This is the part of speech that names the subject and answers questions. "who what?". Nouns have a number of features with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of the noun.

• The grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) The name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of features and abstract properties ( white, fresh, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun is the role it occupies in the sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of the sentence.

Mum cooks delicious borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beet is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mum- chef knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend able to listen and comfort (Appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mum, I need your help!

• By lexical Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns- these are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events, and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, "Loneliness in the Net", Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and capitalized: "Girl with Peaches", "Mtsyri", "Aurora", "Science and Technology".
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can move into the category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), though - the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of item nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animated nouns- those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that refer to the real and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship and etc.

• By value Nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- kind of nouns naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This kind of nouns has only one form of number - the one that we know. If a noun is singular, then it cannot be plural, and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numbers: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pole, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - an army, a lot of leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can exist only in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender and refer to masculine, feminine or neuter.

The masculine, feminine and neuter gender includes words with the following compatibility:
male new student arrived - (a, and)
female new student arrived-a
middle large window open
Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender, depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come

your-I'm ignorant came-a.

Such nouns are common gender y.

Nouns only plural(cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf .: part-s - table-s).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms (city - cities, village - villages).

However, some nouns have or only the singular form(e.g. peasantry, asphalt, burning),

or only plural form(for example, scissors, railings, weekdays, Luzhniki).

They have only the plural form:
-some real nouns: ink, sawdust, cleaning;
some abstract nouns: name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings;
- some collective nouns: money, finance, wilds;
some proper names: Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons";
- words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts: glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, tongs;
- some names of time intervals: twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note. Nouns that have only a plural form have no gender or declension.

Features of the formation of plural forms in some nouns.
-The words man and child form in the plural form people and children.
-The words son and godfather -ov: sons, cousins.
-The words mother and daughter in all forms of the singular (except for the nominative and accusative cases) and the plural have a suffix -er: mothers, daughters.
-The words miracle, sky and tree take on a suffix in the plural -eu: miracles, heaven, woods.

The words body and word have obsolete plurals with this suffix: bodies, words along with regular bodies, words.
-Word eye och- : eyes, eyes, eyes.
-Word ear in the plural has a base br-: ears, ears, ears.
-Word vessel(in the meaning of "ship") in the plural loses the last phoneme of the root -n: courts, courts, courts.
-Word church when declensed in the plural, it has a variant with a solid base: churches and churches, about churches and about churches.

In Russian, along with the singular and plural, there are the following numerical phenomena:
-collective number of nouns, consistent with plural adjectives ( teeth, sons, stakes, knees, leaves, roots versus pl. teeth, sons, colas, knees, sheets, roots);
-collective number of nouns, consistent with adjectives in the singular ( foolishness, beast against pl. fools, animals);
-plural expressing the totality of volumes or types of an uncountable noun ( sands, waters, runs)

case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change in cases, that is, they have a non-permanent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. p.). P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p. who is this? what?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p. glad to whom? what?

V. p. see who? what?

Etc. proud of whom? how?

P. p. thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Noun declension

Changing nouns in cases is called declension.

To I declension include nouns husband. and wives. genus with the ending I. p. units. numbers -а(-я), including words ending in -iya: mom-a, dad-a, earth-i, lecture-i (lectij-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard variant), a soft consonant (soft variant) and with a stem in - and j have some differences in endings, for example:

case	Singular
	hard option	soft option	On the - and I
Im.p.	countries - a	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	countries - s	Earth -and	Army -and
D.p.	countries - e	Earth -e	Army -and
V.p.	countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	countries -oh (-oy )	Earth -her (-yoyu )	Army -her (-her )
P.p.	countries -e	Earth -e	Army -and

To II declension include nouns husband. gender with a zero ending I. p., including words in -y, and nouns m. and cf. kind with the ending -o (-e), including words in -e: table-, genius-, little town-o, window-o, half-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns of women. gender with a zero ending in I. p .: dust-, night-.

1st declension	2nd declension	3rd declension
m. with endings -а, -я For example: Papa Kolya. well. R. with endings -а, -я For example: vase, nanny	m. with a null ending (except for the word “path”) For example: horse build table cf. R. with endings -o, -e. For example: cloudsea	well. R. null-terminated soft-terminated For example: square , trifle

Differing nouns are inclined in a special way, and therefore do not belong to any type of declension. These are 10 nouns in -MYA:

burden time banner tribe stirrup flame name crown udder seed

And also nouns PATH and child. The suffix -EN- is added to nouns with -МЯ in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, and the suffix -ЯТ- is added to the noun child.

child of child of child of child of child of child

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns include:

1) borrowed, ending in vowels;

For example:avenue, aloe, role, depot, cockatoo, scarf

2) many foreign proper names;

For example:Zambezi, Tokyo, Merimee, Zola

3) abbreviations and compound words ending in vowels;

For example:MGIMO, TSO, general store

4) foreign surnames denoting females: Smith, Raul(foreign surnames denoting males are declined as nouns of the second declension);

5) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -О and -ИХ (-ЫХ).

For example:Koreiko, Gray

They are usually described as words without endings.

You should remember the formation of forms genitive plural of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov.

These include words that refer to:

1) paired and compound items: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses);

2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts);

3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz;

4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes).

In some cases, plural endings perform a meaningful function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - compound knees (knee - “dance technique”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe").

Morphological analysis of a noun

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological features:

1. Permanent signs: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (male, female, neuter, general), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. syntactic role.

Sample morphological parsing of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. ladies- noun;

the initial form is a lady.

II. Permanent signs: narits., odush., wives. genus, I class;

non-permanent signs: pl. number, I. p.

III. Ladies (part of the subject) ran up (who?).

I. (to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own., soul., husband. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, D. p.;

III. We ran (to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin (addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, etc.;

III. He began to shoot down (with what?) with his palm (addition).

I. Dust- noun;

the initial form is dust;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, III class;

non-permanent features: units. number, V. p.;

III. He began to knock down (what?) Dust (addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate, cf. genus, uninclined;

non-permanent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p .;

III. He began to shoot down (from what?) With a coat (addition).

Each person daily uses several hundred nouns in his speech. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category a particular word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.

what is this

Before you figure out which nouns are called proper and which are common nouns, it is worth remembering what it is.

Nouns are words that answer the questions "What?", "Who?" and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper / common nouns.

The concept of about and own

Except for rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.

Common nouns include summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some features, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun "toy" is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of various objects: cars, dolls, bears, and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.

nouns are the names of individuals, things, places or persons that stand out. For example, the word “doll” is a common noun that refers to a whole category of toys, but the name of the popular brand of dolls “Barbie” is a proper name. All proper names are capitalized.
It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when “doll” is said, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha” outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, hairdresser or chocolate bar.

Ethnonyms

As mentioned above, nouns are proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the relationship between these two categories. There are 2 common views on this question: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common nouns and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called "intermediate" words that do not belong to either proper or common nouns, although they have signs of both categories. These nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.

Common nouns: examples and types

In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.

1. Specific - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: "adult", "child", "thrush", "shark", "ash", "violet". Specific common nouns almost always have plural and singular forms and are combined with quantitative numerals: "an adult - two adults", "one violet - five violets".

2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: "love", "health", "wit". Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this kind has acquired the plural (“fear - fears”), it loses its abstract meaning.

3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, do not have separate items: chemical elements (mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns are not countable, but they can be measured (kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.

4. Collective - these are nouns, meaning a set of objects or persons of the same type, as a single, inseparable whole: "brotherhood", "humanity". Nouns of this kind are not countable and are used only in the singular form. However, you can use the words “a little”, “a few”, “little” and the like with them: a lot of children, how many infantry and others.

Proper nouns: examples and types

Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:

1. Anthroponyms - names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
2. Theonyms - names and names of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: dog Barbos, cat Marie.
4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
5. Aeronautonyms - the name of various spacecraft and aircraft: the Vostok spacecraft, the Mir interorbital station.
6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, TV programs: "Mona Lisa", "Crime and Punishment", "Vertical", "Yeralash".
7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: Oxford, Vkontakte, Milavitsa.
8. Names of holidays and other public events: Christmas, Independence Day.
9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
10. Names of unique buildings and objects: cinema "Rodina", sports complex "Olympic".

Proper to common nouns and vice versa

Since the language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, words often change their category: proper ones turn into common nouns, and common nouns turn into proper nouns. Examples of this are quite common. So the natural phenomenon "frost" - from a common noun turned into its own noun, the surname Frost. The process of transition of common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.

At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist, who was the first to discover X-rays, in the colloquial speech of the Russian language, has long turned into the name of the study of something with the help of the “X-ray” radiation discovered by him. Such a process is called appellation, and such words are called eponyms.

How to distinguish

In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow you to clearly distinguish between proper nouns and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper ones, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists”.

At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist's surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this name, originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshiye Kabany. In this case, these proper nouns are often devoid of the singular: the mountains of the Carpathians.
Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Xenias in our class.

How do you spell

If everything is quite simple with writing common nouns: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should follow the usual rules of the Russian language, then another category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of negligent schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.

To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:

1. All proper names, without exception, are capitalized, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or with a hyphen, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example is the nickname of the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by his first name, the heroes called the evil wizard "He Who Must Not Be Named". In this case, all 4 words are capitalized, as this is the nickname of the character.

2. If there are articles, particles and other service particles of speech in the name or title, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the part "di" is capitalized, because in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names of foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like, indicating the social status, regardless of whether they stand in the middle of the word or are written with a small letter at the end. The same principle applies to spelling proper names with particles in other languages. German "von", "zu", "auf"; Spanish "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; French "des", "du", "de la".

3. The particles “San-”, “Sen-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of the surname of foreign origin are written with a capital and a hyphen (Saint-Gemen); after O, there is always an apostrophe and the next letter is capitalized (O'Henry). The part "Mac-" should be written in turn with a hyphen, but often it is written together due to the approximation of the spelling to the original: McKinley, but MacLane.

Having dealt once with this rather simple topic (what is a noun, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all save yourself from stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling mistakes and the need to constantly look into the dictionary to check yourself.

The noun is one of the main parts of speech in Russian. A noun in a sentence can be expressed subject, object, attribute and circumstance. This part of speech includes everything that surrounds us - people, objects, elements of nature. However, nouns are divided into a large number of forms, have characteristic features. Let's figure out what is unique about a noun in Russian, and what you need to know about it for its correct use and spelling.

Main characteristics

So, in order to understand the meaning of this part of speech, consider its main features.

The definition of a noun is as follows:

A noun is a part of speech that answers the questions "who?" and what?". Unlike pronouns that answer the same questions, nouns always contain some meaning (for example, they denote a person, an object, sometimes an action). Nouns, as a rule, depending on the form, have zero endings or endings consisting of one letter (-a, -i, -o). In phrases and sentences, adjectives, pronouns, and other nouns with a preposition can depend on nouns. Consider examples.

Examples of nouns in sentences

And today I jumped up and looked at clock, I immediately realized that I had to dress like fire. And I dressed for one minute forty eight seconds all as it should, only laces laced up in two holes. In general, in school I arrived on time and Class also managed to rush give me a sec to Raisa Ivanovna.

However, the most interesting in the study of nouns are their forms, namely: gender, number, declension and case.

case

Cases of nouns are the basis of the grammar of the Russian language. Cases are also characteristic of adjectives, pronouns, ordinal numbers and participles. What cases are distinguished in Russian?

Examples of sentences with different cases of nouns

Nominative:

Weather was rainy and cold; walking wet snow, half with rain.

Genitive:

Asking apologies at the prince's, I began to dress.

Dative:

It was not a reflection of the heat of the soul or a playful imagination: it was a brilliance like shine smooth steel, dazzling but cold; his glance, short, but penetrating and heavy, left an unpleasant impression of an indiscreet question and might have seemed impudent if it had not been so indifferently calm.

Accusative:

clothes it could well be called rags; thick black hair was unkempt and tousled.

Instrumental:

All this morning I've been fiddling with my papers, taking them apart and putting them in order.

Prepositional:

It was a dirty, black and always dark staircase, one of those in capital houses with small apartments.

So, we figured out the cases and got acquainted with the case endings of nouns. Next, consider what genders nouns are divided into, and what are the features of such a feature as the number of a noun.

Genus

In total, there are three genders in Russian - feminine, masculine and neuter. Each of them corresponds to one of the pronouns of the third person singular: the feminine gender is "she", the masculine gender is "he" and the neuter gender is "it". Noun examples:

• Story, anthem, blow, theatre, space, child, candlestick - masculine;
• Shelf, head, mouse, Anna, conscience, indulgence, servant - feminine;
• Reflection, knowledge, skill, indifference, sun, plexus - the middle gender.

Sentences with nouns of various genders:

I make my way along fence and suddenly I hear vote; one voice I knew at once that it was rake Azamat, son our host; the other spoke less frequently and more quietly.

His leather had some female tenderness; blond hair curly from nature, so picturesquely outlined his pale, noble forehead, on which, only after a long observation, one could notice traces wrinkles, intersecting one another and, probably, indicated much more clearly in minutes anger or mental anxiety.

However, these are my own remarks, based on mine observations and I do not want to make you believe in them blindly.

Number

In Russian, only singular and plural nouns can be distinguished. The first type includes: ceiling, tablet, story, exit, stairs, box, etc. And the second - games, students, actions, activities, teams, doubts.

It is worth noting that the gender is a constant feature of the noun, and the number is non-permanent. That is, if you put a noun in the plural form, its gender will not change. And the number of a noun is easily changed.

Now let's move on to the next part of the grammar of the Russian language - to the declensions of nouns.

declination

Declension is a characteristic feature, unlike the others, only for nouns. In total, three declensions are distinguished in Russian. Let's consider each of them.

1. First decline. It includes feminine and masculine nouns with the endings -а, -я. For example, Kolya, theory, toy, clumsy, Maria, pipe, sheet and others.
2. Second decline. Includes masculine nouns with zero endings (knife, mole, body, stone, swift, comrade, prisoner) and neuter nouns with endings -o, -e (sun, adventure, wheel, disorder, invention, miracle, abundance) .
3. Third declension. It includes feminine nouns with a zero ending, that is, ending in a soft sign (s): notebook, oven, mouse, eternity, night, and others.

So, we examined the declension of nouns. Now let's deal with the various functions of nouns in a sentence.

Functions in a sentence

A noun in a sentence can act as a subject, object, circumstance, definition, and also be part of a compound nominal predicate. In other words, a noun can be called a universal member of a sentence. Let's take a closer look at its syntactic functions.

• Subject

The subject is the main role of a noun in a sentence. It answers the questions "who?", "what?"; is used only in the nominative case and performs the action reported in the sentence. Example:

In the newspapers from which the old prince about the defeat of Austerlitz, it was written, as always, very briefly and vaguely, that Russians after brilliant battles, they had to retreat and the retreat was carried out in perfect order.

• Addition

The second most important function of a noun in a sentence. In the role of a complement, it is an object of action (as well as a place, a relation of an object to something, some auxiliary object) and answers questions of oblique cases (everything except the nominative). An example of such a proposal:

When Princess Mary returned from father, the little princess sat work and with that special expression internal and happily-calm look, peculiar only to pregnant women women looked at princess Mary.

• Circumstance

The circumstance is a noun with a preposition denoting a place. However, there is one feature of a noun in the role of a circumstance - it is very similar to an object. To correctly determine the member of the sentence, which is a noun with a preposition, you need to make sure that two questions can be asked to it: one case and one question characteristic of adverbs (circumstances). For example, "I went to school.": I went to what?, where? - for school. So, "to school" in this case is a circumstance. Another example:

These phrases were made in internal laboratories Bilibin, as if on purpose of a portable nature, so that insignificant secular people could conveniently memorize and transfer them from living room to living room.

• Definition

A noun acts as a definition when it is an application. That is, it complements the subject or object and has the same case form. For example:

The gentleman was sitting in the britzka, not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young either.

• Noun in SIS

A compound nominal predicate includes a verb (which can sometimes be omitted) and a nominal part, i.e. noun, adjective, numeral, sometimes pronoun. Examples of sentences with a compound nominal predicate (in the nominal part - a noun):

However, was large good-natured and sometimes he even embroidered on tulle.

As soon as we learned that our unprecedented heroes in space call each other Sokol and Berkut, we immediately decided that I now I will Berkut and Mishka Falcon.

Sometimes a sentence can consist of only one word - a noun (sometimes with dependent words). Such proposals are considered nominal. For example, Evening. Pink sunset. Warm air. The quiet sound of the waves. Grace.

Lev Uspensky:

The noun is the bread of the tongue.

Charles Williams:

The noun rules the adjective, not the other way around.

Janet Winterson:

Nouns are worthless these days unless they are matched with a pair of superlative adjectives.

Victor Pelevin:

A person does not need three pine trees to get lost - two nouns are enough for him.

So, in this article we got acquainted with the definition of a noun - one of the most important parts of speech in the Russian language. Studying the linguistics of the native language allows a person to get to know the culture of his country and the history of his language more deeply. Therefore, linguistics is considered an extremely interesting and useful science. Good luck learning the basics!

Noun.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers questions. who? what?

A noun names objects in the broad sense of the word. Nouns include:

1) specific items(door, window);

2) living beings(man, bird, beast);

3) natural phenomenon(slush, snow, wind);

4) events (holiday, hike);

5) process of action(running, growth);

5) abstract concepts(kindness, friendship);

1. Nouns are:

animated	inanimate
answer the question who?	answer the question what?
name living things	name inanimate objects
For example: cat, human.	For example: stone, sun.

2. There are nouns :

3. Nouns are of three genders:

REMEMBER! To find out the gender of a noun that is in the plural, it must be put in the singular: bugs - beetle (m.r.)

4. Nouns change according to numbers.

REMEMBER! Nouns that have only the plural:

Holidays, rake, cream, pants, weight,. gates, money, children, people, scissors, glasses, sledges, perfumes, canned food, hours, days.

Nouns that have only the singular:

Furniture, hunting, oil, meat, milk, clothes, shoes, dishes, running around, onions, mashed potatoes, sugar, salt, honey, potatoes, sky, singing, poetry, creativity, lyrics, humor, weather, subway, radio, dexterity, strawberries, nettles, corn, gooseberries, carrots, health, fidelity, love, hate, coffee.

As well as words of the middle gender of foreign originsubway, cinema, muffler, coat, radio, etc.

5. Nouns come in three declensions:

1 declination	2 declension	3 declension
m.r. -and I	m.r. -	zh.r. -b
zh.r. -and I	cf. -o, -e
For example: uncle, glade	For example: horse, morning	For example: lilac, mouse

6. Soft sign (ь) at the end of nouns after hissing.

b - spelled	b - not written
At noun. fat, unit	At noun. m.r.,
	At noun. in R.p., pl.
For example: mouse, brooch	For example: key, cloud

7. Nouns change in cases.

case	Auxiliary word	Question	Prepositions
Nominative	there is	Who? What?	No prepositions
Genitive	No	Whom? What?	with, from, to, from, without, at, for, about, around
Dative	to give	To whom? What?	to, by
Accusative	blame	Whom? What?	in, on, behind, under, through, about, through
Instrumental case	create	By whom? How?	with, behind, under, before, over
Prepositional	I say	About whom? About what?	oh, oh, in, in, on

REMEMBER! what? and is in the offer subject, is in the nominative case.

noun that answers the question what? and is in the offerminor member, is in the accusative case.

Algorithm for writing an unstressed ending of a noun.

1. Put the noun in the form of the nominative case (initial form):

For example: sitting on birches ... - birches a .

2. Determine the declension: f.r., ending - a , therefore, declension 1st.

3. Find a test word: a noun of the same declension with a stressed ending:

For example: water a.

4. substitute the check word in the phrase in place of the checked word:

For example: sitting on the water e .

5. Write the same letter in the word being checked. As in the test:

For example: sits on birches e .

Noun endings.

Cases	1st fold.	2nd fold.	3rd fold.	In plural
I.p.	and I spring, earth	about e elephant, wheel	rye	and i s and earth, elephants, rye
R.p.	s and spring, earth	and I elephant, wheels	rye	ov (s) her lands, elephants, rye
D.p.	spring, earth	at yu elephant, wheel	rye	am yam lands, elephants, rye
V.p.	at yu spring, earth	o e a i elephant, wheel	rye	a i s and her ov (ev) earth, elephants, rye
etc.	oh (she) oh (oh) spring, earth	ohm (eat, eat) elephant, wheel	rye	ami(yami) lands, elephants, rye
P.p.	about spring, about earth	about the elephant, about the wheel	about rye	ah (yah) about lands, about elephants, about rye

Morphological analysis of the noun.

1. Determine the part of speech.
2. Indicate the initial form (singular, nominative).
3. Specify permanent signs:

A) animate or inanimate;

B) own or common noun;

B) genus;

D) declination.

4. Indicate non-permanent signs:

A) a number

B) case.

5. Indicate the semantic question that we ask to the noun. Determine which part of the sentence is the noun.

Sample:

They wrote on the blackboard with chalk.

1. They wrote (on what?) on the blackboard - noun.
2. N.f. - board;

fast. pr.: inanimate, nat., female, 1st class;

non-post. ex.: singular, p.p.

III. They wrote (where?) on the board - a circumstance.

§one. General characteristics of the noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "thing".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - common noun / proper, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
• changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.

The kids love the holidays.

As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.

(Sergey- address)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological features. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns call a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, place names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" etc.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

• in plural in animate nouns
  Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
• in the singular for animate masculine nouns wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = genus. fall.), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)

The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.

Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§5. Genus

gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female and average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender correlates with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. The words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:

a, u or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun

oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.

How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words have no endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and full.

Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.

§6. declination

declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings a, I in its original form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings about, e in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.

initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.

What is the correct ending for these words?

Do you remember that the letters I and e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter and - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.

So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , the words path and child. These are inflected nouns.

Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• real: gold, milk, curdled milk
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
• some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg

Plural nouns:

• collective: shoots
• real: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
• some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.

§eight. case

case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

• I.p. - who what?
• R.p. - who?, what?
• D.p. - to whom; to what?
• V.p. - who?, what?
• etc. - who?, what?
• P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) the park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:

• (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
• (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
• (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
• (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
• (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
• (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.

Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.

§nine. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Magazine- addition

Photo- addition

Of people- definition

nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geography- definition

Mum- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

2. Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

3. Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value
   • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Indeclinable
   • Differing

6. What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (immutable)
   • non-permanent (changing)