The term itself ethnopsychology is not generally accepted in world science, many scientists prefer to call themselves researchers in the field of “psychology of peoples”, “psychological anthropology”, “comparative cultural psychology”, etc.

The presence of several terms for designating ethnopsychology is due precisely to the fact that it is an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge. Its "close and distant relatives" include many scientific disciplines: sociology, linguistics, biology, ecology, etc. As for the “parental disciplines” of ethnopsychology, on the one hand, this is a science that in different countries is called ethnology, social or cultural anthropology, and on the other, psychology.

A bit of history.

The first grains of ethnopsychological knowledge contain the works of ancient authors - philosophers and historians: Herodotus, Hippocrates, Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo. Thus, the ancient Greek physician and founder of medical geography, Hippocrates, noted the influence of the environment on the formation of the psychological characteristics of people and put forward a general position according to which all differences between peoples, including their behavior and customs, are associated with nature and climate.

The first attempts to make peoples the subject of psychological observations were made in the 18th century. Thus, the French Enlightenment introduced the concept of "the spirit of the people" and tried to solve the problem of its dependence on geographical factors. The idea of ​​the national spirit also penetrated the German philosophy of history in the 18th century. One of its most prominent representatives, I.G. Herder, considered the spirit of the people not as something incorporeal, he practically did not share the concepts of "soul of the people" and "people's character" and argued that the soul of the people can be known through their feelings, speeches, deeds, those. it is necessary to study his whole life. But in the first place he put oral folk art, believing that it is the world of fantasy that reflects the folk character.

The English philosopher D. Hume and the great German thinkers I. Kant and G. Hegel also contributed to the development of knowledge about the nature of peoples. All of them not only spoke about the factors influencing the spirit of peoples, but also offered "psychological portraits" of some of them.

The development of ethnography, psychology and linguistics led in the middle of the 19th century. to the emergence of ethnopsychology as an independent science. Creation of a new discipline - psychology of peoples- was proclaimed in 1859 by German scientists M.Lazarus and H.Steinthal. They explained the need for the development of this science, which is part of psychology, by the need to investigate the laws of mental life not only of individuals, but also of entire nations. (ethnic communities in the modern sense), in which people act "as a kind of unity." All individuals of one people have "similar feelings, inclinations, desires", they all have the same folk spirit, which German thinkers understood as the mental similarity of individuals belonging to a certain people, and at the same time as their self-consciousness.

The ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal immediately found a response in the scientific circles of the multinational Russian Empire, and in the 1870s an attempt was made in Russia to "embed" ethnopsychology into psychology. These ideas arose from the jurist, historian and philosopher K.D. Kavelin, who suggested the possibility of an “objective” method of studying folk psychology based on the products of spiritual activity - cultural monuments, customs, folklore, beliefs.

Turn of the 19th–20th centuries marked by the appearance of a holistic ethnopsychological concept of the German psychologist W. Wundt, who devoted twenty years of his life to writing a ten-volume Psychology of peoples. Wundt pursued the fundamental idea for social psychology that the joint life of individuals and their interaction with each other give rise to new phenomena with peculiar laws, which, although they do not contradict the laws of individual consciousness, are not contained in them. And as these new phenomena, in other words, as the content of the soul of the people, he considered the general ideas, feelings and aspirations of many individuals. According to Wundt, the general ideas of many individuals are manifested in language, myths and customs, which should be studied by the psychology of peoples.

Another attempt to create ethnic psychology, and under this name, was made by the Russian thinker G.G. Shpet. Arguing with Wundt, according to whom the products of spiritual culture are psychological products, Shpet argued that in itself there is nothing psychological in the cultural-historical content of folk life. Psychologically different is the attitude to the products of culture, to the meaning of cultural phenomena. Shpet believed that language, myths, mores, religion, science evoke certain experiences in the bearers of culture, “responses” to what is happening before their eyes, minds and hearts. According to Shpet's concept, ethnic psychology should reveal typical collective experiences, in other words, answer the questions: What do people like? What is he afraid of? What does he worship?

The ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal, Kavelin, Wundt, Shpet remained at the level of explanatory schemes that were not implemented in specific psychological studies. But the ideas of the first ethnopsychologists about the connections of culture with the inner world of a person were picked up by another science - cultural anthropology.

Three branches of ethnopsychology.

As a result of the disunity of researchers by the end of the 19th century. formed two ethnopsychologies: ethnological, which today is most often called psychological anthropology, and psychological, for which the term is used cross-cultural(or comparative cultural)psychology. While solving the same problems, ethnologists and psychologists approach them with different conceptual schemes.

The differences in the two research approaches can be grasped using the old philosophical opposition of understanding and explanation or modern concepts. emic and etic.These terms, which are not translated into Russian, were formed by the American linguist K. Pike by analogy with the background ethics, studying the sounds available in all languages, and the background emic studying sounds specific to one language. In the future, in all the humanities, including ethnopsychology emic came to be called a culture-specific approach that seeks to understand phenomena, and etic- a universalistic approach that explains the phenomena under study.

Main features emic approaches in ethnopsychology are: the study of the psychological characteristics of the bearers of one culture with the desire to understand them; use of culture-specific units of analysis and terms; the gradual disclosure of the phenomenon under study, and, consequently, the impossibility of hypotheses; the need to restructure the way of thinking and everyday habits, since the study of any processes and phenomena, whether it be a personality or ways of socializing children, is carried out from the point of view of the participant (from within the group); installation on the possibility of a collision with a new form of human behavior for the researcher.

The subject of psychological anthropology, based on emic approach is the study of how an individual acts, thinks, feels in a given cultural environment. This does not mean at all that cultures are not compared with each other, but comparisons are made only after their thorough study, carried out, as a rule, in the field.

At present, the main achievements of ethnopsychology are associated with this approach. But it also has serious limitations, since there is a danger that the researcher's own culture will become a standard for him to compare. The question always remains: can he so deeply immerse himself in a foreign, often very different from his own, culture in order to understand the peculiarities of the psyche of its bearers and give them an unmistakable or at least adequate description?

Main features etic- an approach that is characteristic of cross-cultural psychology can be considered: the study of the psychological life of individuals of two or more ethnic groups with the desire to explain intercultural differences and intercultural similarities; using units of analysis that are considered free from cultural influences; occupation by the researcher of the position of an external observer with the desire to distance himself from the studied ethnic groups; preliminary construction by the psychologist of the structure of the study and categories for its description, hypotheses.

The subject of cross-cultural psychology, based on etic-approach - the study of the similarities and differences of psychological variables in different cultures and ethnic communities. Cross-cultural research is carried out within the framework of various branches of psychology: general psychology studies the characteristics of perception, memory, and thinking; industrial psychology - problems of labor organization and management; developmental psychology - methods of raising children from different nations. A special place is occupied by social psychology, since not only the patterns of people's behavior due to their inclusion in ethnic communities are compared, but also the psychological characteristics of these communities themselves.

The most obvious task facing cross-cultural psychology is to test the universality of existing psychological theories. This task has been given the name "transfer and test" as researchers seek to transfer their hypotheses to new ethnic groups in order to test whether they hold up in many (preferably all) cultural contexts. It is assumed that only by solving this problem, one can arrive at the ultimate goal - to try to collect and integrate the results and generalize them in a truly universal psychology.

It is impossible to list all the points that affect the reliability of the results of cross-cultural studies. It is especially dangerous if ethnocentric tendencies appear in the works of ethnopsychologists, when the standards of one's culture are used as universal ones. As the Canadian psychologist J. Berry notes, quite often ethnocentrism in comparative cultural studies can be detected when choosing a research subject without taking into account the characteristics of one of the studied cultures. For example, in the West, as a rule, the content of communication is studied, while for Eastern cultures, the context in which it takes place is no less important.

The American ethnopsychologist G. Triandis believes that in most cross-cultural studies we are dealing with pseudo- etic approach, since their authors cannot get rid of the stereotypes of thinking of their culture. As a rule, the specificity of Western culture is “imposed” on the phenomena of other cultural systems. To achieve the reliability of cross-cultural studies, it is necessary to first identify universal ( etic)phenomena and processes, then analyze them using culture-specific ( emic) methods and finally compare using etic an approach. Such a combined study requires the joint efforts of psychologists and ethnologists, and, consequently, the creation of an interdisciplinary ethnopsychology. But although there has been a convergence of psychological anthropology and cross-cultural psychology, ethnopsychology is not yet a single whole.

Striving for the development of a unified ethnopsychology, one should not forget about its third branch - psychology of interethnic relations, located at the intersection of social psychology and sociology . Today, in the social context of growing inter-ethnic tension and ongoing inter-ethnic conflicts both in the world as a whole and in Russia, it is this branch of ethnopsychology that requires the closest attention. Not only ethnopsychologists, but also teachers, social workers, and representatives of other professions should contribute to the optimization of interethnic relations, at least at the household level. But the help of a psychologist or teacher will be effective if he not only understands the mechanisms of intergroup relations, but also relies on knowledge of the psychological differences between representatives of different ethnic groups and their relationship with cultural, social, economic, and environmental variables at the societal level. Only by identifying the psychological characteristics of interacting ethnic groups that may interfere with the establishment of relations between them, a practitioner can fulfill his ultimate task - to offer psychological ways to resolve them.

Tatiana Stefanenko

The work was added to the site site: 2016-03-13

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;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Methodological Development

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">for the course "Methods of Teaching Psychology"

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">on the topic:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">"Ethnic Psychology"

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Run:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">4th year student, BEFORE,

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">of the Faculty of Psychology,

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Savchenko N.A.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Checked by: Belousova A.K.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Rostov-on-Don 2007

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">
Content

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Summary of lecture

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Ethnopsychological Methods

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;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";text-decoration:underline;color:#0000ff" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">
Methodological development for the course: "ethnic psychology"

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Course name;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">: ethnic psychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Lecture Plan;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">1. Conceptual apparatus of ethnopsychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">2. Problems of Ethnopsychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> Tasks of ethnopsychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> Ethnic Psychology Functions

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> Relationship of ethnopsychology with other sciences

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> Methods of Ethnopsychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">Lecture Goals;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The learning goal is to give students knowledge of the subject being studied.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The developmental goal is to increase the level of professional culture of students.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Lecture Objectives;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Introduce students to the branch of psychology - ethnic psychology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Show the differences between this branch of psychology and its other branches and some other disciplines.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Introduce students to the problems, tasks and methods of ethnopsychology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">General Literature;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">1. Krysko V.G. Ethnic psychology: Study guide. - M.: Publishing center " Academy", 2002;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> 2. Kuraev G.A., Pozharskaya E.N. Ethnic psychology: Lecture course: Textbook Rostov-on-Don: Publishing house of LLC "TsVVR", 2000;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> 3. Lurie S.V. Historical ethnology: Textbook for universities - M.: Aspect Press , 1997;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">Reading;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">4. Fundamentals of Ethnopsychology. Study Guide. Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House of the SKNTS VSh , 2003;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US"> 5. Shpet GG Introduction to Ethnic Psychology. St. Petersburg, 1996;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">. Ethnic psychology. - St. Petersburg: "Rech", 2001;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">7. Ethnic psychology. ", 2003.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Main method;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">a lecture in the form of a monologue with discussion elements.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Summary of lecture

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Introduction to Ethnopsychology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Recently, we are increasingly confronted with these words. We hear them both at the household level and from mouths of scientists, politicians, state leaders.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Interethnic relations have become an important element of social and political reality. Ethnic conflicts, ethnic violence, unfortunately, accompany the latest history of Russia. Society today is paying for the lack of sufficient interest in the past in the specifics of interethnic relations. It is dangerous to ignore these problems, since they threaten the very integrity of Russia, and it is impossible to find ways to solve them without understanding the conscious and unconscious aspirations of people united in an ethnic community.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Modern ethnopsychology does not represent a unified whole both in terms of topics of problems and methods of study.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The trend of absolutism involves a comparative analysis of psychological phenomena as equally inherent in communities, regardless of the level of development. As a result, a conclusion is drawn that representatives of one ethnic group are more intelligent than another, therefore there are differences between them, and, consequently, the superiority of some peoples over others.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Finally, the universalist trend, which suggests that basic psychological phenomena are common to all, but their manifestation depends on their level of development and the history of the people.Ethnic groups themselves are equal and only outwardly differ from each other.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Language, origin, customs, material culture are the defining features of the ethnic group, so the thesis is relevant: "We - such and such, and all others are different.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Research in the field of ethnic psychology requires a careful and careful approach, because unfounded conclusions about the psychological characteristics of certain peoples may offend their national feelings.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Subject, conceptual apparatus, problems and tasks of ethnopsychology

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Ethnic psychology -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the science of the mental originality of people belonging to various ethnic associations (tribal organizations, nationalities, nations). Ethnic psychology arose at the intersection of two humanitarian disciplines: social psychology and ethnography, forming a new branch of knowledge in which the subject of research, problems and goals have already been determined, but its own methodology and terminology have not yet been sufficiently developed. that it is a "psychologized ethnography".

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnography, originally designed to describe and analyze the mores, customs, life of various ethnic groups, their relationships in the family, value orientation, etc., cannot ignore the actual psychological characteristics of peoples, but it is more interested not so much in psychological as in ethnocultural specificity, the historical experience of a particular nation or people.Ethnographic approaches to understanding the essence of ethnopsychological phenomena are based not on psychological, but on sociological patterns.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Subject of Ethnopsychology;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">. The problems of national psychology are among the most complex in the structure of psychological science. only psychologists, but also ethnographers, physiologists, historians, philosophers, politicians, military men and representatives of other sciences, in particular such a relatively young science as valueology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National psychology cannot be reduced only to the sphere of social psychology, to the sphere of culture, to an ethnographic description. National psychology has its material base, its specific carriers, and reflects what the representatives of an entire nation, an ethnic community have in common in their worldview, stable forms of behavior, psychological features, reactions, speech and language, attitudes towards other people and nature.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The very fact of the existence of differences in the psychology of various ethnic communities has received fairly wide recognition. Representatives of ethnopsychological science recognize the existence of specific psychological traits and a special combination of these traits (mental make-up) in representatives of a particular ethnic community. Differences may be clearly expressed, may have less defined contours, but they exist. Of course, the reality of psychology is less tangible than, say, the reality of language.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Each tribe, nationality, nation in a certain historical era has a number of mental characteristics inherent in this ethnic community and not dissimilar geographic, economic and historical conditions have given rise to significant differences in the psychology of such similar in origin, language and stage of social development of human populations as, for example, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and Canadians.As a result, markedly different cultures with their own traditions, family life, relations between the sexes, between ages, religious dogmas are perceived differently, etc. This whole system of ideas, culture, behavior and specific actions characteristic of a particular people is the subject of ethnopsychology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Psychological features of an ethnos act as a protective mechanism, a mechanism of alienation (eilenization) of everything coming from outside. net,;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">censorship designed to single out something extraneous in order to accept it and process it in accordance with the norms prevailing among the people, or reject.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Thus, the formation of ethnopsychology is influenced by: the genetic makeup of the formed population, climatic and geographical conditions, the influence of indigenous and alien population, the level of general culture, economic development, relations with other peoples, countries.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Methodological basis;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> ethnopsychology as a science are the principles of psychology: determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, personal approach.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Determinism Principle;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">is associated with identifying the reasons for the existence of ethnopsychological phenomena. In order to correctly comprehend a specific ethnopsychological phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the national - specific causes and conditions that gave rise to it.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Modern ethnopsychological science sees the causes of ethnopsychological phenomena in social, climate-geographic, hereditary and other factors that had place in the process of formation of one or another national community.Ethnopsychological characteristics of the people may be the result of the socio-historical originality of the development of one nation in contrast to others, the result of a combination of economic, political, social and cultural factors.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Psychological;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">principle of unity of consciousness and activity;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">reflects the dependence of ethnopsychological phenomena on the characteristics of those types of activities in which a member of the national community is involved. On the one hand, the general laws of a particular activity determine the similarity in the psychology of the subjects of its implementation, on the other hand, national self-consciousness, unique in every nation, introduces the same originality into the forms and results of the activity itself.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">The principle of personal approach;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">when studying any ethnopsychological phenomena, it is required to take into account that their bearer is always, firstly, a specific person and , secondly, a representative of a specific ethnic community, with their characteristic feelings, thoughts, value orientations, etc. Therefore, one must constantly remember: in the psychology of each person there is both personally and nationally special.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Conceptual apparatus of ethnopsychology;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">. Before you start studying any science, you need to understand its definitions, i.e. its meaning basic concepts Ethnopsychology has its own conceptual apparatus, which is a set of concepts about the phenomena and processes that it studies.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnic community, ethnos -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">historically stable grouping;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">people - tribe, nationality, nation. economic unity and the language of the people inhabiting it, as well as the commonality and specificity of culture and way of life and the fact of conscious self-identification as an independent social group.The unity of the features of the mental warehouse is considered as an important indicator characterizing the ethnic community.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnic group -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">a community of people related in language and close in culture. Ethnic groups were, for example, the ancient Slavs, who later split up into several ethnic associations - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians.Typical ethnic groups are the Celtic peoples who have lost their linguistic unity, but retained their cultural and ethnographic originality, the Eskimos of the Russian Federation, Canada, the USA and Greenland, the Arabs of Asia and Africa.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnogenesis -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the process of forming an ethnic community based on ethnic factors.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">A number of researchers in the field of ethnopsychology propose to consider this science as a specific section of general psychology. On this basis, it is considered legitimate to use definitions mental phenomena and processes that exist in general psychology,;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">to characterize the psyche of representatives of different ethnic groups.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">A generally recognized category of ethnopsychology is the concept;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">of the psychological makeup of the nation.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">However, being borrowed from the social sciences, it is still not filled with real content. A number of attempts have been made to find such equivalents to this concept that would be more accessible for use in empirical research. As a synonym for the "psychological make-up of the nation" the concepts of "national character", "national self-consciousness" are used.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National psychology includes structure-forming and dynamic components.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Structure-forming component -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">these are the specific qualities of the national character, national identity, national feelings and moods, national interests, orientation, traditions, habits.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Dynamic Component;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">of national psychology includes the national-psychological features of the ethnic group, which include communicative, motivational-background, intellectual , cognitive, emotional, volitional characteristics of representatives of ethnic groups.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National character;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">formed under the influence of historical and socio-economic conditions;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">psychological traits of representatives of a particular nation that determine their habitual manner of behavior and typical behavior and manifest themselves in their attitude to the social environment, to the environment, to work.The national character is a set of more or less stable socio-psychological traits and properties inherent in most;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">representatives of the nation.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Attitude towards the social environment is manifested in such national character traits as conservatism, religiosity, optimism,;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">pessimism, etc. The attitude to work in the national character is expressed in the form of such traits as efficiency, practicality, accuracy, punctuality, commitment, enterprise, passivity, disorganization, etc. Representatives of different nations have slightly different manifestations of these qualities.For example, there is a difference between the industriousness of Americans, Japanese, Germans and representatives of other nations. dexterity, diligence, perseverance German diligence is accuracy, thoroughness, punctuality, accuracy, discipline American diligence is scope, energetic assertiveness, inexhaustible business passion, risk appetite, initiative, rationalism.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The concepts of national character and;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">national temperament;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> are not recognized as identical. The national temperament contains emotional and volitional aspects of the reaction of a particular people. To the formation of a national temperament is influenced by the genetic factor, the types of higher nervous activity prevailing in a given country.National temperament serves as a prerequisite for the formation of certain traits of a national character.National temperaments of peoples living in countries with a hot climate can be very similar, while their national characters can differ quite significantly, because each country has an idea] features of its historical development, its traditions, customs, rituals, its culture.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National Feelings and Moods;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">reflect the emotional aspects of people's attitude towards their ethnic community, its interests, other peoples. National feelings can have both positive and negative connotations.The positive connotation is expressed in such forms as a sense of national pride, patriotism, love for one's people.The negative connotation is manifested in nationalism and chauvinism, national and racial prejudices, in a state of alienation in relation to other peoples, etc. .d.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National interests and orientations -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">that the motivational priorities of the ethnic community, they serve to preserve its unity and integrity. An attempt to infringe on national interests is always considered by peoples as an attack on their foundations of life, as a threat to the security of the existence of the state. Therefore, ethnic communities usually do not compromise their national interests, protecting them not only politically, but also by armed means. Having ensured the realization of their national interests, an ethnic community can deliberately infringe on the interests of other peoples The clash of national interests of various national communities often leads to bloody armed conflicts and wars.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National traditions -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">rules of behavior, actions, communication of people, historically established, rooted;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">in;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">of everyday life and transmitted to new members of the ethnic community Practice shows that insufficient knowledge of national traditions and customs often caused serious complications in communication with representatives of other ethnic communities.People, as a rule, are very sensitive to their traditions, customs, tastes, so it is advisable not to violate them.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Individual peoples adhere to national traditions to varying degrees. Thus, the British blindly bow to their traditions. Traditions in England they are turned into a fetish, a cult, they are enjoyed.The British strive to preserve their habits, tastes, customs, assortment of dishes, their manner of behavior in any conditions.The attitude of the Russian people to their traditions is less scrupulous.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The dynamic component of national psychology has its own structure and content. National psychological characteristics can be structurally represented as follows:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">motivational-background -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">efficiency, efficiency, prudence, degree of diligence, etc. All these qualities are universal. Does not exist efficiency without diligence, one nation cannot be endowed with efficiency, and diligence - another.Therefore, we can not talk about some sets of these traits, but about the degree of expression of this or that trait, about the specifics of their combination and manifestation;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">intelligent -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the breadth and depth of abstraction, the speed of mental operations, the nature of the organization of mental activity, the degree of adherence to logic, etc. Different peoples are characterized by peculiar intellectual characteristics.For example, the British and Chinese are distinguished by criticism, a penchant for specific forms of thinking, while the Germans are distinguished by the power of abstraction, adherence to formal logic.F. Engels noted among the French "mathematical inclination of the mind" and the British have a weak "speed of mental operations" and "dislike for abstract theories";

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR";color:#ffffff" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">ethnic psychology interethnic intraethnic

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">informative -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">depth and integrity of perception, brightness and vividness of imagination, concentration and stability of attention, features of memory, etc. F. Engels spoke about the specific characteristics of cognitive processes among representatives of the English nation: a good eye and a weak imagination.He also pointed out that the French are characterized by a wealth of imagination, persistent inquisitiveness and courage in cognizing the world around them;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">emotional -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the dynamics of the flow of feelings, especially the expression of emotions. F. Engels noticed the phlegm and restraint of the British and Germans, great excitability , the frivolity and vehemence of the French and Irish;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">volitional -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">volitional activity, stability of volitional processes, duration of volitional efforts. For example, in the national character of the Japanese and Chinese there are such qualities such as perseverance, perseverance Finns are able to achieve their goals, despite objective opposition;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">communicative -;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the nature of interaction, communication and relationships between people, the strength of cohesion in groups (cohesion and alienation). For example, the talkativeness of the French and Italians contrasts sharply with the silence of the British, Scandinavians, and Japanese.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National self-awareness gives stability to the functioning of all the noted national-psychological features.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">National Identity;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">is people's awareness of their belonging to a certain ethnic community, understanding of national interests, the relationship of their nation with;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">by other nations.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">on this basis of one national community from another.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology studies;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">all problems related to the life of an ethnos. The main problems of modern ethnopsychology:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what is the modern picture of the world;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what are the mechanisms for changing it;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">as a bearer of a particular culture adapts to the changes taking place in the world;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">how the society in which he lives adapts to these changes;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">how a person perceives the world around him;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what are the meanings of the objects of the world in his view;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">how these values ​​change in his mind;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">how intercultural interaction affects the mixing of these values;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what are the limits of flexibility and mobility of ethnic tradition;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what remains unchanged in the minds of the members of the ethnos in any circumstances, what is discarded, what is modified and how;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">what is the relationship and interdependence of intracultural paradigms, what are their possible trajectories of movement, limits of fluctuation;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">is there any immovable sections in the ethnic culture that hold the whole structure, protecting it from disintegration during periods of turbulent social processes, etc.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">All these problematic issues have come to the attention of ethnology in recent decades, and their flow is growing. Definitions, data the science of ethnology, do not have time to take into account more and more new issues that fall into the field of view of ethnologists.The definition of ethnology as a science that studies all the problems associated with the life of an ethnic group is too vague and not exhaustive.It also becomes a question from what angle it studies them.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology is considered to study:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">material culture of peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">rituals, customs, beliefs of different nations;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">kinship systems of various peoples, systems of kindred clans;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">social and political structure of nations (family relations, power relations, etc.);

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">behavioral systems inherent in different nations;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">parenting systems that different nations adhere to;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">interrelationships and interdependencies of various components of the culture of one nation;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">comparison of a complex of cultural traits of different peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">dynamics of cultural traits of this or that people (cultural changes);

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">psychological characteristics of different peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">life support systems of different nations, their adaptation to the environment;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">comparison of value systems of ethnic groups;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">comparison of worldviews of different nations;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">comparison of meaning systems and perception models of different peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">peculiarities of intercultural contacts;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">ethnogenesis;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">reasons for the rise and fall of ethnic groups;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">settlement of peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">demographic processes occurring in ethnic groups;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">economic behavior of members of this or that ethnic group;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">ethnolinguistics;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">ethnosemiotics;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">formation and development of traditions;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">problems of ethnicity and ethnic groups.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The list of subjects studied by ethnopsychology can be continued and expanded. make sure that the problem field of ethnopsychology is very wide.The first thing that catches your eye is that many of the listed subject areas are also studied by other sciences, their subject fields seem to intersect.This is especially true for the following disciplines: ethnography, political science, cultural studies, sociology, anthropology, etc.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Functions of ethnic psychology.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnic psychology is revealed in three interconnected functions: reflective, regulatory and educational (Reznikov, 1997).

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Feature;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">reflective function is;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> that it includes informational aspect. the conditions in which the formation and development of an ethnic community took place, historical events and other factors.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Regulatory function;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> is to regulate various forms of communication and behavior of representatives of an ethnic group. From the content side, it represents those norms of behavior and way of life that the ethnic community has developed during its existence. As a result, the components of ethnic psychology are, as it were, algorithms that prescribe the representative of the ethnic community under consideration to behave in accordance with the "national canons". The role behavior of representatives of the ethnic group in various life situations is especially clearly spelled out. the need to study national norms and rules of communication in order to predict the behavior of members of ethnic groups.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Educational function;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> - instilling in the population the features inherent in its national character, national habits, etc. Mastering the rules and norms ethnic behavior, the formation of national character traits, etc. occurs in the process of ethnic socialization After their implementation, evaluation (in case of deviation from ethnic norms), the ethnic community, applying positive and negative sanctions, exercises social control.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">
Relationship of ethnopsychology with other sciences

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology and Anthropology.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">There is practically no established line between the terms "ethnopsychology" and "anthropology" in modern science. They are used as interchangeable, and when it comes to the humanitarian branches of anthropology - cultural, social, psychological, structural, symbolic, etc., and when the question swings physical anthropology.But the term "ethnology" is often used in connection with a comparison of the physiological characteristics of certain The same scientists working in different areas of anthropology are sometimes called anthropologists, sometimes ethnologists.Whatever definitions were given in the dictionaries of ethnology and anthropology, no matter how the boundaries between different authors are drawn, the established practice today ignores all these differences. So, on the one hand, in various studies on the problems of the development of anthropology, any of the representatives of one or another anthropological school, at the behest of their authors, can called an ethnologist. On the other hand, in studies on the history and theoretical problems of ethnology, the history of anthropology is considered as its own topic.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Still, the synonymy of the terms "ethnology" and "anthropology" can be disputed in at least one sense. Ethnology is broader than anthropology in terms of its subject field.The problems of ethnogenesis, ethnicity and ethnic groups, the settlement of peoples, demographic processes have never come into the field of view of anthropology, and researchers who study these problems are usually not called anthropologists. , then anthropology can be considered as part of ethnology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology and sociology. Ethnopsychology and cultural studies;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">. Ethnos is a social and cultural community, and therefore ethnologists use sociological and cultural concepts in their work. their ethnic processes can be represented in sociological and culturological concepts.Thus, ethnic processes are often described using the concept of "tradition", in this case it is important for the researcher to see its manifestations and modifications.A feature of ethnology is that it takes into account, in addition to general sociological, general cultural, general economic regularities, and special regularities in the functioning of an ethnos.Ethnology accepts the thesis of the variability and flexibility of cultural tradition, but it is interested in the question of what specific processes occur in an ethnos during the period of modification of cultural tradition.It introduces its own specific block into the general theory of tradition and cultural changes new knowledge, which complements the deepening of traditional studies.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Ethnology, like sociology, uses a value approach, but sociology seeks to demonstrate modern cultural, political, etc. dominants of society and trends in their development, while ethnology is more interested in what role values ​​play in shaping the ethnic picture of the world, how they change from the point of view of psychology, whether the ratio of value dominants inherent in different Thus, ethnology becomes a part of traditionology, a part of value research, and traditionology becomes an integral part of ethnology.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology and political science.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Attempts to describe the characters of various peoples in literature go back to Theophrastus and continue to this day. This kind of description of the life of peoples is not for a long time they remained simply entertaining reading. They were systematized and already in the Roman Empire became the basis of the "art of governing peoples", served as a guide for the authorities on the eternally topical national question, as well as on foreign, border policy. The tradition of such purposeful study for political reasons was brought to perfection in Byzantium, in particular, in the work of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus "On the Administration of the Empire" (IX century).After all, the foreign policy of Byzantium was built, first of all, as a border policy, and therefore assumed the manipulation of tribes and nationalities, for which it was considered necessary to know their psychological features and "patterns of behavior", as a modern ethnologist would say. "The Byzantines carefully collected and recorded information about the barbarian tribes. They wanted to have accurate information about the morals of the "barbarians", about their military forces, about trade relations, about relations between them, about civil strife, about influential people and the possibility of bribing them. On the basis of this carefully collected information, Byzantine diplomacy was built. "Of course, not only Byzantium did this, and we can safely say that ethnology was used in this capacity throughout subsequent history. The scientific school of studying the "national character" in the middle of the 20 purposes.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnopsychology and Pedagogy;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> Ethnopsychology should develop in cooperation with pedagogical science;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Educational work, especially among representatives of various nations and peoples, has its own specifics that must be taken, but attention Ethnopsychology helps pedagogical science to explore:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the originality of goals, objectives, methods, techniques and methods of education and training, traditional for specific peoples;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the influence of national psychology on the education and upbringing of representatives of certain ethnic communities;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">national specifics of the perception of educational influences and adaptation to them among representatives of different nationalities;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">emotionally expressive features of representatives of specific ethnic communities in the process of perceiving educational influences;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the peculiarity of the manifestation of conflict relations in the course of educational influence among different nations and nationalities;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">the effectiveness of educational work depending on the applied methods of psychological impact on people of a particular nationality.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Ethnopsychological Methods

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Differences in the subject of study divide all ethnopsychological studies into two large groups - interethnic and intraethnic. surveys are representatives of two or more ethnic groups, the results obtained in the course of the psychological study of ethnic groups are compared with each other.In the case of intra-ethnic studies, representatives of only one ethnic group are studied (for example, they study the ethnic;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">groups, behavioral reactions towards representatives of other nations). also differ significantly.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Interethnic Research Methods

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Interethnic (or cross-cultural) research is aimed at comparative study of the psychological identity of national communities;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The goals of such research can be different - the study of cognitive processes, personal characteristics, socio-psychological characteristics, etc. representatives of different nations.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Interethnic research has a traditional structure. a comparative study of subjects of two or more ethnic groups is carried out.The results of both groups are compared and analyzed.The technique is selected from the arsenal of methods created in other branches of psychology, and is applied unchanged in the course of ethnopsychological research.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The first cross-cultural study was carried out by Rivers in 1901-1905 during anthropological expeditions to New Guinea and Austratia "Reeves studied the characteristics of the perception of aborigines and subsequently compared the data obtained with data on the psychology of perception of Europeans. Thus, it was experimentally proved that aborigines are less prone to visual illusions than Europeans. Rivers' work laid the foundation for many similar empirical studies on the study of the psychological characteristics of national communities .

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The introduction of psychometric methods into the practice of ethnopsychological research at the beginning of the 20th century began with the use of "intelligence tests" to determine for more than half a century, one of the tasks of diagnosing intelligence has been the measurement of quantitative differences in the intellectual level of not only individuals, but also entire races. the error - the reduction of intellectual differences to the coefficient of mental level - arose from the concept of intelligence as a general innate ability, measured with the help of tests.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">"Intelligence tests".;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Tests traditionally called "intelligence tests" have their origins in the early Binet-Simon scales. Among many interpretations of the Binet-Simon scales, the American version, which was developed at Stanford University in 1916, became most popular in the practice of ethnopsychological research. there are about 30 of them) - to distinguish between several types of products, imitate simple gestures, name parts of the body that are evaluated by a certain score, the sum of the points will give the already mentioned IQ.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Projective methods.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The Rorschach test has found quite wide application in ethnopsychology. white "blots", and the rest - polychrome, with unequal tones intensity. The test is designed to determine the degree of imagination (originally it was developed for clinical research in psychiatric hospitals). The essence of the test is that the subject must say what he sees in "blots": certain people or animals, or inanimate objects, as well as determine what emotional state causes him to look at the "blot".

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The practice of applying the Rorschach method in ethnopsychology causes conflicting assessments. Many believe that the results depend on the cultural environment of the subject, that they need to be interpreted differently for different cultures, but then the test loses its meaning as a "standardized tool" and becomes unsuitable for cross-national comparative studies.It is also indicated that it is necessary to make corrections for colors in maps, since some peoples have some of them special traditional meaning.So, among the Samoans, white is a sign of innocence and purity, and they give it preference, which negatively affects the technique of conducting and interpreting the test.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">To study the social orientations, values, as well as the characteristics of the personal sphere of the subjects belonging to different ethnic associations, often uses the test proposed by X Murray - TAT, thematic apperception test;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The essence of the test is that the test subject must complete a short story with a given beginning. However, the general for everyone, the difficulty is how to interpret the results, what does this or that ending mean, what national features does it indicate, how to distinguish between the ethnic and the social?

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Somewhat simpler, although very similar in results, is the sentence completion test. Like a number of other tests, it belongs However, this technique makes it possible to compile tables that can serve as a basis for assessing public opinion about various aspects of the life of the community under study.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">For example, representatives of different strata of the studied community are asked to complete sentences like: "The most respected people are those who differ ...", "If I could choose any job, I would choose.", "To achieve power, a person must.", "My son must become.", etc. In each social group, the answers are grouped and the results are presented as a percentage.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The passion for this technique is explained by the relative concreteness of the results, the illusion of their mathematical accuracy and the possibilities that numbers open up. But this does not exclude the randomness of questions and subjectivity in the interpretation of the results.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Polling methods;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">. Questionnaires, questionnaires and the interview method are very close to the tests. Their significance is determined by the mass character (in the sense of the number surveyed individuals), the ability to unify questionnaires (which makes the results of the survey comparable), to some extent formalize the collected information and obtain fairly homogeneous statistical data, which can later be subjected to statistical processing. The latter allows you to analyze in detail individual phenomena, the degree of their interdependence, the dynamics of various processes and create interesting combo tables.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The questionnaire method assumes a quick unambiguous answer ("yes-no") to a given question. This method allows you to collect data on some psychological characteristics of the subjects, behavioral characteristics and interpersonal relationships, as well as sociological data on family income and expenses, etc.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Observation method;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">. To study the psychology of an ethnic community, the method of observation is also used. Observations provide initial information about the way of life, culture, life, behavior of people. Observation requires great experience, a special ability to see the specific in each phenomenon. But even with considerable experience, the researcher is not able to rise above his personality and, first of all, registers what seems unusual to him. The results of observations are drawn up in the form of arbitrary descriptions, and this is also their disadvantage.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">To make observation a more reliable method, it is necessary to offer uniform standardized conditions and objects of examination, and most importantly, evaluation criteria in order to compare the results It is necessary to develop general provisions regarding the selection of a system of facts (those of what and how to observe).

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Thus, the methods used in cross-cultural research have a lot of disadvantages. these shortcomings would be absent, ethnopsychology has not yet worked out.The solution, obviously, must be sought in the complex use of various methods and their standardization.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="-none-" lang="-none-">Intraethnic Research Methods

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The direction of intra-ethnic research in ethnopsychology has been formed relatively recently. Its fundamental difference from cross-cultural research lies in the object of study: here scientists examine representatives of only one ethnic group, studying their ethnic identity, attitude towards other ethnic groups, behavioral reactions in relation to representatives of other nations.In the case of interethnic studies, as already mentioned, representatives of two or more ethnic groups are examined.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">groups according to specific psychological methods, the test results are compared with each other.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness, the specificity of auto- and heterostereotypes, the attitude of an ethnic group to other ethnic groups are studied during intra-ethnic studies , ethnic attitudes and direct behavior towards representatives of other nations and nationalities.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Conducting intra-ethnic research required the creation of original methods specially developed for this area of ​​ethnopsychology. Another way to develop an experimental base was in modifying the existing methods in psychology for studying consciousness and behavior in relation to such a specific object.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Natural experiment;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">The natural experiment became widespread in ethnopsychology after La Pierre published data obtained by him in the course of studying the attitude of Americans to In 1934, La Pierre was traveling in America with a young Chinese couple.The travelers stayed in many hotels and restaurants, totaling more than 200, and only once they were refused admission.After six months, La Pierre sent letters to the owners of the same hotels 92% of the responses were negative, thereby recording a discrepancy between real actions and verbal responses - a result that later became known as the "La Pierre paradox".

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">La Pierre's experiment was not absolutely methodologically "pure". La Pierre's letters, and those who directly received La Pierre with the Chinese, were different, the question was not quite correctly formulated, because it concerned only the Chinese, while in reality a couple of Chinese were accompanied by an American, etc. The experiment conducted by La Pierre caused a wide discussion about the relationship between real behavior and verbal attitudes.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">McGrew suggested the ";font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">rent an apartment".;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">He formed four "married" couples:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">) Caucasian husband and wife,

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">) black couple;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">) Caucasian husband and Negroid wife, and finally

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">) the husband is black and the wife is Caucasian. All couples tried to negotiate with the owners of the houses about renting an apartment. This measured how willingly homeowners rented apartments to members of different races.In this way, it was found that it was more difficult for people of the black race to rent an apartment than for Europeans.After several weeks, the homeowners were called to find out if they would agree to rent an apartment to a Negro couple. It turned out that there is a fairly high percentage of people who, having refused a real meeting, but gave a positive answer to the phone.Thus, a positive verbal attitude, in contrast to La Pierre's experiment, was accompanied by negative real actions.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">The main conclusion that follows from the results obtained by La Pierre's natural experiment is the following: there can be a discrepancy (direct or reverse) between verbal responses and real actions of people in situations of interethnic communication.Therefore, in order to predict any interpersonal actions and actions, they must be studied directly, and not rely on verbal statements of intent.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The so-called ";font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">lost letter method".;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">This technique was first used in 1948 by Merritt Fowler. An experimenter scatters allegedly lost letters in public places - sealed envelopes with a written address and the specified addressee The last name, first name and patronymic of the addressee are selected as typical for the ethnic group whose relationship is being investigated.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The passer-by is faced with the choice of either sending the letter or ignoring it. positive attitude towards the ethnic group as a whole, and accordingly, the more letters will be received at the specified address, the more positive this attitude is.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The method of "lost letters" allows you to find out the real attitude to any ethnic group, but it has its drawbacks. one of these shortcomings can be considered that the experimenter remains unknown to the identity of the person who sent (or did not send) the letter.Another technique - "erroneous number" - is designed in such a way that it is possible to establish the identity of the subject and, if necessary, conduct additional experiments.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Method ";font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">wrong number";font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> was proposed by Gaertner in 1973. The experimental procedure is built around a phone call. The experimenter calls the subject and "believing" that he got into the garage, explains that his car broke down and urgent help is required.At the same time, with some characteristics of speech, dialect, etc., the experimenter imitates his belonging to the ethnic group to which the relationship is being studied.The subject answers that the subscriber made a mistake number, not in a garage, but in a private apartment.Then the caller exclaims in horror that he is calling from a machine and he no longer has change to repeat the call, waiting for the subject to offer his help.If help is not offered, the experimenter himself asks The attitude towards the ethnic group in this case can be predicted by the frequency of calls to the "garage".

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">After some time, all the subjects were called again from the Gaertner laboratory and asked to answer what they would do if if they were mistakenly called by a motorist who had an accident and needed help (they described the previously played situation.) The results of this additional study showed that the level of declared help was much higher, more extensive and versatile than the services that the subjects actually provided.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Half a line method.";font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">feature selection".;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The first such study is considered to be an experiment conducted in 1933 in the United States of America by Katz and Brailey.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Researchers compiled a list of personality traits from 84 personality traits. the list of traits that, from their point of view, are most characteristic of each of the ten national groups: Americans, British, Chinese, Germans, Irish, Italians, Jews, Negroes, Turks, and Japanese. for one or another ethnic group of personal qualities, regardless of whether the respondents had ever contacted with persons of this nationality or not. national group.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Free description method.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The "feature selection" method proposed by Katz and Braley was subsequently modified into the "free description" method. Compared with the "feature selection" method, when the subject selects personality traits from a list prepared in advance by the experimenter, the "free description" method provides the subject with greater freedom in choosing reactions. In the case of this technique, the subjects are asked to independently select the typical characteristics of an ethnic group, i.e. make "free portraits" of nations, whereby the number of personal qualities named by the subject, depending on the goals of the experiment, can be either limited (for example, three or ten) or arbitrary.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Free description method;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">was used by Russian scientists V.Ts. Kunitsyna and M.A. Isakova in the course of research conducted in Leningrad.According to a survey of 150 people, free portraits of ten national groups of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Georgians, Americans, Estonians, French, Germans, Poles and Vietnamese were compiled.With the help of frequency analysis, stereotypical images of each of these ethnic groups were obtained.Thus, when describing Russians, the following features were most often encountered: kind, hardworking, patriot, careless, broad-minded; Ukrainians - cheerful, hardworking, cunning, stingy, hospitable; Georgians - hospitable, quick-tempered, sociable, proud, emotional; Americans - businesslike, sociable, practical,;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">energetic, programmed, etc.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Associative experiment;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> was originally proposed in psychology to study the personality sphere of neurotic patients, their subconscious and conflict zones. The essence of the experiment is in the answers of the subject with the first word that came to mind to the stimulus word uttered by the experimenter Stimulus words in the form of a list are prepared by the experimenter in advance, before the experiment.The selection of stimulus words depends on the goals of the experiment.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Color Relationship Test (CRT);font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">was also created in the field of medical psychology to study the relationship system of neurotic patients. relations of a person in any sphere significant for him, including in the sphere of national relations.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">When using the CTL to study the system of ethnic relations, you need a Luscher color set (eight cards) and a list (of eight names) of those;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">ethnic groups to be investigated. The names of nationalities in the proposed list are given in the plural ("Russians" , "Ukrainians", etc.) to avoid the "masculine" or "feminine" image of nationality.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The CTO procedure consists of three stages. At the first stage, the subject is presented with a set of Luscher color cards and a list of ethnic troupes It is suggested that each national group be associated with some color.When choosing a color, one should not be guided by some purely external signs (the color of national clothes, the color of the state flag, etc.).

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">At the second stage, the subject is presented with a set of Luscher color cards and is asked to rank the colors according to the degree of emotional preference (according to the degree of attractiveness ).

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">At the third stage, the subject is presented with cards with the names of ethnic groups and asked to arrange them in order of preference.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The use of DTT to identify a system of ethnic preferences is based on the hypothesis that a person has two systems of ethnic preferences : declared (which is demonstrated to others) and real (determining the actual behavior of a person in the national sphere. Directly - by direct questions - only the declared system can be established (which happens at the third stage of the experiment). To analyze the real system of ethnic preferences, an indirect way is needed. The system of color preferences acts as a mediating link in the CTL - i.e. the system of preference in the sphere of a simpler, devoid of social half-text.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Processing of the results is as follows. At the first stage of the experiment, both systems (ethnic and color preferences) are correlated. When as a result of the second stage, the subjective hierarchy of colors becomes apparent, and it becomes possible, indirectly, to draw conclusions about the actual hierarchy of ethnic relations based on it.The data of the third stage are interpreted as a declared system of ethnic preferences.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Repertory Grid Technique;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> was proposed by Kelly. This technique allows you to study the features of ethnic consciousness and national stereotypes.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The form of the methodology is a table ("repertoire grid"), where role positions (social roles , father of the family, girl, head of the company, etc.), and vertically - various actions. The proposed set of actions must meet the following requirements:

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">deeds that are typical and natural for the studied ethnic group are selected in the set;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">description of situations and actions is given in the spoken language accepted among the ethnic troupe;

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The set should have included actions from various spheres of life.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The essence of the technique is that the subjects rate the probability of each act (on a six-point scale from 0 to 5) for all named role positions.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">As a result, in each corresponding column at the intersection of the role position and the act, points will be put down and the range from zero - if none of the subjects attributed any points to this role position for this act up to the maximum number of points - if all subjects rate as the maximum probability of some act in this role position.The value of the maximum number of points depends on the sample size - it is obtained by multiplying the number participants in the experiment by 5 points.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The technique of repertory grids allows you to explore the question of how one's own ethnic group differs from others, how other ethnic groups are similar or are different from each other.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Social distance scale;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN"> was proposed by E Bogardus in 1925. It is intended to study ethnic relations - to determine the degree of acceptability of another individual as representative of the national group.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">In 1959, Bogardus proposed a special form of the scale of social distance (by nationality). is a table where the options for social distance are listed horizontally (spouse - friend - neighbor - colleague - citizen of my country - foreign tourist), and vertically - nationality, the attitude towards which is clarified. the distance that suits him best.In this way, representatives of different ethnic groups are ranked according to the acceptable degree of social proximity.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Bogardus believed that his scale is universal and has a cumulative property, i.e. a specific one chosen for an ethnic group the level of social distance automatically assumes that a representative of this group will be acceptable for the subject" and in all other roles that occupy a lower rank on the form. However, this position raises serious doubts. Subsequently, researchers based on experimental material created numerous modifications of the scale of social distance.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Metol interview;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">, proposed by Van Dyck, consists in collecting statements and short stories of respondents about meetings with representatives of ethnic minorities, with subsequent analysis of the features of semantics, stylistics, rhetoric, various linguistic techniques of interview texts.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">Two main strategies clash when talking about ethnic minorities;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">.;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">On the one hand, people involved in this topic want to make a good impression, not look racist (self-representation strategy ), and on the other hand, they want to express their negative attitude towards ethnic minorities (the strategy of self-expression). The struggle between these two strategies, according to Van Dyck, determines the specifics of the interview text.

;font-family:"Times New Roman CYR"" xml:lang="en-EN" lang="en-EN">The interview method is usually used at the preliminary stages of research for an initial general acquaintance with an ethnic group. The complexity of using this method lies in the free nature of the presentation of the material, the difficulty of its further processing and interpretation.In order for the interview method to be more applicable in ethnopsychological practice, a number of changes must be made to the procedure for conducting it.Firstly, the interview must be strictly formalized so that the respondents' stories are more comparable Secondly, the interview should not be about national minorities in general, but about situations of interaction with representatives of specific ethnic groups.

Plan

Introduction

1. The concept of ethnopsychology

2. History of ethnopsychology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The changes taking place in Russia in recent years make us rethink interethnic relations in all regions of the country. Today it is necessary to admit that for a long time in our country there was no evidence of an increase in contradictions in one of the most complex areas of human existence - international, which is now reflected in the economic, political, cultural and other spheres of society. It came to open ethnic conflicts, the resolution of which presents great difficulties.

The national policy in the country can and should be carried out on the basis of new approaches to the organization of complex ethno-sociological and ethno-psychological studies of the objective processes of the development of nations and national relations, the use of world experience in solving the national question, the development of scientifically sound recommendations for politicians, leaders who have come to power in national regions.

The correct strategy and tactics in conducting this kind of research and formulating the necessary recommendations for the practice of resolving interethnic conflicts and the corresponding educational work can be built on the basis of clear methodological and theoretical premises, which are the result of studying all socio-psychological phenomena that manifest themselves in interethnic relations.

The purpose of the abstract is to characterize ethnopsychology as a subject.

1. The concept of ethnopsychology

Ethnopsychology is an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge that studies the ethnocultural characteristics of the psyche of people, the psychological characteristics of ethnic groups, as well as the psychological aspects of interethnic relations.

The term itself ethnopsychology is not generally accepted in world science, many scientists prefer to call themselves researchers in the field of “psychology of peoples”, “psychological anthropology”, “comparative cultural psychology”, etc.

The presence of several terms for designating ethnopsychology is due precisely to the fact that it is an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge. Its "close and distant relatives" include many scientific disciplines: sociology, linguistics, biology, ecology, etc.

As for the “parental disciplines” of ethnopsychology, on the one hand, this is a science that in different countries is called ethnology, social or cultural anthropology, and on the other, psychology.

object studies of ethnopsychology are nations, nationalities, national communities.

Thing - features of behavior, emotional reactions, psyche, character, as well as national identity and ethnic stereotypes.

Studying the mental processes of representatives of ethnic groups, ethnopsychology uses certain methods of research. Widely used comparison and comparison method, in which analytical comparative models are built, ethnic groups, ethnic processes are classified and grouped according to certain principles, criteria and characteristics. behavioral method is to observe the behavior of an individual and ethnic groups.

The methods of research in ethnopsychology include general psychological methods: observation, experiment, conversation, research of products of activity. test . Observation - the study of the external manifestations of the psyche of representatives of ethnic groups takes place in natural living conditions (it must be purposeful, systematic, a prerequisite is non-intervention). Experiment - active method. The experimenter creates the necessary conditions for the activation of processes of interest to him. By repeating studies under the same conditions with representatives of different ethnic groups, the experimenter can establish mental characteristics. It happens laboratory and natural. In ethnopsychology it is better to use natural. When there are two competing hypotheses, the decisive experiment. The conversation method based on verbal communication and has a private character. It is mainly used in the study of the ethnic picture of the world. Research of products of activity -(drawings, writings, folklore). Tests - must be a true indicator of the phenomenon or process being studied; give the opportunity to study exactly what is being studied, and not a similar phenomenon; not only the result of the decision is important, but also the process itself; should exclude attempts to establish the limit of the possibilities of representatives of ethnic groups (Minus: the psychologist is subjective)

So, ethnopsychology is the science of facts, patterns and mechanisms of manifestation of mental typology, value orientations and behavior of representatives of a particular ethnic community. It describes and explains the features of behavior and its motives within the community and between ethnic groups living for centuries in the same geohistorical space.

Ethnopsychology answers the question: how social and personal mechanisms of identification and isolation historically gave rise to deep psychological phenomena - national self-consciousness (expressed by the pronoun "we") with positive, complementary components of self-acceptance, awareness of neighboring ethnic groups ("they"), the ambivalent orientation of their relationship (acceptance and cooperation, on the one hand, isolation and aggression, on the other.This science is an adjacent discipline with ethnography, ethnopedagogy, philosophy, history, political science, etc., interested in studying the social nature of man and his essence.

2. History of ethnopsychology

The first grains of ethnopsychological knowledge contain the works of ancient authors - philosophers and historians: Herodotus, Hippocrates, Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo. Thus, the ancient Greek physician and founder of medical geography, Hippocrates, noted the influence of the environment on the formation of the psychological characteristics of people and put forward a general position according to which all differences between peoples, including their behavior and customs, are associated with nature and climate.

The first attempts to make peoples the subject of psychological observations were made in the 18th century. Thus, the French Enlightenment introduced the concept of "the spirit of the people" and tried to solve the problem of its dependence on geographical factors. The idea of ​​the national spirit also penetrated the German philosophy of history in the 18th century. One of its most prominent representatives, I.G. Herder, considered the spirit of the people not as something incorporeal, he practically did not share the concepts of "soul of the people" and "people's character" and argued that the soul of the people can be known through their feelings, speech, deeds, i.e. it is necessary to study his whole life. But in the first place he put oral folk art, believing that it is the world of fantasy that reflects the folk character.

The English philosopher D. Hume and the great German thinkers I. Kant and G. Hegel also contributed to the development of knowledge about the nature of peoples. All of them not only spoke about the factors influencing the spirit of peoples, but also offered "psychological portraits" of some of them.

The development of ethnography, psychology and linguistics led in the middle of the 19th century. to the emergence of ethnopsychology as an independent science. Creation of a new discipline - psychology of peoples- was proclaimed in 1859 by the German scientists M. Lazarus and H. Steinthal. They explained the need for the development of this science, which is part of psychology, by the need to investigate the laws of mental life not only of individuals, but also of entire peoples (ethnic communities in the modern sense), in which people act "as a kind of unity." All individuals of one people have "similar feelings, inclinations, desires", they all have the same folk spirit, which German thinkers understood as the mental similarity of individuals belonging to a certain people, and at the same time as their self-consciousness.

The ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal immediately found a response in the scientific circles of the multinational Russian Empire, and in the 1870s an attempt was made in Russia to "embed" ethnopsychology into psychology. These ideas arose from the jurist, historian and philosopher K.D. Kavelin, who expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of an "objective" method of studying folk psychology based on the products of spiritual activity - cultural monuments, customs, folklore, beliefs.

Turn of the 19th–20th centuries marked by the appearance of a holistic ethnopsychological concept of the German psychologist W. Wundt, who devoted twenty years of his life to writing a ten-volume Psychology of peoples. Wundt pursued the fundamental idea for social psychology that the joint life of individuals and their interaction with each other give rise to new phenomena with peculiar laws, which, although they do not contradict the laws of individual consciousness, are not contained in them. And as these new phenomena, in other words, as the content of the soul of the people, he considered the general ideas, feelings and aspirations of many individuals. According to Wundt, the general ideas of many individuals are manifested in language, myths and customs, which should be studied by the psychology of peoples.

Another attempt to create ethnic psychology, and under this name, was made by the Russian thinker G.G. Shpet. Arguing with Wundt, according to whom the products of spiritual culture are psychological products, Shpet argued that in itself there is nothing psychological in the cultural-historical content of folk life. Psychologically different is the attitude to the products of culture, to the meaning of cultural phenomena. Shpet believed that language, myths, mores, religion, science evoke certain experiences in the bearers of culture, “responses” to what is happening before their eyes, minds and hearts.

The ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal, Kavelin, Wundt, Shpet remained at the level of explanatory schemes that were not implemented in specific psychological studies. But the ideas of the first ethnopsychologists about the connections of culture with the inner world of a person were picked up by another science - cultural anthropology.

Ethnopsychology

(from the Greek ethnos - tribe, people) - an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge that studies the ethnic characteristics of the psyche of people, national, patterns of formation and functions of national identity, ethnic stereotypes etc. The creation of a special discipline, the “psychology of peoples”, was proclaimed already in 1860 by M. Lazarus and H. Steinthal, who interpreted the “folk spirit” as a special, closed formation expressing the mental similarity of individuals belonging to a certain nation, and at the same time as their self-consciousness; its content must be revealed through a comparative study of language, mythology, morality and culture. At the beginning of the XX century. these ideas were developed and partially implemented in the "psychology of peoples" by W. Wundt. Later in the USA, E. is practically identified with the neo-Freudian theory (see), which tried to derive the properties of the national character from the so-called "basic", or "modal" personality, which in turn was associated with the methods of raising children typical of a given culture. Modern E. does not represent a unified whole either in terms of subject matter or in terms of methods. It includes a number of independent areas:

1) comparative studies of ethnic characteristics psychophysiology, cognitive processes, memory, emotions, speech, etc., which theoretically and methodically form an integral part of the relevant sections of the general and social psychology;

2) cultural studies aimed at understanding the features of the symbolic world and value orientations folk culture; inextricably linked with the relevant sections of ethnography, folklore, art history, etc.;

3) studies of ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness, borrowing the conceptual apparatus and methods from the relevant sections of social psychology, studying social attitudes, intergroup relations, etc.;

4) studies of ethnic features of the socialization of children, the conceptual apparatus and methods to-rykh are closest to sociology and child psychology.

Since the properties of the national culture and the properties of the individuals that make up the ethnos (ethnic community) are not identical, there are always certain discrepancies between the cultural and psychological studies of E. In modern conditions, special attention in E. is paid to the study of psychological causes ethnic conflicts, finding effective ways to resolve them, as well as identifying the sources of the growth of national self-consciousness, its development in various social and national environments.

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

Ethnopsychology

An interdisciplinary branch of knowledge that studies and develops:

1 ) features of the psyche of people of different peoples and cultures;

2 ) problems of the nature of the national;

3 ) problems of national peculiarities of world perception;

4 ) problems of national peculiarities of relationships;

5 ) patterns of formation and function of national self-awareness, ethnic stereotypes;

6 ) patterns of community formation, etc.

The creation of a special discipline - the psychology of peoples - was proclaimed already in 1860 by M. Lazarus and H. Steinthal, who interpreted the "folk spirit":

1 ) as a special, closed formation expressing the mental similarity of individuals belonging to a particular nation;

2 ) as their self-consciousness; its content should be revealed through a comparative study of language, mythology, morality and culture. At the beginning of the XX century. W. Wundt developed these ideas and partially realized them in his psychology of peoples. Later in the United States, ethnopsychology was practically identified with neo-Freudian theory, which tried to derive the properties of a national character from the so-called "basic" (or "modal") personality, which was associated with the methods of raising children typical of a given culture. Modern ethnopsychology does not constitute a single whole either in terms of subject matter or methods. It highlights a number of independent areas:

1 ) comparative studies of ethnic features of psychophysiology, cognitive processes, memory, emotions, speech and other (which theoretically and methodically are an integral part of the relevant sections of general and social psychology);

2 ) culturological research aimed at understanding the features of the symbolic world and the orientation of the value of folk culture (inextricably linked with the corresponding sections of ethnography, folklore, art history, etc.);

3 ) studies of the consciousness of ethnicity and self-consciousness (they borrow the conceptual apparatus and methods from the relevant sections of social psychology, studying social attitudes, etc.);

4 ) studies of the ethnic characteristics of the socialization of children (the conceptual apparatus and methods of which are closest to the sociology and psychology of children).

Since the properties of the national culture and the properties of the individuals that make up the ethnos (ethnic community) are not identical, there are always certain discrepancies between the cultural and psychological studies of ethnopsychology. Abstract, unfounded conclusions about the psychological characteristics of peoples are capable of offending national feelings. Here, the acute problem is the reliability of tests and experimental procedures used to study ethnic communities. The development of ethnopsychology, especially its socio-psychological aspects, is of great importance for international education. In ethnopsychology, special attention is paid to the study of the psychological causes of ethnic conflicts, finding effective ways to resolve them, as well as identifying the sources of the growth of national self-awareness, its development in various social and national environments.

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY

(from Greek. ethnos- people, tribe) - a science with double or triple "citizenship" that studies the psychological characteristics of peoples and their culture, the processes of formation of an individual ethnic self-awareness(ethnic identity) and behavior personalities, the influence of sociocultural factors on mental and personal properties. In E. psychological methods of research are widely used. Syn. ethnic psychology, psychological anthropology, as well as an outdated term - "psychology of peoples".

Descriptions of the typical mental characteristics of representatives of different peoples can be found in the writings of many travelers, historians, generals, politicians and philosophers of different eras, starting from antiquity. However, the idea of ​​creating a scientific E. leads its beginning. from the works of 2 German. scientists - the philosopher Moritz Lazarus (1824-1903), who believed that the "folk spirit" is a derivative of the psychology of the individual, and the linguist Heiman Steinthal (1823-1899), who adhered to the psychological direction in linguistics and put forward an onomatopoeic (onomatopoetic) theory of the origin of language. In a joint article, Lazarus and Steinthal (1859) proposed to build E. as an interdisciplinary and explanatory science of the folk spirit, as a doctrine of the elements and laws of the spiritual life of peoples, and as a study of the spiritual nature of the entire human race. Dr. the ancestor of E. is deservedly considered AT.Wundt. His 10-volume Psychology of Peoples (1900-1920) was one of E.'s first experiments and contained a psychological interpretation of mythology, religion, art, and language.

In one of the first domestic works on E. (Introduction to ethnic psychology, 1927), written by the philosopher G.G.Shpet, objections were mainly raised against psychologism Lazarus and Steinthal, as well as Wundt, who expressed himself, according to Shpet, in the fact that these authors considered E. as the main explanatory science for history and all other "sciences about the spirit."

The subject of study of modern E. is the entire system of cognitive, emotional, motivational and volitional ( conative) processes, as well as personality types, characteristic of each ethnic group; the influence of the general ethnic environment (culture, nature) on the formation and characteristics of personality (cross-cultural studies). Ethnopsychic differences can take place even when peoples are close in origin, race, language, socio-economic development (such, for example, are the differences between modern Englishmen, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and Canadians). Dissimilar geographical, economic and historical conditions have given rise to significant differences in national character and culture. Cm. , . (B. M.)

Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

Synonyms:

See what "ethnopsychology" is in other dictionaries:

ethnopsychology- ethnopsychology ... Spelling Dictionary A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

ethnopsychology- and; well. The branch of psychology that studies the mental warehouse of a certain person. people, tribe. * * * Ethnopsychology is one of the branches of social psychology that studies the peculiarities of the mental make-up of races and peoples. * * * ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY, one of… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Ethnopsychology- The psychology of peoples (ethnic psychology, ethnopsychology) is one of the branches of psychology, which considers as its subject the features of the mental warehouse of various races and peoples; the largest section of the so-called. social psychology. The term "E. p. "… ... Wikipedia

ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY- a direction in psychology that focuses research attention on studying the influence of the specific culture of ethnic communities on the forms of reflection of the outside world in the individual, as well as public consciousness, and on stereotypical and conscious ... Modern Philosophical Dictionary

ethnopsychology- OK. A branch of psychology that studies the mental makeup of any ethnic group. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

ethnopsychology- ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology, ethnopsychology (

Many people know that representatives of different nations differ from each other in behavior, temperament, to some extent in character. Each of us has come across a common opinion that "the English are prim," "the Italians are temperamental," and "the Germans are very pedantic and even a little boring." But do these stereotypes have anything to do with reality?

This question is intended to be answered ethnopsychology- a branch of psychology that studies the ethnocultural characteristics of representatives of different peoples and nations, the psychological characteristics of ethnic groups, as well as issues of interethnic relations. National stereotypes, national character and mentality, the peculiarities of the course of interethnic conflicts - all these are issues that ethnopsychology deals with.

From the end of the 19th century in ethnopsychology distinguish two directions, solving similar problems, but relying on essentially opposite concepts:

1. Comparative anthropology, which studies how a particular person thinks, acts, feels in a certain cultural environment. Researchers working in this approach study the culture of a particular people as if from the inside, without comparing with other cultures. This approach values ​​the uniqueness of each culture, its uniqueness and originality.
2. Cross-cultural psychology studies the characteristics of two or more peoples, nations, ethnic groups. It identifies similarities and differences by developing various criteria for this.

Both approaches have their strengths and limitations. Therefore, today there is a tendency to combine these approaches.

How can knowledge of ethnopsychology help an ordinary person?

• First of all, business communications. If you are working with foreign partners, it is very useful to know the peculiarities of the mentality and business etiquette of the country with which you are doing business. For example, many of our compatriots, to put it mildly, are surprised at the special attitude to time in many Asian countries. Being late for a meeting by 2 hours due to lunch and a pleasant conversation is a very real situation.
• Secondly Every culture has something to learn. Combining the wisdom of the East and the purposefulness of the West, you can significantly increase your own efficiency.
• Thirdly, dissemination of knowledge of ethnopsychology allows reducing tension in society, developing tolerance and respect for the cultures of different peoples. This issue is very relevant in Russia, a country with almost 200 different peoples living on its territory.
• Fourth, By studying traditional cultures, rituals, and customs, one can better understand the problems of modern man, often cut off from his roots. Traditions, songs, fairy tales help to gain access to powerful resources that have been stored for centuries.

Knowledge of ethnopsychology can be useful in many areas of activity - pedagogy, psychotherapy, business, negotiations, politics. And today, when you can maintain contacts with almost anywhere in the world, this knowledge is more relevant than ever.