On December 29, 1701, during the Northern War, the Russian army under the command of Sheremetev won the first victory over the Swedes near Erestvere in Livonia.
The Baltic provinces were considered the basis of Sweden's power. Peter I began hostilities in Livonia, taking advantage of the fact that the Swedish king Charles XII was "bogged down" in the war with Poland. After the defeat of the Russians near Narva at the very beginning of the war, Peter really needed a victory. Prince Golitsyn wrote from Vienna: "Our sovereign certainly needs at least a small victory, for which his name would still be famous throughout Europe."
Six months later, Sheremetev defeated General Schlippenbach, forcing the Swedes to leave Livonia later. Sheremetev reported to the tsar: "There is nothing more to destroy the enemy's land - everything was ruined and devastated without a trace."
On December 29, 1709 (18th according to the old style), Peter I and his wife Catherine had a daughter, Elizabeth. She will be destined to become empress and rule Russia for 20 years - from 1741 until her death in 1761 (by the way, also in December).
Luxurious, elegant and cheerful royal court, brilliant guards, dancing in huge ballrooms and a very difficult, poor life of the vast majority of the population - such was the reign. “Elizabeth lived in gilded poverty,” wrote Vasily Klyuchevsky.
But the people still treated the daughter of Peter the Great better than, say, Anna Ioannovna or Anna Leopoldovna, who was deposed in 1741, after whom Elizabeth was crowned. Pushkin also paid tribute to this empress:
"But I confess: under Helikon,
Where the Castalian current was noisy,
I, inspired by Apollo,
Elizabeth secretly sang."
Elizabeth herself, a great fashionista with thousands of dresses, either did not know the true state of affairs in Russia, or did not want to know. She, as you know, signed a manifesto prepared by court sycophants about "The flourishing state of the Russian state, the equal of which it has never known." After Elizabeth, only the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU spoke in a sort of language ...
In 1768, Empress Catherine II introduced paper signs in Russia - banknotes. They replaced copper money and at first were met with great distrust: how is it to give away goods for pieces of paper! Ekaterina's high, as they would say now, helped: her portrait on the largest, hundred-dollar banknote, immediately nicknamed "Katerinka", aroused due respect.
Until the First World War, that is, one and a half years, the gold equivalent was observed in Russia - the volume of issued paper money never exceeded the total value of the country's gold reserves. Therefore, the Russian currency was solid and enjoyed a high reputation throughout the world.
In 1775, the famous architect Karl Ivanovich Rossi was born.
He was the son of an Italian ballerina who came to Russia in the 1780s. Rossi studied at the workshop of Vincenzo Brenna, the favorite architect of Paul I, and in 1816 was appointed to serve at the court as the chief architect.
Rossi's creations are distinguished by their grandiose scope and variety of design solutions. He worked in Moscow, Tver and other cities, but the main work of his life is the reconstruction of St. Petersburg. The Russian Museum, Arts Square, Palace Square, created by him, testify to the talent of the master in the city on the Neva ...
On December 29, 1791, a peace treaty was signed in Iasi between Russia and Turkey, which ended the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted four years. According to this treaty, Crimea and Ochakov were annexed to Russia. Do you remember Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit"?
"Judgments are drawn from forgotten newspapers
The times of the Ochakovskys and the conquest of the Crimea"...
In 1825, Jacques Louis David, a French artist, teacher of Gros, Ingres, Gerard and other famous painters, died.
During the French Revolution, David, becoming a member of the Convention, often spoke about the dangers of the monarchy. He proposed to the Convention that all portraits of monarchs and other persons of royal blood be publicly burned. However, less than ten years later, the author of The Death of Marat changed his views. In 1804, having accepted an order from Napoleon for a painting depicting the coronation of General Bonaparte, David actually became a court painter. When one of his old friends reproached him for betraying the ideas of the revolution, the artist was not at all offended, remarking: “Dear friend, but it’s not my fault that the revolution is long gone, but there is an empire. I am an artist and I paint from nature, and not from memory ".
Napoleon has been immortalized more than once by the brush of David. So, after the great battle of Marengo, General Bonaparte commissioned his portrait from him.
“I will write you with a sword in my hand!” – the artist said in delight.
“Monsieur David,” said the general. - Battles are won not with a sword, but with the power of the spirit. Therefore, I want you to paint me on a horse rearing in horror at the edge of the abyss, while I must be completely calm.
This is how Napoleon Bonaparte appears in the picture of the master.
In 1896, José David Alfaro Siqueiros, a talented Mexican artist and fiery revolutionary, was born. He was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution and fought on the side of the Republicans in Spain. He organized the assassination attempt on Leon Trotsky and was imprisoned for participating in student unrest.
Siqueiros called himself first of all a revolutionary and only then an artist. He saw his task in creating "majestic fresco painting in the open air - under the sun and rain - for the masses of the people." “There is white and black, there is life and death, there is money and poverty,” said Siqueiros. - Under a layer of fresco I will hide the only truth of the world. And when the paint dries, it turns into gunpowder.”
He played in legendary bands and collaborated with outstanding musicians, it is enough to list their names and names: Black Sabbath, Whitesnake, Emerson, Lake and Powell, Michael Schenker Group, Robert Plant, Roger Glover, Yngwie Malmsteen, Brian May... He has played on over 60 albums and countless singles in total.
The most fruitful in terms of creativity were the years of playing in Ritchie Blackmore's band "Rainbow". Cozy Powell spent almost 5 years in this team - from October 4, 1975 to August 17, 1980. Together with Cozy, three studio and one live album of the group were recorded, according to many, the best work of Rainbow ...
Cozy Powell died on Sunday April 5, 1998 at 8:30 pm. Losing control, at a speed of 150 km / h, he crashed his Saab, rushing him along the highway to Bristol, into a barrier. The musician was taken to the hospital, where he died from his injuries 4 hours later without regaining consciousness.
For millions of fans around the world and fellow musicians who have always respected Powell not only as a virtuoso drummer, but also as a great comrade, what happened was a real shock. Upon learning of the tragedy, Powell's Rainbow bandmate Ronnie James Dio said: "With Cozy Powell gone, the music world lost a legend and I lost a friend. "I was lucky to know his restless spirit and thirst for life. And we will remember him like that. He may not be with us, but his place in our hearts will always belong to him."
The absolute ruler's favorite is a good position. But dangerous. For when the cornerstone is not the law, but the word of the dictator, anyone can end badly. On December 29, 1170, by order of the English King Henry II, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, was killed, then canonized as St. Thomas of London, is an opponent of the domination of secular power over the Church. On December 29, 1543, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Vasilyevich handed over Prince Andrei Shuisky, the de facto head of the boyar government, to be torn to pieces by the psary. The future Tsar Ivan the Terrible was then only 13 years old.
On December 29, 1701, during the Northern War, the Russian army under the command of Sheremetev won the first victory over the Swedes near Erestvere in Livonia. The Baltic provinces were considered the basis of Sweden's power. Peter I began hostilities in Livonia, taking advantage of the fact that the Swedish king Charles XII was "bogged down" in the war with Poland. After the defeat of the Russians near Narva at the very beginning of the war, Peter really needed a victory. Prince Golitsyn wrote from Vienna: "Our sovereign certainly needs at least a small victory, for which his name would still be famous throughout Europe." Six months later, Sheremetev defeated General Schlippenbach, forcing the Swedes to leave Livonia later. Sheremetev reported to the tsar: "There is nothing more to destroy the enemy's land - everything was ruined and devastated without a trace."
“And without money, life is bad, it’s no good.” A relevant observation, especially because it's New Year's Eve, and therefore, it's time to beat the money - in different senses of this word. Not only the calendar year ends, but also the financial one (at least in our country). And here it would be appropriate to recall that on December 29, 1768, Catherine II signed a decree on the introduction of paper banknotes in Russia. From January 1 of the following year, they were put into circulation in exchange for part of the copper coins. The people greeted the novelty with great distrust: how is it to give away goods for pieces of paper! Ekaterina's high, as they would say now, helped: her portrait on the largest, hundred-dollar banknote, immediately nicknamed "Katerinka", aroused due respect. Until the First World War, that is, one and a half hundred years, the gold equivalent was observed in Russia - the volume of issued paper money never exceeded the total value of the country's gold reserves. Therefore, the Russian currency was solid and enjoyed a high reputation throughout the world.
On this day in 1791, a peace treaty was signed in Iasi between Russia and Turkey, which ended the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted four years. According to this treaty, Crimea and Ochakov were annexed to Russia. Do you remember Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit"?
"Judgments are drawn from forgotten newspapers
The times of the Ochakovskys and the conquest of the Crimea"...
On December 29, 1837, twin brothers Hiram Abial and John Avery Pitts, natives of the US state of Maine, received a patent for an invention called "A machine for threshing and separating grain." It was the first widely used mechanical transportable threshing machine, which was not operated by human labor. Even a horse walking in a circle participated in threshing only as a “drive mechanism”, and did not trample the ears, knocking grain out of them, as in prehistoric times: a leather belt with vertical metal teeth closed in a ring was simply pulled through the sheaves. Everyone liked the convenient and unwieldy threshing machine of the twins, and John Avery established its mass production in Buffalo (New York) by 1840. Soon the "Buffalo-Pitts threshing machine" became a household staple in many states.
On this day in 1852, Emma Snodgrass was once again arrested in Boston, Massachusetts. A woman was put on trial for wearing pants. This attribute of clothing in those days was considered exclusively male.
On December 29, 1898, the first production of A.P. Chekhov's drama "The Seagull" took place at the Moscow Art Theater. And exactly one year later, in 1899, Leo Tolstoy finished work on the novel Resurrection.
On this day in 1912, German fishermen caught in the Aller, a tributary of the Weser, one of the main rivers of Germany, a Chinese upright crab, an inhabitant of the coast of China, rising thousands of kilometers along the rivers flowing into the ocean. In the following decades, the "aliens", densely bred on the coast of the North Sea, turned into a real disaster. Causing enormous damage to fisheries, they deftly steal fish from the nets, tear the nets themselves, and also destroy dams and dams with their burrows.
On December 29, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted decrees "On the elective beginning and organization of power in the army" and "On the equalization of all military personnel in rights", the main problem was not that the voting method does not agree well with the objective specifics of military affairs. The abolition of military ranks and insignia did not eliminate the deadening spirit of uniformity, but destroyed what at least to some extent restrained it. Only two categories remained: fighters and commanders, that is, as in the entire Soviet state built on a military model, chiefs and subordinates. The system of power has become not more democratic in the true sense of the word, but only more primitive.
On December 29, 1922, at a conference of delegations from the congresses of Soviets of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR and the ZSFSR, the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR was signed. Its ratification has been postponed until tomorrow.
On this day in 1932, the Central Committee of Osoaviakhim established the honorary title "Voroshilovsky shooter" of the 1st and 2nd degrees. In honor of the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov - "an excellent shooter from all types of small arms", the Central Committee of Osoaviakhim established the honorary title "Voroshilovsky shooter" of the 1st and 2nd degrees, assigned with the presentation of the corresponding breastplate icon. There was also a mass voluntary public equestrian youth organization "Voroshilovsky rider".
On December 29, 1935, the USSR announced a 50% reduction in vodka consumption compared to 1913.
On this day in 1952, the first hearing aid went on sale. It weighed nearly 100 grams and cost $229.50 (about $1,500 today). Exactly one year later, in 1953, the first color television went on sale in the United States.
The speech of physicist Richard Feynman at the annual conference of the American Physical Society, held on December 29, 1959, entitled "There's a lot of room down there," marked the beginning of the development of nanotechnology. Today, half a century later, they are used in medicine, chemistry, microelectronics, energy and microbiology. And besides - to create consumer goods: cosmetics, sunscreens, paints. And here is what is curious: the idea of a nanomanipulator, formulated by Richard Feynman in 1959, surprisingly coincides with the ideas reflected in the science fiction story “Microhands”, owned by the famous Soviet writer Boris Zhitkov and published in 1931.
On December 29, 1971, Alexander Galich was expelled from the Writers' Union for too free songs: "I choose freedom", "Clouds", "Prospector's waltz" and others.
On December 29, 1972, an Eastern Air Lines plane crashed at Miami Airport, Florida due to technical problems. 101 people died. After that, the crews of other aircraft swore that they had seen the ghosts of the pilots of the crashed aircraft more than once on board. Two films were made about the tragedy and one song was written.
On this day in 1989, Václav Havel became president of Czechoslovakia. And in the USSR, during flight tests, the first vertical takeoff and landing of the Yak-141 vertical takeoff and landing aircraft took place.
On December 29, 1996, the civil war in Guatemala, which lasted 36 years, ended with the reconciliation of the warring parties. On the same day, but in 1998, the Khmer Rouge apologize for the 1970s genocide that killed 1 million people.
NewsMany significant events took place on this day.
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On December 29, many significant events took place that went down in history. About the most interesting of them - in the material "360 Moscow Region".
On December 29, 1902, the grand opening of the National Hotel, built in the then fashionable eclectic style, took place in Moscow. The construction customer - the Varvara Home Owners Society - commissioned the architect, academician Alexander Ivanov, to build a new hotel.
The hotel building was erected using new building materials - reinforced concrete and facing bricks. The customer wanted the hotel to become the best in the city. Huge funds for those times were invested in the construction - one million rubles. Inside, chic furnished apartments, luxurious apartments, excellent restaurants and shops were equipped. For guests, the National Hotel was opened three days later - on January 1, 1903.
During the street fighting in 1917, the hotel building was badly damaged. In 1918, the new authorities used it for the first House of Soviets. In the 1930s, the hotel reopened under the name "Intourist". Herbert Wells, Henri Barbusse, Anatole France, Paul Robeson and many others stayed here. The appearance of the hotel has changed a lot. Oak window frames were replaced with aluminum sashes, and the ground floor was painted a deep beet color to look like granite. The large majolica panel on the corner of the building has also been redone. The antique plot on it was replaced by an industrial landscape.
In 1986, it was decided to overhaul the "National". The builders and restorers were faced with a difficult task, because the hotel had to regain its original appearance. The restoration ended on May 9, 1995. "National" again acquired almost the same appearance and interior decoration that it had before the revolution. Bronze chandeliers hung in the corridors and rooms, some of them were restored according to surviving drawings. Huge glass showcases in the halls of the first and second floors returned, mounted in oak frames. The cast-iron decorations and lamps above the main entrance were restored.
The hotel has changed little externally, but has become completely different. Another, seventh floor appeared in the "National", where rooms, technical rooms, as well as a health center with a swimming pool, saunas, a gym and a bar were located. The courtyard, previously used for household purposes, was covered with a glass roof. Now there is a cozy bar with a winter garden.
On December 29, 1911, tram "A" was launched in Moscow, which the Muscovites lovingly nicknamed "Annushka". The tram appeared in Moscow in 1899. The first route of the "electric city railway" followed from Butyrskaya Zastava, where the Savelovsky railway station now stands, along the Lower and Upper Maslovka. And soon the famous routes marked with letters appeared in the city. "Annushka" cruised along the Boulevard Ring and Moskvoretskaya Embankment. Then there was a tram "B", nicknamed "Insect", which traveled along the Garden Ring. There was also "Verochka" - route "B", which went from Taganka to Avtozavodskaya. In Sokolniki there was a route "SK" - Sokolnichesky ring. By 1915, there were already 34 tram routes in the city, the length of the lines had increased to 311 kilometers.
In those days, the tram was the only type of public transport in the city. Tram tracks ran along all the central streets of Moscow, along Red Square, and on the outskirts they went out of town, to summer cottages - Sokolniki, Bogorodskoye, Sparrow Hills. There were seven depots and a car repair plant in Moscow. At first, tramcars were foreign - from Belgium, England or Germany. In 1909, in Russia, the first domestic F cars - the so-called "lantern" cars, which were made by the Kolomna Plant. They got their name because of the "lantern" - the elevation of the roof for lighting along the middle of the cabin. They were strong, reliable and served Muscovites until 1960.
On December 29, 1932, the Central Committee of Osoaviakhim established the honorary title "Voroshilovsky shooter" in honor of the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov, who was considered an excellent shooter of all types of small arms.
The title had two degrees, and was awarded with the presentation of the corresponding badge. The training of the Voroshilov riflemen became an important part of the mass defense work in the country, and soon turned into a broad movement of workers, and especially youth.
In the autumn of 1934, the country's first club of Voroshilov Riflemen opened in the Baumansky district of Moscow, which was the first to represent the Defense Society in international competitions. In the shooting match of the Voroshilov Riflemen club and the team of the Portsmouth Shooting Club of the USA, the Muscovites won, knocking out 207 points more than the American athletes. The sign "Voroshilovsky shooter" was made at the Leningrad Mint and in some other places.
In total, in the USSR, the total number of awards, according to various sources, reached from six to nine million. In the Red Army, the Voroshilov Rifleman badge was awarded from 1934 until May 1939, when the award "For Excellent Shooting of the Red Army" appeared. In the defense organizations of the USSR, the title was awarded until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
On December 29, 1977, a decision was made to create a special purpose motorized rifle division. She became the first in the special forces system. The selection of volunteers was tough. Among the main requirements are not only excellent physical, but also psychological preparation. Today this unit is called "Vityaz". The fighters of the detachment participate in special operations and the resolution of ethnic conflicts.
Born on this day:
On December 29, 1709, the Russian Empress from the Romanov dynasty, Elizaveta I Petrovna, was born. She was cheerful and good-natured, she studied a lot, but she never refused secular entertainment either. She loved balls and masquerades more than anything in the world. During her reign, tax reform was carried out, heavy industry began to develop, as well as education. It was under Elizabeth that the first gymnasiums and Moscow University appeared in the capital.
On December 29, 1775, a Russian architect of Italian origin Karl Ivanovich Rossi was born in Naples. Already in his youth, he was closely associated with the world of art, studied with the famous architect Brenn, and later he himself created many buildings that today glorify St. Petersburg and beyond. His main works are the Yelagin Palace, the building of the General Staff and the Alexandrinsky Theater. In the northern capital, a street is named after an outstanding architect. One of the last works of Rossi was the bell tower of the Yurievsky monastery in Veliky Novgorod.
Hollywood actor David Jude Hayworth Lowe was born on December 29, 1972. He played his first role when he was six years old. At twelve, he became an actor in a youth theater troupe. Then he successfully made his debut on television, and only then got into the movies. Special popularity came to him after the films "The Talented Mr. Ripley", "Cold Mountain", "Sherlock Holmes". In total, the actor has several dozen works in the cinema. In addition, Lowe already has two Oscars and three Golden Globes in her piggy bank.
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Überwasserkirche is a gothic-style church in the historic center of Münster. Also known as the "Church of the Madonna". The name comes from "Über dem Wasser", which indicates the location of the church - on the opposite bank of the Münstershe Aa River in relation to St. Paul's Cathedral. The church is located on the Überwasserkirchplatz square.
The initiative in the construction of the church belonged to the Bishop of Münster Hermann I. The church belonged to a convent, in which girls from noble families were brought up until 1460. According to the surviving fragmentary references, this church was a three-nave basilica, but how exactly it looked is unknown, since not a single image of it has survived, and already in 1071 it died as a result of a fire.
The exact date of the laying of the next church is unknown, but there is documentary evidence that in 1085 and 1088 the altar and 8 aisles were consecrated. Little is known about this church either, the only fact is that in 1121 it was destroyed during the capture of Münster by Lothar von Süpplingenburg.
The modern church was founded in 1340, as evidenced by the inscription above the western portal. The construction of the bell tower was carried out from 1363 until the beginning of the 15th century.
During the Münster Commune of 1534-1535, the high spire of the tower was thrown down so that cannons could be installed on the upper platform of the tower, and thereby increase the city's defenses. For the same purpose, valuable Gothic sculptures were dismantled from the facades of the church, which simply fell onto the ramparts along the city walls.
After the suppression of the Munster Commune, the spire of the tower was restored, but in 1704 it collapsed during a hurricane and was never restored.
1165 - At the insistence of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the antipope Paschal III, appointed by him, canonized Charlemagne
The exhumation of 1165, carried out by Frederick Barbarossa in Aachen, has an echo, which is worth dwelling on in a little more detail. Here is how it is described in the imperial charter of 1166:
… and therefore, carrying our faith in the deeds and glorious merits of the full holiness of the emperor, encouraged by the accomplishment of our dear friend Henry, king of England, and with the approval and under the authority of the lord Paschal, on the councils of all lords, both ecclesiastical and secular, we have for exaltation, worship and canonization of the holy emperor, who held the official court at Christmas in Aix-la-Chapelle, where his body, full of holiness, was hidden for fear of enemies, and where, thanks to divine insight, we were able to find him.
We exalted and exalted him to the glory and praise of Christ, for the sake of strengthening the Empire, greetings to our dear wife, Empress Beatrice; and to our sons Friedrich and Heinrich, with a large concourse of lords and in the presence of a huge number of clergy and people, in spiritual hymns and hymns, with reverence and piety.
During a ceremony in Aachen in 1165, one event occurred in the history of the myth of Charlemagne - this is the short-lived elevation of the emperor to the rank of saint. In the quoted text, Friedrich Barbarossa draws well the context of these decrees. The mention of King Henry II of England is associated with the efforts that this latter made to canonize the Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor by Pope Alexander III.
1226 Brunswick Cathedral was consecrated
Braunschweig Cathedral is a Lutheran cathedral in the German city of Braunschweig.
The cathedral was founded as a collegiate church in 1173 by the Duke of Bavaria and Saxony Henry the Lion, dedicated to St. Blaise and John the Baptist and was intended as the final resting place of the duke himself and his wife Matilda of England.
The construction of the temple began upon the return of Henry the Lion from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 1188, the consecration of the altar of the Virgin Mary, which has survived to this day, took place, and by this time the eastern part of the building was presumably erected. In 1189, Henry's second wife, Matilda, was buried in the church, which was still under construction. Henry the Lion was buried in the unfinished church next to it in 1195.
The consecration of the church took place in 1226, and Thomas Becket became its third patron. The church began to be called a cathedral in the XIV-XV centuries, not because of the presence of an episcopal see, but because of belonging to a monastery. In the large crypt of the Brunswick Cathedral there is a tomb of the Welfs of the Brunswick line.
1278 - Margaret of Flanders finally renounced the title of Countess of Flanders, transferring control to Guy completely
Guy was in alliance with the Count of Geldern, one of his sons, Jean, was elected Bishop of Liege in 1282, and in 1290, Count Floris V of Holland, taken by surprise by the invasion of the Flanders army on the island of Walcheren, temporarily abandoned claims to Zeeland.
At the end of the 13th century, the cities of Flanders were at the height of prosperity and power. Bruges, Ghent, Ypres, Lille, Saint-Omer, Cambrai, as well as a number of other cities, got rich from trade, primarily with England. They had a typical patrician government, in which the artisans were completely deprived of political rights, and the power in the cities and merchant guilds was in the hands of several influential families.
The patricians of the cities actively intervened in politics. The influence of the first three cities, the richest and most powerful, was especially great. The population of Ghent and Bruges reached 50 thousand people. At the same time, Bruges, due to its advantageous position, was the center of European trade.
However, this position of the cities caused Guy's displeasure. He had long tried to limit the power of the urban patricians, who prevented his balls from carrying out the orders of the count, but he did not achieve success. And he decided to take advantage of the uprising of artisans, which began in 1280 in Ypres and quickly spread to other cities. Guy actively intervened in the conflict on the side of the artisans, strengthening his power in the cities, but this caused discontent among the burghers, who, fearing the loss of urban autonomy, became close to the former city authorities.
1328 Roger Mortimer declares war on the Duke of Lancaster
Despite the fact that Prince Edward was crowned in 1327, the country was actually ruled by Mortimer and Isabella, who hastened to consolidate their power by ordering the assassination of Edward II in September at Berkeley Castle. Now wealth and power went to Mortimer.
He became constable of Wallingford Castle, and in September 1328 became Earl of March. And despite the fact that he understood the military operations much better than the Despensers, his ambitions made many of his enemies. His son Geoffrey called him "the king of stupidity". He lived like a king, despite the fact that "he used the power that he received not by right, but through duplicity and violence."
During his brief period in England, he came into possession of the manors of Denbigh, Oswestry and Clan, which had previously belonged to Edward Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. He also received the estate of Montgomery in the Welsh Marches from the Queen.
Mortimer was not a member of the regency council, which was headed by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and did not hold any important public office. His power was based on the fact that he appointed his supporters to key positions in the administration. His closest friend Adam Orleton became Lord Treasurer and John Hotham, Bishop of Ely became Lord Chancellor. Oliver Ingham and Simon Bereford also stood out among his supporters. Roger's main leverage on business was his connection with Isabella and the influence she had on the young king.
1428 - Orleans garrison destroyed the remaining 6 churches in the suburbs
In the first month of the siege, the British surrounded the city with numerous wooden fortifications. However, the small number of the British did not allow them to completely block the city, and therefore the defenders had communication with the outside world through the remaining open Burgundy gates, receiving supplies and replenishment from outside.
The ineffective blockade continued until mid-November. Meanwhile, the defenders of the city began the systematic destruction of all the suburbs, including churches, in order to deprive the British of the opportunity to stay there for winter quarters. By 13 churches and many other suburban buildings were burned. These promotions took place before .
On October 8, the British sent builders to the north bank of the Loire to build siege fortifications around the besieged Orleans. These fortifications were small forts defended by small garrisons. Attempts by the French to prevent the enemy's siege work were unsuccessful. troops under the command of Lord John Talbot arrived to help the besiegers. another unsuccessful counterattack of the Orleans against the English fortification of Saint-Croix was undertaken.
1447 - Message of the Russian hierarchs to Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka
According to the message of the hierarchs, Dmitry Yuryevich "famously" Vasily II sent his envoys to the Vyatchans, trying to raise them to fight Vasily the Dark, but the Vyatches did not respond to the call. Apparently, Dmitry Yurievich managed to temporarily again attract Ivan Mozhaisky to his side. According to the message of 1447, Dmitry negotiated with Ivan Mozhaisky, “alone with him” on Vasily II, the ambassador of Prince Ivan unsuccessfully went to Vasily II with a proposal:
... just please, Grand Duke, Prince Dmitry Yuryevich, otherwise you also welcomed me, Prince Ivan; but if you don’t favor Prince Dmitry, otherwise you didn’t favor me, Prince Ivan.
Around 1447, Dmitry Yurievich and Ivan Andreevich concluded a truce with the allies of Vasily II, Princes Mikhail Andreevich and Vasily Yaroslavich. The truce provided for the cessation of hostilities between Dmitry Yuryevich and Ivan Andreevich and Vasily II, for the time of the truce, Dmitry and Ivan pledged themselves to Vasily II, Mikhail Andreevich, Vasily Yaroslavich, “to the princes, and to the princes of the Horde, and not to go against their Tatars, and not drive them out" and not to do "some dirty tricks" to the patrimony of the Grand Duke.
Dmitry Yuryevich and Ivan Andreevich pledged "love and finish the old way" with Boris Alexandrovich Tverskoy. For their part, Princes Vasily and Mikhail promised to petition Vasily Vasilyevich to conclude a peaceful settlement with Dmitry Yuryevich and Ivan Andreevich, while Dmitry Yuryevich agreed to “retreat” from Uglich, Rzheva and the Bezhittsky volosts.
1483 - The new king Charles VIII removed the arrest from the Principality of Orange, but refused to return sovereignty to him
The Principality of Orania is a fief of the Burgundian kingdom with its center in the city of Orange, on the banks of the Rhone. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire recognized the counts of Orange in princely dignity, starting from 1181. The prince of Orange had the right to vote in the college of imperial princes. The sovereignty of the rulers of Orange has been repeatedly confirmed by the kings of France since the 15th century.
Until 1180, Orange was owned by the Giraud Ademara dynasty, then by the house de Baux, whose heiress, Marie de Baux, married Jean III de Chalons-Arles. Thus, the Hebrew dynasty, represented by its Chalon branch, came into possession of Orange. In 1530, this branch died out, and its last representative, Philibert de Chalon, bypassing the rules of succession to the throne, transferred Orange to his sister's son, René of the house of Nassau.
René of Nassau-Chalons, in turn, having no sons from his marriage to Anna of Lorraine, left the Principality of Orange to his cousin, William I the Silent. From him came the Orange dynasty of stadtholders of the United Provinces. The line of descendants of William I was interrupted with the death of the Dutch stadtholder and the English king William III in 1702. With his death, the title of princes of Orange-Nassau passed to the successors of the line of his John of Nassau-Dillenburg - the younger brother of William I.
Under William I and his immediate descendants, the Principality of Orange was a strong Huguenot enclave within France. In the 1670s, Orange was occupied by the troops of Louis XIV.
1503 - The Battle of Garigliano took place between the Spanish army and the French army.
In mid-November 1503, the armies of the French and Spaniards approached the Garigliano River, on opposite sides of it, about 60 km north of Naples. Both troops set up camps in swampy and unhealthy terrain. The Spaniards tried several times to cross the river and force a battle, but to no avail. The French, who were camped at the mouth of the river, not far from Traetto, enjoyed all the benefits of the close location of the port of Gaeta, which supplied the French army with provisions and other necessary equipment.
The Spanish commander was not completely sure of victory and was considering whether to retreat or go on the offensive, but the reinforcements from Naples, led by the condottiere Bartolomeo d'Alviano and Fabio Orsini, who arrived in time, dispelled his fears. Córdoba decided to resort to a tactical ploy: he ordered part of his troops to move towards the Volturno River, with the intention of convincing Louis II that he was retreating. Having lulled the enemy's vigilance, the Spanish commander, meanwhile, secretly began to prepare for the crossing, using for this purpose bridges that he makes from boats and barrels brought in advance from the Mondragone fortress, which is 12 km south of the Spanish camp.
On the night of the 27th, the Spaniards transferred the necessary materials to a place invisible from the French positions, not far from the fortress of Suyo, about 6 km north of the enemy camp. Bartolomeo d'Alviano, who commanded the vanguard of the Spaniards, began to build bridges at dawn. At 10 o'clock in the morning, about four thousand Spanish infantry successfully crossed the Garigliano.
1543 - Ivan Vasilyevich ordered the first adviser, Andrei Shuisky, to be hunted down by dogs
In the summer of 7052 of the same winter of December, on the 29th day, Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia, could not bear that the boyars were committing lawlessness and arbitrariness without the Grand Duke's orders with their advice of like-minded advisers, having committed many murders with their own desire and committed many injustices to the earth in the sovereign youth, and the great sovereign ordered to capture their first adviser, Prince Andrei Shuisky, and ordered him to be betrayed by a kennel. And the hounds took and killed him, drawing him to the prisons opposite the Rizpolozhensky gates in the city.
The same winter, Genvara, the boyar Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Shuisky was quickly killed, and the psari killed him at the Chicken Gates in the palace by command of the boyars, and lay naked in the gate for two hours.
1572 - Swedish troops set out from Vyborg
Fleming followed a scorched earth policy, destroying every house and killing every person in his path. Fleming burned down the suburbs of the city of Korela and the Konevets monastery, but he could not take the fortress of Korela. Then a truce was concluded, which lasted until 1577.
In 1577, the attacks of the Swedish troops on the Korelsky district resumed. Both regular Swedish troops and volunteers from the Savo district took part in the attacks. There were many volunteers, as usually the robberies of the civilian population brought a lot of booty.
In the summer of 1579, Herman Fleming attacked the Korelsky district again with 1,000 soldiers. In the city of Korela at that time there were 200 archers. The attempt to repel the invasion failed, and Fleming again walked through the county with fire and sword. Local residents tried to hide on the islands of Lake Ladoga, but the Swedes got boats and got to the islands. All the inhabitants were killed without sparing women or children.
In 1580, the Swedish troops in Finland were led by a native of France, Pontus Delagardie. Delagardie, during the war between France and the Swedes, was captured in 1565 and then swore allegiance to the Swedish king. Swedish troops besieged the fortress of Korela. Pontus Delagardie began bombarding the fortress with incendiary cannonballs. The wooden buildings caught fire and the fortress fell. The Swedes renamed the captured fortress into Kexholm and gave it a coat of arms, which depicted the bombardment of the fortress with incendiary cannonballs.
The Swedes entrenched themselves in Kexholm and continued to capture Ladoga. The actions of the Swedish troops were accompanied by extreme cruelty.
1610 - Investigators in the case of the Bloody Countess found her torturing victims in Chakhtitsky Castle
Elizaveta or Erzhebet Bathory from Eched or Alzhbet Batorova-Nadashd, also called Chakhtitskaya Pani or Bloody Countess, is a Hungarian countess from the famous Bathory family, infamous for the serial murders of young girls. Bathory is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the woman who committed the highest number of murders, although the exact number of her victims is unknown. The Countess and four of her servants were accused of torturing and killing hundreds of girls between 1585 and 1610. The largest number of victims named during the trial of Bathory, 650 people. However, this number comes from the statement of a certain woman named Shushanna, who allegedly found a list of the countess's victims in one of Bathory's private books and reported this to the participant in the trial of the countess, Jacob Silvashi. However, the book was never found and was not mentioned again in Silvasi's testimony. Despite all the evidence against Elizabeth, her family's influence kept the Blood Countess from being brought to justice. In December 1610, Báthory was imprisoned in the Hungarian castle of Ceyte, where the countess was immured in a room until her death four years later.
1699 - Peter I issued a nominal decree No. 1735 on the transition to the Julian calendar
1735. - December 19. Nominal. - About the writing henceforth of Genvar from the 1st of 1700, in all papers of the summer from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world.
In the Razryad and in all orders, in notes, notes, in letters and in all Our Great Sovereign decrees on all kinds of affairs and in orders and on squares in all fortresses and cities Voivodes in lists and in notes and in estimated and marked lists and in write and count the years of Genvar from the 1st of the year 7208 and count this from the Nativity of the Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ in 1700, and a year later, from the 1st of the future 7209, write from the Nativity of Genvar from the 1st of the year 1701 and in the future, repair according to the same, and from that new year of Genvar, the months and other months and dates should be written in a row until Genvar, without fail and in other years, counting the years from the Nativity of Christ, therefore. And then We ordered the Great Sovereign to do so that in many Christian neighboring peoples who keep the Orthodox Christian Eastern faith in accordance with us, the years are written by the number from the Nativity of Christ. And if anyone wants to write from the creation of the world: and they write both those years from the creation of the world and from the Nativity of Christ in a row freely.
He fled the civil war through Yekaterinburg to Omsk, the capital of the white movement in Siberia, where he was engaged in the equipment of radio stations, worked with foreign suppliers, went on business trips. In Yekaterinburg, Zvorykin was almost shot for going to look for radio components in the territory occupied by the Red Army, but the arrival of Kolchak's troops helped him stay alive. In 1919, during a second trip to New York, the Kolchak government fell, that is, there was nowhere to return, and Zworykin became an employee of the Westinghouse company, where he took up his favorite topic - transmitting an image over a distance, but did not find understanding with his superiors, and continued to develop independently. In 1923, Zworykin filed a patent application for television, carried out entirely on the electronic principle.
The iconoscope is the first electronic transmitting television tube, invented and patented by V.K. Zworykin, who at that time worked for the Radio Corporation of America. The operation of the iconoscope is based on the phenomena of the external photoelectric effect and the accumulation of charges.
Soviet sources attribute the invention of the iconoscope to S.I. Kataev, who applied a month and a half earlier than Zworykin.
In fact, the first working experimental models of iconoscopes were created by Zvorykin before 1930, and the first experiments on electronic acquisition and transmission of images took place as early as 1911 under the guidance of B.L. Rosinga in St. Petersburg.
1977 - The Vityaz special forces detachment was created
On December 29, 1977, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, General of the Army N.A. Shchelokov decided to form a special purpose training company on the basis of the 9th company of the 3rd battalion of the 2nd regiment of the Separate Motorized Rifle Division named after F. Dzerzhinsky, the first special forces unit in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The servicemen in this unit were selected from among the best athletes of the division on a voluntary basis. Candidates had to have excellent physical fitness and psychological stability. In 1989, a battalion was created on the basis of the company, which in 1991 became the Vityaz special forces detachment.
In 1980, the detachment was entrusted with ensuring the safety of participants in the Moscow Olympics. In 1981, the "knights" participated in the release of children captured by terrorists in one of the villages near Izhevsk. In 1986, they eliminated a group of criminals who were trying to hijack a plane in Ufa. In 1990, Vityaz, together with the Alfa group, conducted a special operation to free hostages taken by bandits in the Sukhumi pre-trial detention center.
The detachment took part in the resolution of all interethnic conflicts on the territory of the former USSR, as well as in the disarmament of illegal armed formations on the territory of Chechnya in 1994-1996. Since 1999, the detachment has been performing tasks during the counter-terrorist operation on the territory of the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation. In 2002, the detachment participated in a special operation to free hostages taken by terrorists at the Nord-Ost musical in Moscow.
