reflexive verbs called verbs that have a postfix – sya (–s): return, dream, get carried away, get started. The rest of the verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Transitive verbs are verbs that indicate an action that passes to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:

A noun in the genitive case without a preposition: cut sausages, drink compote.

A noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case with an unprepositional connection: read a book, see the sun, count sheep.

A noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: not to have the right .

The remaining verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe under the sun.

Perfective and imperfective verbs.

Perfect verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of the action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, jump, gallop. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did they do? - galloped) and the future is simple (what will they do? - they will jump). Perfect verbs Dont Have present tense forms.

Imperfect verbs indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question "what to do?": run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:

Past (what they were doing? - watching, listening);

The present (what do they do? - watching, listening);

The future is complex (what will they do? - will read, will watch).

The syntactic role of the verb.

The verb in the sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of the sentence:

Subject: Live- means to breathe;

Compound predicate: I going to do to the Faculty of Philology;
Definition: I have a strong desire log off into the air;
Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
Purpose condition: Grandma sat down take a break.

Define an application.

Appendix- this is a definition expressed by a noun, consistent with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant cliff. Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other signs, for example: An old grandmother looks out of the window. If next to the application - a common noun there is a definable word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: flying carpet, ascetic monk.

When a common noun is followed by a proper name, the hyphen is not put (boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows the proper name, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga, Moscow River, Ivan the Fool, Nightingale the Robber. The application, as a rule, is consistent in case with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be put in a case other than the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames. If the application before the main word can be replaced by a single-root adjective, then the hyphen is not put after the application. For example: “old watchman” (the application is an old man, the main word is a watchman, the old man can be replaced with “old” - an old watchman), and an old watchman (a hyphen is put because the application and the main word are common nouns). Examples of typical applications (highlighted in italics): Volodya, an excellent student, was the first to raise his hand. Ivan the shepherd drove the cows across the field.

Exception examples:

Names are proper names, usually enclosed in quotation marks. The nominative case is used here, regardless of the form of the word being defined.

Names of press organs, literary works. In the newspaper "Kommersant". In the novel "Young Guard".

Names of enterprises. At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. Capture of the Yukos enterprise.

Nicknames. Charge brought against Misha Two Percent. Vsevolod the Big Nest had eight sons.

Do not put a hyphen after the words that are generally accepted appeals: Citizen financial inspector! I'm sorry to trouble you.

Reflexive verbs are called -sya. They can be non-derivative, reflexiva tantum (to be afraid, to laugh), and formed from both intransitive and transitive verbs (trade - bargain, wash - wash).

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them can denote the same situation (Something blackens in the distance and Something blackens in the distance). But in most cases, reflexive and irrevocable verbs refer to different situations, for example, to trade means “to sell something”, and to bargain means “to try to buy cheaper”, to wash refers to a situation with two participants (Mother washes the girl), and to wash - a situation with one participant (the Girl washes her face); in the sentences Misha hit Kolya and Misha and Kolya hit a tree, we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are participants are not the same. In this regard, the components of meaning (except for the meaning of the passive voice), introduced into the word by the postfix -sya, are considered word-forming. -Xia is a multi-valued affix (A. A. Shakhmatov counted 12 meanings for him). The most common grammars are:

1) self-return meaning: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, comb your hair, powder, blush;

2) reciprocal meaning: hug, swear, quarrel, kiss, put up, correspond, meet;

3) mean return value: to admire, to be angry, to be angry, to have fun, to rejoice, to be horrified, to be frightened;

4) indirectly recurrent meaning: to fit, collect, pack, build, stock up;

5) active-objectless meaning: butt, spit, swear (pronounce obscene words), bite;

6) passive-qualitative meaning: bend, tear, heat up, cool down, expand, narrow, erase;

7) passive-reflexive meaning: to remember, to remember, to appear (= to seem).

A reflexive verb can be formed with the help of -sya in combination with other morphemes (to run, to get tired, to wink).

Reflexivity is associated with voice (when voice is defined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs are combined into the so-called reflexive-medial voice). Affix -sya is a sign of intransitivity. The combinations encountered in the colloquial language, such as I'm afraid of my mother, I obey my grandmother, are non-normative and not numerous.

In the verbs of the Russian language there are morphological non-permanent and some permanent features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive derivational postfixes -s and -sya. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.

Reflexivity of verbs

The reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category that will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms that differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).

What is recurrence in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed and got ready. The man talked with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).

The puppy played with the ball and ran to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is an irrevocable form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish between them.

A couple of useful words

Let us briefly recall once again that it is not particularly difficult to understand how to define an irrevocable verb. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean some action that is aimed at the subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Non-reflexive verbs do not include the postfix -s and -sya.

Shades of meaning

Reflexive verbs are able to express an action that will be directed to a specific subject (to something doing, speaking, looking, and so on).

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian seems to be possible to discuss endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:

Rejoice, be upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);

The dress is wrinkled, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);

Dress, eat, put on shoes, swim (the action of verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);

I want, I want, it gets dark (an impersonal action is shown here);

Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (reciprocal action performed by several people in their relation to each other);

Tidy up, line up, get hold of (an action of an indirectly recurrent nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).

Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs

Let's figure out what a reflexive and irrevocable verb means.

Verbs in reflexive form have suffixes:

Xia - maybe, both after consonants (taken, surrounded, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, etc.));

Si will stand after vowels (dropped, drawn, blurred, and so on).

In the process of forming reflexive verbs, not only suffixes are of great importance, but also prefixes (read - read, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. It is they who, under no circumstances, are used without the suffixes -s and -sya (laugh, fight, like).

Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all intransitive.

No suffixes

Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have suffixes -s and -sya. They can be both intransitive (create, breathe, play) and transitive (talk, draw).

An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from irrevocable ones, for example, cook - prepare.

Based on the foregoing, one must understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and irrevocable verb means and what kind of verb it belongs to, it is necessary to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -s (-sya) are present in the words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not, then non-reflexive verbs.

Situations noted in verbs

So, we already know that reflexive verbs with suffixes -s and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh), and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (wash - wash).

In some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them, we are talking about the same situation, for example: something blackens in the distance and something blackens in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what an irrevocable verb means and how it looks “in life” by paying attention to the fact that the verbs reflexive and irrevocable denote completely different moments.

As a good example, we can name the following: to wash - a situation in which there are two participants (mother washes her daughter) and to wash - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl washes); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases, two boys are mentioned, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).

Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by postfixes -s and -sya, are word-forming.

What can be found in grammars?

And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several values):

The mean-return value is to have fun, get angry, be scared, rejoice;

The meaning is active-objective - to bite, butt, swear (use;

The meaning is reciprocal - to quarrel, put up, meet, hug, kiss;

The meaning is actually recurrent - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;

The meaning is passive-recurrent - to be remembered, to be remembered;

The meaning is indirectly recurrent - to gather, stock up, stack, pack;

The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.

A reflexive verb can be formed by taking -sya to help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run).

It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-middle).

The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I'm afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in Russian, will be few and non-normative.

Without rules - nowhere

Let's go back to what an irrevocable verb is. The rule says that having no postfix -sya. And here in return this postfix is ​​present. It so happened for a long time that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + sya (that is, yourself) = bathe).

The variety of Russian verbs is divided into different groups.

Irreversible verbs from which the formation of reflexives comes - build + sya; meet + xia; write - do not write, sleep - do not sleep.

Irreversible verbs - to have dinner, to answer.

Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, balk.

From the information provided, we can conclude that the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:

Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical terms (forgive - say goodbye);

Form the reflexive form of verbs (to turn white).

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable has developed in the Russian language completely irrespective of their division into transitive and intransitive, collateral and non-collateral. It does not coincide with either one or the other one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sya represents the intransitiveness of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide the voice correlation.

In conclusion

Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize a productive conversation.

Verbs are words in which the meaning of a process is defined, that is, capable of expressing the signs indicated by them as some kind of action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (get old).

In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect form. By the way they express non-syntactic formal meanings, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories that are in some relationship to each other.

The dependence of the subdivision of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive lies in the extent to which the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.

Reflexive - verbs in which there is a grammatically expressed intransitive. In other words, they perfectly show that the process expressed by them can be turned to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example is the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, dress.

Irreversible verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitive process. That is why they can be transitive: dress (daughter), annoy (parents), meet (guests), and intransitive: clobber, knock.

Reflexive verbs

Postfix verbs sya (-s), which express the inverse action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, meet.

Suffix sya (s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It stands after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix sya (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself in accusative singular.

With a suffix sya (s) verbs are formed:

Attention! Is written -ss spelled Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; Shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Verbal state category

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and the object of the action. Yes, in the proposal The brigade executes the plan the subject of the action (or the carrier of the dynamic feature) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent directed at the object (plan), which is a direct object in the sentence.

The logical relations of the subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action directed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical arrangement, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In such a sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of a passive action. Verb performed, derived from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, lost its transitivity. In this case, the logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the creative subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone welcomes a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action aimed at an independent object, in the second case, the action is distributed among the subjects, being at the same time objects.

The meaning of the verbal state is closely related to the semantics of the verb and turns out to be in its syntactic connections with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the ways of verbal control, being closely associated with the category of transitivity / intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of active action, while intransitive ones never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive with a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and intransient ones do not correspond with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom) express a one-sided, subjective relationship. Compare, for example:

Subject-object relationship Subject relationship

The student completes the task. Everything around is asleep.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. Lena laughs.

Lena is getting dressed (Alyonushka is dressing herself).

Morphological and derivational means of expressing individual values ​​of the state is the postfix sya. With the help of this derivational affix, the meaning of the reverse and passive action is expressed.

Correlate transitive and intransitive verbs with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry, carry. Only when creating verbs with the meaning of the passive state, the semantic shades of comparable verbs are almost imperceptible, for example the plant builds workshops, workshops are built by the plant; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or real), passive and vice versa.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express dual, subject-object relations, these are verbs of a state zero in terms of the object.

Attention! In linguistics, since the time of M. V. Lomonosov, the traditional system of states of verbs has been defined. M. V. Lomonosov in "Russian Grammar" named six states: real (or transitional), reverse, mutual, middle, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the limits of the inverse state, its various meanings are considered: actually inverse, indirectly recurrent, mutually inverse, etc.

In the academic grammar of the Ukrainian language, only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings - active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - morphological and syntactic. In considering the verbal state, there is a different approach of scientists to this category: some take into account the semantic-grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity / intransitivity; some scholars rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, ignoring the subject relationship with the null object.

1. Active state. Verbs of the active (or actual) state express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the form of the accusative case without a preposition have this meaning.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythe sonorously kleple(M. Rylsky) The girls peered at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or a pronoun or other substantiated word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active state verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to a logical subject-object relation.

2. Passive state. The verbs of the passive state are opposed to the verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject with the verb of the passive state has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship of the passive subject and passive action. The object of action with the verb of the passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantiated word), which acts as a subject, for example: The song is performed by all participants of the concert.

Passive state verbs arise from active state verbs with a postfix -sya. The states of the verb that are relative in meaning act respectively in active or passive turns of speech, for example: The singer sings an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs of the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with a creative subject, the verb is more often put in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed in the form of a passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm all about you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass ... I affirm, I affirm, I live(P. Tychina) Enesm abandoned I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of a creative subject with the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reciprocal-middle state. For comparison: The film is viewed by the commission and The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. The verbs of the reciprocating-middle state express the action of the subject, do not turn into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(shoes himself) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of the reciprocal-middle state, characterize the relationship between the subject and the object of the action in different ways.

a) proper reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include the verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy was not slow to wash, clean up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which acts simultaneously as the object of the action. These include the verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, chat, consult. For example: It was then ... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. And now you see where they met, - Longshanks recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirectly reflexive verbs express an action carried out for the subject himself. With verbs with the meaning of an indirect-reverse state, there may be an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for the road. These verbs differ from the actual inverse ones in that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: Girl washing her face(girl washes herself) and girl going on the road(girl packs things for the road) Father took up his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

d) in-reflexive verbs express the action, is concentrated in the acting person itself, or express the internal state of the subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship of the performer of the action to the object to admire, to worry, to be surprised, to be angry, to be angry, to calm down, to lament, to shake, to suffer and under. For example: There three willows bow down, how they lament(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. This includes verbs with the meaning of dynamic signs of beings: bite, fight, scratch, whip (the dog bites, the cow fights, the cat scratches, the horse whips) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle pricks) ",

e) passive-qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, the influential actions of another object fall under. These include verbs like tear, bend, beat, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, become liquid) melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks,

f) reflexively passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs control the dative form (dative subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object with verbs of the reflexively passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case and acts as the subject in the sentence. For example: And I remember Ulyanzi grandfather's fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the form of the nominative case, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Verbs of the reflexive-passive state arise from transitive verbs with the help of a postfix -sya, in which the meaning of the reverse pronoun has been preserved to a certain extent, especially in the group of proper reflexive verbs.

All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the expression of the object -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix sya (does not sleep, does not sit, but does not lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relation (the relation of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and a blue-eyed, golden-eyed September came out of the loose fog.(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed by an impersonal verb with postfixes Xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of it (I couldn’t sleep; the girl can’t sit in the house; he didn’t lie down).

• Shakhmatov A. Ya. The syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - S. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Ed. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.

reflexive verb

A verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept of “reflexive verb” and the concept of “reflexive form of the verb” correlating with it is presented in different ways in theoretical studies and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanova, school textbooks), all verbs with an affix (particle, suffix) -sya are called reflexive verbs, regardless of their origin and pledge meaning: this includes formations from transitive verbs (to wash, upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, roam, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-forming affix) and verbs that without -sya are not are used (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (the academic “Grammar of the Russian language”) reflexive verbs are reflexive voice verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the -sya affix, which do not express a voice value, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; the latter include formations from intransitive verbs (to threaten, ring, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In the third works (university textbook "Modern Russian language", part II), independent lexical formations are considered reflexive verbs, in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (messing about, distributing, leaning against, calling to each other, cleaning up, getting hurt, crying, knocking, etc.). be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and the reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya performs a formative function: these are forms of the passive voice that retain lexico-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by the worker, the streets planted by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is associated with a different understanding of the category of voice ( cm. pledge of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a "reflexive verb" is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (in 1 value) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewable, sometimes reappearing. B. typhoid (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of seizures). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. The reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action emanating from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne "I bathe") ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return what to where or to whom, turn, return, give back, back; let go home, put or put in its original place. To return your health, your money, to get back what was lost, to return to yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses the direction of the action on the person who produces it. Group ... ... Wikipedia