August 24 marks the 170th anniversary of the death of the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (birth name - Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) was born on November 19, 1770, died on August 24, 1846. This is the famous Russian navigator, Admiral. Kruzenshtern became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, he was the first to map most of the coast of Sakhalin Island, and became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Today, the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands bears his name, the passage between Tsushima Island and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korean Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago.

Without a doubt, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was a unique historical figure, one of the founders of Russian oceanology. He had a significant impact both on the history of Russian sea expeditions and on navigation in general. His brief biography is today in all textbooks, it is held in all special educational institutions in Russia. Today it is a name that is familiar to every educated person in our country without exception. It is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern comes from the Ostsee nobles. He is a descendant of the Russified noble family of Kruzenshtern, great-great-grandson of the founder in Russia, Philip Kruzius von Kruzenshtern, son of Judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern (1724-1791) and Christina Frederica, nee von Toll (1730-1804). After five daughters, Karl Friedrich (1769-1847) was born in their family, and, finally, Adam Johann himself, who was already the seventh child in the family.

From the age of 12, Krusenstern studied at the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Revel (modern Tallinn) for three years, and then continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1787 he was promoted to midshipman. It should be noted that from childhood, the future navigator and admiral dreamed of circumnavigating the entire globe by sea. This is the rare case when a childhood dream really came true, although it was far from being realized right away.

In 1788, in connection with the outbreak of war with Sweden, he was prematurely released from the Naval Cadet Corps and promoted to midshipman, having been assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. July 6, 1788 in the Gulf of Finland, at a distance of 50 kilometers west of the island of Gogland, there was a meeting of two squadrons - Russian and Swedish. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. At the same time, the movement of ships was seriously hampered due to the lack of wind. In fact, Russian and Swedish ships aimed at each other for several hours.

The Russian squadron lost in this battle more than 300 people killed and more than 600 wounded. The 74-gun ship Mstislav suffered the most in the battle. This ship almost lost control, the ship was badly damaged by the fire of the Swedish guns, but remained in service until the end of the battle. Both sides claimed victory in the Battle of Gogland to themselves, although their losses were roughly comparable. The 60-gun ship Prince Gustav surrendered from the Swedes, in the Russian squadron the flag was forced to lower the 74-gun Vladislav, whose crew lost 260 people. If we talk about the strategic outcome, then the victory was for the Russians. The Swedish fleet was forced to retreat and take refuge in the fortress of Sveaborg. Swedish plans for warfare were upset already in the first naval battle.

The severely damaged Mstislav also took part in the pursuit of the Swedish fleet and the blockade of Sveaborg, which continued until late autumn. Almost all officers were killed or wounded on the ship, so midshipman Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant commander of Mstislav. Having distinguished himself in the Gogland battle, already in 1789 Krusenstern took part in the Eland battle. Among the few losses of the Russian squadron in this battle, the most severe was the death of the commander of the 74-gun "Mstislav" - Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, who was preparing to make the first round-the-world trip in the history of Russia, subsequently it was destined to be made by Kruzenshtern, who served on the same ship. In 1790, Ivan Kruzenshtern took part in the naval battles at Reval, Krasnaya Gorka, and Vyborg Bay. After these battles, at the age of 19, he was promoted to lieutenant.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, among 12 Russian honors officers, was sent to England in order to improve maritime affairs and skills. At that time, England firmly held the title of the greatest maritime power. With the British, Kruzenshtern went to the shores of North America, where he participated in battles with the French. During this journey with the British, he visited Barbados, Bermuda and Suriname. To explore the East Indian waters and open trade routes to the East Indies for Russia, Krusenstern visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with neighboring China, which was conducted from Okhotsk by land route to Kyakhta, Ivan Fedorovich decided that if the trade was carried out directly by sea, it would be much more profitable. He also planned to establish direct relations between the metropolis and the Russian possessions located in America in order to be able to supply them with all the necessary supplies. In 1799, Ivan Kruzenshtern presented his vision in St. Petersburg, but his project was rejected. At the same time, in 1802, the main department of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal, this proposal was satisfied by the Russian Emperor Alexander I. For its implementation, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. This is how Krusenstern's childhood dream came true.

In total, the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which forever entered the history of our country, included two ships: Nadezhda and Neva. "Nadezhda" was personally commanded by Kruzenshtern, "Neva" - another famous Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The round-the-world voyage began on August 7, 1803, with the departure of ships from Kronstadt. Their path ran across the Atlantic; on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. Of the Russian and neighboring lands in the North Pacific, the participants of this expedition paid special attention to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The circumnavigation ended in Kronstadt on August 19, 1806.

During the expedition, Kruzenshtern conducted a large amount of various studies, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

Geographical maps have been substantially corrected; deep-sea studies of the World Ocean were carried out (determination of the specific gravity and salinity of water, temperature measurements at different depths, determination of the speed of currents, etc.);

The western coast of Japan, the eastern coast and the southern part of Sakhalin were put on the map, part of the Kuril Islands was explored;

A new path has been established to the Russian possessions located in Kamchatka and Alaska.

Ivan Fedorovich not only discovered and mapped many islands, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean and compiled its first atlas, but also became one of the founders of oceanological research. The round-the-world expedition under his leadership collected rich ethnographic, botanical, zoological collections, and also carried out a large number of astronomical observations. In his notes about the round-the-world trip, Kruzenshtern told a lot of new and interesting things about what he saw on the voyage, especially about the temper and life of savages. For its time, the atlas of the Pacific Ocean compiled by him was magnificent, it was replete with plans, maps and drawings. Lisyansky, who steered the second ship of the expedition, the Neva, sometimes sailed separately from the Nadezhda. In his book about the same round-the-world trip, there was a detailed description of the coasts of Kodiak and Sitka.

According to contemporaries of Ivan Fedorovich, he stood out quite strongly in his environment. Kruzenshtern was distinguished by his athletic build, and with his heroic chest and shoulder girdle he surpassed all participants in the round-the-world expedition. It is interesting that during the voyage, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, he carried weights with him, and worked out with them every day. The seafarer's favorite exercise was the push press. With two-pound (32 kg) kettlebells, Kruzenshtern exercised every day, devoting about 30-40 minutes to these exercises.

In 1811, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed class inspector of the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1814, he developed detailed instructions for conducting a round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818 under Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first Russian round-the-world voyage. Kruzenshtern also visited England in order to order the tools necessary for the expedition. Returning back to Russia, he received an indefinite leave, devoting it to the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea. His work, which was published in Russian and German, was soon translated into French, and then into all European languages ​​without exception. This work by Krusenstern was awarded the full Demidov Prize.

A curious detail is that at the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kruzenshtern, being a poor man, donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. At that time it was a large amount - a thousand rubles. In the same 1812, Kruzenshtern published a three-volume book of his own composition, “A Journey Around the World…”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and academies around the world, including in England, Germany, Denmark and France.

In 1827, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps and became a member of the Admiralty Council. As director of this educational institution, which he himself once successfully completed, he spent a long 16 years. His activities at that time were marked by the introduction of new subjects into the training courses of the Marine Corps, the enrichment of the library and museum of the educational institution with numerous teaching aids. It was also during this period that the Higher Officer Classes were created and approved, which would later be transformed into the Naval Academy. Under Ivan Fedorovich, corporal punishment of pupils was completely abolished in the Naval Cadet Corps.

In 1842, with the rank of admiral, Ivan Kruzenshtern resigned. Leaving the service, he went to his estate, but here the illustrious navigator continued to work. In 1845, together with such Russian scientists as: F. P. Wrangel, F. P. Litke and K. M. Baer Krusenstern took a direct part in the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. After some time, this society became one of the largest centers of geographical sciences not only in the Russian Empire, but throughout the world.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern passed away on August 24, 1846 at his estate Asya at the age of 75. The navigator was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorodskaya (Domskaya) church. But his work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and then by his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both of them became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.

Based on materials from open sources

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846), navigator, admiral (1842), leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, explorer of the Far East coast.

Born on November 19, 1770 at the Hagidi estate in Estonia (now in Estonia). He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1788). Participated in battles against the Swedes. Then he served as a volunteer in the English fleet: he fought with the French in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America, went to the Antilles, to India and even to South China.

Kruzenshtern did not manage to organize his own expedition right away: the first project (1799) was rejected by the government of Paul I. But the second (1802) was accepted by Alexander I. The voyage lasted more than three years: the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Kronstadt at the end of July 1803, crossed the Atlantic, then the Pacific Ocean, explored the Far East and across the Indian Ocean and Atlantic returned home on August 19, 1806.

In the same year, Kruzenshtern was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

In the Far East, the navigator explored the eastern, northern and northwestern coasts of Sakhalin and compiled detailed maps. Having measured the depths at the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, he confirmed the conclusion of J. F. La Perouse that Sakhalin is a peninsula. (This conclusion was later refuted.)

In 1811, Kruzenshtern became a teacher at the Naval Cadet Corps, and from 1827 to 1842 - its director. On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, the highest officer class (now the Naval Academy) was created here.

In 1809-1812. The three-volume "Journey around the world in 1803-1806" was published. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", and in 1813 - "Atlas to the journey of Captain Kruzenshtern".

The admiral participated in the founding of the Russian Geographical Society (1845).

In this review, we will talk about a person who has achieved a lot in his life - about Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern at birth). He was a navigator, he managed to make a round-the-world expedition, the first in Russian history. In 1842 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. In addition, he was a doctor of philosophy and an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy. And this is not all the titles and positions of this great man. This article will describe a brief biography of Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.

Young years

Ivan Fedorovich is the first of the Russian navigators who managed to make a trip around the world. He was able to have a great influence on the history of geographical discoveries. Ivan Fedorovich was born in 1770, on November 19. It happened in the Estonian (Estonian) province near modern Tallinn.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern's father is Johann Friedrich. Mother - Christina Frederica. Parents, though nobles, but they were not rich. At the time of his 15th birthday, Ivan Fedorovich entered the Naval Corps, which was located in Kronstadt. It is impossible to call a cadet's life easy. The future great navigator was practically starving, the buildings of the corps were heated very poorly, and there were no windows at all in the bedrooms. Firewood had to be hauled from neighboring warehouses.

A few years later, already in the rank of admiral, the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern could send his sons to the Naval Corps. But he did not, although he hoped that they would follow in his footsteps. Instead, he sent them to study at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Period of military service

Due to the fact that the Russian-Swedish war began, it was decided to finish the training ahead of schedule. In 1788, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was sent to serve on the Mstislav ship. But he never received the rank of midshipman, which was given to all graduates of the corps.

The first battle took place in the Gulf of Finland in 1788. The meeting of the Russian and Swedish squadrons took place a few dozen kilometers from the island of Gogland. Squadrons, lined up opposite each other, simply shot enemy ships. It was almost impossible to maneuver due to the lack of wind. After several hours of firing, the Swedish squadron was defeated.

Losses amounted to about 300 people. At the same time, there were twice as many wounded. The ship on which Kruzenshtern served - "Mstislav" - suffered the most. The control system was practically out of order, the hull was badly damaged by enemy nuclei. The ship kept on the water only by a miracle. However, this did not prevent him from waiting for the end of the battle and even chasing the retreating Swedish squadron.

Enemy ships took refuge in Sveaborg. The Russian fleet began to hold the siege, in which the future admiral also took part. Since almost all the officers were killed or wounded, Ivan Fedorovich was promoted to assistant captain, which is already a considerable achievement.

A year later, the great navigator took part in the Battle of Eland. He also took part in the battles in the Vyborg Bay, at Krasnaya Gorka and Reval. For his valor, he was promoted, and at the age of 19 he became a lieutenant.

Business trip to England

Ivan Fedorovich always showed courage, energy and determination. After the battle, life began to seem insipid to him. But it didn't take long to get bored. His merits were noticed, and the future admiral was sent to England for training. He managed to visit America, sailed on English ships to Africa and Bermuda, visited India and China. It was at this time that he was ignited by the idea of ​​\u200b\u200btraveling around the world. This is due primarily to the fact that he saw the prospect of commercial maritime communication with other countries.

In 1800, the traveler Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to Russia. Almost immediately he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander. After that, he made proposals for the improvement of the Russian fleet and the development of trade with other countries through sea routes.

His proposals remained unnoticed until the coup. An expedition to China and Japan to organize maritime trade was allowed when Mordvinov was placed at the head of the department. Ivan Fedorovich was appointed head of the future trip.

Around the world

The ships on which Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern went on a round-the-world trip were purchased in England. They were called "Neva" and "Hope". In addition, tools with instruments were also bought in England; without them, the expedition would have ended in failure.

Ivan Fedorovich was on the Nadezhda. His friend Lisyansky was appointed captain of the second ship.

The crew number was 129 people. All but the scientists were Russians. Ambassador Rezanov also went to Japan with his retinue.

The journey of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern began in 1803. On June 26, the ships left Kronstadt, heading towards Brazil. This transition to the southern hemisphere was the first for Russian navigators. On the island of Tenerife, wine was purchased, which was supposed to serve as an antiscorbutic agent. Each crew member was entitled to one bottle a day. Ivan Fedorovich personally inspected the sailors. Due to the efforts of the command staff, problems with diseases were avoided.

On the island of St. Catherine, the ships stood for a month. During this time they were being renovated. Then the expedition moved towards Cape Horn, where the first unpleasant situation occurred. Due to heavy fog, the ships lost each other. As a result, Ivan Fedorovich went to the Marquesas Islands, and his friend went to Fr. Easter by correcting Cook's errors in geographic coordinates. The meeting took place near Nukagiva.

We had to separate again at the Sandwich Islands. The future admiral went towards Kamchatka, and his partner went to the Sandwich Islands to replenish food supplies. After that, he moved to the Aleutian Islands.

Having visited Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, Ivan Fedorovich went to Nagasaki, having got into a typhoon on the way. It was only by a miracle that the masts were saved. Due to breakdowns, which nevertheless occurred, the expedition stood in Nagasaki for 6 months. It was not possible to buy food, because the emperor of Japan forbade it. However, he nevertheless supplied the Russian crew with food, which should have been enough for 2 months. By the way, Ambassador Rezanov never achieved anything from the slow Japanese. Subsequently, trade relations still managed to be established.

Marine research

What did Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern discover on the way back? During the journey, the western coasts of Hondo, as well as the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu, were explored. In addition, unknown islands were discovered that posed a danger to sailors. They were called Stone Traps.

Then, studies were carried out on the eastern and northern coasts of Sakhalin, from where the navigator went to Macau, where he met with Lisyansky. With Chinese goods, the expedition went home.

The Importance of Travel

The expedition was very useful not only from a scientific, but also from a practical point of view. It was talked about all over the world. Russian sailors corrected English maps, which at that time were considered the most accurate, discovered the islands. In addition, those lands that did not exist at all were removed from the map. Scientists studied the temperature of the deep layers, sea currents.

All meteorological studies carried out in those days are important even at the present stage. Not only geographical surveys were carried out. Scientists also added to the zoological, ethnographic and botanical collections. I managed not only to get acquainted with Japan, but also to make a huge breakthrough in science. Navigators were awarded for their achievements.

The great man Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern after the trip became a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Admiralty Department.

Scientific activity

When the round-the-world trip was completed, Ivan Fedorovich understood the theoretical issues related to maritime affairs for a very long time. His interests included hydrographic surveys. The navigator tried to find the role of geography, its place in science. He studied how it relates to physics and chemistry, sought to identify its impact on the economy.

Ivan Fedorovich was also consulted by the English scientist John Barrow. He was interested in the northwest passage. The navigator shared his opinion with Humboldt, who was a cartographer.

With the outbreak of war in 1812, Kruzenshtern acted as a diplomat. He spent a third of his fortune on the formation of a people's militia. It should also be noted that it was the navigator who joined the mission in London. However, even in these difficult times, he was interested in shipbuilding and the achievements of the English fleet.

When the war with Napoleon ended, Kruzenshtern began to think about a new round-the-world trip, to develop instructions for it. His idea was realized in a few years. The circumnavigation of the world took place from 1815 to 1818. Otto Kotzebue, junior officer of the first voyage, was appointed captain. It should be noted that Krusenstern developed not only instructions. He also visited England, where he himself acquired all the necessary instruments.

In the period from 1827 to 1842, Ivan Fedorovich gradually rose in rank until he became an admiral. Later he organized expeditions of other famous navigators. For example, the journey of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, during which Antarctica was discovered.

Publishing

The biography of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is very interesting. He did not quit his scientific activity, even when he was sent on an indefinite leave. The official reason was health. However, in fact, this was facilitated by the Marquis Traverse, who did not particularly favor Rumyantsev and impeded all his proposals regarding the reorganization of the fleet.

At the estate, Ivan Fedorovich continued to work on a book about his journey. He announced the need to create a marine atlas, but this idea was also ignored. Things moved when Admiral Moller came instead of Traversay. And it was he who accepted the draft atlas.

After that, everyone began to consider the navigator Kruzenshtern the first hydrograph of the Pacific Ocean. In the atlas itself, materials about the round-the-world expedition were provided. And this further contributed to the development of science. For his numerous achievements, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern received the full Demidov Prize.

Leadership of the Marine Corps

In 1927, Ivan Fedorovich was appointed director of the Naval Corps. A little later he became a member of the Admiralty Council. For sixteen years as a leader, he was engaged in the transformation of the educational institution. And he succeeded.

New items were introduced, the library was replenished with books, various exhibits and manuals appeared in museums. The navigator constantly changed something in the educational sphere. In addition, he established an officer class, a physics office and an observatory. Over time, the corps turned into a full-fledged Naval Academy. And all this happened thanks to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.

The family of the great navigator

Ivan Fedorovich married in 1801. His chosen one was Julianne Charlotte von Taube der Issen. He had many children - four sons (Nikolai, Alexander, Pavel, Plato) and two daughters (Charlotte, Julia).

Legacy of Ivan Fedorovich

On August 24, 1846, the great navigator, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern died. It happened in the estate of Ass. The funeral took place in Reval (Tallinn). The work of their ancestor was continued by the son Pavel Ivanovich and grandson Pavel Pavlovich. Over time, they were able to become famous sailors, exploring the northeastern coast of Asia, as well as the Caroline Islands.

After Ivan Fedorovich, in addition to the Atlas with an explanatory text, several scientific works remained. He described his journey in an essay. Subsequently, the book was republished in 1950, but in an abridged version.

What more can be said?

There are several rather interesting facts about Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. They cannot be ignored.

1. The name of the navigator is mentioned by the cat Matroskin, a literary and cartoon character. According to the fictional character, his grandmother “served” on the ship named after Ivan Fedorovich.
2. Fyodor Tolstoy and Nikolai Ryazanov took part in the admiral's journey.
3. Ivan Fedorovich was distinguished by a heroic physique. He stood out very much against the background of the sailors, surpassing almost all members of the expedition. In addition, he always carried kettlebells with him, with which he worked every day. The sailor's favorite exercise is the push press.
4. A barque, a strait and a reef were named in honor of the admiral.
5. In 1993, the Russian Bank issued commemorative coins in honor of the first Russian round-the-world trip.
6. The admiral adored his pets. A spaniel went on trips with him. Over time, he became a favorite of the sailors, who, before sailing, ruffled the poor dog by the ears, which became a kind of tradition. This, of course, can cause a smile, but Ivan Fedorovich's voyages passed without any problems. Among other things, the spaniel was a formidable weapon against the natives from exotic islands, who fled in horror when they saw an unknown animal with hanging ears.
7. At birth, Krusenstern was called Adam. However, the unusual name hurt his ear, so he had to become Ivan Fedorovich in the cadet corps. His patronymic was borrowed from a faithful friend Lisyansky, who was also Ivan Fedorovich.
8. The great navigator visited Philadelphia, where he met with George Washington.
9. The library of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts contains a list of the monument of Malay literature “Dynasty of Sultans”. Ivan Fedorovich brought him from his trip.

Conclusion

The biography of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was described above. Brief, because a book would not be enough to describe all his achievements in detail. Only one trip around the world, which was the first in Russian history, can fit in several volumes.

In memory of this great man, a monument was erected in St. Petersburg in 1874. The project was designed by architect Monighetti and sculptor Schroeder. There is a monument opposite the Maritime Academy. The construction was carried out with private funds, however, a small allowance was also received from the state.

In the family of Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern, a judge, in 1770, on November 8, a son was born. They named the baby Adam Johann, and none of the relatives could have thought that the future famous traveler and navigator was born.

Kruzenshtern's childhood and youth
Rod Kruzenshtern - nobles. At the age of twelve, Adam Johann began to study at a church school, and at fifteen he entered the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. From that moment on, his life and career are directly connected with the sea. From 1789 to 1979 his training in the corps lasted, the future famous traveler took part in the war against Sweden.
Feeling confidence in him and imbued with the talents of a young man, the leadership of Ivan Kruzenshtern sent the young man to undergo an internship in the UK. There he thoroughly began to learn maritime business. And until 1799 he served in the British Navy, visiting Africa, North America and Asia.
The beginning of great discoveries
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to his homeland in 1799. Being an educated and very intelligent person, for many years before returning to Kronstadt, Kruzenshtern pondered and planned possible ways to establish trade relations between Russia and China. Having developed the project, in 1799 Ivan Fedorovich presented it to the public. And in 1802 he received permission from Emperor Alexander I to circumnavigate the world and was appointed head of the first expedition of this kind.

The first Russian round-the-world expedition
Ships, instruments for navigation and the necessary tools for a very important event were purchased in England. The ship on which Ivan Kruzenshtern sailed received a name suitable for such an event - Nadezhda, the second ship, under the name Neva, was led by Ivan Fedorovich's best friend, also a famous scientist - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich. The crews of the ships numbered 129 people, and all, except for the scientists who traveled with the expedition, were Russian people.
So, in 1803, on June 26, two ships set off from Kronstadt on such a significant journey, their path lay to the shores of Brazil. On St. Catherine's Island, the teams made the necessary repairs and sailed to Cape Horn, and then moved to the South Sandwich Islands. Then the travelers split up: Yu.F. Lisyansky went with his team to the Aleutian Islands, and I.F. Krusenstern went to Kamchatka, and then to Nagasaki.
Returning back, the Kruzenshtern expedition mapped the southern part of Sakhalin, the islands of Hokkaido, Hondo, Honshu. Then the northern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin were examined, and later, taking a large load of Chinese goods with them, they returned to their homeland.

The results of the round-the-world expedition led by Ivan Kruzenshtern
Ended with success and glory, the first Russian circumnavigation attracted attention and resonated in many countries of the world. The results of the expedition were of great practical and scientific importance. Russian travelers corrected errors on the maps, which at that time were considered the most accurate.
Best friends discovered new islands and crossed out non-existent ones from the map, observed and entered data on the currents and temperature of the layers of the sea, carried out metrological studies, brought extensive collections and descriptions of the life of the Kamchadals, Ainu, Nukagirs. And since travelers first paved the way to Alaska and Kamchatka from the European part of the country, a medal was issued in honor of such an event.
The leader of the expedition, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, received the rank of captain of the II rank and became a member of the Admiralty Department. The journey ended brilliantly and entered the history of the development of world navigation.
From now on, trade with China began to be carried out along a similar route of two famous ships: Nadezhda and Niva.

Further social life of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, interesting facts
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern devoted his whole life to science:
- in 1826, Kruzenshtern published the Atlas of the South Sea. This work contained historical and geographical conclusions and analysis of various sources: Russian and foreign;
- Kruzenshtern's life for many years was associated with the Naval Cadet Corps. First, in 1811, he was appointed inspector, and then in 1827, the director of this educational institution. He created and approved the Higher Officer Classes, which after a while were transformed into the Naval Academy. Ivan Fedorovich introduced new subjects, courses into the educational program, and corporal punishment was abolished under his leadership. In memory of the great predecessor, every year before graduation, students put on a vest on the statue of the admiral - such a kind of sign of respect for the great scientist and pioneer.
- already in the rank of admiral, Ivan Fedorovich resigned in 1842. Having left for his estate, he continued to work;
- in 1845, together with such scientists as: F.P. Wrangel, K.M. Baer and F.P. Litke Ivan Fedorovich is directly involved in the formation of the Russian Geographical Society. After a certain period of time, it became one of the largest centers of geographical sciences not only in Russia, but also in the world.
- the name Kruzenshtern has become a household name, familiar to any child from childhood. Twelve objects of geography are named after the scientist. Here is a cape in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, and a mountain in Antarctica;
- in 1973, a monument to the traveler was erected in St. Petersburg, the architect Monighetti and the sculptor Schredar were the authors.
- the scientist was awarded a large number of awards: the Order of St. Anna of the second degree, St. George of the fourth degree, St. Alexander Nevsky. This is not the whole list, but a person who has devoted his whole life to science and research deserves all the honorary titles and awards;
- Ivan Fedorovich died in 1846 on August 12. After himself, he left three wonderful sons who continued to serve for the good of Russia.

I.F. Kruzenshtern is a great man who is rightfully proud of our Motherland. Photo materials used from Wikimedia © Foto, Wikimedia Commons

Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern short biography

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - Russian naval officer, navigator, leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda and Neva" 1803-1806. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1806, one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, author of the Atlas of the South Sea, admiral of the fleet.

19.11.1770 - 24.08.1846

Origin

Adam Johann von Krusenstern came from a poor noble family of Russified Germans. Born in Estonia, in the Hagudis estate. Almost nothing is known about Krusenstern's childhood and youth.

Education

Received primary education at home, then:

1782-1785 studied at the church school in Reval (Tallinn).

1785 entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg.

1788 prematurely released from the corps (in connection with the start of another war with Sweden) with the rank of midshipman.

Baltic

Determined to serve on the 74-gun ship "Mstislav" under the command of Captain G. I. Mulovsky. He distinguished himself with bravery in the first battle with the Swedish fleet near the island of Gogland on July 6, 1788. He served as assistant commander of the ship after the death of many officers, participated in the blockade of the Swedish fleet in Sveaborg. In 1789-90 he participated in the battles of Reval, Krasnaya Gorka and Vyborg. At this time, Kruzenshtern is visited by the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcircumnavigation. After the signing of peace with Sweden in 1790, Mstislav returned to Kronstadt, and midshipman Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant.

England

1793 - The leadership of the Admiralty decides to send several capable young naval officers to England to improve in seafaring and military affairs. Kruzenshtern, among a group of 16 people, falls on foggy Albion. He really wanted to get to India, but he was immediately sent as part of the English squadron to the shores of North America, where he participates in the war with the French. For his courage and efforts, he was promoted to the local lieutenant. The ship on which he was returning to England ran into the rocks and crashed. Saved by American fishermen. So Kruzenshtern found himself in the United States, where George Washington himself invited him, as an already experienced naval officer, to enter the service in the American Navy. So Kruzenshtern first visited the tropics, Barbados, Suriname, Bermuda. However, Kruzenshtern did not like the service in the US Navy, and he returned to England.

Southeast Asia

Once in England, Kruzenshtern decides to get to India at all costs. But the British did not allow foreigners into their Indian possessions. Then Kruzenshtern was hired on a ship to Cape Town. Going ashore, he waited for a ship to Calcutta and on it reached India. From India, he goes to Indochina, then to Chinese Macau, where he lived for half a year. This knowledge was very useful to him in his circumnavigation.

Return

Then he returns from Macau to England on a passing ship, then immediately to Russia, where he arrives in 1799. The fame of a young enterprising Russian naval officer who traveled almost half the world without money, only thanks to his desire, ran ahead of Kruzenshtern himself.

travel idea

Once at home, Kruzenshtern submits a petition to the government and a detailed plan for a round-the-world expedition. Paul I immediately rejects the idea. But the idea was to the liking of the leaders of the Russian-American Company, whose shareholders and co-founders were influential metropolitan nobles. In the idea of ​​a round-the-world trip, they were attracted by two points:

Kruzenshtern undertook to show in practice that the transportation of furs and other valuables from the shores of Russian America to Russia by sea around Africa is much faster than the land transportation of goods through the whole of Siberia

that it is more profitable to sell furs and other goods in Macau than in Europe

At that time, transportation costs Alaska-Kamchatka-Okhotsk-Siberia-Petersburg ate the lion's share of the profits of the fur trade. The one-way trip took more than two years! To Ruzenshtern, he offered to try two directions:

1. Petersburg > Atlantic > Pacific Ocean > Russian America

2. Russian America > Pacific Ocean > Indian Ocean > Atlantic > Russia.

Kruzenshtern himself was a campaigner and navigator, he was not interested in the profits of the RAC. But he needed strong support in realizing his old dream - circumnavigation. And not only to satisfy their own curiosity, but also for the benefit of the state. Including for the training and education of naval officers.

The matter moved with the coming to power in 1801 of Emperor Alexander I. Interested people managed to make the emperor a shareholder of the Russian-American Company. It was a kind of bribe to the emperor himself, but he accepted it!

Preparation and start of the first circumnavigation

According to Kruzenshtern's plan, the expedition was not to be a private initiative of the merchants, but a matter of national importance. The ships of the expedition were supposed to be under the protection of the Andreevsky banner. The Kruzenshtern project was approved at the very top, the Treasury allocated money for the purchase of two ships in England, Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed head of the expedition.

Kruzenshtern without hesitation appointed his longtime friend since the cadet times, Yuri Lisyansky, as the captain of the second ship of the expedition, who, although he was 3 years younger than Kruzenshtern, had already been in many battles, traveled thousands of miles under sail and also had the rank of lieutenant commander. All sailors, at the request of Kruzenshtern, were recruited from Russian sailors, passed a large competitive selection. Only scientists in the expedition were foreigners.

So, the dream of his life came true. But the young captain Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern at that moment was only 32 years old! Meanwhile, the government instructed the expedition to deliver the first Russian embassy to Japan. The ambassador was not just anyone, but the RAC director Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov himself. At the same time, he worked in the capacity of "administrative resource" of the whole case.

Ships arrived from England - two sloops. Kruzenshtern named the large one at 450 tons "Nadezhda", the small one at 370 - "Neva". On the "Nadezhda" were two young midshipmen - Otto Kotzebue and Thaddeus Bellingshausen. The ships, in addition to the ambassador with gifts, were loaded with a large amount of goods for the RAC. The ambassador's retinue was attended by the famous Count Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy "The American" - a hooligan, a reveler, a duellist, a well-known historical figure.

Travel

On August 7, 1803, the ships of the expedition set sail and put to sea.

Expedition route: Atlantic Ocean > South America > Cape Horn / Drake Passage > Pacific Ocean > about. Easter / Fr. Nukagiva > Hawaiian Islands.

From here, Nadezhda went to Kamchatka, then to Japan, then back to Kamchatka, then Macau. The Neva went to Russian America, to Kodiak to Baranov, from there also to Macau with a load of furs. In Macau, both ships were to join at the agreed time and through the Indian Ocean > Cape of Good Hope > Atlantic Ocean > return to Kronstadt.

Read more about Krusenstern's circumnavigation here.

After the journey

After returning to St. Petersburg in 1806, Kruzenshtern began compiling a description of the voyage of his expedition, systematizing the results of observations and research.

1811 - he is appointed to the post of class inspector of the naval cadet corps

1815-1818 he participates in the preparation of the round-the-world voyage of O. Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first round-the-world voyage. In addition, Kruzenshtern participated in the preparation of the expedition of Bellingshausen-Lazarev (1819-21) and Stanyukovich - Litke (1826-29).

1818 - Kruzenshtern received an indefinite leave to compile the "Atlas of the South Sea" with hydrographic notes, under the title: "Collected Works of Employees for the Analysis and Explanation of the Atlas of the South Sea."

In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the naval cadet corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. For sixteen years, Kruzenshtern headed this educational institution, having managed to raise it to a new qualitative level.

I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, founded in 1845. Was awarded state awards:

Order of St. George 4th class

Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky with diamonds

Order of St. Vladimir 3rd class

Order of St. Anne 2nd class

Order Pour le Mérite "For merit in science and the arts" (1842)

Memory

A monument was erected to Kruzenshtern in St. Petersburg opposite the Naval Corps. The sailing barque Kruzenshtern, as well as one of the straits between the islands of the Kuril chain, bears his name.

In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin "The First Russian Round the World Journey".

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again Travelers of the Age of Discovery