, due to the cooling effect of the waters of its basin, they have a less warm climate. The absolute lowest temperature in January drops to −45.6°, and the maximum reaches 34°.6 in June, a difference of 80°.2. The first frosts and snow occur in other years at the end of August, and frost - at the end of July. The average annual precipitation in the valleys of the Irkutsk province reaches up to 380 cm, and even more in the mountains; the driest seasons are winter and spring, and of the months - March, with a moisture loss of 10 mm. The most moisture falls in summer - in July, with an average of 72 mm; but in other years, the amount of precipitation in July reaches 180 mm, causing strong river floods and an increase in the water level in e. An insignificant amount of precipitation in winter is due to weak cloudiness with a constant almost calm due to the predominance of the anticyclone. The prevailing wind direction in winter in the southern parts of the province is southeast, and in summer - northwest; the number of northern winds everywhere increases from winter to summer, and in the northern parts of the province, western winds are more common in the cold season, and eastern winds in the warm season.

Flora

The vegetation is diverse, especially highly developed - forest: the entire space of the province, with the exception of the highest peaks (bald mountains) of the Sayan, Tunkinsky proteins, is covered for the most part by primeval forest (taiga), consisting mainly of coniferous tree species: larch, cedar, spruce, fir , and from deciduous: birch, aspen, various types of willows, in some places balsam poplar (Populus suaveolens), bird cherry, hawthorn, and in the south - apple trees. Woody vegetation in the northwestern part of the province, on the Sayan Range, appears in the form of stunted trees of cedar and larch, at an altitude of 6,200 feet, and in the central part, more south, at an altitude of 6,600 feet above sea level: downstream along the rivers with a decrease in the height of the mountains, coniferous forests become denser, larger, deciduous species join, and the forest covers all the slopes of the mountains and river valleys.

In the forests, trees are covered with a mass of lichens and mosses hanging in cosmos on their branches, and not only in low places, but also on the foothills in dense forests, on damp soil, lichens, mosses, mushrooms, ferns, horsetails and club mosses are very common everywhere.

Of the plants, we should mention the bushes found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides).

In addition to forests, alpine vegetation, limestone rocks and cliffs, solonetz and steppe vegetation is developed in the province, and in the Baikal places, plants belonging to the flora of the Far East are already found.

Fauna

In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from multi-hoofed - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, elk and reindeer. A special genus of seal is found in e - seal (Phocabaicalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of the grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibirica), which reproduces strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.

Administrative division

Administratively, Irkutsk province has been divided since 1857 into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, which include 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 males. and 216,277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district.

At the end of the 19th century, the province included 5 districts:

№
county
Centre
Area, verst
Population, people
1
Balagansky
Balagansk(1 026 people)
38 379
122 918 (1889)
2
Verkholensky
Verkholensk (1,043 people)
76 952
59 567 (1889)
3
Irkutsk
Irkutsk (50,280 people)
72 401
108 028 (1892)
4
Kirensky
Kirensk (1,211 people)
343 000
55 168 (1892)
5
Nizhneudinsky
Nizhneudinsk (6,016 people)
108 143
65 067 (1896)

Population

The population density is negligible; a huge area (up to 90% of the province) is not fenced and does not belong to anyone. In the most populated Balagansky district, per 1 sq. a verst accounts for the rural population of 3.3 days, in the least populated, Kirensky - 0.11 days, in the entire province - 0.62 people. In the more populated three districts, one farm accounts for 5.6 d.v. etc., and workers - 1.3. There are 97.7 women per 100 men. Settled and nomadic Buryats - 117,811, Tungus - 1,654, Karagas - 431; the rest of the population is dominated by the Russian element; among the exiles there are many Poles, Jews, Tatars. The population of the province, consisting of a mixture of foreigners, settlers and exiles from different areas of Russia, formed a special local type - the Siberian, with a special local dialect. The largest part of the population of average height, namely 71%; high - 12%, low - 17%. Goiter with its companions - cretinism and deaf-mutism is quite common.

In 1892, 4,736 marriages were concluded in the Irkutsk province, 20,895 were born (10,722 women and 10,173 women), and 16,710 died (9,093 males, 7,617 females). According to the average conclusion over the past 30 years, the percentage of births: in the Orthodox population - 4.9%, and in the pagan - 3.6%; the mortality rate among the Orthodox is 3.9%, among the pagans - 3.2%. Natural population growth - 1.07%, actual - 1.33%; the difference falls on immigration.

In 1890 there were:

hereditary and personal nobles - 4,441

white orthodox clergy - 1880

monastic - 87

Catholic - 2

Lutheran - 1

Jewish - 1

Lamai - 10

Mohammedan - 9

honorary citizens of hereditary and personal - 1 368

merchants - 1,623

townspeople - 27 111

workshops - 2 983

peasants of all types - 223 812

regular troops - 2,546

retired lower ranks, soldiers' wives and children - 18,039

Cossacks - 5,230

settled aliens - 14,178

nomadic - 103,633

stray - 2 085

foreign nationals - 68

exiled settlers and settled workers - 29,218

political exiles - 619

settlers from exiled convicts - 5,441

persons who do not belong to the indicated categories - 482

In 1892, there were 372,456 Orthodox, schismatics of various sects - 382 (most of all Subbotniks in the village of Zima, Balagansky district), Catholics - 3,485, Armenian Gregorians - 86, Protestants - 569, Mohammedans - 2,843, Jews - 6315, Lamaites - 14,210, shamanists - 64,945. In the period from 1872 to 1881, 16,704 people converted to Orthodoxy. (mostly s).

In the province, not counting the cities, there were 223 churches, 2 monasteries, 216 chapels, 2 mosques, 2 datsans and 5 prayer houses.

National composition in 1897:

county
Russians
s
Jews
Tatars
Yakuts
Evenki
Poles
Province as a whole
73,1 %
21,2 %
1,4 %
1,4 %
…
…
…
Balagansky
60,8 %
35,6 %
…
1,2 %
…
…
…
Verkholensky
59,8 %
35,6 %
1,0 %
1,2 %
…
…
…
Irkutsk
75,5 %
18,9 %
2,3 %
1,2 %
…
…
…
Kirensky
88,7 %
…
1,7 %
…
4,9 %
2,3 %
…
Nizhneudinsky
91,3 %
1,9 %
…
2,4 %
…
…
1,1 %

Taxes and fees

In 1892, 1,112,098 rubles were to be collected from all salaries, of which 450,149 rubles remained in arrears. Most of the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least payment power. Unsettled collections remained in the arrears of 561,977 rubles, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only to 94,143 rubles, including 87,506 rubles for peasants and 6,637 rubles for foreigners. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues, 1,892 received the most: excise tax - 1,910,794 rubles. and customs - 7,263,884 rubles.

Education, medicine, charity

Public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, with 11,112 students, including 8,056 males, or 72.5%, and 3,056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children of school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parish schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parochial - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with up to 1,020 students. pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were cared for; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms.

Economy

Agriculture

The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which is not practiced only by the Olkhon and Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas. The entire north of the province, that is, most of the Kirensky district and the northeastern part of the Nizhneudinsky district, as well as the entire rocky western coast a with Olkhon Island, should be included in the non-grain zone; then, less than other parts of the province, the western and southwestern ones are grain-growing, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. The center and the southern part are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilization; but in the south only the Irkut valley is populated.

The most common soils in the Irkutsk province are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white; This kind of soil, at a depth of 3-4 inches, is difficult to cultivate, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter.

Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used.

Land under crops in 1892 shows a total of 348,400 acres; of this number, Balagansky district accounted for 39.8%, Irkutsk province - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. In recent years, the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagan and Irkutsk districts. Of the winter crops, more are sown in the Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky districts, and spring crops - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1.

Potatoes and hemp are grown everywhere; crops of buckwheat, peas and millet are less common. The degree of harvest, in addition to the quality of the soil, is affected by the height of the field, since in lower places the grain often suffers from frost and frost; further the degree of protection from the winds, the direction of the slope of the field - in the north or south, the presence of mountain grasses - sow thistle. Bread is sold mainly to Irkutsk and to the Nizhneslobodskaya pier on the river. Ilge, in the Verkholensky district, from where it is rafted to the Olekminsko-Vitimsky gold mines.

Horticulture has an industrial character only in the villages near Irkutsk, and in a few other places of greater demand. In the village of Alexandrovsky, vegetables are considered the best in the province; the village of Galumet produces an excellent bow; all L. Belsk developed hop-growing with the annual sale of up to 40,000 pounds of hops. Tobacco is bred in gardens, mainly in the Irkutsk district, where in 1892 it was collected from 154.5 dess. up to 21595 pounds. Hemp for the sale of seeds is bred in the villages closest to the provincial city. Foreigners almost do not engage in gardening.

Cattle breeding

After agriculture, cattle breeding is most developed, which is favored by vast steppe places in the central part of the province, where you are engaged in cattle breeding as a trade; but for the most part it serves only as an aid to agriculture. Most of the livestock is bred in the Balagansky district and in the Tunkinskaya basin of the Irkutsk district; but cattle breeding does not meet the needs of the population, and therefore part of the cattle is annually brought in - for Irkutsk and the gold mines - from Transbaikalia, Mongolia and even from Tomsk. Local cattle are small, cows give little milk; horses are distinguished by rare endurance. The total number of livestock in the province (in 1892), with the exception of cities: horses - 292,111, cattle - 380,336, sheep - 356,408, goats - 51,112, pigs - 88,572, deer - 3,930, camels - 210.

Hunting

The animal industry is the exclusive occupation of the Tungus and Karagas; from the Russian population, the residents of villages lying in the remote taiga, or in mountainous areas, or in the valleys of the Tungusok, Ilim, Kirenga and other rivers, are engaged in hunting for the beast. They hunt mainly squirrels, and partly other fur-bearing animals, getting them with a gun, dies, pits, etc. Bears and wolves are beaten only by chance, when hunting other animals. Of the birds, hazel grouse, black grouse and water birds are the subject of fishing. Of the products of the animal industry, the skins of fur-bearing animals, musk musk, antlers (young deer horns) are sold for 100-200 rubles. individually or by weight from 6 to 12 rubles. per pound. In 1888, in 3 districts (Irkutsk, Balagansk, and Nizhneudinsk), 4,822 persons were engaged in the fur industry, who produced animals worth 122,246 rubles.

Fishing

Fishing is determined by the proximity of the villages to the river. Angara and Lena, and mainly to the lake. y, where up to 1500 people are engaged in fishing annually. On it, the subject of fishing is the omul, Baikal hairyuz, and in the rivers whitefish, lenok, taimen, Angarsky hairyuz, occasionally sturgeon and others are caught. in autumn - 785 barrels; 57 barrels of caviar, 201 pounds of fat, totaling 66,000 rubles. Hired for fishing 1171 workers (1020 men and 151 women), on 9 vessels, with 50 nets. In addition, 905 barrels were industrialized by Olkhonsky near the Small Sea. fish, 173 pounds of fish and 591 pounds of seal fat.

Handicraft

Handicraft production is poorly developed in the province and serves mainly as a help in the household, such as cooperage, the manufacture of carts, wheels and other handicrafts from wood, the weaving of nets and nets, the weaving of ropes, the preparation of coarse cloths (tare), rugs from wool and hair , knitting woolen stockings and mittens for mittens, dressing furs and skins, extracting resin or sulfur - for chewing (local custom). This also includes charcoal burning, tar smoking, tar planting, and the collection of pine nuts. Blacksmithing, pottery and brick making are common throughout the province.

seasonal crafts

Much more important in the economic life of the population are casual trades: hiring for gold mines, for carting, for rafting ships and their construction, as well as postal chasing and yard work.

The cart trade is mainly carried out by the population of the districts of Irkutsk, Balagansk, and especially Nizhneudinsk; carriage causes an increase in the sale of local products and janitors, that is, the maintenance of inns, of which there are up to 587 along the Moscow tract. 48,256 carts (290,446 seats, or about 1 million Irkutsk 75,000; delivery of goods costs about 3 1/2 million rubles. The mass of bread is delivered to the Nizhneslobodskaya pier on the river. Ilge.

In the districts of Verkholensky and Kirensky, the cart industry is less significant; more important is the postal chase, which in the last district delivers to the population a gross income of 500,000 rubles.

In the last two districts, the population finds a significant income in the construction of ships, their loading and alloying. Shipbuilding is mainly carried out in the Verkholensky district, in the villages located along pp. Ilge, Lena and Tuture; here, on average, up to 690 ships are built - baroque, semi-baroque, pauzkov, karbas, boats, worth up to 100,000 rubles, and up to 1,300 people are employed in shipbuilding. From all 7 piers of the Verkholensk district, grain and goods were floated on these ships in 1892 1191000 pounds, in the amount of 3942950 rubles.

Residents of the Kirensky district are also engaged in the delivery of hay to the gold mines, helping out annually up to 180,000 rubles.

Industry

Despite the remoteness of the Irkutsk province from the industrial centers of Russia and the high cost of transportation (up to 9 rubles per pood), the factory and factory industry is poorly developed and far from satisfying local demand; in addition, local products of lower quality than those imported (for example, iron, glass, cloth, porcelain and glassware). There were 116 factories and factories in the province, of which 10 did not operate in 1,892; there were 2235 workers; production is shown in 2027210 rub. Most of the factories and factories are located in Irkutsk - 60, and in the Irkutsk district - 36. Of the most leather factories - 24 (1 did not operate), with 117 workers and production for 254,464 rubles, then brick - 14, with 96 workers and production for 25810 rubles. In terms of total production, the first place belongs to 10 distilleries (of which 3 did not operate) with 213 workers, with a production of 318,394 rubles. Two cloth factories (1 did not operate), with 105 workers, with a production of 61,438 rubles; 1 ironworks, with 667 workers and production for 254,491 rubles; 2 porcelain and faience factories, with 210 workers, with a production of 206,800 rubles; 4 salt works, with 250 workers and production for 170,929 rubles; 4 glass factories (2 did not operate), with 84 workers, with a production of 68,813 rubles.

Trade

Trade documents, certificates and tickets in 1893 were selected for the Irkutsk province 5495. Trade is quite strongly developed, which is greatly facilitated by the transit route crossing the province, although the transportation of tea in recent years has been greatly reduced due to their transportation by sea and the improvement of local waterways. The development of trade is greatly facilitated by the significant sale of local bread for gold mines, especially in the Yakutsk region. Imported goods are purchased mainly at the Nizhny Novgorod and Irbit fairs and in Tomsk. Local productivity delivers the export of bread, alcohol, beer, leather, iron, glass, cloth, tobacco and porcelain products to the Yakut and Transbaikal regions. and partly to the Yenisei province. Rural products find a market for themselves at daily or Sunday bazaars in cities and in more populous villages, as well as at some fairs, of which, in terms of turnover, the most significant, in addition to Irkutsk, are 5 fairs in the Verkholensky district and 2 in Kirensky.

Transport

The main trade routes in the Irkutsk province are overland. The Moscow, or Great Siberian, tract cuts through the province in its entire width from west to east; its continuation is the Circum-Baikal tract, along which the movement of goods takes place in spring and autumn, during the termination of communication through. The second route, the Yakut postal route, from Irkutsk goes by land to the Zhigalovskaya station, and from there by water to Yakutsk along the river. Lena, along which since 1862 steamboats have been sailing, rising mostly only to Ust-Kut. From Irkutsk on the right bank of the river. Angara goes Zaangarsky tract, past the city of Balagansk, to the villages. Ust-Uda; the Osinsky tract adjoins it. In the Nizhneudinsky district - two branches coming from the Moscow tract, and a road leading to the Shelashnikovsky tract, laid to the Nizhneslobodskaya pier on the river. Ilge; the last road is very important for the significant transportation of grain intended for rafting along the river. Lena. Another way to the river Lena leads from the villages. Tuluna according to pp. Ie and Oke to the villages. B. Mamyrsky on the Angara, from here it turns onto the river. Ilim through the Ilim portage, and then on the river. Ust-Kut, which flows into the river. Lena. The Tunkinsky tract leads to Mongolia along the valley of the river. Irkut. The water communication is made mainly according to pp. Lena and Angara; rapids prevent the correct communication along the latter, but the steamers rise unhindered for 600 miles. to the villages Fraternal Ostrog. In 1885, Sibiryakov was given permission to set up in the rapids of the Angara a shipping company and a towing company from the village. Bratsky to Yeniseisk. A rather active steamship communication with Transbaikalia is carried out along the lake by six steamships belonging to the Kyakhta partnership; in addition, another steam vessel owned by a fishing company sails the lake.

History

Archaeological research in recent years has revealed the existence in the Irkutsk province, in the valleys of the river. Angara and its tributaries of the people of the Stone Age, contemporaries of the mammoth and the antediluvian bull: weapons, jewelry and utensils of the Stone Age were found in different places. In the same places, many things were also found relating to the periods of human acquaintance with metals; but nothing is known about the tribes that left behind these monuments.

The earliest historical information about the local population of the Angara Territory dates back to the end of the 12th century, that is, by the time, as is assumed, the occupation of these places by the Ami. By the time the Russians appeared on the banks of the river. The Angars were already the most numerous and strongest tribe here; the Tungus also lived there.

In 1628, in the middle reaches of the Angara, the first prison on this river, Rybinsk, arose. In 1630, the Ilimsk winter hut was founded, on a portage leading to the river. Lena, and on the latter Nikolsky churchyard, renamed in 1655 to Kirensky island. In 1652, the foundation was laid for the Irkutsk yasak winter quarters, and in 1654 it was laid in the very center of the nomad camps.

Irkutsk Province was formed in 1719, Irkutsk Gubernia in 1764, and the East Siberian Governor General in 1822 (since 1887 Irkutsk Governor General). Only since 1851, since the separation of the Trans-Baikal region, the Irkutsk province has been within its present borders.

The settlement of the region was initially carried out either by the resettlement of peasants and service people from Russia by appointment of the government, or by the voluntary resettlement of peasants. At first, there were few hunters for resettlement: in 1648, peasants voluntarily settled near the Verkholensk prison, in 1653 60 families were settled near Balagansk, in 1697, in different places, 500 families of farmers from Verkhoturye, etc.

The settlement of the region was hindered by temporary measures against voluntary resettlement, for example, decrees of 1743 and 1846. The settlement of Irkutsk was mainly carried out by exiles.

A significant part of the settlers (exiles), however, is constantly outside the province: either in the gold mines, or in an unknown absence. A considerable contingent of migrants was made up of penal soldiers, prisoners of war, and especially the Polish rebels of 1830-1831 and 1863: in 1866 there were up to 18,000 exiled Poles in Siberia.

The settlement of the region by the exiled element continues to this day: for example, in 1890, 4019 exiles of various categories entered the Irkutsk province; in addition, 1088 people were settled in the province, including 261 members of their families. There were 27 landmark buildings in the Irkutsk province along the Moskovsky tract and 5 along the Yakutsk tract, 4 prison castles, 3 shelters for children under arrest; in the latter there were 75 boys and 62 girls.

Governorate leadership

Governors General

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Jacobi Ivan Varfolomeevich
lieutenant general
1783-1787
Pil Ivan Alferievich
lieutenant general
1787-1793

Irkutsk military governors

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Treyden Khristofor Andreevich
lieutenant general
1797-1798
Lezzano Boris Borisovich
infantry general
1798-1800
Lebedev Nikolai Petrovich
lieutenant general
1800-1803

Governor-Generals of Siberia

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Selifontov Ivan Osipovich
active privy councilor
23.05.1803-06.1806
Pestel Ivan Borisovich
Privy Councilor
06.1806-22.03.1819
Speransky Mikhail Mikhailovich
Privy Councilor
22.03.1819-1822

Governors

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Fradendorf Karl Lvovich
major general
1765-1767
Bril Adam Ivanovich
lieutenant general
1767-1776
Nemtsov Fedor Glebovich
foreman
1776-1779
Nickname Franz Nikolaevich
major general
1779-1783

Viceroy rulers

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Lamb Ivan Varfolomeevich
major general
1783-1786
Arseniev Mikhail Mikhailovich
major general
1786-1791
Nagel Larion Timofeevich
major general
1791-13.12.1797

Governors

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Arshenevsky Pyotr Yakovlevich
Privy Councilor
05.09.1798-25.09.1798
Tolstoy Alexey Ivanovich

25.09.1798-1800
Repiev Ivan Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
1801-1804
Kartvelin Nikolai Petrovich
Acting State Councilor
1804-1805
Kornilov Alexey Mikhailovich
Acting State Councilor
1805-1806
Treskin Nikolay Ivanovich
Acting State Councilor
1806-1819
Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich
real state councilor, vice-governor, and. d. governor
1819-1821
Zeidler Ivan Bogdanovich
Acting State Councilor
25.06.1821-29.06.1835
Evseviev Alexander Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
29.06.1835-11.03.1838
Levshin Alexey Iraklievich
Acting State Councilor
11.03.1838-26.01.1839
Pyatnitsky Andrey Vasilievich
Acting State Councilor
26.01.1839-10.05.1848
Zarin Vladimir Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
10.05.1848-29.06.1851
Wenzel Karl-Burgard Karlovich
lieutenant general
03.07.1851-14.12.1859

Acting State Councilor, and. d.
18.12.1859-23.03.1862
Shcherbatsky Nikolai Fyodorovich
major general
23.03.1862-13.01.1864
Shelashnikov Konstantin Nikolaevich
major general
23.01.1864-20.04.1880
Pedashenko Ivan Konstantinovich
lieutenant general
20.04.1880-17.05.1882
Nosovich Sergey Ivanovich
major general
17.05.1882-09.02.1886
Kolenko Vladimir Zakharovich
state councilor (actual state councilor)
06.03.1886-12.05.1889
Svetlitsky Konstantin Nikolaevich
major general
12.05.1889-24.01.1897
Mollerius Ivan Petrovich
Acting State Councilor (Privy Councillor)
01.02.1897-18.02.1905
21.01.1906-18.02.1908
Gran Petr Karlovich
Acting State Councilor
12.05.1908-28.02.1911
Bantysh Fedor Alexandrovich
Acting State Councilor
28.02.1911-1913
Yugan Alexander Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
1913-1917

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Sumarokov Philip Alexandrovich
court adviser, 1st comrade of the governor
1764-1766
Vetlitsky Vasily Vasilievich
Major, 2nd Comrade Governor
1764-1771
Pantusov Denis Ivanovich

1766-1771
Solovyov Ivan Osipovich
baron, colonel, 1st comrade of the governor
1771-1772
Sobolev Dmitry Konstantinovich
Court Counsellor, 2nd Companion to the Governor
1771-1775
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich
Collegiate Counsellor, 1st Comrade Governor
1773-1775
Yuniy Alexander Alexandrovich
Colonel, 1st Comrade Governor
1775-1782
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich
Collegiate Counsellor, 2nd Comrade Governor
1775-1778
Palibin Matvey Trofimovich
Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd Comrade Governor
1778-1782
Tseddelman Alexander Yurievich
major general
1778-1784
Chulkov Vasily Vasilievich
foreman
1784-1785
Burtsov Evtifei Evtifeevich
collegiate adviser
1785-1789
Mikhailov Andrey Sidorovich
collegiate adviser
1789-1793
Pokhvisnev Fedor Ivanovich
Colonel, State Councilor
1793-1797
Kramarenkov
Acting State Councilor
15.12.1798-18.01.1799
Goloshchepov Semyon Kondratievich
Acting State Councilor
01.02.1799-1804
Shishkov Arseny Antonovich
State Councillor
1804-1806
Semivskiy Nikolay Vasilievich
collegiate adviser
1806-1809
Levitsky Karp Ivanovich
State Councillor
1809-1814
Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich
collegiate adviser (state councilor)
1814-1822

Chairmen of the provincial government

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Krestnikov Nikolay Vasilievich
court adviser, and. d.
1822-25.07.1823
Gorlov Nikolay Petrovich
Acting State Councilor
25.07.1823-25.07.1827
Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich
State Councillor
11.07.1831-25.06.1832
Kirillov Petr Ivanovich
State Councillor
25.06.1832-09.08.1838
Padalka Vasily Kirillovich
State Councillor
17.03.1839-10.04.1845
Karpinsky Alexey Mikhailovich
State Councillor
08.11.1846-18.02.1853
Struve Bernhard Vasilievich
State Councillor
18.02.1853-20.12.1855
Izvolsky Pyotr Alexandrovich
State Councillor
01.01.1858-18.12.1859
Shelekhov Alexey Dmitrievich
collegiate adviser
05.02.1860-05.02.1865
Ern Nikolai Kasperovich
Acting State Councilor
08.02.1865-27.02.1875
Izmailov Alexey Petrovich
Acting State Councilor
04.06.1875-19.09.1879
Garf Eduard Egorovich
State Councillor
28.03.1880-15.03.1884
Petrov Vasily Vasilievich
State Councillor
10.05.1884-13.11.1886
Davydov Dmitry Nikandrovich
State Councillor
08.01.1887-24.01.1891
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
24.01.1891-12.10.1895

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.
Title, rank, rank
Position replacement time
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
12.10.1895-12.07.1897
Tsekhanovsky Boleslav Pavlovich
State Councillor
12.07.1897-21.09.1901
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich
Acting State Councilor
11.12.1901-12.12.1903
Mishin Vladimir Alexandrovich
collegiate adviser
12.12.1903-05.08.1906
Yugan Alexander Nikolaevich
collegiate adviser
05.08.1906-31.12.1910
Rimsky-Korsakov Alexander Sergeevich
court adviser (collegiate adviser)
24.01.1911-1914
Izmailov Mikhail Ivanovich

In the Russian Empire and the RSFSR. Formed on October 19 (30), 1764 from the Irkutsk province of the Siberian province. Center - Irkutsk. When founded, it was divided into counties: Irkutsk, Nerchinsky, Selenginsky, Ilimsky. In 1766 it was divided into 6 provinces - Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Selenga, Ilimsk, Okhotsk and Yakutsk. By decree of Empress Catherine II dated January 31 (February 11), 1775, 3 provinces were formed as part of the Irkutsk province - Irkutsk, Udinsk, Yakutsk. The area is 801 thousand km 2 (1895), 726 thousand km 2 (1905). The population is 544 thousand people (1905).

6 (17) 3/1783 Irkutsk province was transformed into the Irkutsk governorate, which was divided into regions: Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Okhotsk and Yakutsk. By decree of Emperor Paul I dated 12 (23) 12/1796, the governorship was renamed into a province, at the same time a part of the abolished Kolyvan province became part of the Irkutsk province.

On 11 (23) 8/1803, the Kamchatka region was formed from part of the territory of the Irkutsk province, and on 22.4 (4.5). 1805 - the Yakut region. By decree of Emperor Alexander I dated July 22 (August 3), 1822, the entire territory of the Irkutsk province became part of the East Siberian Governor General formed at the same time (since 1887, the Irkutsk Governor General). Irkutsk province was divided into districts (counties since 1898): Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsky, Verkhneudinsky, Nerchinsky, Kirensky. In 1822, the territories of the abolished regions were annexed to the Irkutsk province: Kamchatka (the Kamchatka coastal administration was formed here) and Okhotsk (Okhotsk coastal administration), the Troitskosava border administration was also formed.

On December 2(14), 1849, the Kamchatka Region was again separated from the Irkutsk Governorate, and on July 11(23), 1851, the Trans-Baikal Region was formed from the Verkhneudinsk and Nerchinsk Districts of the Irkutsk Governorate. On October 31 (November 12), 1856, the Primorsky Region was formed from the eastern parts of the Irkutsk province, at the same time, Verkholensky and Balagansky districts were formed from parts of the Irkutsk district.

On the territory of the Irkutsk province, according to the All-Russian census of 1897, lived: Russians (73%), Buryats (21.5%), Tungus (0.43%) and others. equestrian since 1851) Cossack regiment (in 1871 the regiment was transformed into a hundred, some of the Cossacks were converted to the peasant class; in 1872 the Cossack population of the Irkutsk province numbered 2322 people, in 1917 - about 7500 people).

In the 18th century, the main occupations of the population of the Irkutsk province were agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing in the basins of the Angara and Lena rivers, Lake Baikal. In the 19th century, seasonal trades, maintenance of gold mines (discovered in the 1840s along the Lena River and its tributaries in the northeastern part of the Irkutsk province), and shipping were developed.

From the end of the 18th century, the Irkutsk province became a place of exile and hard labor. In 1792-96 A. N. Radishchev lived in Ilimsk. The Decembrists exiled to the Irkutsk province (for example, N. M. Muravyov, S. G. Volkonsky, M. S. Lunin, N. A. Panov, S. P. Trubetskoy) had a great influence on the development of science and culture in the region. Participants of the Polish uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863-64, the Petrashevites N. A. Speshnev and others, were also exiled here, at the beginning of the 20th century - I. V. Stalin.

In 1898-99, the Olekminsk gold mining district of the Yakutsk region became part of the Irkutsk province. The sections Tulun - Zima - Irkutsk (1898) of the Central Siberian Railway and Irkutsk - Baikal (1900) of the Transbaikal Railway, which were parts of the Trans-Siberian Railway, passed through the territory of the Irkutsk province. In the gold mines in the Irkutsk province, the Lena execution of 1912 took place. In 1916, Cheremkhovsky uyezd was formed from a part of the Balagansky uyezd of the Irkutsk province (on July 27, 1922, it was renamed Ziminsky uyezd).

At the end of 1917, Soviet power was established in the Irkutsk province under the leadership of Central Siberia. In July - August 1918, the cities of the Irkutsk province were occupied by units of the White Siberian Army, and the power of the Provisional Siberian Government was established here. Since March 1919, in the Nizhneudinsky district of the Irkutsk province, a movement of red partisans has unfolded, committing sabotage on the railways (May 8, 1919, the partisans defeated Taishet station). On 11/18/1919, the government evacuated from Omsk arrived in Irkutsk under the leadership of A. V. Kolchak. It was overthrown as a result of an armed rebellion of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in December 1919, and the Politcenter government was formed in Irkutsk. On January 21, 1920, the Political Center transferred power to the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (chairman - Bolshevik A. A. Shiryamov), and Bolshevik power was again established on the territory of the Irkutsk province.

On January 9, 1922, aimags (administrative units of self-government of the Buryats, created in 1918-20 from parts of the Balagansky, Selenginsky, Irkutsk and Kirensky counties of the Irkutsk province) were united into the Mongolian-Buryat Autonomous Okrug with the administrative center in Irkutsk; according to the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 30, 1923, they entered the Buryat-Mongol ASSR formed at the same time with a center in Verkhneudinsk, separated from the Irkutsk province on June 27, 1922, part of the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk province was annexed to the Yakut ASSR. On July 26, 1922, Nizhneudinsk uyezd was renamed Tulun uyezd. On March 6, 1924, the Balagansky and Selenginsky (Kabansky) counties were abolished, their territories were included in the Ziminsky and Irkutsk counties, respectively, at the same time part of the Ziminsky county was included in the Irkutsk county. On August 15, 1924, the Irkutsk province was divided into districts (Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky) and industrial districts (Bodaibo and Cheremkhovsky).

On June 28, 1926, the Irkutsk province was abolished, its territory became part of the Irkutsk, Kirensky and Tulunsky districts of the Siberian Territory.

Lit.: Land of Irkutsk. 1995-2005. No. 1-28; Naumova O. E. Irkutsk diocese. XVIII - first half of the XIX century. Irkutsk, 1996; Asiatic Russia: people and structures of the empire. Omsk, 2005; Novikov P. A. Civil war in Eastern Siberia. M., 2005.

After the February Revolution, the Irkutsk Governor General that existed before, which included the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, the Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk regions, ceased to exist. On August 15, the territory of the Irkutsk province was divided into 3 districts - Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky and 2 industrial regions - Cheremkhovsky and Bodaibinsky. On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Irkutsk province became part of it.

Relief

In general, the surface of the Irkutsk province is a flat elevation with a slope from south to north, belted from the southwest, south and east by mountain ranges, among which in the southeastern outskirts of the province lies a vast deep-water depression - Lake Baikal. The terrace-like lowering of this flat hill is due to an ancient shift that separated most of the area occupied by it from the high Transbaikal plateau lying in the southeast, and in the northwest from a lower terrace located in the middle part of the Yenisei province. In particular, the area of the Irkutsk province consists of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and riverine valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries. The mountains that fill the Irkutsk province belong to two main ranges - the Sayan and the Baikal mountains; of these, the first one, filling the south of the province with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the borders of the Irkutsk province, in its southwestern part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, it goes from northwest to southeast - then in one chain, wide from 15 to 20 versts, then by several parallel chains separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 versts. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7,500 feet above the sea surface, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8,500 feet, and its highest char lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, forever covered with snow on top, reaches up to 11,500 ft. On the northern slope of this char, a double glacier descends from its top for 4 miles, pushing its terminal moraines to the lake. Ehoy. The general disorder in the location of the Sayan Mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute the characteristic features of the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which snow disappears for a period from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer. Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at an altitude of 1200 feet above sea level. The lowering of the Sayan Mountains proceeds, as it were, in ledges: the highest row of bald mountains is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the peaks of the mountains, already covered with forest, followed by the third row, of even lower height, etc. etc., all these mountains run either parallel to each other, or mutually intersecting. Within the Irkutsk province, Sayan separates from itself many branches that can be considered independent ridges: at the southwestern corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsky Mountains, reaching up to 6200 feet of absolute height. Further going to the southeast. direction, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cups) lies with lava flows over 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge rises up to 7200 feet, going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the node of Nuku-Daban, rising to 7500 feet and making sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between channels pp. Belaya and Kitoy; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the valley of the river from the north. Irkut; parallel to them, the chain of mountains running, limiting the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunal respects from the Sayan. Finally, in the southeastern part of the province there is the Urguldeysky knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murina, a tributary of the river. Irkut and Dzhida, which flows into the river. Selenga; From this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet of absolute height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying at the southwestern corner of Baikal and the Baikal Mountains in general. Of the mountain passes in the Sayan, the most famous and convenient are: a) the mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the river. Khangi, a tributary of the river. Irkut. Further to the northwest lie: b) Naryn-Khoroysky pass, c) Uryuk-Daban, d) Tengiz-Daban, e) Taurus-Daban and f) Mustag-Arsha; of these, the first and third are used for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to the city of Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). The 2nd group of mountains of the Irkutsk province are - Baikal, rising at the head of pp. Lena and Kirenga to the highest height of 6000 feet and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky. The flat upland, on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests, occupies the entire north and north-west of the Irkutsk province, having for the most part a height of 1500 to 2000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the province, is located in the northwest of its part, along the course of pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the province: Berezovy, Ilimsky, Tungussky, etc. The most extensive plain is located along the river. Angara, having a boundary line running approximately from the city of Irkutsk to the river. Kitoy, from here to the river. Belaya to the mouth of the river. Zalary, then crosses the middle course of the river. Kady and heads northeast to the river. Angara, where, having crossed to its right bank, it ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, there are two more plains in the Irkutsk province: one between pp. Okoy and Udoy, another, more elevated and treeless, bearing the name of the "Brotherly Steppe", stretches along the Yakut tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the river. Lena.

Geology

The geognostic composition of the soil of the Irkutsk province deserves special attention due to its diversity. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the latest modern deposits consist of lacustrine-river pebble and sandy-argillaceous sediments, are found everywhere in river valleys and often border the shores of lakes in the form of a rampart; alluvium is often found on the slopes and even on the tops of mountains; loose sands are located in different places of the province, but in small areas. Of the more ancient Tertiary deposits, we find in the southwestern part of Baikal, in some places in the Sayans and in the entire Tunkinskaya hollow - loess. In the river valley Hangars were found from post-Pliocene layers: pebble deposits, loess-like layered loam and forest; then tertiary deposits are also found: along the river. Kamenka and in the west. parts of the province - downstream pp. Oka, Kimilteyki, Udy, etc. In the eastern part of the Irkutsk province, in the upper reaches of the river. Lena and its tributaries, as well as along the pp. Angi and Buguldeyki are sediments - clay-sand or gravel; in addition, uniform red-colored deposits and loess are strongly developed in the Lena Valley. The remains of thick-skinned animals that once lived in this area were found in the Tertiary sediments: a primitive bull, aurochs, various deer and antelopes. The rocks of the tertiary system have a slight distribution in the Irkutsk province. Of the sediments of the Mesozoic (secondary) era, only the Jurassic formation was found in the southern part of the province, stretching in a strip of about 100 versts in width from Lake Baikal to the city of Nizhne-Udinsk; its sediments (on the Devonian red sandstones or on the Upper Silurian limestone) consist of shaly clays and marls, sandstones with interlayers of brown coal and, in places, limestone and chert. Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which from the outburst of the Angara from Lake Baikal run in a wide strip along the Angara almost to the northern border of the Balagansky District; are also found in the watershed pp. The Angara and Lena, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system, are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the river. Angara, a little higher than the city of Balagansk, throughout the valley of the river. Wasps, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, drag along the pp. Ungi, Ii and Oka and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to the city Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone. Older sedimentary deposits - the Cambrian-Silurian system - characterized by a significant thickness of their layers (up to 2500 feet), are very common in the mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, and the upper tier is made up exclusively of limestones located in the northwestern slope of the Onot Range, in many places on Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the river. Belaya to the city of Balagansk, and so on. Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak, and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky-Baikal Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, the Baikal Mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper layer consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is most often gneiss, granite, granite-syenite, and chlorite schists. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. Stretching of folds in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunkinsky Alps in the WNW - ESE direction, in the Eastern Sayan from WSW to NW, and in the Baikal Mountains from WSW to ENE; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the province and in the valley of the river. Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of Lake Baikal, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries, volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, there are lava hills in the Tunka basin, and lava flows in the Elovsky spur and other places: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk.

Minerals

The Irkutsk province is rich in minerals, but it is poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the Biryusa river system, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892, 23 poods of gold 22 pounds 20 spools were washed at 21 mines, with an average gold grade of 100 poods - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed in the Kirensky district, according to pp. Nerpe and Dzhalohun, where 2 poods of 30 pounds of gold was washed (1890). Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into Baikal, and along the upper tributaries of the river. Lena, in the Verkholensky district. Graphite of high value is found in the Botugolsky bald mountain (its development has been abandoned) and on Olkhon Island. Brown coal has been found in many places: near the city of Irkutsk in the coastal cliffs of the Angara, along pp. Irkut, Kude, Ushakovka, in several places of the Balagansky district, the most noteworthy deposits of coal along the river. Oka; but it is not found anywhere. Iron ore is found in many places in the province, but is developed only at the confluence of the river. Oki in the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworking plant. Iron vitriol is located near the village. Ziminsky, on the right bank of the river. Oki and in Zheltuni-Tong mountain.

There are salt springs: 68 versts from the city of Irkutsk, on the river. Angara, along the river. Ilim and four versts from the bank of the river. Lena, on the river. Kuta. In these places, on four varnits, table salt was mined in 1892 in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs are also known: on the river. Taganka, which flows into the river. Oka, in the upper reaches of the river. Ungi, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley pp. Kuda and Belaya, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the river. Angara, lying above the city of Balagansk. Glauber's salt (Gudjir) is located in small lakes off the northwestern shores of Lake Baikal, between the river. Angoy and Olkhon Island. Saltpeter mud lie along the river. Taloy, near the village. Tunks. Of the mineral springs, the most famous are: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the river. Uhe-Ugun, 250 versts. from Irkutsk, have a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R. Arshan-Su is a carbon dioxide source, 40 versts from the Turan guard. Okinsky - on the river. Oka, 500 miles from Irkutsk. Barnaul - soda, near the village. Bolshe-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsky district, etc.

Of the plants, we should mention the bushes found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides).

In addition to forests, alpine vegetation, calcareous rocks and cliffs, solonetz and steppe vegetation is developed in the province, and plants belonging to the flora of the Far East come across in the Baikal places.

Fauna

In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from multi-ungulates - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, elk (moose) and reindeer. In Baikal, there is a special genus of seal - the seal (Рһocabaicalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of the grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibirica), which reproduces strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.

Administrative division

Administrative division of the Irkutsk province

In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province is divided from the city into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district.

Taxes and fees

In 1892, 1,112,098 rubles were due for collection of all salaries, of which 450,149 rubles remained in arrears. Most of the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least payment power. Unsettled collections remained in the arrears of 561,977 rubles, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only to 94,143 rubles, including 87,506 rubles for peasants and 6,637 rubles for foreigners. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the government revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles.

Education, medicine, charity

Public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children of school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parish schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parochial - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were cared for; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms.

Economy

Agriculture

The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which is not practiced only by the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas. The entire north of the province, that is, most of the Kirensky district and the northeastern part of the Nizhneudinsky district, as well as the entire rocky western coast of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island, should be included in the non-grain zone; then, less than other parts of the province, the western and southwestern ones are grain-growing, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. The center and the southern part are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilization; but in the south only the Irkut valley is populated. The most common soils in the Irkutsk province are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white; This kind of soil, at a depth of 3-4 inches, is difficult to cultivate, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. Land under crops in 1892 shows only 348,400 acres; of this number, Balagansky district accounted for 39.8%, Irkutsk province - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. In recent years, the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagan and Irkutsk districts. Of the winter crops, more are sown in the Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky districts, and spring crops - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1.

The settlement of the region was hampered by temporary measures against voluntary resettlement, for example, decrees and years. The settlement of Irkutsk was mainly carried out by exiles.

A significant part of the settlers (exiles), however, is constantly outside the province: either in the gold mines, or in an unknown absence. A considerable contingent of migrants was made up of penal soldiers, prisoners of war, and especially Polish insurgents - and the years: in 1866 there were up to 18,000 exiled Poles in Siberia.

Governorate leadership

Governors General

Irkutsk military governors

Governor-Generals of Siberia

Governors

Viceroy rulers

Governors

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Position replacement time
Arshenevsky Pyotr Yakovlevich	Privy Councilor	05.09.1798-25.09.1798
Tolstoy Alexey Ivanovich		25.09.1798-1800
Repiev Ivan Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	1801-1804
Kartvelin Nikolai Petrovich	Acting State Councilor	1804-1805
Kornilov Alexey Mikhailovich	Acting State Councilor	1805-1806
Treskin Nikolay Ivanovich	Acting State Councilor	1806-1819
Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich	real state councilor, vice-governor, and. d. governor	1819-1821
Zeidler Ivan Bogdanovich	Acting State Councilor	25.06.1821-29.06.1835
Evseviev Alexander Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	29.06.1835-11.03.1838
Levshin Alexey Iraklievich	Acting State Councilor	11.03.1838-26.01.1839
Pyatnitsky Andrey Vasilievich	Acting State Councilor	26.01.1839-10.05.1848
Zarin Vladimir Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	10.05.1848-29.06.1851
Wenzel Karl-Burgard Karlovich	lieutenant general	03.07.1851-14.12.1859
	Acting State Councilor, and. d.	18.12.1859-23.03.1862
Shcherbatsky Nikolai Fyodorovich	major general	23.03.1862-13.01.1864
Shelashnikov Konstantin Nikolaevich	major general	23.01.1864-20.04.1880
Pedashenko Ivan Konstantinovich	lieutenant general	20.04.1880-17.05.1882
Nosovich Sergey Ivanovich	major general	17.05.1882-09.02.1886
Kolenko Vladimir Zakharovich	state councilor (actual state councilor)	06.03.1886-12.05.1889
Svetlitsky Konstantin Nikolaevich	major general	12.05.1889-24.01.1897
Mollerius Ivan Petrovich	Acting State Councilor (Privy Councillor)	01.02.1897-18.02.1905 21.01.1906-18.02.1908
Gran Petr Karlovich	Acting State Councilor	12.05.1908-28.02.1911
Bantysh Fedor Alexandrovich	Acting State Councilor	28.02.1911-1913
Yugan Alexander Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	1913-1917

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Position replacement time
Sumarokov Philip Alexandrovich	court adviser, 1st comrade of the governor	1764-1766
Vetlitsky Vasily Vasilievich	Major, 2nd Comrade Governor	1764-1771
Pantusov Denis Ivanovich		1766-1771
Solovyov Ivan Osipovich	baron, colonel, 1st comrade of the governor	1771-1772
Sobolev Dmitry Konstantinovich	Court Counsellor, 2nd Companion to the Governor	1771-1775
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich	Collegiate Counsellor, 1st Comrade Governor	1773-1775
Yuniy Alexander Alexandrovich	Colonel, 1st Comrade Governor	1775-1782
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich	Collegiate Counsellor, 2nd Comrade Governor	1775-1778
Palibin Matvey Trofimovich	Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd Comrade Governor	1778-1782
Tseddelman Alexander Yurievich	major general	1778-1784
Chulkov Vasily Vasilievich	foreman	1784-1785
Burtsov Evtifei Evtifeevich	collegiate adviser	1785-1789
Mikhailov Andrey Sidorovich	collegiate adviser	1789-1793
Pokhvisnev Fedor Ivanovich	Colonel, State Councilor	1793-1797
Kramarenkov	Acting State Councilor	15.12.1798-18.01.1799
Goloshchepov Semyon Kondratievich	Acting State Councilor	01.02.1799-1804
Shishkov Arseny Antonovich	State Councillor	1804-1806
Semivskiy Nikolay Vasilievich	collegiate adviser	1806-1809
Levitsky Karp Ivanovich	State Councillor	1809-1814
Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich	collegiate adviser (state councilor)	1814-1822

Chairmen of the provincial government

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Position replacement time
Krestnikov Nikolay Vasilievich	court adviser, and. d.	1822-25.07.1823
Gorlov Nikolay Petrovich	Acting State Councilor	25.07.1823-25.07.1827
Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich	State Councillor	11.07.1831-25.06.1832
Kirillov Petr Ivanovich	State Councillor	25.06.1832-09.08.1838
Padalka Vasily Kirillovich	State Councillor	17.03.1839-10.04.1845
Karpinsky Alexey Mikhailovich	State Councillor	08.11.1846-18.02.1853
Struve Bernhard Vasilievich	State Councillor	18.02.1853-20.12.1855
Izvolsky Pyotr Alexandrovich	State Councillor	01.01.1858-18.12.1859
Shelekhov Alexey Dmitrievich	collegiate adviser	05.02.1860-05.02.1865
Ern Nikolai Kasperovich	Acting State Councilor	08.02.1865-27.02.1875
Izmailov Alexey Petrovich	Acting State Councilor	04.06.1875-19.09.1879
Garf Eduard Egorovich	State Councillor	28.03.1880-15.03.1884

Considering the settlement of Siberia, its provinces and districts, they can be divided into three periods:

First period: from the beginning of the 17th century to 1725. During this period, the territory of Eastern Siberia was annexed to Russia, and the first Russian settlements began to appear there. The advance of the Russians to Siberia took place along a system of communication routes, consisting of a number of rivers connected by short land portages. All more or less significant settlements were located on the rivers. At the beginning of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there was a time when it was easier to take what was easier to take - furs. Agriculture was of purely regional importance. In the early 50s of the 17th century, the lands of all Eastern Siberia were finally occupied by the Russians. The construction of the forts of Bratsk (1631), Verkholensky (1641), Verkhneangarsky (1647), Udinsky (1647), Irkutsk (1652), Balagansky (1654), Tunkinsky (1674) ensured the possibility of spreading Russian influence in Angarsko - Lensky districts. Here, settlements of Cossacks, free citizens, arable peasants, as well as exiles begin to grow rapidly. The main aim of the Russian government during the construction of settlements was the collection of yasak, the subjugation of the population and defense against hostile attacks, which was reflected both in the location of the settlements and in the composition of their population. New settlements arose where there were more fur-bearing animals, the yasak population was concentrated, Russian industrialists settled, and there were waterways.

In 1708 the Siberian province was established with the center in the city of Tobolsk. It included all of Siberia and even the Ural part of European Russia. Its first governor was Prince MP Gagarin. He had the right to appoint governors, who became known as commandants. In 1719 The Siberian province was divided into 5 provinces: Vyatka, Solikamsk, Tobolsk, Yenisei and Irkutsk. Eastern Siberia was part of the Irkutsk province, headed by a vice-governor who was subordinate to the Siberian governor-general. (In the 50-60s of the 17th century, new lands developed in Siberia were controlled by clerks, and then until 1731 by military governors). Throughout this period (17th century - early 18th century), settlements arose near the forts, because. people were afraid of raids by local residents.

Jails, as a rule, were built in places convenient for arable farming and haymaking, therefore, at some distance from the prisons, only zaimkas arose, which over time grew and turned into settlements (settlements). And the Cossacks themselves gradually turned from wandering warriors into settled villagers. Zaimkas were also built by industrial people who came here for mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. Zaimki arose both at the initiative of the authorities, and at the initiative of free and "walking" people. The authorities settled in them both peasants and exiles, and free people settled as they considered convenient. Siberian service people received a certain monetary, grain and salt salary. Land ownership was not obligatory for them, and if they owned land, it was as a grain salary, or with the obligation to pay “frilled bread” to the treasury.

The composition of the Russian population in the settlements being created was divided into two large groups: service and non-service (residential) people. Servicemen were concentrated in larger settlements and prisons for the defense of the region and the further strengthening of Russian power in new territories, as well as their management. Their core was made up of Cossacks (mounted and on foot), less often archers (on foot). Servicemen could have from the state: an apartment (room, corner) with a table (cereals, cabbage, kvass, salt), heating, lighting for Altyn per week or 1 ruble 69 kopecks. in year. From the "walking" people, who were so called because they did not have certain occupations, settlements were also formed. All of them worked for an annual cash, grain and salt salary. They were ruled by foremen, Pentecostals, who sometimes received the title of "boyar children" for certain merits. They were entrusted with more important tasks, responsible affairs, representation of the management of Cossack detachments, prisons, etc. Service people, in addition to governors, writing heads and "children of boyars" included clerks of clerk's huts, "ruzhniki" (clergy), a customs head, kissers (people who kissed a cross upon taking office) and others. On the state salary there were sometimes masters (Armored, spinners, including "shoulder cases" (executioners). Service people sent from the Tobolsk and Ural cities also settled for "eternal life".

The second group of the population of prisons and settlements were townspeople who were engaged in crafts, trade, crafts, cattle breeding and agriculture, and for this they paid quitrent to the treasury. Dues were collected from shops, smithies, baths, inns. The average quitrent was about 1 ruble 40 kopecks. in year. Posad people also paid money "for saddle and bridle work." There were also so-called "taxes" for "areal" or "posad" petition letters (collection of duties from petitions and various business papers), "taxes" (from holes in the rivers), wine, beer and kvass farms. Posad people were mainly representatives of "free" and "walking" people from among the locals, and sometimes sent from Russia. For many "posad" people, these "extortions" were impossible, in connection with which they ran away from their places of registration. There were also townsman uprisings. Another group of "non-serving" population were plowed peasants. "Parable building" was a matter of state power.

The government needed rich furs, and service people and miners of "soft gold" needed bread. Initially, bread was delivered to our region from the Yenisei prison. In order to provide bread in the localities, the government planted exiled and "walking" people on arable land, and transferred here "plowmen" from Russia. They were called "translators". These peasants were under the jurisdiction of local governors, who inspected arable land, built settlements, and called up peasants. General supervision, appointment of rural authorities (clerks), change and supervision over them. Since the governors could not do everything themselves, the direct management of state arable land belonged to a special person - the clerk appointed by the governor. Their duty was: the organization of construction, the inspection of the tithe arable land and the reprisals against the peasants. Sometimes the plowed sovereign peasants were workers who received payment in kind (bread), or in the form of a “sobina” (a piece of land with the right to plow for themselves). In the early years of settlement, they enjoyed benefits and even allowances. Assistance to the peasants was sometimes provided for the purchase of a horse and village accessories. Peasants who had their own arable land paid quitrent to the treasury in the form of "separate" or "dump" bread - the fifth or tenth sheaf. Compliance with these orders was monitored by: allocators, patrolmen, receivers, payers, kissers, hammerers, etc.

In those years, in Eastern Siberia it was possible to buy: for 5 kopecks - a good log, for 6 rubles - to hire carpenters to build a large and rich mansion, for 2-4 rubles - a good horse, for 1-3 rubles - a cow, for 2 rub. - a barrel of omul, for 15-20 kopecks - a pood of wheat, for 35 kopecks. hay cart, for 25 kopecks. - an ax, etc. With all this, the prices for bread were high and this was one of the reasons for the low standard of living, especially among the “pokruchnikov” - people enslaved at work by the owners, who paid taxes for them, fed during fishing and were given a small reward. There was an even greater approach to the local population. Merchants sold gunpowder, lead, tea, salt, vodka, alcohol and manufactory to hunters at inflated prices. Merchants profited even more from debtors. The goods were sold to the natives at higher prices, the methods of drinking wine and their ignorance were used, sometimes for a glass of vodka - the best sable.

There were industrial and trading people in Siberia, from which a prosperous class was formed. For example, Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov came to Siberia as a "walking" man from Veliky Ustyug, later received the title of Ilimsky boyar son and ended his life as an orderly man over a number of Lena volosts. The well-known "Russian Columbus" G. I. Shelekhov in 1787. founded a trading and fishing company called American, which extended its influence not only to the Irkutsk province. He came from Rylsk and acted as a clerk to the merchant I. L. Golikov. After the organization of the company, Shelekhov leaves for Okhotsk, builds ships there and organizes the fishing of sea animals. They annexed a number of islands and Alaska to Russia. Empress Catherine 2 awarded Shelekhov and Golikov with gold medals, swords and letters of commendation.

The first settlers in the territory of the Irkutsk province were immigrants from the North of the European part of Russia and the Great Russian provinces: Arkhangelsk and Vologda and a number of cities. All settlers brought with them to Siberia their skills, habits, legends, songs, dialect and culture. They built prisons, rural settlements and cities here.

The second stage of the emergence of Russian settlements on the territory of Eastern Siberia took place in the period 1725 - 1892, when trade and the development of industrial production began to come to the fore. Already by the end of the 17th century (1680) Siberia annually gave the state treasury 12% of the revenue part of the budget.

During this period, the military danger completely ceases, the erected fortresses lose their military significance, the collection of yasak recedes into the background, but Russian-Chinese trade and the gold industry develop rapidly, and the trade, transport and administrative functions of the state increase. In 1764 The Irkutsk province became an independent province. In 1782 - 1783. in Siberia, three governorships were established: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. The Irkutsk governorship consisted of: Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Yakutsk and Okhotsk regions. By 1796 Siberia was divided into two provinces: Tobolsk and Irkutsk. Each region, which is part of the province, was divided into discrites (districts). In 1803 in Irkutsk there were two rulers - the governor-general and the governor. Until 1822 The Irkutsk governor-general ruled all of Siberia, and the governor ruled the province. Under his command were: the treasury chamber (with financial and economic functions) “for house-building affairs and the management of state revenues”, the provincial land surveyor, the chambers of civil and criminal courts and the Supreme Zemstvo Court.

The management of the districts was concentrated in the Nizhny Zemsky Court, headed by the district police officer, appointed by the governor. A treasurer, a sworn surveyor, a doctor, a doctor and two assistant doctors were also assigned to the county. The Lower Zemstvo Court had administrative and police functions. Judicial affairs were in charge of the county court and the lower reprisals. Such a system of government made it possible to create arbitrariness in the territory under their jurisdiction, which was used by officials. Neither the governors of Siberia and the Irkutsk province, but also the governors of districts, police officers, and also petty officials did not disdain this. Governors M. P. Gagarin, Pestel, Treskin, Nizhneudinsky and Verkhneudinsky police officers Loskutov and Yanovsky served as an example of this. In 1819 M. M. Speransky was appointed governor-general of Siberia. He carried out a reform of the zoning of the space of Siberia.

In 1783 Irkutsk province was divided into four regions and 17 districts. Then in 1797 -1798. within the province, the regions were liquidated, but the counties were preserved. However, in 1805 this division was changed, the number of counties was reduced to 7. They became Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsky, Verkhneudinsky, Kirensky, Nerchinsky, Yakutsky and Kamchatsky. The rest were abolished or merged. The population in the county centers began to increase. So, if in 1800. in Nizhneudsk the population was only 100 people, then 1823. Already 412, in 1835. - 800, in 1851 - 2089, in 1865 - No. 003 and in 1897. 5725 people. The city had 546 houses, 47 shops, 1 shop, 3 churches, 6 chapels, one hospital and one Jewish school. The class composition of the population also changed in the county: there were more officials, clergy, merchants and exiled settlers.

In 1822 The county was renamed into a county. In the district there were: philistines - 5797, clergy -1063, officials - 285, settlers - 6319, peasants and soldiers - 2925, various - 2302 people.

Eastern Siberia entered the 18th century only in the name of river routes. Land roads were laid in short sections connecting river systems. If in the 17th century river routes met the needs of the state and trade, then in the next century they no longer corresponded to economic and vital needs. The speed of movement of goods along the rivers of Siberia ceased to suit both merchants and suppliers of goods. Land routes made it possible to speed up the transportation of goods several times. The waterway lasted from May to October, and in the summer there were practically no land roads. All this did not suit the merchants. And then in Siberia, especially in its southern part, intensive construction of land roads began, which were connected into a single transport network.

On the construction of this road, which became known as the Moscow Trakt, 10,000 exiles worked, who cut wood, swamped swamps, mined stone, arranged a roadbed, dug ditches. By 1760 the tract route from Tomsk through Krasnoyarsk was brought to Irkutsk. As the Moscow tract was built, new settlements began to appear at an accelerated pace along it. This work was put at the level of public policy and took various forms. Settlements in Siberia were subdivided into types: “by decree”, “by instrument”, “freely” and “in exile”. At first, these settlements were called winter huts: Taishet, Chuna, Alzamai, UK, Mara, Khingui, Khudoelanskoye, Tulun, Kuytun and others. These settlements arose on the territory of the Nizhneudinsky district. Passing goods carriers and Cossacks stopped in them, collecting yasak and watching the obyasachenny peoples.

By the middle of the 18th century, an overland road in Eastern Siberia was laid, and began to pull both passengers and cargo from the water. The road went through Tomsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nizhneudinsk and Irkutsk. By 1722 the tract was finally determined and settlements arose on it, which later turned into large settlements and cities. By the end of the century, almost all cargo went along the highway, and they stopped using the waterway. The formation of a network of land roads caused the development of a geographical division of labor and the emergence of specialized regions in the Irkutsk province. Heavy traffic began on land roads. 50 thousand horses were employed in the transportation of goods. Most of the inhabitants of roadside settlements were engaged in carting, this is approximately 29% of the working population. The whole life of the settlements near the tract was connected with the maintenance of traffic along the tract.

The position of those settlements that adjoined the tract to waterways or were at the intersection of several roads was especially advantageous. Agriculture and trade began to develop at an accelerated pace. However, the density of the population and their numbers in the settlements varied. The average distance between settlements was more than 27 miles. Instead of separate settlement points in the south of Eastern Siberia in the 19th century, there were the villages of Tulun and Kimiltei. In Kimiltei there were 559 farms, in which there were 2488 people, and in Tulun in 552 farms 2482 people.

In Nizhneudinsky district, there were 171 settlements in the volosts, 12 in the departments, and a total of 183 settlements. The area of the Nizhneudinsky district was 106,798 square meters. miles, including 106741 villages and 57 in the city. The rural population was 49 thousand people, urban 3770 people. In total, 52779 people lived. The Nizhneudinsk district included six volosts: Alzamaiskaya, More - Mamyrskaya, Bratskaya, Kimilteiskaya, Kuytunskaya and Tulunovskaya, as well as the department - Nizhneudinskaya zemlyitsa. At the end of the 19th century, in the valley of the Uda River downstream from the city of Nizhneudinsk, penal soldiers converted to Cossacks from the European part of Russia were settled, evicting the indigenous people (Buryats) who lived there. Cossack villages were formed here: Ukarskaya, Shipitsynskaya, Badaranovskaya and Zentsovskaya. In total, 569 men and 249 women were settled here. By national composition, they were: Poles and Lithuanians - 41 people, Germans and Finns - 12 people, Tatars - 3 people, Jews 4 people, Greeks and Gypsies - 5 people, and the rest Russians. In 1868, 209 farms had houses, 107 horses, 72 farms plowing (land) at 2.5 acres per farm.

June 24, 1870 the river Uda overflowed its banks and flooded the entire populated valley. During the flood, 99 houses, two mills and a chapel were demolished and destroyed, 2 people died, 161 heads of cattle and 240 small cattle, 12 horses and 107 acres of arable land were washed away by water, half of which was sown. By 1887 519 Cossacks turned out to be: transferred to other villages or estates - 12, 49 people. 17 people left for Russia, 17 people were exiled to hard labor, 32 people fled from the settlement, 149 people died of natural causes, 5 people died by accident, 9 people were killed, 105 people live on the side, 76 people are in an unknown absence. and only 65 remained in stock.

A large number of exiles settled in the district. Especially a lot came here at the beginning and end of the 19th century. From 1823 to 1888, 784,901 people were exiled to Siberia.

There was little industry on the territory of the Nizhneudinsk district. The Nikolaev Ironworks and the Luchikhinsky Iron-Smelting Plants operated, salt deposits were developed in the lower reaches of the Tumashet River, and gold prospectors mined gold in the upper reaches of the Biryusa River. Mica was mined in the same area. There was also the Marninskoye copper deposit in the upper reaches of the Uda River, at the confluence of the Marne River with the Uda. In the city of Nizhneudinsk, the businessman Galyan built in 1902. a brewery with 15 employees. The city also had a small number of small household workshops. But Nizhneudinsk in 1897. was not a well-developed industrial city and belonged to the second type of cities, i.e. was considered a trade and transport center of the second order. Trade in the city was conducted by merchants who had up to 60 small trading establishments. The largest was the shop of merchants of the first guild Shchelkunov and Mitelev. These merchants had their shops in many places throughout Siberia. Medium and small traders were: Gurdus, Varshavsky, Katkov, Vasiliev and a number of others. Non-patent trade in the city was conducted by small shopkeepers and shinkari.

There were schools, churches and various state institutions in the Nizhneudinsk district. In 1887-1888. in the district there were 8 schools of the Ministry of Public Education and 6 schools of the spiritual department. In addition, in Nizhneudinsk there were: a women's gymnasium, a city two-year school and a church-parish school. In total, 10,346 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of schools. Libraries were: in Kimiltei - 1032 books, in Zima - 515, in Bratsk - 450, in Kuitun - 303, in Alzamai - 207, in Tulun -122. In 1888 There were only 2160 literate people in the district. There were three churches in Nizhneudinsk: in the old part of the city, the part beyond the river, in Sloboda, and the third one next to the locomotive depot. There was also a Jewish synagogue.

The third period of the settlement of Siberia and its industrial development 1892 - 1917. was the time of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the resettlement of a large number of workers from the European part of Russia. 1981 at the same time from both ends - from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok, the construction of the railway began. The reasons for its construction were the need to move goods and industrial goods, agricultural products to and from Siberia. Another reason is the strengthening of the interests of the government's foreign policy in the Far East and the desire to gain a foothold there economically and politically, the desire to capture markets and expand its influence there. The construction of the railway lasted 13 years.

At first, the road was laid in one track and put into operation in separate sections. In 1896 The West Siberian Railway was opened from Chelyabinsk to the Ob River. In 1899 Central Siberian from the Ob River to Irkutsk. In 1900 traffic was opened along the Transbaikal railway from Irkutsk to Baikal and from Mysovaya to Sretensk. Communication through Baikal was supported by two ferries - the icebreakers "Baikal" and "Angara". Crossing the lake lasted about 2.5 hours. In 1897 the road from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk was completed, and in 1903. The Chinese-Eastern Railway, which connected Transbaikalia with Vladivostok through the territory of Manchuria. Only in 1905. The Circum-Baikal Road was completed, which created a continuous rail track. As a result of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905. Russia's dominant position in Manchuria was lost, and the tsarist government decided to connect the Far East with Transbaikalia by a railway that ran entirely through Russian territory.

Construction of the Amur railway from the station. Kuenga to Khabarovsk began in 1908. and ended during the First World War. During the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, there were widespread facts of abuse and theft. More than 20 million gold rubles were found to be overspending during construction. During the construction of the railway from Nizhneudinsk further to the East, railway stations arose on the railway line: Uda 2, Khingui, Kaduy, Khudoelanskaya, Sheberta, Budagovo, Utai, Kotik, Tulun, Nyura, Shuba, Sheragul, Tulyushka, Mingatui, Kuytun, Kimiltey, Transportation, Winter. Of interest is the origin of some of the station names.

The head of the construction section of the Tulun station, lodged in Tulun with one mistress with his wife, whose name was Anna. When they moved on to continue the construction of a section of the track, and this was already in late autumn, the caring hostess said: “Nyura, take a fur coat with you so that you don’t freeze later,“ winter will soon come. It was then that the names of the stations “Nyura” and “Shuba” appeared on the territory of the Tulun Volost, and then the station “Winter”. According to the technical conditions, at a distance every 120-150 km, larger stations with a depot for equipping and repairing steam locomotives and wagons were to be arranged. In this regard, such workshops were built in Taishet, Nizhneudinsk, Tulun and Zima. The Siberian tract has witnessed many historical events. In 1891 the tsar's heir, Tsarevich Nikolai, was passing through Nizhneudinsk, making a trip from St. Petersburg to Japan. In honor of his journey, the Triumphal Arch was built in Nizhneudinsk. The Nizhneudinsk transit prison saw Decembrists and revolutionaries within its walls.

At the very end of the 19th century, in connection with the completion of the construction of the railway, the elimination of the isolation of Eastern Siberia from the center of the country was completed. The railroad drew it into all-round ties with other regions of the country. Cargoes from the Siberian tract were transferred to the rails, the tract population switched from carting and yamshchina to agriculture. The resettlement movement intensified, in which the Stolypin reform played a significant role. For the needs of the railway, there was a need for coal, the construction of workshops and depots, in which it was necessary to repair steam locomotives and wagons, and for this, specialists and skilled workers were needed, which were practically absent in the field.

I had to relocate them from the European part of Russia. According to the registration points, 697.2 thousand people proceeded to Eastern Siberia. Due to this, the population in the city of Nizhneudinsk also increased, if in 1898. the population of the city was 5.7 thousand people, then by 1917. there were already 8.9 thousand people. The railroad, which basically coincided with the direction of the Moscow tract, increased the concentration of the population in the lane immediately adjacent to it. But since the sphere of activity of the population has changed radically, having lost their earnings due to the destruction of the carriage, they had to look for other sources of livelihood. The railroad with its contingent of workers, as well as requests from the North, increased the demand for agricultural products. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 - 1907. The Siberian railway was single-track. The insufficient capacity of the road, among other reasons, contributed to Russia's defeat in this war. In 1907 The government decided to proceed with the construction of the second track. By the beginning of the First World War, work on the Omsk-Karymskaya section was completed and the road could already pass up to 18 pairs of trains per day. This required the involvement of even more workers. They, as before, arrived here from the western regions of the country.

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