GOVERNOR - in Russia:
1) in the 1st quarter of the 13th - the end of the 16th centuries, the proper person of the local administrative and military administration, as well as the court-yes, on- the right-lying-neck of the prince-earth-su-ve-re-nom or tsar-rem in the capacity of his not-mediocre representative in the do- me-ni-al-nye cities and lands.
Co-blu-yes-whether po-ly-tic and ma-te-ri-al-nye in-te-re-sy of his sen-o-ra. Su-shche-st-vo-va-li on-row-du with vo-lo-te-la-mi, in the XIV - middle of the XVI centuries here is the place of management. In the cities of North-Eastern Russia, for-me-no-whether in-garden-no-kov, and hourly, with time, and thousands of them in ka- che-st-ve heads of local authorities.
For the first time mentioned in Nov-go-ro-de (1216), Vla-di-mi-re (1225-1226), Smolensk (1283). Since the 14th century, the institute of the princely Viceroys has received all-the-general race-pro-country in North-Eastern and North-Western Russia. Su-sche-st-in-va-nie of the Viceroys do-ku-men-tal-but for-fic-si-ro-va-no in Yaroslavl (for the first time in the 1320s), Tver -skom (not later than 1362-1364), Rostov-skom (not later than the 2nd third of the 15th century), Ryazan-skom (Deputies in Ros-ti-slav-le not later -nee ru-be-zh XV and XVI centuries) prince-same-st-wakh; in the cities of Vla-di-mir-of-ve-li-ko-go prince-same-st-va Pe-re-yas-lav-le (Za-les-skom), Yury-e- ve (Polish), Ko-st-ro-me, etc. (not later than the 2nd third of the XIV century). In the Nov-go-rod-sky re-pub-li-ke in the XIV-XV centuries, the ve-li-ko-prince-same Governors of the os-sche-st-in-la-li court, together with the degree-pen- us-mi in a garden-no-ka-mi; con-tro-li-ro-va-li co-blue-de-nie in-te-re-owls of his sen-o-ra both in the inner life of the res-pub-li-ki, and in its me-zh-du-folk from-no-she-ni-yah (for example, at-day-st-in-wa-whether at the conclusion of the New-go-rod-sky-tor-go- out to-go-vo-ditch, to-go-vo-ditch with Li-von-sky or-de-nom, etc.). In the Pskov Republic-pub-li-ke from the West, the Viceroys, on-the-right-left-shie-serving-mi-prince-i-mi from among them you-sa-lovs in Pskov-sky pri-go-ro-dy-kre-po-sti, but at the same time pri-sya-gu res-pub-li-Kan-sky authorities.
From the 2nd half of the 1340s from-me-che-ny Governors in Mo-sk-ve, from the end of the 14th century su-sche-st-vo-va-li Governors of both Moscow Grand Dukes and oche-re-di - Moscow specific princes. In the 2nd half of the 14th - the middle of the 16th centuries, the deputies of the appanage princes on-ho-di-lied in the big-shin-st-ve of the cities of fak-ti-che-ski of all the destinies of the Great Moscow principalities. In the inter-princely wars and conflicts of the XIV - mid-XV centuries for the ve-li-ko-prince-same-sky table in Vla-di-mi-re in the 1320-1370s., Mo-s-kovskaya uso-bi-tse 1425-1453, etc.) The governors would be the main tool for the kre-p-le-niya of the power of the prince-zey-so-per-ni-kov over the on-se-le-ni-em of the cities and their ok-ru-gi on the disputed ter-ri-to-ri-yah, as well as on those lands where there were military actions. In the 2nd half of the XV - XVI centuries, from the West, for example, in 110 cities and lands of the Russian state. The governors played a significant role in the re-building of the land and service from the princes, boyar and de-tei bo -Yar-sky principalities and lands, including in the composition of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Russian state, in the administrative-su-deb-noy and fi-nan -co-howl of the power of the Moscow monks over the heavy burden on-se-le-ni-em. An example is the activity of F.V. Bas-sen-ka in Suz-da-le (at the final stage of the acquisition of the N-same-rod-suz-dal-principality at the end of 1440- x - mid-1450s), Prince I.V. Stri-gi Obo-len-sko-go in Yaroslavl-le (with the presence of the Yaroslavl principality in 1463-1467), Prince I.V. Obo-len-sko-go Ly-ko in Velikiye Lu-kah and Za-volo-whose (1477/1478); Ya.Z. and Yu.Z. Za-har-i-nykh-Kosh-ki-nykh in Nov-go-ro-de (in 1485-1495, with re-ry-va-mi). After-whether-to-vi-di-ro-va-li zem-le-vla-de-nie new-go-rod-go-bo-yar-st-va and pro-ve-li lane -vuyu wave-well, mass-co-is-po-me-shche-ny in the Nov-go-rod-sky zem-le of walkers from the central counties.
The power of the Viceroy was dis-pro-country-mainly on the draft-lye tor-go-in-re-monthly layers of the city-ro-zhan and the draft on the village the ok-ru-gi of the cities (usually the so-called city-states), however, in a different degree, - and on the vi-le-gi-rovannye layers on-se-le-niya. From-to-initial-but (ve-ro-yat-no, before the ru-be-zha of the XIV and XV centuries) re-me-scha-essing along the ter-ri-to-rii entrusted to them along the op-re-de-lyon-no-mu route and in the op-re-de-lyon time -mya (the so-called passing court of the Namestnikov; according to new-g-rod-sky data - after Peter's day, that is, after June 29). Later, the Viceroys managed-la-li and su-di-li, being in the hundred-yan-nyh re-zi-den-qi-yah (courtyards of the Viceroys). The governor, his ap-para-rat (co-sto-yal of ho-lo-pov-in-service-residents) and re-zi-den-tion co-der-zha-li-me-st-thrust -lym on-se-le-ni-eat within the framework of sys-te-we feed-le-ny. Usually, one Viceroy was assigned to one city. One-on-one, for example, but in 25 cities, re-gu-lyar-but on-know-cha-cha-for two or more Viceroys, which op-re-de-la-elk according to -lytic, military or economic significance of cities (among them are hundreds of great, so-ny or appanage princes states, centers of foreign and transit trade, pro-we-word-cities), conditions for their inclusion in co- becoming the Russian state, tradition-mi (for example, the joint power of the great and specific princes in various princes or the same authorities de-niy of the Nov-go-rod-sky republic-pub-li-ki, the grand dukes of the vla-di-mir-sky and mo-s-kov-sky), etc. In Bol-shin-st-vo that -those cities (Vla-di-mir, Mo-sk-va, Ko-lom-na, Ko-st-ro-ma, Mu-rom, Nov-go-rod, Ve-li-kie Lu -ki, Pskov, Vyaz-ma, Smolensk, Pe-re-yas-lavl-Ryazan-sky, etc.) shei, ti-tu-lo-van-noy and not-ti-tu-lo-van-noy know, pre-im. from the duma chi-new. Until the last third of the 15th century, the deputies became-but-vi-lied almost-is-key-chi-tel-but members of the go-su-da-re-y courts as grand dukes zey (mo-s-kov-sky and Tver-sky), and specific (mo-s-kov-sky and, ve-ro-yat-but, tver-sky), you-walkers, for not-bol-shi-mi is-klyu-che-niya-mi, from the old-ro-mos-kov-sky and old-ro-tver-bo-yar-sky clans (Bu-tour-li- nyh, Che-lyad-n-nyh, Mo-ro-zo-vyh, Ple-shche-vyh, For-bo-lots-kih, Bo-ri-so-vyh, Zhy-to-vyh, Kar-po- out, Bo-kee-out, etc.). Pe-re-go prak-ti-che-ski of all the pre-hundred-vi-te-lei of the prince-same-houses of Ryu-ri-ko-vi-chey on status-nye-zi-tion of the servant princes of the grand princes of the mo-s-kov-skys for-met-but ras-shi-ril "kad-ro-vy re-reserve" Governors: from the 1460s-1470s Governors of a hundred -whether re-gular-but to-sign before-hundred-vi-te-lei of the old-ro-dub-sky, Suz-dal-sky, Yaroslavl-sky, Ros-tov-sky and other Ryu- ri-ko-vi-chey. Long periods of pre-by-va-ing of the Viceroy in one city would be comparatively rare and you-would-were especially -stand-tel-st-va-mi, while not-one-time use of the obligations of the Viceroy by one person in various cities at different times it would have been dos-ta-toch-but ras-pro-country-not-but. The service of the Viceroys, especially for persons with dooms or statuses, was not the only one and their main for-nya-ty-em: she was combined with the state-administrative and court service-ba-mi in Mo-sk-ve, went-ka-mi in a hundred ve Russian embassies to other countries, but the main thing - with re-gu-lyar-na and practically annual military service outside the cities, where they would-whether Viceroys. In the absence of the Viceroy, he was replaced (only in the capacity of judges of the lower instances) mainly ti-un, o re-she- ni-yah ko-to-ro-go was-lo not-about-ho-di-mo dock-la-dy-vat su-deb-nym ko-mis-si-yam bo-yar in Mo-sk-ve or to the grand duke himself.
In the XIV - the middle of the XV centuries, all-ma you-with-kim-lo-know-the military functions of the Viceroy in their cities (obo-ro-na, mo-bi-li -for-tion of service people, action-st-via according to pre-do-pre-zh-de-niyu not-expect-data on-pa-de-ny, etc.) , something swarm for-met-but decreased-zi-elk in the central and northern regions after the 1450s. However, it sharply increased in the western and southwestern cities of the Russian state in the period of almost hundred-yang Russian-li-tov wars (last quarter of the 15th - 2nd quarter of the 16th centuries); in the southeastern and middle Volga cities (1521-1552) in connection with the Kazan khans on-be-ha-mi, Kazan-sko- Russian-ski-mi howling-on-mi and during the time of Kazan-ski-ho-ho-dov; in the southern po-gra-no-one (since 1521) in connection with the Crimean khans on-be-ga-mi. In co-ot-vet-st-vii with tra-di-tions and in specific military-en-but-po-lytic ob-sta-nov-ke Deputies of a number of large cities (Nov-go-ro-da, Psko-va, Smo-len-ska, etc.) are they full of diplomatic duties. Deputies of times-re-sha-whether in-land conflicts, times-bi-ra-whether de la about loans, etc.
To the commission of the Viceroys from-no-si-same the same way: supervision of the people who came, kre-st-yan-ski-mi re-re-ho-yes- mi, for a public order, especially on the days of parish and communal feasts-brother-rank; control over the lands-of-the-we-in -sti-here dok-la-da Viceroys to the great or specific prince-zyu of acts for the purchase, ob-me-well, or once-de-lu of such vla-de-ny; sooner than anything, dock-la-dy pro-from-in-di-lis epi-zo-di-che-ski); you-yes-cha privileged ob-roch-ny charters for a period of time for launching lands, for exploiting pro-we-words; control over the use of princely forests, for fishing in rivers and lakes, etc .; supervision of the collection of pass-by-ta-mo-wife-duties, etc.
A special ka-te-go-riya of the Governors was composed of the Governors, who had the right to "bo-yar-sko-go court-yes." Are they you-yes-va-do-do-ku-men-you for issuing or confirming the ho-lop-st-va (full, reporting, so-called . run-ly and right-gra-mo-you), on whether-to-vi-da-tion ho-lop-sky for-vi-si-mo-sti (from-pu-sk-nye gra-mo -you); you-but-si-whether the final su-deb-solutions on criminal de-lamas of the highest juris-dictation (usually - on de-lamas about murder-st -ve, raz-fight, etc.) in relation to the draft-lo-go of urban and rural-go-to-se-le-niya (including in vla-de-ni- yah im-mu-ni-stov), as well as in relation to separate groups of service children of boyar-skys; you-but-si-whether a verdict on the con-fi-ska-tion of the imu-shche-st-va and the death penalty from the well-known criminals.
At the court of the Governors (at least, from the end of the 15th century) there are other faces of the prince-same ad-mi-ni-st-ra- tions (dvor-sky, princely tiu-ny), pre-hundred-vi-te-li ("before-b-rye people") rural-on-se-le-niya. With no-ho-di-mo-sti, they should have confirmed before the judges of the highest institution or the prince-zem-su-ve -re-nom pra-vil-ness of the course of the process and the accuracy of its fix-sa-tion in the right graph-mo-te. Norm-we court-yes Namestnikov (on civil and criminal cases, on pro-sess-su-al-nym in-pro-sam), ba-zi-ro-vav-she-go-sya on the traditional law of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, fic-si-ro-va-lied in the corners-of-me-st-draw-their gra-mo-tah (not-rarely you-yes- w-prince-I-mi-su-ve-re-na-mi according to ini-tsia-ti-ve me-st-no-go on-se-le-niya or when not-about-ho-di- the ability to adapt-ti-ro-vat me-st-norms-we to the general-go-su-dar-st-ven-nym after the inclusion of the prince-same-st-va or zem-whether in the composition of the Russian state), in the sting-lo-van-nyh tar-khan-but-not-su-di-my gra-mo-tah (re-gu-li-ro-va-li from -but-she-of the Viceroy with secular or ecclesiastical im-mu-ni-st and heavy on-se-le-ni-em of his power), as well as in you-da-vae-my im do-ku-men-ta-tion. These norms would be co-di-fi-ci-ro-va-ny in Su-deb-ni-ke of 1497 (articles 18, 20, 37-45, 65) and Su-deb-ni -ke of 1550 (articles 22-24, 62-79) (see the article Su-deb-ni-ki of the XV-XVI centuries). Article 64 Su-deb-ni-ka of 1550 you-in-di-la of all the servants of the bo-yar-skys from under the jurisdiction of the Governors for any business.
According to the measure of the us-lie-non-niya tasks for managing the obliga- tion-no-sti tel-no) to new-me-st-nym or-ha-us: go-ro-to-ym order-kaz-chi-kam, lip-nym old-ros-there (see in the articles Gub-naya re-form-ma of the 1530-1550s, Lip-nye-re-zh-de-nia). In-degree-whether-to-vi-da-tion of the institute-tu-ta of the Viceroys would you-la-call-on the crisis-zi-som sys-te-we feed-le-niy, formalized le-ni-em of a single-but-about-different structure of the county cor-by-ra-tsy serving-lo-go nobility-ryan-st-va, a significant effort -ni-em ro-whether from-words-no-go before-sta-vi-tel-st-va drafts-lo-go city and rural-go (black-but-sosh-nye and yard-tso- vye-st-I-not) on-se-le-niya in the or-ga-nah of the me-st-noy of power, to-st-rym for-mi-ro-va-ni-em pri-ka -call. The Zemstvo re-form of 1555-1556 led to a sharp reduction in the number of Governors, some in the 2nd half of the 16th century continued -zh-whether dey-st-vo-vat in some-some-thing-ro-dakh-kre-po-ties on the western and especially ben-but southern border-draw. From the middle of the 16th century (in a mas-so-vom in a row in the Time of Troubles) in a degree-pen-but ras-pro-stra-ni-las practice-ti-ka on-know-che -tion instead of a hundred Viceroys of the city-ro-do-vo-vo-vods (see the article Voy-vo-yes). The last mention of the Viceroys dated from no-syat-sya to the end of the 16th century.
2) From the West also Governors from the del-churches of the ye-rar-hs (not later than the XIV-XVI centuries) - mi-tro-po-li-tov, new-city -skih ar-hi-episco-pov (including in Pskov), for-no-mav-shie-sya de-la-mi inside-ri-church-kov-no-go administration le-tion and entering into the composition of the courts, co-together with the Viceroys or other pre-hundred-vi-te-la-mi great, "so- nyh ”(sa-mo-sto-yat.) and specific princes. In the 21st century, the deceitfulness of the Viceroy was preserved in a number of male mo-on-stay-reys of the Russian Orthodox Church (before everything, becoming-ro-pi-gi-al-nyh ), where on-standing-te-lem mo-on-stay-rya is-la-et-sya pat-ri-arch or epar-hi-al-ny ar-hier-rey, while not-mediocre ru-ko-water-st-in osu-sche-st-in-la-et it on-me-st-nick.
3) In the 1580-1700s, an honorary title, sorry-lo-vav-shiy-sya to the heads of Russian de-le-ga-tsy, on-right-left-shih-sya on re-re-go-in -ry with foreign di-plo-ma-ta-mi. The most-bo-more-even-we-we were-la-li-ti-tu-ly, about-ra-zo-van-nye from the names of the ancient cities of Vla- the di-mir-th grand principality and the largest cities of the neighboring lands and principalities (in-the-me-st-nick Nov-go-rod-sky, Pskov -sky, Cher-ni-gov-sky, Smo-lensky, Vla-di-mir-sky, Suz-dal-sky, Tver-sky, Mu-rom-sky, Ryazan-sky, Kazan -sky, As-t-ra-khan-sky, etc.).
4) In co-ot-vet-st-vii with the same-lo-niya-mi Gu-Bern reform-we of 1775 si-no-nim ge-ne-ral-gu-ber-na-to -ra (until 1796).
5) In the 19th - early 20th centuries, the position of the head of the me-st-no-go administration of the Tsar-st-va of Poland (1815-1874), the Caucasian on-me-st-no-che-st-va (1844 / 1845-1881, 1905-1917), on-me-st-no-che-st-va Far-not-go Vos-to-ka ( 1903-1905). Na-zna-chal-sya them-pe-ra-to-rum. Under the Governors, there was-lo-to-me-st-no-che-right-le-ne, help-no-ki in the military and civil parts, as well as the council of the Viceroy ( at the beginning of the 20th century). The viceroy managed the re-gio-nal-noy ad-mi-ni-st-ra-qi-ey, in-li-qi-ey, os-sche-st-in-lyal general supervision of the an -pa-ra-tom management, court-house, with-words-us-mi uch-re-g-de-niya-mi; at the beginning of the 20th century, he gave civil and in-gra-nich-ny-mi de-la-mi of his land. All the government officials on the sub-house-st-ven-noy ter-ri-to-rii were subordinated to him, he appointed and fired any must-but-st-noe person, except for the chi-new su-deb-no-go-ve-dom-st-va, State Bank and State Control. He was the head-but-commander of the troops, on-ho-div-shih-sya on the under-ve-house-of-st-ven-noy to him ter-ri-to-rii, how-to-you -kaz-nym ata-ma-nom ras-kvar-ti-ro-van-nyh there ka-zach-their troops, os-sche-st-in-lyal administrative you-syl-ku, on-la-gal administrative claims against individuals or rural communities.
TESTS
1. From the options below, select those forms of statehood that existed in ancient Russia (IX-XIII centuries):
1) constitutional monarchy;
2) early feudal monarchy;
3) autocratic monarchy;
4) estate-representative monarchy;
5) feudal republic.
Determine the numbers of the correct answers.
2. During the reign of which prince (princess) was the Old Russian law set forth in the Russkaya Pravda (XI century) created:
1) Prince Vladimir I (Red Sun);
2) Prince Vladimir II (Monomakh);
3) Princess Olga (Saint);
4) Prince Yaroslav (the Wise)?
3. Give the term that denoted the people's assembly in ancient and medieval Russia to discuss and resolve important common issues. VECHE
4. Give the name of the detachment of warriors who united around the prince and constituted the privileged layer of Russian feudal society in the 9th-11th centuries. DRUZHINA
5. Who carried out legislative functions in the Novgorod feudal republic in the XII-XIV centuries:
2) veche;
4) posadnik;
5) Council of gentlemen;
6) thousand?
Choose the numbers of correct answers.
6. From the options offered to you, select the actual head of the Council of Masters of the Novgorod Feudal Republic:
1) archbishop;
3) posadnik;
4) thousand.
7. Give the name of the position of the military leader of the city militia in Russia until the middle of the 15th century. VOIVOD
8. The governors in the grand ducal administration performed the following functions:
1) the heads of the entire princely administration;
2) a candidate for a position (for a "place");
3) a representative of the princely administration in other cities ;
4) manager of the princely court?
9. What changes occurred in the management of specific principalities with the beginning of Mongol rule:
1) there have been no changes;
2) new institutions of governance appeared, established by the conquerors, limiting the princely power;
3) the role of the Grand Duke increased sharply;
4) the role of specific princes increased ?
Choose the number of the correct answer.
10. Give the name of the method of keeping officials during the entire period of their service at the expense of the local population of Russia. FEEDING
11. Establish a correspondence between the social functions of the prince and his title in Russia from the 11th to the 15th centuries:
princely title
social function
A. Grand Duke
1. The owner of a land allotment on patrimonial, that is, inheritance law B
B. Prince-sovereign
3) commissariat;
4) ministries;
5) the Senate.
Determine the number of the correct answer.
49. Give the name of the bodies of urban estate administration in Russia that appeared under Peter I. CITY MAGISTRATS
50. In January 1722, the government of Peter I issued a law that determined the procedure for the service of officials. The publication of this law contributed to the bureaucratization of the state apparatus and was an important moment in the formation of absolutism in Russia. Give the name of this law. TABLE OF RANKS
51. From the titles of legislative acts proposed below, select a document developed with the active participation of Peter I, which, on the one hand, determined the procedure for serving officials in Imperial Russia, and on the other hand, contributed to the bureaucratization of the state apparatus:
1) spiritual regulations;
2) Cathedral code;
3) drill code;
4) table of ranks;
5) the charter on the civil service.
Determine the number of the correct answer.
52. The table of ranks was:
1) a hierarchical system of ranks, titles, ranks, which determined promotion through the ranks;
2) the system of punishments for civil servants;
3) the system of remuneration in the public service;
4) the feudal-hierarchical system that replaced localism?
Determine the number of the correct answer.
53. From the proposed options, select the government body of the Russian Empire that oversaw the service of officials in the time of Peter the Great:
1) Near Duma;
2) State Council;
3) Governing Senate;
4) Secret office.
Determine the number of the correct answer.
54. Give the name of the document developed with the active participation of Peter I, which established the order of service in all institutions of the Russian state and, in fact, was the charter of public service in the XVIII - early XIX centuries. NON-NERAL REGULATIONS
55. During the Northern War with Sweden at the mouth of the Neva, Peter I laid the foundation for the fortress of St. Petersburg. What is the name of the first governor of St. Petersburg. A. D. MENSHIKOV
56. From the options below, select a contender for the Russian imperial crown according to the Charter of Succession to the Throne of 1722:
1) the first-born of the emperor, regardless of whether it is a son or daughter;
2) the eldest son of the emperor;
3) brother of the emperor;
4) the one whom the emperor specifies in the will.
Determine the number of the correct answer.
57. Give the name of the highest government body in Russia in 1726-1730, to which the Senate and the College were subordinate. SUPREME PRIVATE COUNCIL
58. Name the highest state institution created by the decree of Anna Ioannovna in 1731 as a council under the empress. CABINET OF MINISTERS
59. What was the name of the temporary collegiate bodies in Russia in the 18th century, convened to codify laws? Give this title. STATED COMMISSIONS
60. From the options below, select the name of the temporary collegiate bodies during the reign of Catherine II, convened to codify laws:
1) State Duma;
2) State Council;
3) a noble assembly;
4) laid down commission;
5) constituent assembly.
61. From the options below, select the name of the administrative-territorial units into which the provinces were divided, starting from 1775: county
4) provinces;
6) counties.
Give the number of the correct answer.
62. Give the name of the administrative-territorial units into which the provinces have been divided since 1775. county
63. From the following names of the city executive authorities in the Russian Empire, select those that were formed in accordance with the Charter to the cities (1785):
1) burmister chamber (town hall);
2) city authorities;
3) ratgauz;
4) six-voice thought.
64. Give the official name since 1785 of the chairman of the city duma and at the same time the city council in Russian Empire . City head.
65. Establish a correspondence between the administrative-territorial units of the Russian Empire and the officials who headed them:
Names of administrative-territorial units
Their leaders
A. District
1. Governor - B.
B. Province
2. Mayor G.
3. Zemsky commissar - BUT.
G. county town
4. Police captain - AT.
66. From the following events of the government of Catherine II, select the transformation that bears the stamp of enlightened absolutism : 1
1) Manifesto on the convocation of deputies to the “Commission for drafting a new code »;
2) the abolition of the hetmanate in Little Russia (Ukraine);
3) decree forbidding peasants to complain about their landowners ;
4) a decree forbidding peasants to engage in trade;
5) a decree forbidding industrialists to buy serfs for their enterprises.
Give the number of the correct answer.
67. Establish a correspondence between the names of certain legislative acts of the XVIII century and their content:
Name of the legal document
A. Diploma on the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility
1. Law regulating the existence of the Russian Imperial House G
B. Rules of Succession to the Throne
2. Legislative act that determined the procedure for civil service by officials AT
B. Table of Ranks
3. Legislative act that freed the nobles from compulsory state military and civil service BUT
D. Institution of the imperial family
4. A legislative act establishing the order of succession to the throne, according to which the question of choosing a successor was transferred to the discretion of the reigning emperor B
68. Give the name of the class associations of the merchants in the Russian Empire of the XVIII-XIX centuries. GUILDS
69. Give the name of the estate in the Russian Empire of the XVIII-XIX centuries, the male part of which was obliged from the age of 18 to carry out military service for 20 years. PEASANTS, BITCHERS
70. Give the name of the emperor, under which the law on succession to the throne was adopted, restoring the pre-Petrine order of the transfer of power of the monarch in a straight line from father to eldest son. PAVEL 1
71. From the documents offered to you, select the legislative act of the 18th century on the procedure for serving in the army and civil institutions:
1) spiritual regulations;
2) Cathedral code;
3) drill code;
4) table of ranks .
Determine the number of the correct answer.
72. Give the name of the central body of military administration in the Russian Empire in the 18th - early 19th centuries. MILITARY BOARD
73. Give the name of the supreme legislative body of the Russian Empire in the XIX century. STATE COUNCIL, PERMANENT COUNCIL
74. Under what Russian emperor was the “Charter on Civil Service” introduced:
1) under Peter I;
2) under Paul I;
3) under Alexander I;
4) under Nicholas I?
75. What is the name of one of the highest dignitaries of the Russian Empire during the reign of Alexander I, who became the author of a plan for state reforms aimed at giving the autocratic system the form of a constitutional monarchy. SPERANSKY MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH
76. In October 1809, the Secretary of State of Alexander I submitted to the Emperor a draft of reforms called "Introduction to the Code of State Laws", which laid down the principle
separation of powers. From the following authorities proposed by Speransky, select the state body in which legislative functions were concentrated:
1) The State Duma ;
2) State Council;
3) ministries;
4) Senate.
Determine the number of the correct answer.
77. Establish a correspondence between the statesmen of the reign of Alexander I and those transformations that in the minds of contemporaries and descendants are associated with their names:
statesmen
Reforms associated with their names
1. Decree on granting the merchants, bourgeoisie and state peasants the right to buy uninhabited lands (1801 .) B
2. Publication of the decree "On free cultivators" (1803) AT
3. Organization of military settlements (1809) BUT
4. Introduction of the "General Establishment of Ministries" (1811) G
78. What principle was the basis for the activities of the central executive authorities according to the ministerial reform of Alexander I:
2) the principle of democratic centralism;
3) the principle of collegiality;
4) the principle of expediency?
Choose the correct one from the given options.
79. What is the name of the all-powerful temporary worker under Emperor Alexander I, who carried out the actual leadership of the state in 1815–1825. ARAKCHEEV ALEXEY ANDREEVICH
80. Establish a correspondence between those developed in the first quarter of the 19th century. projects for the liberation of peasants from serfdom and their authors, dignitaries of Emperor Alexander I:
A. The abolition of serfdom is a necessary condition for the renewal of Russia, but the solution of this problem must be postponed for the future
B. It is necessary to free the peasants by buying them out from the landowner and then allocating land at the expense of the treasury
B. Relations between peasants and landowners should be built on a contractual basis, and various forms of land ownership should be introduced gradually
3. lived in BUT
4. (No)
81. Give the name of a special organization of the armed forces of the Russian Empire from 1810 to 1857, in which military service was combined with agriculture. MILITARY SETTLEMENTS
82. In 1810, by the will of Emperor Alexander I, a special organization of troops was created in Russia, combining military service with agriculture. From the following alternatives, select the main reason for the formation of such military contingents:
1) variant of the development of Russia in the event of the abolition of serfdom;
2) settlement of the underdeveloped territories of Siberia by farmers;
3) the creation of military formations from the wronged soldiers;
4) creation of a reserve of trained troops without increasing the cost of the army. - THIS ANSWER
Determine the number of the correct answer.
83. From the alternatives proposed below, select the form reflected in the constitutional draft of the Decembrist: - 1_
1) constitutional monarchy;
2) republican system;
3) autocratic monarchy;
4) estate-representative monarchy.
Choose the number of the correct answer.
84. From the following names of the Decembrists, who were executed on the shaft of the crown-werk of the Peter and Paul Fortress, indicate the author of the program document, called "Russian Truth" or "Reserved state charter of the great Russian people, which serves as a testament to the improvement of Russia and contains the right order both for the people and for the provisional Supreme Government”:
1) Bestuzhev-;
3) Ants-;
4) ;
Determine the number of the correct answer.
85. Which of the orders listed below was the highest in the system of awards for Russian officials in the 19th century:
1) St. Alexander Nevsky;
2) St. Andrew the First-Called ;
3) St. Anna;
4) White Eagle;
5) St. Vladimir;
6) St. Stanislaus?
Choose the number of the correct answer.
86. From the options below, select the name of the sovereign, in which the aristocratic model of public service was replaced by a bureaucratic one:
3) Catherine II;
4) Nicholas I;
5) Alexander II.
Determine the number of the correct answer
87. From the following names of the dignitaries of Emperor Nicholas I, select the author of the draft reform of the management of state peasants:
3) ;
Give the number of the correct answer.
88. The closest dignitary of Emperor Nicholas I, Count Yegor Frantsevich Kan-krin, carried out (1839–1843) one of the most successful reforms of this reign. From the following activities of the tsarist government, select and indicate the reform:
B. Hereditary honorary citizens
3. In the military and civil service from grade 11 G
D. Personal honorary citizens
4. Scientists or artists with a degree, as well as merchants, if they have been in the 1st guild for 10 years, in the 2nd guild - 20 years AT
Give the number of the correct answer.
149. What type of republic is the Russian Federation under the 1993 Constitution:
1) Parliamentary;
2) Presidential ;
3) Mixed type;
4) Soviet?
Choose the number of the correct answer.
Until the middle of the 16th century, local government was built on the basis of a feeding system. The state was subdivided into counties - the largest administrative-territorial units. Counties were divided into camps, camps into volosts. However, complete uniformity and clarity in the administrative-territorial division has not yet been developed. Along with the counties, in some places "lands" were still preserved, there were also "categories" - military districts.
At the head of separate administrative-territorial units, into which the Russian state began to be divided, were officials - representatives of the center. These officials were kept at the expense of the local population - they received "food" from it, i.e. carried out natural and monetary requisitions, collected judicial and other fees in their favor. Feeding, thus, was at the same time a type of state, military and other service and a form of remuneration for princely vassals for it.
The feeders were obliged to manage the respective counties and volosts on their own, i.e. maintain their own administrative apparatus (tiuns, closers, righteous people, etc.) and have their own military detachments to ensure the internal and external functions of the feudal state.
The administration of the city and county was headed by the governor on the basis of feeding, the administrative unit - the volost was under the jurisdiction of the volost. The agents of the governors and volostels were tiuns, closers, righteous people and others. It is also characteristic that, both in the letters of the governor's office and in the Sudebniks, not only feeders are mentioned, but also their agents. In these legislative acts, the special attention of the legislator to such a person in the apparatus of the governor as tiun can be traced, which can be explained by his special role. Tiun, having actually concentrated all the functions of managing a county or volost in his own hands, doing justice and reprisals against the local population, was thus an intermediary between the feeder himself and the local residents. At the same time, it should be noted that, despite such a significant role in administration, in practice, the tiun, like other agents, was a servant of the governor and was personally dependent on the latter, which was enshrined in legislation.
The chief official at the local level, responsible for the actions of his apparatus, is the governor. As for the righteous and the closers, they remain, as before, the personal agents of the feeder. Thus, one of the distinguishing features of the vicegerent government system is the exercise by governors and volosts of management functions not with the help of official officials, but with the assistance of persons who are personally dependent on the breadwinner.
Among the administrative powers of the governors, one should point out their activities in the field of land relations - participation in such economic affairs as the renting of empty princely lands, sometimes direct participation in the contract for the benefits of new taxpayers, supervision over the activities of princely suburbanites, courtiers and clerks. In addition, local authorities controlled the conclusion of the most important transactions, were in charge of the organization of trade, including interstate. The vicegerent administration carried out some police functions: monitoring the order at feasts and brotherhoods, prohibiting unauthorized people from entering the territory under their jurisdiction, etc. It is impossible not to mention one more very important sphere of administrative activity of feeders - this is the organization of military affairs in the territory under their jurisdiction. The powers of local authorities in the military sphere can be reduced to several main areas: the governors could lead the local noble militias, oversee the city fortifications and the garrison, and lead the defense of the besieged city. It was through their apparatus that the orders of the prince about the collection for the service went. In addition, in the largest border cities, the administration of feeders performed the most important diplomatic functions, putting into practice the foreign policy line of the grand duke's power, the personification of which it was at the local level: these were receptions of embassies, participation in negotiations with neighboring powers, the conclusion of interstate agreements, etc.
But, nevertheless, the main function of the governors was the administration of justice, it is this area of activity that is regulated in detail by the legislator in the Charter and Code of Laws. Judicial functions occupied one of the central places in the activities of the feeders and their apparatus, the duties from the administration of which were, moreover, a very significant source of their income. The competence of the governors in this area extended to the widest range of cases, both civil and criminal. And it was in the judicial activities of local authorities during the period under study that the most significant changes took place related to the improvement of the organization of legal proceedings, increased control, and which significantly influenced the activities of feeders.
A general description of the areas of activity of the viceroyal bodies allows us to conclude that their competence was of a universal nature and was not limited only to the collection of taxes and the implementation of the court. Being local representatives of the grand ducal authorities, they performed the main functions of the apparatus of power and therefore were endowed with judicial, administrative and financial powers. Concentrating in their hands all the most important threads, they permeated all spheres of government, thus representing the framework of the system of local institutions that existed at that time. This was the qualitative difference between feeders and other local officials who carried out private, often one-time assignments.
The system of viceroyal administration, as one of the means of uniting the Russian lands together, played a progressive role at the initial stage of centralization, thanks to the universality of the functions of feeders.
Thus, evaluating the activities of feeders in a functional sense, we can conclude that the governors and volostels, who had comprehensive powers, were completely independent, autonomously acting locally (on behalf and by order of the Grand Duke) governing bodies.
However, by the second half of the 15th century, the government came to understand the need to establish control over local authorities, as well as regulate their activities. The measures taken by the legislator gradually add up to a whole plan aimed at constraining, and then at the abolition of feeding.
This plan included three areas:
1. Legislative regulation of the activities of the local apparatus;
2. Limitation of the competence of governors;
3. Establishing control over local authorities.
First of all, the government began to determine more precisely by legislative means, the rights and responsibilities of feeders established by custom or practice. Among these measures are the following:
regulation of the amount of feed and legislative establishment of the procedure for their collection (Articles 38, 40, 65 of the Code of Laws of 1497), as well as the exact amount of duties and fines;
establishing a procedure for appealing against the actions of feeders (Article 45 of the Sudebnik 1497, Article 75 of the Sudebnik 1550);
establishment of responsibility for feeders and their people for abuses and violations of service (art. 67, 69-71, 75 and others).
The Sudebnik of 1550 introduces no less important changes in another direction, clearly pursuing a line towards the strengthening and development of new institutions in the system of local government. Continuing to remain until the 50s of the 16th century the main bodies in the apparatus of local government of the Russian state, the vicegerent government, the further, the more pressure was exerted by the new institutions that emerged in the process of developing a centralized state. The most important of these institutions, the development of which falls on the first half of the 16th century, was the institute of labial elders. The innovation introduced by the Sudebnik of 1550 consisted in the fact that the Sudebnik sanctioned the development of labial institutions, introducing them into the general system of local government and establishing relationships with the old feeding authorities.
In an effort to eliminate existing tensions between local authorities and the subordinate population, to reduce the possibility of abuse of their power by feeders, and also to gain popularity with local feudal lords, the legislator introduces a rule according to which “good” or “best” people should be present when considering court cases by the governor or tiun. The involvement of the local population was aimed not only at exercising control functions over the activities of the governors, but also at their gradual abolition. By itself, the fact of the participation of zemstvo authorities in the governor's court did not appear until the middle of the 16th century. news, however, the Sudebnik of 1550 went much further along the line of expanding the role and importance of the elders and the "best" people in local government - the participation of the zemstvo authorities is transformed by the Sudebnik into a general and mandatory norm. First of all. The Sudebnik prescribes that in those volosts where there were no zemstvo authorities before, they should be; secondly, it emphasizes the obligation of their participation for all governors and volostels without exception, now even in minor court cases, feeders are placed under the control of elected local representatives.
In addition to their direct and immediate participation in the governor's court, the elders performed another very important function, namely: they carried out the compilation of counting books in cities. These books were lists of the posad taxable population with an indication of "how many rubles each tsar and the grand duke gives tribute." It was with the help of marked books that the legality or illegality of the claims of the townspeople among themselves and the claims of the population against the governors were determined. At the same time, as a prerequisite for the legitimacy of claims against the governors, Sudebnik set the sending of marked books by the elders and kissers to Moscow. And since they were compiled by the elders and kept by them, they (the elders) thus got the opportunity to influence the outcome of the claims.
The Sudebnik of 1550 also contains a very important norm on the control functions of the zemstvo authorities. This article defines the procedure for considering cases when the governors report the results of their work in a higher authority. In the event of a dispute, the zemstvo authorities participate in the report and play a decisive role in the consideration of disputes.
Evaluating the activities of the “best” people in local government, one can define the functions of the zemstvo authorities, mainly as control ones, the implementation of which can be reduced to four forms: firstly, participation directly in the trial itself, and secondly, participation in the presentation of the case in a higher authority in the event of a dispute, thirdly, the compilation of dimensional books, and fourthly, the issuance of sanctions upon arrest and bail.
The clearly expressed tendency of the Sudebnik of 1550 to strengthen control over the governorship "from below" is supplemented by control from the central authorities, and primarily through the institution of the report, which has already been noted above. Thus, two types of control - on the part of local communities and on the part of the central government - complemented each other, with the goal of limiting the power and arbitrariness on the part of governors and volosts in relation to the subject population.
The specifics of the legal status of governors and volostels in the local government system, their functional features make it possible to highlight some of the features of this management system:
the "natural" nature of management, which manifested itself in the form in which the governor received remuneration for the performance of management duties;
the "personal" nature of service in the apparatus of feeders, which was expressed in the relationship of personal dependence of persons who were part of the governor's administration from the governors and volostes who headed local bodies;
the universality of the functions performed by local governors, namely the comprehensive nature of the powers of the feeders, who concentrated administrative, military, financial and judicial powers in their hands.
Over time, the feeding system, in the form in which it was presented in the XIV-XV centuries, falls into decay. The crisis of the local government system was expressed both in internal and external manifestations. Firstly, the terms of stay of feeders in office are being reduced, apparently, in order to let as many people as possible through feedings, the princes began to reduce the terms of feedings. For the last quarter of the XV century. the most common period should be considered one year. In the form of a special favor, the prince "passed" the feeder for the second year, giving an increase to the first year of feeding a quarter, half, three quarters, or even a whole year. Secondly, viceroyalties lose their integrity. Feedings given to the management of several governors are becoming common. Already by the end of the XV century. there are known cases of allocation to special feeding positions of tiun, closer, bringer, and in the first half of the 16th century. it is becoming more common.
These changes did not go unnoticed, they changed the very essence of this management system, since in the end the feeder turned from a judge and steward into a simple tax collector. Not engaging in administration, and often not having such an opportunity due to living in another county, the governor adapted to this situation, either sending his people to collect income, or renting out the income granted to him.
The fragmentation of feeding in a variety of forms, the reduction in the terms of the fed service had a destructive effect on the governor's system of government from the outside, but there were also so-called internal manifestations of the crisis. With the development and strengthening of princely power, the most profitable items are withdrawn from the entire mass of fed income. Fiscal interest prompted to withdraw from the hands of the governors such profitable items as various customs duties. All this ultimately led to a decrease in the profitability of well-fed positions.
An equally important process of destruction came from the side of privileged landownership: private, church and monastic. The spread of immune privileges to an increasing number of ordinary service people (reflecting the process of political elevation of the nobility) led to a narrowing of the competence of feeders and deprived them of part of their income.
As an organization of princely power, viceroyalties were also destroyed by the fact that some branches of government were separated from the competence of local institutions and entrusted to special clerks - city clerks. Introduction in the 40s of the XVI century. In the 1960s, very important cases were withdrawn from the competence of the governors - robbery and tatin, which, moreover, constituted a profitable article for feeders.
Thus, as a result of these changes, by the middle of the 16th century. pitiful remnants of the once great feedings remained. Having arisen as a local apparatus of grand ducal administration, governors and volostels played an important role in the struggle of grand ducal power against feudal fragmentation, for the creation of a centralized state. However, this progressive role soon exhausted itself, and as the centralized state strengthened, the governorship found itself in ever-growing conflict with the central state power.
The princely administration consisted of officials, whom
| At the head of the first group were the posadniks and the thousands. Historians note that “From the time of Oleg, princes, to manage cities, appoint their warriors, who appear under the name of husbands under Oleg, posadniks, starting from Yaropolk and on the peaks from the middle of the 12th century. The activities of posadniks and governors relied on the special nature of their service, according to which they, considering themselves obliging the prince with their service, looked at the city or region ruled by them as a legitimate source of their own income and well-being recognized by the prince. represent the prince, that is, take care of his benefits and interests. The posadnik replaced the prince in the city or in the whole region. Only in the city where the prince lived, there was no posadnik. The mayor had his youths. Tysyatsky was the head of the zemstvo militia, so the district subordinate to him was called a thousand. These officials were subordinate to the printer, customs officers, collectors, etc. In the second group, the most important duties at the princely court were performed by tiuns - servants for a wide variety of assignments for the princely economy; Tiuns were also entrusted with the affairs of managing the principality. From the middle of the XII century. the fiery tiun, or chief key keeper, was often called the court tiun, that is, the butler. In the course of time, several more important officials emerged from the prince's household servants - hunters, stolniks, and roundabouts. Veche gathered in cities to solve important state affairs and with the strengthening of princely power in the second half of the 13th century. ceased to exist. Usually, in cases of extraordinary meetings, the prince himself, his attorney, or those who opposed the prince gathered. The prince's retinue played the most significant role until the beginning of the 12th century, when almost all the retinues became land owners - votchinniks. |
can be divided into two groups. The first group included officials who belonged to state administration bodies. The second group consisted of the personal servants of the prince, who performed palace duties, but at the same time had instructions for managing the principality.
The senior squad consisted of boyars, husbands, ognischans, the younger squad consisted of greedy, youths and children, merciful, stepsons and lads.
The squad initially lived separately on the content of the leader - the prince of the tribal principality. In the X century. The division of the squad into two main parts - "boyars" and "grids" is clearly traced.
In the XI-XII centuries. the structure of the state administrative apparatus, formed from combatants, becomes more complicated.
Russkaya Pravda gives a wide list of persons of the princely administration, which performed the state functions of administration and collection of taxes - tribute, trade and judicial duties:
princely tiun (governor-viceroy of the prince in the city, who dealt with the affairs of the current administration and held court on behalf of the prince);
Mytnik (a person who collected trade duties);
Virnik (a person who collected "vira" - money paid by a criminal in favor of the prince for committing a crime);
Yemets (collected "sales" - a payment in favor of the prince, made by a criminal for theft), and also performed functions; management of the personal household of the prince;
Key keeper;
Princely fiery tiun, or ognischanin (from the word "fire" - house, manager of the prince's personal household);
The prince's groom, groom, cook, village servant and other persons in the prince's household.
Next to the persons employed in the management of the princely economy, Russkaya Pravda mentions the same persons in the boyar household, for example, the boyar tyun. Social affiliation; All these people could be different: they could be free people in the service of the prince, and serfs personally dependent on him, servants, slaves, and servants set free by him and planted on the ground. But in general, state power was divided between the princes and the most noble boyars.
In Kievan Rus, at the head of the princely administration was the council under the prince, composed of his boyars. This Council did not bear a permanent name; a separate meeting-session of this council was sometimes called a thought.
The name "boyars" comes from the Old Russian word "bolyar" - a fighter, combatant. Most historians share the boyars of the X-XI centuries. on princely (princely husbands) and zemstvo (elders
Gradsky, descendants of tribal nobility). They represented (hissed) a layer of society and were obliged to serve in the army of the princes while remaining full masters of their land.
Although the Boyar Duma, as an advisory body, did not have a permanent membership, was not legally formalized and was convened as needed, its influence on the prince's policy was very tangible. She took part in solving the most important State issues: the election of a prince, the declaration of war and peace, the conclusion of treaties, the issuance of laws, the consideration
a number of judicial and financial cases, etc. The Council symbolized Iran and the autonomy of the vassals and had the right of veto.
The younger squad, as a rule, was not included in the prince's council. But in resolving important issues of a tactical nature, the prince usually consulted with the squad as a whole.
With the appearance of patrimonial estates among the combatants, they committed
there is a decisive step towards their exit from the squad organization. In the second half of the XII-XIV centuries. the princely “court” takes the place of the squad - an organization of persons who are more or less constantly with the prince and are called “nobles”, or servants.
The court included part of the former “junior” squad - (Prokop and partly children’s. The boyars and another part of the children, having become patrimonials, turned into land vassals of the prince; they remained military service nobility, but ceased to be retinue nobility.
The researchers noted: “The system of local government in the Moscow principality was called the feeding system. It received such a name because the deputies and volosts sent to the towns and volosts, together with their numerous administrative and judicial agents (tiuns, closers, allotters, right-wingers, etc.), had in mind mainly their personal interests, and not public affairs.
Cities and volosts were given to "feed" the boyars and free servants. The rights of feeders - governors and volostels were very wide: they collected requisitions (“feed”) from the subject population, collected court, trade and wedding duties, administered court, performed police functions, were in charge of repairing roads, bridges and other matters. Feeders, as a rule, were appointed for a short term (for one year).” There was also a system of zemstvo administration more ancient than the princely one: in the capital city there was the complexity of the thousand, to which the sot and ten were subordinate.
Zemstvo boyars existed in the Slavic tribes already in the 7th-8th centuries, and possibly even earlier. The title of boyar was held by large landowners and famous warriors - "the strongest people in the country." Zemsky boyars were called by the names of cities - Chernigov, Rostov, Suzdal.
The princely squad, detachments of princely and zemstvo boyars and the militia, which consisted of residents of cities and villages, took part in the war and military campaigns. Senior warriors - "front-lined men" - were called princely boyars. The main constant military force of the prince was the “youths” or “children's” junior squads.
The highest places in the palace and local government of the Kiev state were occupied by senior combatants - duma members of the prince. They were also appointed princely tiuns, equestrians, posadniks, governors, thousands and governors of zemstvo regiments. Some positions were inherited. The senior combatants had their own military detachments of the "lads", subordinate only to them. The younger combatants served at the princely court as keykeepers, grooms and managers of small volosts. The best “lads”, who distinguished themselves in the military and civil service, moved to the senior squad.
At that time, anyone, even a foreigner, could become a princely warrior, and from the junior combatants rise to the rank of princely husband or boyar. The princely boyars received lands as a reward for their service and became closer to the zemstvos. Zemsky boyars of the oldest families gradually lost their independence and isolated position, entered the princely service and, in turn, drew closer to the princely court. Boyars-land-owners in the XIII-XIV centuries. enjoyed great privileges, which practically freed their estates from subordination to the prince and were confirmed by special princely letters of commendation. The patrimonial boyars had the right to judge and collect taxes. In wartime, by order of the prince, the boyars were obliged to participate in hostilities with their squads. Boyar service was free, it became mandatory only under Ivan III.
The boyars of the times of fragmentation were free servants of the princes and could at any time refuse to serve and go to another prince. Such conditions were constantly provided by special articles of princely agreements: “and the boyars and servants between us will be free”.
In accordance with the rule that was in force until the 16th century, when moving to another prince, the boyars retained all rights to their estates. In the contract of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, it was indicated
“And whoever the boyars and servants left us for you or from you for us, and settled them in our patrimony in the Great Principality, or in your patrimony in Tver, we and you cannot intervene in those villages.” With the change of service, the boyar estates were part of the lands of the new prince. However, from the end of the XIV century. the situation has changed. And princely agreements began to indicate that the patrimony of the hi rushing boyar remains with the old prince, while the boyar retains his rights of private ownership of the land. Boyar and serve another prince, but not together with their lands. And specific times appeared special princely servants -
Servants under the court - subordinate to the butler and owned
estates granted to them from the prince's palace lands. The estates were not given to the property, but on the condition of the prince's service and were taken away when leaving the prince. The estate was a village or several villages with a village in the center, with arable land, meadows and forests. Thus, a layer of noble landowners was born. At the head of the princely service was the thousandth - the leader of the zemstvo regiments and urban and rural militia. The chief courtier, or butler, was in charge of the court and the palace, and in the capital city, all princely lands, controlled the owners of these lands, led the entire princely economy. The princely servants, nobles and all the courtiers who were in charge of the courts and palaces of the prince in other cities of the principality were subordinate to him.
Judicial bodies had not yet formed, their functions were carried out either by the prince himself or by a representative of the administration, or
special official - virnik and his assistants,
carrying out the collection of fines, etc. Judicial powers whose or also church bodies and feudal estates.
Thus, the main features of the formation of the ancient Russian state were: a special system of bodies and institutions that carried out the functions of state power; law, fixing a certain system of norms, sanctioned
the state; a certain territory to which the jurisdiction of a given state extended. In the IX-XII centuries. the Old Russian state of Kievan Rus was formed - a state of a historically transitional type, as the main institution of the political system of a class society, protecting its economic and social structures.
Review questions
1. Name the stages of the formation of statehood in Ancient Russia.
2. Expand the mechanism of state administration of Kievan Rus.
3. Give your assessment of the Norman theory.
4. What is the contribution of the Grand Dukes to the formation of the statehood of Russia?
5. Tell us about the content and significance of Russian Truth.
6. 
Describe the tax system in ancient Russia.
Give the name of the detachment of warriors who united around the prince and constituted the privileged layer of Russian feudal society in the 9th - 11th centuries
Druzhimna - princely army. The squad is the same necessary element in ancient Russian society as the prince. The prince needed military force both to ensure internal order and defense against external enemies. The warriors were a real military force, always ready for battle, as well as advisers and servants of the prince.
As a military force, the squad helps the prince in obtaining a profitable table, raises the importance of the prince in the eyes of the people: the prince, who managed to group the largest number of skilled warriors around him, is the most reliable defender of his principality - and this was of great importance in the era of constant intense struggle with foreigners . Therefore, the princes value their squad, cherish it, generously endow it.
The governors in the grand ducal administration performed the functions
- one). Heads of the entire princely administration;
- 2). A candidate for a position (for a "place);
- 3). Representative of the princely administration in other cities;
- 4). Manager of the princely court
Answer 3). Representative of the princely administration in other cities
3.3 Name the sovereign (grand duke, king), in whose reign the feeding system was eliminated
Feeding - a kind of grant of the great and specific princes to their officials, according to which the princely administration was maintained at the expense of the local population during the period of service.
It was liquidated under Ivan IV the Terrible by the zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. In 1555, a decree was issued on the abolition of feedings, which was applied, however, not immediately and not everywhere: sources continue to mention feedings during the second half of the 16th century. Fees for the maintenance of feeders have been transformed into a special tax in favor of the treasury (“fed payback”), set at a certain amount for various categories of land (noble, black, palace). Tax collection was carried out on black lands by zemstvo elders, and in areas of estate-patrimonial land ownership by special collectors or city clerks.
3.4 Give the name of the code of laws of the Russian state, adopted by the Zemsky Sobor in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, who completed the legal
Cathedral Code - a set of laws adopted by the Zemsky Sobor in 1648-1649. under Alexei Mikhailovich.
3.5 Give the name of the feudal-hierarchical system in the Russian state (XI-XVII centuries), which officially regulated service relations between members of service families in the military and administrative service, as well as at the court of the Grand Duke (Tsar)
Tambel about ramngah (“Table of ranks of all ranks of military, civilian and courtiers”) - the law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (the ratio of ranks by seniority, the sequence of ranks).
