The Russian-American Convention on Friendly Ties, Trade, Navigation and Fishing of 1824 is a convention signed on April 5 (17), 1824 in St. Petersburg by Russia and the United States in order to streamline relations between the two states in the northwestern part of North America.
Negotiations with the United States on streamlining relations in the northwestern part of North America have been conducted on the initiative of the Russian-American Company since 1808. The reason for this was the penetration of American trading and fur companies into the territory of Russian possessions in Alaska, which armed the natives to fight Russian settlers. For a long time, however, these negotiations did not bring practical results.
On September 4 (16), 1821, the Russian Emperor Alexander I issued a decree expanding Russian possessions in America to the 51st parallel. The decree also forbade foreign trade with Russian colonists and Indians who lived on the territory of Russian America. The new border of Russian America and the ban on trade caused serious discontent in the USA and England. The Russian government, not wanting to aggravate relations with them, offered to hold tripartite talks to settle mutual claims. Until the end of the negotiations, the Russian side undertook not to adhere to the provisions of the decree.
It was during these negotiations in the summer of 1823 that the intention of the United States to put forward the thesis “America for the Americans” as one of the principles of its foreign policy, which was subsequently formalized in the form of the Monroe Doctrine, was brought to the attention of the Russian government.
The 1824 Convention fixed the southern border of the possessions of the Russian Empire in Alaska at a latitude of 54 ° 40 'N. According to the convention, Americans pledged not to settle north of this border, and Russians to the south.
1895 - The Sino-Japanese War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
The Treaty of Shimonoseki is an unequal treaty concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire in 1895 in the city of Shimonoseki as a result of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. It laid the foundation for the struggle of the imperialist powers for the territorial division of China and was an important stage in the transformation of the country into a semi-colony.
Negotiations took place from 1895 to 1895 with the participation of former US Secretary of State John Foster, who served as an adviser to the Qing dynasty. In parallel with the negotiations, the Japanese fleet was advancing towards the Chinese islands, ready to immediately begin the occupation of the acquired territories.
1912 - Lena massacre: up to 270 killed, up to 250 wounded
Lena massacre - the tragic events of April 4 (17), 1912 at the mines of the Lena gold mining partnership, located near the city of Bodaibo on the tributary of the Lena, the Vitime and Olekma rivers. As a result of the strike and the subsequent execution of workers by government troops, according to various estimates, from 250 to 500 people were injured, including 150-270 people who died.
The immediate reason for the strike was the “meat story” at the Andreevsky mine, retold in the memoirs of the participants in many versions:
- the mine worker was given rotten meat;
- a worker's inspection found a horse's leg in a cook's cauldron;
- a woman bought a piece of meat in a shop that looked like a horse's genitals.
Versions in the sources are sometimes partially combined, but agree on one thing, the workers received meat unfit for food.
The strike began spontaneously on February 29 (March 13) at the Andreevsky mine, but then workers from other mines also joined it. By mid-March, the number of strikers exceeded 6,000.
In addition to difficult climatic conditions and a 16-hour working day with one day off, low wages were established, which were partially issued in the form of coupons to mine shops, where the quality of products was extremely low at fairly high prices. In addition, fines for many violations were withheld from the salary, and there was practically no safety precautions: for every thousand people there were more than seven hundred traumatic cases a year.
On March 3, 1912, the minutes of the meeting of workers recorded the following requirements for the administration of the mines:
1961 - The landing of Cuban emigrants on the coast of the Gulf of Pigs with the aim of overthrowing the regime of Fidel Castro
Operation in the Bay of Pigs, landing in the Bay of Pigs, operation "Zapata" - a military operation prepared by the US government since 1960 to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba.
Around midnight, the landing of "brigade 2506" began in the area of the Bay of Pigs. In accordance with the operation plan, the amphibious landing was simultaneously carried out in three areas:
in Playa Larga, where it was planned to land the 2nd and 5th infantry battalions;
in Playa Giron, the main forces landed here - the 6th infantry, 4th tank battalions and an artillery battalion;
25 km east of Playa Giron, the 3rd Infantry Battalion landed here.
The local self-defense forces, which tried to impede the landing operation, suffered losses and were forced to retreat. However, already at 03:15, the top Cuban leadership learned about the landing, which was able to quickly navigate the situation.
Martial law was introduced on the territory of the country and general mobilization was announced. Fidel Castro sent a radio address to the citizens of the country with a call to repulse the invading forces. Detachments of the people's militia from the areas of Cruces, Cienfuegos, Colon, Aguada de Pasajeros, Matanzas, Cardenas and Jovellanos, as well as an army infantry battalion, were sent to the landing area. But the situation was complicated by the fact that the closest parts of the Cuban army were in the city of Santa Clara, 120 km from the landing site.
1975 - During the civil war in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge captured the capital of the country, Phnom Penh.
The Cambodian Civil War was a military conflict between the Cambodian government, supported by the United States and South Vietnam, and local communist forces, supported by North Vietnam, from 1967 to 1975. The result of the war was the fall of the central government and the coming to power of the Khmer Rouge, who proclaimed a course for the total reorganization of Cambodian society based on Maoist concepts. The civil war in Cambodia, along with the fighting in Laos and South Vietnam, is considered part of the Second Indochina War.
By mid-1970, the balance of power in Cambodia looked like this. The anti-government communist forces were formally united in the National United Front of Kampuchea, and Norodom Sihanouk headed the Royal Government of the National Unity of Kampuchea, in exile, although it did not recognize such a status, since some of its representatives were in Cambodia in the territories controlled by NEFC, called "liberated areas", and personally Sihanouk visited such areas without experiencing any inconvenience and problems usually associated with the military activity of the enemy. In the fighting against the government army in this phase of the war, the armed forces of the Khmer Rouge participated, with the support of the North Vietnamese army. The Lon Nol regime in power began to receive significant military and economic assistance from the United States. American aviation provided support to the government army. In addition, the South Vietnamese army periodically returned to Cambodia and conducted military operations in conjunction with the FANK national army, but without much success. Thus, the armed forces of three foreign states took part in the Cambodian civil war.
World Hemophilia Day
World Hemophilia Day is celebrated annually by many countries on April 17th. The overall goal of the activities carried out by the World Federation of Hemophilia is mainly to draw public attention to the problem of the most complex genetic disease, as well as to promote medicine to improve the quality of life of people with hemophilia. According to experts, the number of patients today is about 400,000 people in the world, that is, every ten thousandth man has an incurable genetic pathology (this disease does not manifest itself in women), which disrupts blood clotting.
Even 50-70 years ago, few of the men with hemophilia survived to adulthood. As a rule, the average life expectancy of such people varied between twenty-five and thirty years. However, modern medicine has in its arsenal everything necessary to prolong and improve the quality of life of patients with hemophilia. With a sufficiently qualified, properly selected drug therapy, the patient can lead a full-fledged lifestyle - work, create a family, that is, be a full member of his state.
Day of Veterans of the Department of Internal Affairs and Internal Troops
Veterans of the Department of Internal Affairs and internal troops began to celebrate their professional holiday in 2011 - from the moment the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs signed the relevant Decree. And the date itself, April 17, is timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the creation of the Public Organization of Veterans of Internal Affairs and Internal Troops. This organization was formed in 1991.
Today, about 700,000 veterans of the internal affairs bodies and explosives live in the Russian Federation, who continue to bring certain benefits to society: they promote the observance of the rule of law in the country, conduct preventive conversations with schoolchildren, and also share their accumulated knowledge and experience with young police officers. According to most experts, more than 30% of crimes are solved thanks to the life skills of veterans. On this day, veterans of the police department and internal troops receive a lot of warm words addressed to them, congratulations and presents from friends, relatives and colleagues. Many veterans host get-togethers and other celebratory events.
April 17 in the folk calendar
Alder brides (Joseph the Song-singer)
On April 17, the Orthodox Church honors the memory of Joseph the Songwriter. The saint lived in the 9th century, served in the Thessalonica Monastery, under which he became a strict ascetic. Throughout his life, he was repeatedly arrested by the emperor of Byzantium, who despised Christianity and tried to eradicate it. The Lord rewarded Joseph with a skillful talent - to write beautiful liturgical hymns, which he used.
The people called the saint the Songsinger, because on April 17, as the peasants noticed, the cricket began to sing, and the cranes began to give voice. These birds were especially loved in Russia for their ability to protect the yard and expel evil from it. Today, people, having heard the voice of the crane, went out onto the porch and bowed to him. It was also believed that these birds called for summer with their click. On Joseph, they watched the flowering of the alder. Log cabins for wells were usually harvested from it. There were also signs associated with alder. For example, this: if a lot of earrings hang on a tree, then oats will be born today. And alder bark was often used for medicinal purposes (especially to stop bleeding and inflammation), because it is rich in astringent tannins, trace elements and vitamins.
Historical events April 17
On April 17, 1912, in the remote taiga along the banks of the Lena, at the mines of the gold mining partnership, about 600 workers were shot, who planned to write a complaint to the prosecutor about the harassment of the authorities. As a result, about 300 people died and more than 200 were injured of varying severity. Many believe that Vladimir Ulyanov took the nickname Lenin based on this tragedy. Although this is just a guess.
The invention belongs to the outstanding aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky. On that day, he demonstrated to the American public his first amphibious helicopter. They took off from the water, after which the helicopter landed safely on land. The entire flight lasted exactly one and a half hours, and the speed at which the helicopter flew was one hundred kilometers per hour. Soon Sikorsky created eighteen more types of helicopters. Subsequently, they were flown across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The aircraft designer's machines were intended for both civilian and military purposes.
April 17, 1970– Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy the First, a true guardian of the Orthodox faith, has died
Alexy was born (in the world Sergei Simansky) in Moscow, at the age of 25 he cut his hair as a monk. Simansky was arrested more than once under the Bolsheviks, he miraculously managed to avoid death more than once - he survived the massive Bolshevik purge that occurred after the assassination of Kirov. In 1943, together with the metropolitans, he attended one of Stalin's receptions, at which the leader allowed the church to elect a patriarch (until then there were locum tenens). And in 1945, Simansky was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
April 17th were born
— Nikita Khrushchev(1894-1971) - Russian politician, first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, since 1958 - chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1964 he was removed from the main posts. After resigning, he formally retained his seat on the Central Committee.
— Valeria(born in 1968) is a famous Russian pop singer. Recently, Honored Artist of Russia. Her first album "Taiga Symphony" was released in 1992. In 2001, the singer decides to leave the stage due to a divorce, but two years later the star flares up again. Today Valeria is the wife of a famous producer and the mother of three children. She continues to perform on stage and delight the audience with new singles.
— Semyon Shchedrin(1745-1804) - Russian painter, landscape painter. The composition of his works had an identical style and fully complied with the rules of academic classicism. The heyday of his work was in the 1790s. Despite the similarity of the compositions, his works were imbued with pleasing simplicity, naturalness, they felt individual charm, natural color. Shchedrin is the first painter who approved the landscape as an independent genre of painting.
— Alexandra Dorokhin(born in 1941) is a Soviet and Russian film actress. Since 1967 she worked in the Moscow theater. Lenkom, where she played many major roles ("Molière", "Sudzhan Madonnas", "Crossroads of Fate", etc.). She made her film debut in 1965 in the film Your Son and Brother. The actress also starred in the films: "The Twelve Chairs", "Incorrigible Liar", "Kin-dza-dza", "About the Little Red Riding Hood" and others.
Name day April 17
Name days on April 17 will be celebrated by representatives of the names: Joseph, George, Nikifor, Benjamin, Nikolai, Ivan (John), Maria, Zosima, Yakov, Nikita, Fedor, Feona, Thomas, Catherine, Anika, Adrian, Maxim.
Sunday, April 17, 2016 10:28 am + to quote padDEVELOPMENTS
1492 - Christopher Columbus signed a contract with Spain to open a new route to India.
1722 - the introduction by Peter in the Russian Empire of a tax on wearing a beard in the amount of 50 rubles a year.
1797 - Paul I issued a decree on a three-day corvee.
1797 - publication of the "Institution on the Imperial Family", which established the order of succession to the throne.
1919 - The 8-hour working day law is introduced in France.
1968 - in the USSR, the television program "In the World of Animals" was first broadcast, which was then hosted by Alexander Zguridi.
April 17 events that took place in the world, in different years Source: http://calendareveryday.ru/index.php?id=12/4/17 calendareveryday.ru
1521 - Martin Luther is excommunicated from the bosom of the Roman Catholic Church for refusing to renounce his heresy.
1607 - 21-year-old Armand Jean Du Plessis de Richelieu is ordained a bishop.
1610 - English explorer Henry Hudson sets sail in which he discovers Hudson Bay.
1722 - Peter I introduced in the Russian Empire a tax on wearing a beard in the amount of 50 rubles a year.
1797 - decree of Paul I on a three-day corvee.
1797 - publication of the "Institution on the Imperial Family", which established the order of succession to the throne.
1824 - Signing of the Russian-American Convention on the definition of the boundaries of Russian possessions in North America.
1839 - After the collapse of the federation of the republics of Central America, the state of Guatemala was formed.
1856 - Quebec City is proclaimed the capital of Canada.
1861 - The state of Virginia decided to secede from the United States.
1869 - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is freed from Prussian citizenship: henceforth and henceforth deprived of all citizenship.
1875 - Colonel Neville Chamberlain of the British troops in India invented the billiard game "snooker".
1877 - Leo Tolstoy finished the novel "Anna Karenina".
1891 - Alexander III signed the Rescript on the construction of the Great Siberian Route (Transsib).
1895 - The Sino-Japanese War ends with the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
1905 - Decree of Nicholas II "On strengthening the principles of religious tolerance."
1912 - The tragic events at the Lena mines known as the Lena execution.
1913 - Gustav Hamel makes the first non-stop airplane flight between England and Germany in a military monoplane, the Blériot XI. He covers the distance from Dover to Cologne in 4 hours and 18 minutes.
1918 - The first meeting of the St. Luke's Workshop of Painters - a group of students of the artist D. N. Kardovsky.
1919 - Law introducing the 8-hour day in France.
1924 - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, a Hollywood film studio, is formed.
1941 - The signing of the act of surrender of the Yugoslav army during World War II.
1946 - French recognition of Syrian independence.
1956 - Dissolution of the Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform).
1961 - The landing of Cuban immigrants on the coast of the Gulf of Pigs with the aim of overthrowing the regime of F. Castro (Fidel Castro). 1964 - Start of production by the Ford Motor Company of the Ford Mustang.
1967 - The Order of Canada is established.
1968 - In the USSR, the first TV program "In the World of Animals" went on the air, which was then hosted by Alexander Zguridi.
1969 - The voting age in the UK is reduced from 21 to 18.
1975 - During the civil war in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge captured the capital city of Phnom Penh.
1980 - Southern Rhodesia became Zimbabwe.
1982 - Queen Elizabeth II of England proclaimed Canada fully independent by recognizing the new Constitutional Act of Canada.
1984 - In London, during an anti-Libyan demonstration, a constable Yvonne Fletcher was mortally wounded by a sudden shelling from the window of the Libyan embassy.
1986 - A resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the main directions of accelerating the solution of the housing problem in the country" was adopted, according to which each family had to have a separate apartment or house by the year 2000.
1989 - Legalization of the Polish independent trade union "Solidarity".
1992 - Two official names are assigned to Russia - "Russian Federation" and "Russia".
2005 - A referendum was held on the unification of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with Taimyr and Evenkia.
Events in history
April 17, 1573 Maximilian I of Bavaria was born in Munich - a Bavarian duke from 1597, an elector from 1623. From the Wittelsbach family. Head of the Catholic League in 1609. He died on September 27, 1651 in Ingolstadt.
April 17, 1880 English archaeologist Leonard Woolley (full name Charles Leonard, Charles Leonard) was born in London, whose excavations of the ancient Sumerian city of Ur (in modern Iraq) significantly replenished knowledge of the civilization of Mesopotamia, and the excavations of Amarna - knowledge of the culture of Egypt. Throughout his life he also studied the history of the Hittites. Died February 20, 1960.
April 17, 1885 in the family estate Rungsted, near Copenhagen, the Danish writer Karen Blixen (also published under the pseudonyms Osceola, Isak Dinesen, Pierre Andrezel) was born into a bourgeois literary family of religious Unitarians. Since the mid-1950s, Blixen has repeatedly received recognition from the international literary community - in 1954 and 1957 she was nominated for the Nobel Prize, was friends with E. Hemingway, T. Capote, A. Miller and M. Monroe, E. Cummings, P. Buck, although at this time her health worsened sharply, she could no longer read or write. She died on September 7, 1962 in the same place.
April 17, 1891 The composer and director Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov completed The Messinian Bride, which was published in 1891 under opus 28.
April 17, 1943 German immunologist Georg Kohler was born in Munich. Developed (together with the Argentinean biochemist Cesar Milstein) a biotechnology for the production of monoclonal antibodies secreted by cell hybrids. Nobel Prize (1984, jointly with Milstein). He died on March 1, 1995 in Freiburg an der Breisgau.
April 17, 1948 in the newspaper "Soviet Art" an article was published "Let's talk about pop music", which wrote: "A number of serious reproaches can be made against such a popular pop artist as Lidia Ruslanova. Some people continue to call Russian singers actresses who appear on stage in sundresses and bast shoes and perform ditties to the Saratov accordion. But these outfits go out of fashion even in the most remote villages, and even more go out of fashion "expansion daring and heartfelt longing." It is no coincidence that L. Ruslanova, who continues the line of these singers, masters the new repertoire with such difficulty. She needs to think very seriously about her position on the Soviet stage.
April 17, 1951 British film actress Olivia Hussey was born in Buenos Aires. Father - Andreas Osuna - was an opera singer and performed under the pseudonym Isvaldo Ribo. She received her first television role at the age of thirteen, and at 16 she played Juliet in a film by Italian director Franco Zeffirelli, for which she received the Golden Globe.
April 17, 1956 The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) ceased its activities.
April 17, 1959 Sean Mark Bean was born in Sheffield (Yorkshire, England), a popular English theater and film actor. Known for his roles as Bromir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Eddard Stark in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, and the fictional British officer Richard Sharpe in the television series Sharpe's Royal Gunslinger Adventures.
April 17, 1969 singer Valeria was born.
April 17, 1970 in the village of Peredelkino, Moscow region, died Sergei Vladimirovich Simansky (Patriarch Alexy I) - Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church; Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia since 1945. Theologian, teacher, candidate of legal sciences (1899), doctor of theology (1949). Born November 8 (October 27, O.S.) 1877 in Moscow.
April 17, 1972 A declaration on the principles of good neighborly relations between the USSR and the Republic of Turkey was signed.
April 17, 1974 at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex, Victoria Caroline Beckham (surname nee Adams) is an English singer, songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion designer and businesswoman.
April 17, 1986 issued a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the main directions of accelerating the housing problem in the country" about a separate apartment or house by the year 2000 for each family.
April 17, 2001 A telephone interview with Alizée took place on the air of Europa Plus radio, from which they learned in Russia about the popularity of the French singer.
April 17, 2005 in Moscow, on Sivtsev Vrazhek Street, a memorial plaque was opened in honor of Army General Margelov (December 27 (December 14, O.S.) 1908, Yekaterinoslav - March 4, 1990, Moscow).
April 17, 2007 speaking on the air of the Russian TV channel for a foreign audience Russia Today (RTTV), D.S. Peskov categorically denied information about a possible third term for President Putin , and said that the stability of the country does not depend on a specific president, but on the inviolability of the constitution.
April 17, 2008 in Moscow, Mikhail Isaevich Tanich (real name - Tankhilevich), a Soviet and Russian songwriter, died of chronic renal failure. People's Artist of the Russian Federation (2003). Born September 15, 1923 in Taganrog.
April 17, 2013 on the air of the TV program "Evening Urgant" Ivan Andreevich Urgant made a public apology to the people of Ukraine for his bad joke, saying that he loves Ukraine very much . The reason for this was that on April 13, 2013, in the Smak program, he joked: “ I chopped greens like a red commissar of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian village”, To which Alexander Adabashyan, who took part in the TV show, peeling the knife from celery, said: “And I I shake off the remains of the inhabitants. The dialogue was accompanied by laughter from the audience. The joke aroused indignation among a number of Ukrainians, since civilians were killed during the civil war in Ukraine.
April 17, 2014 Forbes published a rating of the 200 richest entrepreneurs in Russia for 2014, in which Arkady Romanovich Rotenberg took 27th place.
April 17, 2014 Gabriel José de la Concordia "Gabo" Garcia Marquez, a Colombian prose writer, journalist, publisher and politician, died of kidney failure and the subsequent respiratory disease - pneumonia at the age of 87 in his home in Mexico City. Winner of the Neustadt Prize for Literature (1972) and the Nobel Prize in Literature (1982). Representative of the literary direction "magic realism". In 2012, the writer's brother Jaime García Márquez stated that Gabriel was suffering from Alzheimer's and was unable to write due to problems with the April 6 president. Now lovers of driving with a “hare” will have to pay a solid one, 50 times the current size.
— Science Day.
- 1895 The Sino-Japanese War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
— 1918 Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the organization of state measures to combat fire" was issued. Day of firemen.
- 1943 The beginning of air battles over the Kuban. They were carried out until June 1943 by the aviation of the North Caucasian Front, reinforced by 3 aviation corps of the Reserve of the High Command and part of the aviation forces of the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of K. A. Vershinin. The goal is to gain air supremacy on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front. As a result of the battles, the enemy lost over 1,100 aircraft, of which over 800 were shot down in air battles. On some days, up to 50 group air battles were carried out with the participation of 30-50 aircraft or more on each side.
- 1957. The badges of distinction of military personnel "Excellent worker of the Soviet Army", "Excellent worker of the Navy", "Excellent worker of the Air Force" were established.
— 1968. For the first time, the TV program “In the Animal World” went on the air.
— 1984. At the crossing named after the Hero of the Soviet Union Miroshnichenko, an important stage in the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline was completed a year and a half earlier than the deadline, and through train traffic was opened on the section from Tynda to Komsomolsk-on-Amur with a length of 1449 km.
—
1992 . Two official names are assigned to Russia - "Russian Federation" and "Russia". DAYS OF MEMORY OF OUTSTANDING PEOPLE
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In 971, the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes attacked the city of Dorostol (now Silistra) on the Danube. The Russian prince Svyatoslav, who conquered Eastern Bulgaria and intended to move his capital here from Kyiv, was based in Dorostol. The Byzantines themselves called the Russians to help them defend themselves from the Bulgarians and Hungarians.
But Svyatoslav liked the fertile southern lands, he saw fellow Slavs in the Bulgarians and did not show hostility towards them; the Bulgarians also had nothing against the fact that a great commander, close to them by blood, became their sovereign. Then Svyatoslav decided to leave Kyiv to his sons and establish himself on the Danube. To some extent, the appearance of Svyatoslav in Bulgaria can be likened to Rurik's calling to Novgorod. At the head of the Russian-Bulgarian army, Svyatoslav began to attack the original Greek regions and came closer and closer to the capital of the Byzantine Empire - Constantinople. Then the Byzantines decided to oust the Russians from Bulgaria.
The fighting at Dorostol continued until 27 July. Almost all Russian soldiers (about 15 thousand people) died defending Dorostol, but Emperor John Tzimiskes was the first to ask for peace. The reason was not military, but political - a conspiracy was ripening against him in the palace, it was necessary to urgently return to Constantinople. The peace was signed on honorable terms for the Russians. With the remnants of the army and rich booty, Svyatoslav went to Kyiv.
However, the Byzantines contacted the Pechenegs, who lived on the Lower Dnieper, and informed them in detail about the time of Svyatoslav's passage along the Dnieper, they also told that he was carrying great wealth, which he received as compensation from Dorostol. The Pechenegs organized an ambush in advance and killed Svyatoslav. Thus, through the hands of savages, the insidious Byzantines got rid of a dangerous rival to their dominion in the Black Sea region.
In 1446, the Kazan Tatars attacked the city of Ustyug. The assault failed. But they were paid off with money and "junk" (that is, furs). After that, the Tatar detachment, having described the arc, returned to Kazan; True, out of 700 people, only 40 survived - many drowned in the Volga during the flood.
This raid is remarkable in that it was a clear reaction to events within the Russian state. Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow was deposed by his rival relative Dmitry Shemyaka and blinded; hence the nickname Vasily the Dark (that is, not seeing the light). Vasily tried not to aggravate relations with his eastern neighbors, who had their own problems (the year before, the Kazan Khanate had separated from the Horde and became independent). Vasily gave inheritances to the Tatar princes within his country.
The Grand Duke wisely strove for mutual infiltration, but his political opponent and enemy Dmitry Shemyaka blamed Vasily for this, demagogically accusing him of his intention to "give Russia to the Tatars." In addition, according to the concepts of that era in Russia, the sovereign who had a label from the Horde to reign was considered legitimate. With the Ustyug raid, the Kazanians made it clear which side they were on in the Moscow struggle for power.
In 1736, the 53-year-old Count Pavel Yaguzhinsky, a cabinet minister and one of the most prominent associates of Peter I, died. Moscow.
At the age of 18, Yaguzhinsky joined the guards and, thanks to his intelligence and abilities, he soon entered the inner circle of Peter I. He successfully completed the diplomatic missions of the tsar at the Åland Congress and at the Vienna court, for which in 1722 he received the post of Prosecutor General of the Senate - from now on, he obeyed only emperor.
The prosecutor general kept order in the country and was called the "eye of the sovereign." Yaguzhinsky meticulously delved into the most diverse cases and found abuses and slovenliness everywhere. Fearing revelations, Menshikov sent him an expensive overseas wonder - oranges - as a gift. But Yaguzhinsky still did not like Menshikov. After the death of Peter the Great, Pavel Ivanovich was able to stay close to the throne, but lost his position as a prosecutor. In April 1725, he caused a public scandal in the Peter and Paul Cathedral: in a strong drunkenness, he complained to Peter's coffin about his oppressor Menshikov.
Invited to the Russian throne, Anna Ioannovna Yaguzhinsky secretly warned that the higher nobility wanted to limit autocratic power, and advised her not to accept these conditions. The grateful empress later made him ambassador to Prussia and then cabinet minister.
After fifty, Yaguzhinsky looked like a deep old man: even against the backdrop of rampant Peter's mores, his addiction to alcohol was excessive, which led Pavel Ivanovich to an early death.
In 1925, Mikhail Prishvin made the following entry in his diary: “Many Russian people feel disgust at the very word “state” and this is only because they have not learned to look at it coldly, like a machine that is absolutely necessary for life.”
And here is another entry - also dated April 17, but only already in 1940. On this day, the Russian philosopher Georgy Fedotov wrote an article in exile called “Latecomers”: “... The nationalism of Stalin’s Russia,” it said, “through the heads of three generations of intelligentsia, directly returns to the official ideology of Nicholas I. New Kukolnikov, Zagoskins, Pogodins and Shevyrevs educate people's soul. Gogol and Lermontov have no place here. I would like to have my own conservative Pushkin, but the earth will not give birth to a poet, the bowels of which are depleted by cultural vulgarity.
In 1939, the Soviet Union sent France (and the next day England) a proposal to conclude a treaty between the three powers on mutual assistance against aggression.
The USSR proposed to include military assistance among the forms of assistance. The British and French, who had signed the Munich Treaty with Nazi Germany shortly before, adopted the tactics of delaying negotiations with the USSR and emasculating specific Soviet proposals. Years later, the assessment given to this tactic by US President Frank Roosevelt became known. He said that the British acted as if it were not about a major international treaty, but about buying an oriental carpet in the market: they find fault with every little thing and add a penny in half an hour.
Very slowly, responses to Soviet proposals came to Moscow; the Anglo-French delegation that arrived in the Soviet capital consisted of minor officials and had no authority. In the end, at the end of August, the USSR broke off negotiations with this decorative delegation and concluded a non-aggression pact with Germany.
In 1940, Valery Rubinchik, a film director, was born in Minsk, who is characterized by a careful and at the same time modern reading of the classics.
In 1959-1961, Rubinchik studied at the Belarusian Theater and Art Institute, and in 1967 he graduated from the directing department of VGIK. His graduation work was the film "Sixth Summer". Since 1969, Valery Davidovich worked at the film studio "Belarusfilm", where in 1971 he staged the film "The Grave of a Lion" based on the works of Yanka Kupala. Then the director screened the literary works of Anatoly Rybakov - "The Last Summer of Childhood", Ivan Turgenev - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District", Vladimir Korotkevich - "King Stakh's Wild Hunt". His films The Comic Lover, or Sir John Falstaff's Amorous Ideas, The Comedy of Lysistratus, and Dislike also enjoyed spectator interest.
World Hemophilia Day
Every year on April 17, many countries join the action of the World Federation of Hemophilia and celebrate World Hemophilia Day.
The overall goal of the ongoing events is to draw public attention to the problems of hemophilia and do everything possible to improve the quality of medical care provided to patients with this incurable genetic disease.
According to some estimates, today the number of patients with hemophilia in the world is 400 thousand people (one in 10 thousand men). According to the World Health Organization, about 15,000 people with hemophilia live in Russia, of which about 6,000 are children. No one knows a more precise number, because in Russia there is no national register of patients with hemophilia.
Until recently, few sick children survived to adulthood (the average life expectancy for hemophiliacs in Russia is 30 years). At present, innovative methods of therapy have appeared in the arsenal of Russian specialists, which can significantly improve the quality of life of patients and increase its duration. In addition, new treatments for hemophilia are highly purified and do not contain proteins of human origin, making them safe from potential viral infection.
With a sufficient number of drugs, a patient with hemophilia can lead a full life: study, work, start a family, that is, be a full-fledged member of society and benefit his country.
But the still insufficient supply of antihemophilic drugs leads to early disability, primarily in children and young people suffering from hemophilia.
PETER I introduced a tax on wearing a beard in the amount of 50 rubles a year. Peter has been unsuccessfully fighting beards for almost a quarter of a century, but it seems that the point was not in principle, but in the ability to regularly receive income without spending a dime.
1824 187 years ago
Signing of the Russian-American Convention on the Determination of the Boundary of Russian Possessions in North America
Signing of the Russian-American Convention on the Determination of the Boundary of Russian Possessions in North America
The signing of the Convention was the beginning of Russia's withdrawal from the Pacific coast of North America
Russian America - the unofficial name of Russian possessions in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and along the northwestern coast of North America in the 18-19 centuries. This name arose as a result of numerous voyages of Russian industrialists and sailors in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as after the foundation of Russian settlements there. Russian settlers played a significant role in the exploration and economic development of these lands.
In 1799, the tsarist government granted the Russian American Company the right to exploit Russian America for a period of 20 years. Russian diplomacy, on the initiative of this company, has been negotiating with the United States since 1808 on streamlining relations in the northwestern part of North America.
(5) On April 17, 1824, the Convention on the Determination of the Boundary of Russian Possessions in North America was signed in St. Petersburg. According to this convention, at 54 ° 40 'N. the border of settlements was established, to the north of which the Americans, and to the south - the Russians, pledged not to settle.
In an effort to maintain friendly relations with the United States, Russia also made concessions - navigation along the coast of America in the Pacific Ocean was declared open to ships of both countries for 10 years. For the same period, ships of the contracting parties could freely enter the bays, bays, harbors and inland waters for the purpose of fishing and trading with the local population.
However, in the future, the American government continued its expansionist policy in the Pacific North - in subsequent years, several more Russian-American treaties and conventions were signed, which was the beginning of Russia's gradual withdrawal from the Pacific coast of North America.
Taking advantage of the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856), which led to the impoverishment of the treasury and showed the vulnerability of the territories in the Pacific Ocean to the British fleet, the US government began to solicit the acquisition of the remaining Russian possessions in North America.
In an effort to strengthen relations with the United States, and in view of the aggravated Anglo-Russian contradictions and the bankruptcy of the Russian-American Company, the tsarist government was forced to meet American interests. (1 On March 30, 1867, an agreement was signed in Washington on the sale of Alaska and the islands adjacent to it by Russia to the United States. Thus, the tsarist policy caused enormous damage to the economic and strategic interests of Russia in the Pacific Ocean.
Landing near the Bosporus of Russian troops to help the Turks against Egypt.
L. N. TOLSTOY finished the novel "Anna Karenina".
After the unsuccessful assassination attempt by A.K. SOLOVIEV on Emperor ALEXANDER II, temporary governors-general and martial law were introduced in Russia.
Lena shooting. The strike of the workers of the Lena gold mines had been going on for a month already. The strikers demanded the establishment of an 8-hour working day, a 30% increase in wages, the abolition of fines, etc. The authorities decided to deal with the strikers by force, and on the night of April 17, the gendarme captain TRESCHENKOV arrested some of the members of the strike committee. In response to this, about three thousand workers moved to the Nadezhdinsky mine to hand over to the prosecutor a complaint about the illegal actions of the authorities. By order of Treshchenkov, the peaceful procession was met with volleys from the military team. 270 workers were killed and 250 injured. In response, all the remaining workers, together with their families, left the mines in an organized manner. The tsarist Minister of the Interior MAKAROV, in response to a request from the State Duma, stated: “So it was and so it will be!”. And V. I. LENIN remarked on this occasion: "The Lena massacre was the reason for the transition of the revolutionary mood of the masses into a revolutionary upsurge of the masses."
In Petrograd, at a meeting of the Bolsheviks, members of the All-Russian Conference of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, V. I. LENIN made a report "On the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution (April Theses)".
In Odessa, the liberated people demanded that the monument to Empress Catherine II, which stood on Catherine Square, be removed. At that time, no one got around from appeals to deeds, but in the 20s of the last century, the monument was nevertheless dismantled, most of it was melted down.
Today, attempts to restore the monument run into the resistance of nationally conscious Ukrainians, who rank Catherine among their oppressors and executioners. Like, not only did she indulge the Muscovites in every possible way in humiliating the dignity of the Ukrainian nation, she also killed her husband, and she herself was mired in debauchery.
1918
General P. N. KRASNOV began the formation of the Don Cossack Army in Novocherkassk, violating his word of honor given by him to stop the fight against Soviet power after the defeat of the troops moved by Kerensky to revolutionary Petrograd.
1918
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. I. LENIN signed a decree "On the organization of state measures to combat fire." Today this day is celebrated in Russia as the Day of Firemen.
1932
The premiere of the promotional performance "Jim and the Dollar" (author A. GLOBA, artist T. ALEKSANDROVA) began the work of the Central Puppet Theater created in September of the previous year under the direction of Sergei Vladimirovich OBRAZTSOV.
1943
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was posthumously awarded to Captain Otakar YAROSH, an officer in the Czechoslovak battalion that fought on the Soviet-German front. Yarosh became the first foreigner to be awarded this high title.
1975
The 10th issue of the magazine "Soviet Screen" was signed for printing, in which the results of the next competition-survey of the magazine's readers were summed up. It was attended by over 20 thousand people who named the best films and actors of 1974.
The film "Kalina Krasnaya" directed by Vasily SHUKSHIN was named the winner. The top ten also included paintings: “Shadows disappear at noon”,
“Only “old men” go into battle, “About those whom I remember and love”, “High rank (For the sake of life on Earth)”, “Shoo and two briefcases”, “Jung of the Northern Fleet”, “Moscow, my love”, "No Return", "Romance of Lovers".
Shukshin for the role of Yegor Prokudin was also named the actor of the year, and Nonna MORDYUKOVA, who played the heroine of the film "No Return" Antonina Kashirina, was recognized as the actress of the year.
Of the films of the socialist countries, the films Apaches (GDR), Lone Wolf (Yugoslavia), Indian Summer (Bulgaria), Freedom Comes at Dawn (Yugoslavia), Living in Love (Yugoslavia), and among others - "Call of the Ancestors" (England), "New Centurions" (USA), "McKenna's Gold" (USA), "And the rain washes away all traces ..." (Germany), "The investigation is over, forget it ..." (Italy).
The comedy musical Nylon 100% by Vladimir BASOVA was named the worst film of the year.
1986 25 years ago
A resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the main directions of accelerating the housing problem in the country" was adopted, according to which each family had to have a separate apartment or house by the year 2000.
1989
30,054 readers of the magazine "Soviet Screen" (in the issue of the magazine signed on that day in print) determined the best in 1988.
The film of the year was named the picture of Alexander PROSHKIN "The cold summer of fifty-third ...",
The second place was taken by "Little Vera" by Vasily PICHULA, and the third place was taken by the documentary film "Risk" by Dmitry BARSHCHEVSKY. Following them, "My name is Arlekino", "Commissioner", "Ten Little Indians", "Forgotten Melody for Flute", "Friend", "Thieves in Law", "Dear Elena Sergeevna", "Assa", "Mirror for the Hero" , "Team 33", "Farewell, Zamoskvoretskaya punks ...", "Neptune's Holiday".
As usual, they named the top five films of the socialist countries - “Love from the Passage” (Czechoslovakia), “Hello, Taxi” (Yugoslavia), “The Secret of the Old Attic” (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia), “The Inseparable Five” (Czechoslovakia), “The Boy with the Big black dog" (GDR) and the rest of the world - "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (USA), "Runaways" (France), "Crocodile Dundee" (Australia), "Amadeus" (USA), "Short Circuit" (USA ).
The best actress of the year was named Natalia NEGODA ("Little Vera"), giving the second place to Tatyana DRUBICH ("Assa"). Valery PRIYOMYKHOV (“The Cold Summer of 1953…”) was recognized as the Actor of the Year, and Leonid FILATOV (“Forgotten Melody for Flute”) was the second. Among the foreign actors, Jack NICHOLSON (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) and Jessica LANGE (Lang, "Sweet Dreams" would be more correct) won.
The debut film "Katenka" directed by Leonid BELOZOROVICH was recognized as the worst.
1996 15 years ago
In Moscow, the State Museum of Fine Arts. Pushkin opened the exhibition "Treasures of Troy from the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann." The collection, which ended up in the USSR after the war, was exhibited for the first time for public viewing. It is part of the "displaced values", and now Germany and Turkey are claiming it.
Born on this day
1745
Semyon Fedorovich SHCHEDRIN
(1745 - 13.9.1804),
landscape painter.
1813
Anatoly Nikolaevich DEMIDOV
(1813 - 28.4.1870),
great-grandson of the founder of the famous dynasty, traveler, patron of the arts.
The date and even the place of birth of this man of bright fate is not exactly known. Researchers of the genealogical tree of Napoleon give the date 5 (or 17?) April 1813 and indicate that he was born in Moscow. Most sources give the year 1812, and the reference book of the Russian Academy of Sciences says that he was born no later than July 14 in Florence. Yes, and the date of his death in Paris in domestic sources is called April 28 (16), and in foreign sources - April 29.
He inherited from his father great wealth, an excellent education and a love of art. He spoke several languages (worst of all - Russian), lived abroad for a long time, was married to NAPOLEON I's own niece Matilda, but five years later this marriage broke up. After that, he was married several more times, including to the Polish pianist Maria KALERGIS, who was considered one of the most beautiful women of the last century. In Italy, Demidov acquired the small principality of San Donato, adding to his surname the title of Prince of San Donato, which is not recognized in Russia. As a relative of the French emperor, he considered it his duty to establish a Napoleonic museum in Italy by purchasing Napoleon's summer residence on the island of Elba. Wealth allowed him to live in grand style, striking his contemporaries with his scope. At the same time, this was combined with stinginess, when he could suddenly reduce the biographer's fee from 600 to 300 rubles. Demidov was constantly surrounded by poets, artists, scientists. Karl BRYULLOV wrote his famous "The Last Day of Pompeii" commissioned by Anatoly Nikolaevich. The collection of paintings and statues collected by the patron was one of the largest private collections in the world.
In 1841, Demidov was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, paying tribute to his travels in the Crimea and the South of Russia, during which the culture and history of the peoples inhabiting them were studied and rich coal reserves were discovered. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. Demidov donated a million rubles for the needs of the army. Charity played a prominent role in his activities. On his donations in St. Petersburg, the Demidov Charity House and the Nikolaev Children's Hospital were founded. It was the second children's hospital in Europe, previously similar was organized only in France at the expense of the state. Demidov died childless, but his nephew got the title of Prince of San Donato, when another emperor finally changed his anger to mercy.
1894
Boris Vasilievich Schukin
(1894 - 7.10.1939),
theater and film actor, People's Artist of the USSR, who created the classic image of the leader in the films "Lenin in October" and "Lenin in 1918".
1894
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev
(1894 - 11.9.1971),
1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (since 1953), and since 1958 Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In October 1964, he was removed from his posts.
Nikita Sergeevich joined the ranks of Soviet leaders who celebrated their birthday not when he was born. But if the choice of STALIN and BREZHNEV was intentional, then the exact date of Khrushchev’s birth was learned only in the year of his centenary thanks to the discovery of archivists from Kursk, who found a parish book in which it was recorded that the baby Nikita was born on April 3, i.e. April 15 new style. Trying to transfer these dates to their rightful place is useless today, since there are already established days anyway.
1899
Olga Andreevna ZHIZNEVA
(1899 - 10.11.1972),
film actress (“The Cutter from Torzhok”, “The Trial of Three Million”, “Foundling”, “Garnet Bracelet”, “Shield and Sword”, “We'll Live Until Monday”).
1926 85 years ago
Nikolay Vasilievich KUTUZOV
(1926),
conductor, artistic director of the Academic Choir of Russian Song of the Russian State Musical Television and Radio Center, People's Artist of the USSR
(1986).
1934
Alexey Nikolaevich SAKHAROV
(1934 - 21.1.1999),
film director (“The Case with Polynin”, “A Man in His Place”, “The Taste of Bread”), laureate of the State Prize.
1935
Viktor Yurievich TURYANCHIK
(1935),
Ukrainian football player, central defender of Dynamo Kyiv, Honored Master of Sports. Four times he became the champion of the USSR, twice won the USSR Cup, was the captain of Kiev.
1940
Valery Davidovich RUBINCHIK
(1940 - 2.3.2011),
film director ("King Stakh's Wild Hunt", "Comedy about Lysistrata", "Dislike").
1962
Alexandra Markovna ZAKHAROVA
(1962),
theater and film actress ("Formula of Love", "Criminal Talent"), People's Artist of Russia (2001). Daughter of Mark ZAKHAROV.
1966 45 years ago
Evgeny BELOSHEYKIN
(1966 - 18.11.1999),
hockey player, goalkeeper of CSKA and the USSR national team, Olympic champion in 1988. He committed suicide.
1967
VALERIA /Alla Yurievna PERFILOVA/
(1967),
stage singer.
1967
Nadezhda TALANOVA
(1967),
shooting skier, 1994 Olympic champion in the 4x7.5 km biathlon relay, Honored Master of Sports.
1977
Anastasia MAKAREVICH
(1977),
member of the group "Lyceum". Today you look (at the group) and think about whether it was at all.
passed away
1799
Alexander Andreevich BEZBORODKO
(25.3.1747 - 1799),
prince, diplomat
Bezborodko's successes were based mainly on the fact that, having assimilated the thoughts and intentions of the Empress (Catherine II), he knew how to best bring them to the desired fulfillment or apply them to public life. And he quite deservedly could declare that "during our time, not a single gun in Europe dared to fire without our permission."
When Emperor PAVEL ascended the throne, he also brought Bezborodko closer to him and showered him with favors: there is a legend that Bezborodko handed over to the sovereign Catherine's will to remove him from inheritance in favor of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich. On the day of the coronation, Pavel granted Bezborodko a princely dignity with the title of His Serene Highness, the title of a bail of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, appointed him Chief Chamberlain and a member of his Council, gave him 16,000 souls of peasants, 30,000 acres of land. Bezborodko, who received the title of State Chancellor, was still entrusted with foreign relations. But the stormy, fickle temper of the emperor made Bezborodko afraid of his disgrace, he began to curry favor with the favorite of the sovereign Kutaisov. Anxiety and ill health prompted Bezborodko to ask to be discharged from service, but in return he was given a leave of absence abroad. He did not have to use it: paralyzed, Bezborodko died and was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
1945
Semyon Vasilievich KHOKHRYAKOV
(31.12.1915 - 1945),
tanker, guard major, battalion commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
1954
Fedor Fedorovich KOMISSARZHEVSKY
(23.5.1882 - 1954),
theater director and artist.
The son of the opera singer F. P. KOMISSARZHEVSKY, the younger brother of the famous actress V. F. KOMISSARZHEVSKAYA, studied architecture, then began to stage plays in his sister's theater, and organized his own theater together with N. Evreinov. In 1919 he left for England, where he first established himself as a production designer, and then achieved resounding success staging Shakespeare's plays.
1992
Arkady Ivanovich CHERNYSHEV
(16.3.1914 - 1992),
outstanding athlete and coach.
As part of the football Moscow Dynamo, he twice became the champion of the USSR, won the National Cup five times in bandy, was one of the pioneers of ice hockey in the USSR. In 1947 he became the champion of the USSR, and in 1948 he was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports. Even then, he was the head coach of the Dynamo hockey team and at the same time the coach of the youth football team, where L. I. YASHIN started with him. Nevertheless, Chernyshev's main merits in hockey: the USSR national team under his leadership became the Olympic champion four times and won world championships ten times. No one in this sport has higher achievements. The title of Honored Coach of the USSR was awarded to him in 1957.
2000
Petr Petrovich GLEBOV
(14.4.1915 - 2000),
Actor, People's Artist of the USSR. The highest achievement of the actor is the performance of the role of Grigory Melekhov in the film by S. A. Gerasimov "Quiet Don".
