The school uniform did not appear yesterday. After a period of chaos in school clothes, everything is back to normal: simplicity, practicality, expediency. These are the dominants and factors that school uniforms are subject to today. We used to wear our school uniform with pride and it was not a problem for us that everyone had the same uniform. We valued knowledge, not appearances. Who knows, maybe it was right...
Today, looking at first-graders hurrying with their bouquets to school, to their first lesson in their life, I noticed what an amazing form they are now.
And I immediately remembered my first class, my bows and a white apron ...
No, my form was better, dearer, closer ..
How school uniforms have changed
The exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia is 1834.
It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms.
These included gymnasium and student uniforms.
The introduction of uniforms for students of educational institutions of Tsarist Russia is primarily due to the fact that these institutions were state-owned. In those days, all civil servants had to wear uniforms corresponding to their rank and rank, according to the Table of Ranks. So, all teachers in state educational institutions (gymnasiums) wore uniform frock coats. Proceeding from this, the introduction of uniforms for students was also natural.
A high school student's costume distinguished a teenager from those children who did not study, or could not afford to study. The uniform of the gymnasium students was a class sign, because only the children of the nobility, the intelligentsia and large industrialists studied in the gymnasiums. The uniform was worn not only in the gymnasium, but also on the street, at home, during celebrations and holidays. She was a point of pride. In all educational institutions, the uniform was of a military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.
The caps were usually light blue with three white edgings, and with a black visor, and a crumpled cap with a broken visor was considered a special chic among the boys. In winter, headphones and a hood in the color of natural camel hair, trimmed with gray braid, were added to it.
Usually, students wore a blue cloth tunic with silver bulging buttons, belted with a black lacquered belt with a silver buckle and black trousers without piping. There was also an exit uniform: a dark blue or dark gray single-breasted uniform with a collar trimmed with silver galloon. A schoolbag was an invariable attribute of high school students.
girls uniform
To attend the gymnasium, they had three types of clothing provided by the charter. First, the "compulsory uniform for daily attendance", which consisted of a brown woolen dress and a black woolen apron. The charter required "to keep the dress clean, tidy, not wear it at home, smooth it daily and monitor the cleanliness of the white collar." The dress uniform consisted of the same dress, a white apron and an elegant lace collar.
In dress uniform, gymnasium students attended the theater, the Yeleninskaya Church on holidays, they went to Christmas and New Year's evenings in it. Also, "no one was forbidden to have a separate dress of any model and cut, if the parents' means allowed such a luxury."
But the color scheme was different for each educational institution:
we know that the color of the fabric of the dresses of the gymnasium girls was different, depending on the age: for the younger ones it was dark blue, for the 12-14-year-olds it was almost the color of a sea wave, and for the graduates it was brown. And the pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were prescribed to wear dresses of other colors, depending on the age of the pupils. For pupils of 6 - 9 years old - brown (coffee), 9 - 12 years old - blue, 12 - 15 years old - gray and 15 - 18 years old - white.
However, soon after the revolution, as part of the struggle against bourgeois remnants and the legacy of the tsarist-police regime, a decree was issued in 1918 abolishing the wearing of a school uniform. Undoubtedly, in the early years of the existence of the Soviet state, wearing a school uniform was an unaffordable luxury in a country devastated by world war, revolution and civil war.
From the memoirs of a 1909 graduate of gymnasium No. 36 Valentina Savitskaya:
“The old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes (there was even a contemptuous nickname for a sentimental girl - “schoolgirl”). It was believed that the form symbolizes the lack of freedom, the humiliated, servile position of the student. But this rejection of the form had another, more understandable reason - poverty. Pupils went to school in whatever their parents could provide.”
The official explanations were as follows: the form demonstrates the lack of freedom of the student, humiliates him. But in fact, the country at that time simply did not have the financial means to dress a huge number of children in uniform.
However, over time, when the era of experiments gave way to other realities, it was decided to return to the former image - to brown strict dresses, aprons, student jackets and turn-down collars. This happened in 1948, during the period of general “uniforms”, when department after department dressed in uniform. The school uniform of the 1948 model actually copied the style of the uniform of classical gymnasiums - both in color, and in cut, and in accessories.
She lived until the end of the 1962 school year.
First grade boys in September 1962 went to school already in a new uniform - without caps with a cockade, without waist belts with a massive buckle, without tunics. The uniform for girls has not changed much.
Brown woolen dress with black apron. It is worth noting that, in general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.
It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared - over time, only the style changed somewhat, but not the general essence of the girls' uniform. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).
The boys were dressed in gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, five buttons, two welt pockets with flaps on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street.
At the same time, symbolism became an attribute of young students: the pioneers had a red tie, the Komsomol members and the Octobrists had a badge on their chests. In addition, in 1944, separate education was introduced, which, however, was abandoned in 1954.
The strict morals of the Stalin era extended, of course, to school life. The most insignificant experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.
Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of puritan morality - "model haircuts" until the late 1950s were strictly prohibited, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows. The school uniform of the era of I.V. Stalin can be seen in the films “First Grader”, “Alyosha Ptitsyn develops character”, and “Vasek Trubachev and his comrades”.
Thaw
The "warming" of the regime did not immediately affect the democratization of school uniforms, however, it did happen.
The cut of the uniform became more identical to the fashion trends that took place in the 1960s. True, only boys were lucky (we can see schoolchildren of the late 1960s in the cult film “We'll Live Until Monday”)
Since the mid-1970s, the gray woolen trousers and jackets of boys have been replaced by trousers and jackets made of blue wool blend fabric. The cut of the jackets resembled classic denim jackets (the so-called “denim fashion” was gaining momentum in the world) with epaulettes on the shoulders and breast pockets with brace-shaped flaps ()). The jacket was fastened with aluminum buttons.
On the side of the sleeve was sewn an emblem (chevron) made of soft plastic with a drawn open textbook and a rising sun - a symbol of enlightenment.
1980s: Perestroika in action
In the early 1980s, a uniform for high school students was introduced. (This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.
For high school boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. On this emblem, in addition to the sun and an open book, there was a stylized image of an atom.
Very often the emblem was cut off, as it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off. There were also very rare embossed emblems made of fabric-based plastic. They did not lose color and looked very elegant.
In the 1980s, when school uniform control became less strict, some schoolchildren replaced the standard emblems with army sleeve patches.
For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets (without a sleeve emblem) and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. In 1988, Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North were allowed to wear blue trousers in winter.
Members of children's and youth communist organizations (Octobers, Pioneers and Komsomol members) had to wear, respectively, the October, Pioneer and Komsomol badge, the pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.
Since all elementary school students were Octobrists without exception, almost all (with the rarest exceptions in the form of inveterate hooligans and losers) were pioneers and most high school students were Komsomol members, badges and a pioneer tie were practically a mandatory addition to the school uniform. In addition to the regular pioneer badge, there was a special variant for pioneers active in community service. It was slightly larger than usual and had the inscription "For active work" on it.
The school uniform of the 1980s can be seen, for example, in the films "Guest from the Future", "The Adventures of Electronics" (uniform of elementary school with a red patch), "School Waltz" and "Plumbum, or a Dangerous Game" (uniform of high school students with a blue patch) .
In the late 1980s, school uniforms, especially men's large sizes, fell into the category of shortage in a number of regions of the USSR. One of the reasons for this was that the school uniform was traditionally very cheap, compared to similar quality regular trousers, jackets and jackets, but its material was very high quality and durable. Therefore, in the conditions of an increasingly deteriorating financial situation, adults began to buy it as everyday and work clothes. The planned production volumes of the form were not designed for this, the form became in short supply, and, like many other things, they began to sell it on coupons that were issued to the student at the place of study.
Modern Russia
Compulsory wearing of school uniforms in Russia was abolished in the spring of 1992.
In modern Russia, there is no single school uniform, as it was in the USSR, but many lyceums and gymnasiums, especially the most prestigious ones, as well as some schools, have their own uniform, emphasizing the students' belonging to one or another educational institution. In a number of schools there is no form officially adopted, but the form can be introduced at the class level, in agreement with the parents of the students (usually such a “class” form is introduced in the lower grades). In addition, in schools that do not have a school uniform, there may be rules for wearing clothes.
It is customary for school graduates to wear Soviet school uniforms on the last bell
Tomorrow is the first of September! Inspired by ... I reviewed a lot of material, I decided to put it together somehow. Here's what happened
The history of school uniforms in USSR and R Russia
If we recall Soviet times and school years, then many people immediately have associations with school uniforms. Some think of her as brown with white collars, some as blue. Some recall elegant white aprons, while others remember large bows on their heads. But everyone agrees with the fact that during the Soviet era, school uniforms were compulsory, and the question of whether or not to wear a uniform was not subject to discussion. On the contrary, non-compliance with school discipline was severely punished. The memory of the school uniform of the USSR still lives on.School uniforms in Russia have a rich history.
Until 1917, it was a class sign, because. only the children of wealthy parents could afford to study at the gymnasium: nobles, intellectuals and large industrialists.The exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia— 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms of military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.
The introduction of uniforms for students of educational institutions of Tsarist Russia is primarily due to the fact that these institutions were state-owned. In those days, all civil servants had to wear uniforms corresponding to their rank and rank, according to the Table of Ranks. So, all teachers in state educational institutions (gymnasiums) wore uniform frock coats. Proceeding from this, the introduction of uniforms for students was also natural.
The uniform was worn not only in the gymnasium, but also on the street, at home, during celebrations and holidays. She was a point of pride. All schools had uniforms.
The caps were usually light blue with three white edgings, and with a black visor, and a crumpled cap with a broken visor was considered a special chic among the boys. In winter, headphones and a hood in the color of natural camel hair, trimmed with gray braid, were added to it.
Usually, students wore a blue cloth tunic with silver bulging buttons, belted with a black lacquered belt with a silver buckle and black trousers without piping. There was also an exit uniform: a dark blue or dark gray single-breasted uniform with a collar trimmed with silver galloon. A schoolbag was an invariable attribute of high school students.
Until 1917, the style of the uniform changed several times (1855, 1868, 1896 and 1913)— according to fashion trends. But all this time, the uniform of the boys fluctuated on the verge of a civilian-military suit.
At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. In 1896, a regulation on the gymnasium uniform for girls appeared. Pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were ordered to wear dresses of certain colors, depending on the age of the pupils. For pupils 6-9 years old - brown (coffee), 9-12 years old - blue, 12-15 years old - gray and 15-18 years old - white.
To attend the gymnasium, they had three types of clothing provided by the charter:
1. "compulsory uniform for daily attendance", which consisted of a brown woolen dress and a black woolen apron.
2. dark formal dresses with knee-length pleated skirts.
3. On holidays - a white apron.Girls always wore braids with bows.
The charter required "to keep the dress clean, tidy, not wear it at home, smooth it daily and monitor the cleanliness of the white collar."
The dress uniform consisted of the same dress, a white apron and an elegant lace collar. In dress uniform, gymnasium students attended the theater, the Yeleninskaya Church on holidays, they went to Christmas and New Year's evenings in it. Also, "no one was forbidden to have a separate dress of any model and cut, if the parents' means allowed such a luxury."
The color scheme was different for each educational institution.
For example, from the memoirs of Valentina Savitskaya, a graduate of gymnasium No. 36 in 1909, we know that the color of the fabric of the dresses of the gymnasium girls was different, depending on age: for the younger ones it was dark blue, for 12-14-year-olds it was almost the color of a sea wave , and for graduates - brown. And the pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were prescribed to wear dresses of other colors, depending on the age of the pupils: for pupils of 6 - 9 years old - brown (coffee), 9 - 12 years old - blue, 12 - 15 years old - gray and 15 - 18 years old - white.
However, soon after the revolution, as part of the struggle against bourgeois remnants and the legacy of the tsarist-police regime, a decree was issued in 1918 abolishing the wearing of a school uniform. Undoubtedly, in the early years of the existence of the Soviet state, wearing a school uniform was an unaffordable luxury in a country devastated by world war, revolution and civil war.
From the memoirs of Valentina Savitskaya, a graduate of gymnasium No. 36 in 1909: “The old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes (there was even a contemptuous nickname for a sentimental girl - “gymnasium student”). It was believed that the form symbolizes the lack of freedom, the humiliated, servile position of the student. But this rejection of the form had another, more understandable reason - poverty. Pupils went to school in whatever their parents could provide.”
From the point of view of the “class struggle”, the old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes (there was even a contemptuous nickname for a sentimental girl - “gymnasium student”). On the other hand, the form symbolized the absolute lack of freedom of the student, his humiliated and bonded position.
The official explanations were as follows: the form demonstrates the lack of freedom of the student, humiliates him. But in fact, the country at that time simply did not have the financial means to dress a huge number of children in uniform. Pupils went to school in what their parents could provide them, and the state at that moment actively fought against devastation, class enemies and remnants of the past.
1945 M. Nesterova. "Study well!"
Frame from the movie "Two Captains"
The period of "formlessness" lasted until 1948.School uniform becomes mandatory again.The new uniform resembled the old uniforms of high school students. From now on, the boys were required to wear gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, with five buttons, with two welt pockets with valves on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street. Girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron tied at the back with a bow. It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of puritan morality - "model haircuts" were strictly prohibited until the end of the 50s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows.
October and Komsomol badges remained a mandatory addition to the school uniform. The pioneers added a badge to the pioneer tie. Other types of badges appeared, including award and commemorative ones.
By school uniform we mean the dress code for students during their stay at school. Now, as before, there are many arguments for and against wearing a school uniform . Let's take a look at how school uniforms have developed in Russia.
You can even name the exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia. This happened in 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms. The costumes that were intended for the boys of that time were a kind of combination of military and civilian men's dress. The boys wore these costumes not only during classes, but also after them. Throughout the time, the style of the gymnasium and student uniforms changed only slightly.
At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. In 1986, the first outfit for students appeared. It was a very strict and modest outfit. It looked something like this: a brown woolen dress below the knee. This modest dress was adorned with white collars and cuffs. From accessories - a black apron. Almost an exact copy of the school dress of the Soviet era.Before the revolution, only children from wealthy families could receive education. And the school uniform was a kind of indicator of wealth and belonging to a respected class.
With the coming to power in 1918 of the Communists, the school uniform was abolished. It was considered bourgeois excess.
School uniform becomes mandatory again only after the Great Patriotic War, a single school uniform is introduced in the USSR. From now on, boys were required to wear military tunics with a stand-up collar, and girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron. It is worth noting that, in general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.
It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared - over time, only the style changed somewhat, but not the general essence of the girls' uniform. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).
The boys were dressed in gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, five buttons, two welt pockets with flaps on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street. At the same time, symbolism became an attribute of young students: the pioneers had a red tie, the Komsomol members and the Octobrists had a badge on their chests.
1962 gymnasts were changed to gray wool suits with four buttons. Important accessories were a cap with a cockade and a belt with a badge. Hairstyles were strictly regulated - under the typewriter, as in the army. And the form of girls remained old.
In 1973 There was a new reform of the school uniform. A new uniform for boys appeared: it was a blue suit made of a wool blend, decorated with an emblem and five aluminum buttons, cuffs and the same two flap pockets on the chest.
For girls, nothing has changed again, and then mother needlewomen sewed black aprons from fine wool for their beauties, and white aprons from silk and cambric, decorating with lace.
Early 1980s uniform for high school students was introduced. (This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.
For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October badge (in the elementary grades), pioneer (in the middle grades) or Komsomol (in the senior grades) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie
And what about school uniforms abroad? School uniform in other countries differs from ours: somewhere it is more conservative, and somewhere it is very fashionable and unusual. For example, in Japan, schoolgirls flaunt in sailor suits, called "sailor fuku" there. Their form is the standard of teenage fashion for the whole world. Even outside the walls of the school, Japanese women wear what reminds them of their usual school uniform.
School uniforms are most common in England and its former colonies. This form is a reflection of the classic business style. Each reputable educational institution in England has its own logo. And this logo is applied to the school uniform. In its form, badges and emblems are made. It is applied to ties and hats.
In France, school uniforms were in use from 1927 to 1968.
In Poland, it was abolished in 1988.
But in Germany there was never a school uniform. Even during the reign of the Third Reich. Only members of the Hitler Youth wore special uniforms. Some German schools have introduced elements of a school uniform, but it is the children themselves who choose what uniform to wear.
IN THE USA each school decides for itself what kind of things students are allowed to wear. As a rule, tops that open the stomach, as well as low-sitting trousers, are prohibited in schools. Jeans, wide trousers with many pockets, t-shirts with graphics - that's what students in American schools prefer.
In most European countries also do not have a single form, everything is limited to a fairly strict style. In many countries of the world, the question of school uniform, like ours, remains open.
There is no consensus on the benefits or harms of compulsory uniform school clothes. The history of the creation of the school uniform and its development is contradictory, and does not answer the question: is it needed. But one thing is for sure, school clothes should remain only school clothes.
based on materials from the site http://www.svk-klassiki.ru
Long gone are the days when schoolgirls ran around in black dresses with white cuffs, white or black aprons, and the boys wore school uniforms in the popular navy blue.
Many people ask the question: “Who invented this school uniform?” And it was Peter the Great. And at the Institute of Noble Maidens, which was created by Catherine II, their own form was adopted: on everyday days, green dresses with a white cape and an apron, and on holidays - white dresses with crimson belts and an apron.
The school uniform appeared in 1834. Then a law was adopted, approving the general system of all civilian uniforms in the Russian Empire. But then the form was introduced only for boys. 1896 - the regulation on the gymnasium uniform for girls was approved. Since then, it has been repeatedly changed, canceled and reintroduced.
Until 1917, the school uniform (the uniform of gymnasium students) was a class sign, because. only children of wealthy parents studied at the gymnasium. The uniform was worn not only in the gymnasium, but also on the street, at home, during celebrations and holidays. She was a point of pride. Boys then were supposed to wear military-style uniforms, and girls were supposed to wear darker formal dresses with pleated knee-length skirts.
In 1918, the Decree "On a Unified School ..." abolished school clothes for students, recognizing it as a legacy of the tsarist-police regime. In 1949, a unified school uniform was introduced in the USSR. The boys were dressed in military tunics with a stand-up collar, the girls in brown woolen dresses with a black apron. In 1962 the boys were dressed in gray wool suits with black buttons. In 1973, a new uniform for boys appeared. It was a blue wool-blend suit embellished with an emblem and aluminum buttons. In 1976, clothes for school and for girls were updated - skirts and a jacket made of blue wool blend fabric. Already in 1988, some schools were allowed to experiment with the obligatory wearing of school uniforms.
1992 was the year of the abolition of the form in the schools of the Russian Federation. Since 1999, individual subjects of the Russian Federation have been adopting local regulations on the introduction of compulsory school uniforms.
Many parents believe that the traditional form disciplines children, teaches them to order. And children, on the contrary, believe that everyone in the class is similar to each other like twins and have a negative attitude towards school uniforms.
The widespread introduction of school uniforms for students in Russian schools was proposed by Vladimir Putin on March 29, 2013 at a conference of the All-Russian Popular Front. At the same time, State Duma deputy Andrei Bocharov proposed to sew school uniforms exclusively at Russian enterprises and from Russian fabrics in order to support the domestic manufacturer.
At SkyLake, the best designers and fashion designers work on the creation of school uniforms, who strive to take into account all the features and nuances of school life, the habits and restless nature of the majority of students. We create school clothes for boys and girls, such as school vests for girls, which are perfect for children in terms of age and lifestyle.
For school uniforms, suits, blouses for girls and shirts, only high quality natural fabrics are selected - tweed, cotton, gabardine. Thanks to this, children's clothing from SkyLake is not only pleasant and comfortable, but also looks modern and beautiful, should not restrict movement, and easily fit any other clothing. But, at the same time, it should be stylish and meet all modern trends.
Gymnasium girls VII class, Troitsk, 1895...
Gymnasium girls. Kursk, 1908-1912.
A Brief History of School Uniforms in Russia
Institute of Noble Maidens
In 1764, Catherine II founded the "Educational Society for Noble Maidens", which later became known as the "Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens". The purpose of this educational institution, as stated in the decree, was "... to give the state educated women, good mothers, useful members of the family and society."
Education and upbringing went "by age". Girls of each age group wore dresses of a certain color: the youngest (5-7 years old) - coffee-colored, so they were called "coffee houses", 8-10 years old - blue or blue, 11-13 years old - gray, older girls went in white dresses . The dresses were closed ("deaf"), one-color, of the simplest cut. They wore a white apron, a white cape, and sometimes white sleeves. Girls received an advanced education for Europe: reading, languages, the basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, dancing, knitting, manners, music.
Alexandra Levshina. (Apparently, the role of Zaira in Voltaire's tragedy of the same name).
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
School uniforms in the Russian Empire were considered a matter of national importance. In 1834, the general system of all civilian uniforms in the Russian Empire was approved, and the boys, like all employees in the military or civilian field, wore a semi-military uniform. Be sure to uniform uniform, uniform cap and shirt front. Outerwear was a semi-military overcoat.
The most famous is the form of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - a privileged educational institution for the children of the nobility, which Pushkin graduated from. Children of 10-12 years old were admitted to the lyceum, high-ranking officials were trained from the pupils. The lyceum had a humanitarian and legal orientation. The level of education was equal to the university level, graduates received civil ranks from the 14th to the 9th grade.
Volkhovsky V.D.
Summer form of boarding houses
Boarding houses for girls - state and commercial - in the second half of the 19th century spread throughout Russia. Each educational institution adopted a uniform of its own color, but equally modest in appearance. Older girls were already taken out into the world, to balls and receptions, so that the young lady could find a “suitable party” and arrange her future life.
Since many girls lived in boarding houses all the time, for the summer they were allowed to change their everyday uniform to a lighter one - summer. Before us is one of the options for the summer form of boarding houses for walking. But even outside the educational institution, the girl had to look strict and touching - in a boater hat and a long dress.
Gymnasiums
The oldest Russian gymnasium is the Akademicheskaya, founded in 1726. But the real flowering of gymnasiums dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the Ministry of Public Education was formed. Gymnasiums began to spring up throughout the Russian Empire. The uniform of the gymnasium students consisted of a cap, overcoat, tunic, trousers and dress uniform. In winter, in the cold, they put on headphones and a hood. At each educational institution, they differed in color, piping, buttons and emblems. Teachers and guards strictly monitored the observance of all the rules for wearing a suit, which were detailed in the charter of educational institutions.
Gymnasiums were classical, real, commercial, military. And women's.
Portrait of a high school student Kaydalov
The gymnasium uniform for girls was approved only 63 years after the male one. In state gymnasiums, pupils wore brown dresses with high collars and aprons. Mandatory turn-down collar and straw hat. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 160 women's gymnasiums. Upon graduation, the girls were given a certificate for the title of home teacher.
Soviet uniform
In 1918, the gymnasium uniform was recognized as a bourgeois relic and abolished. But in 1948 they actually returned to their pre-revolutionary form. The Soviet form of the new model appeared only in 62. She already looked more like civilian clothes - without tunics, without caps, belts. The uniform for girls repeated the form of gymnasiums, only it was much shorter. Mandatory were a black or white festive apron, lace collar, cuffs, white or black bows.
In the 70s, the boys got a jacket tailored to look like denim, and the older boys got a pantsuit. In the late 80s, school uniforms were in short supply, they were even sold on coupons. One of the reasons for the demand was its good quality and traditionally low price. Adults began to wear it as everyday and work clothes.
Compulsory school uniforms were officially abolished in Russia in 1992.
In addition:
The children of the Borovichi excise officer Shileiko are a gymnasium student and a student of a real school. (Photo from the archive of the Borovichi Museum of Local Lore).
Borovichi at the beginning of the last century could not boast of a large number of educational institutions. In the women's gymnasium (now the House of Education Workers), in the real school (secondary school No. 1), the number of students was small: they were filled mainly by children of wealthy parents who were able to pay for education. And primary education was carried out mainly by parochial schools. True, they were then almost at every church in the city and county.
In the morning the lessons began with a prayer. The gymnasium girls gathered in the hall at the bell and, having sung a prayer in chorus, dispersed to classes. In addition, it was obligatory for girls to visit the Trinity Cathedral (now the city's House of Culture). Every year it was necessary to submit a certificate that the students had passed the rite of confession and Holy Communion.
In the women's gymnasium, the main emphasis was on Latin. Why they filled children's heads with a dead language, only the highest officials knew ... However, French, German and Old Church Slavonic were also taught.
The schoolgirls had brown woolen dresses, sewn in a strict form, and black aprons. The teachers wore uniforms at that time: men - a jacket and a cap with a cockade, women - a blue woolen dress of any shape. The teaching profession was very respected, passers-by on the street pointed and whispered in admiration: “Look, here comes the teacher!”.
The men's gymnasium was located in Novgorod. Gymnasium students could then study at universities or institutes, while gymnasium girls sat at home in anticipation of marriage. Only in rare cases did they go to serve in different state and control chambers or treasuries, there were practically no other ways.
The real school provided knowledge in mathematics, physics, drawing, and graduates, as a rule, later became technicians, mechanics, and engineers. There was also a craft school that trained turners, metalworkers, and carpenters.
There was a theological school in Borovichi (in the building of the current professional lyceum No. 8), where seminarians studied the Law of God.
And it is also worth remembering that the program of educational institutions has not changed for decades, like textbooks. Therefore, senior students, as a rule, sold Kraevich's “Physics” or Yevtushevsky's Arithmetic, which they no longer needed, to junior classes. Moreover, there were few bookstores then.
Mikhail VASILIEV.
