Signs of society as an integral dynamically developing system?
Society - this is not any mechanical set of people, but such an association within which there is a more or less constant, stable and fairly close mutual influence and interaction of these people.
Society is heterogeneous and has its own internal structure and composition, including a large the number of different order and diverse social phenomena and processes.
The constituent elements of society are people, social ties and actions, social interactions and relationships, social institutions and organizations, social groups, communities, social norms and values, and others. Each of them is in more or less close relationship with others, occupies a specific place and plays a unique role in society. The task of sociology in this regard is, first of all, to determine the structure of society, to give a scientific classification of its most important elements, to clarify their interconnection and interaction, their place and role in society as a social system.
It is precisely due to its structure that society qualitatively differs both from an arbitrary, chaotic accumulation of people, and from other social phenomena that have their own ordered structure, and, consequently, a different qualitative certainty. The social structure largely determines the sustainability and stability of the whole society as a system. And since, as already noted, society is not a simple sum of individuals, their connections and actions, interactions and relationships, but an integral system, such an association gives rise to a new, integral, systemic quality that cannot be reduced to a qualitative characteristic of individuals or their sum. Society as a social system is a social organism that functions and develops according to its own laws.
some of the systemic signs of society :
·integrity (this internal quality coincides with social production);
stability (relatively constant reproduction of the rhythm and mode of social interactions);
·dynamism (change of generations, change in the social substratum, continuity, slowdown, acceleration);
openness (the social system preserves itself due to the exchange of substances with nature, which is also possible only if it is in balance with the environment and receives a sufficient amount of matter and energy from the external environment);
·self-development (its source is within society, it is production, distribution, consumption based on the interests and incentives of social communities);
spatio-temporal forms and methods of social existence (masses of people are spatially connected by joint activities, goals, needs, norms of life; but the passage of time is inexorable, generations change, and each new one finds already established forms of life, reproduces and changes them).
Thus, society as a social system in sociology is understood as a large ordered set of social phenomena and processes that are more or less closely interconnected and interact with each other and form a single social whole.
In sociology itself, the structure of society is considered from various angles. So, in the case when a deterministic (causal relationship) of social phenomena and processes, their subordination is revealed, society is usually considered (for example, in Marxist sociology) as an integral system that includes four main areas - economic, social, political and spiritual ( ideological). In relation to society as a whole, each of these spheres of social life acts as its subsystem, although in a different connection it itself can be considered as a special system. At the same time, each previous of these systems has a decisive influence on the subsequent ones, which, in turn, have an opposite effect on the previous ones.
In another connection, when the character, type of social ties comes to the fore, society as a social system includes the following subsystems: social communities (groups), social institutions and organizations, social roles, norms and values. Each of them here is a fairly complex social system with its own subsystems.
According to the level of generalization of the material, the sociological study of society as a social system includes three interrelated aspects:
a) the study of "society in general", those. the allocation of universal universal properties, connections and states of society (in close connection with social philosophy and with its leading role);
b) the study of specific historical types of societies, stages of civilization development;
in) the study of individual specific societies, those. societies of real-life countries and peoples.
In general, the consideration of society from the point of view of a certain social system is largely determined by the tasks that are set for the corresponding sociological research.
Considering the basic principles of a systematic approach to society, we define its main concept.
System- this is a certain way ordered set of elements interconnected and forming some integral unity. The internal nature, the content side of any integral system, the material basis of its organization is determined by the composition, the set of elements.
The social system is a holistic formation, the main element of which are people, their connections, interactions and relationships. These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation.
According to the literature, there are several main parameters, signs, characteristics society as a social system.
1. Self-regulation. The ability of the system to adjust its activities, taking into account the reverse influence of the environment. This means that each new stage of human activity that wants to change social relations takes into account previous efforts to transform the structure of society. Self-regulation is carried out by a spontaneous mechanism of reproduction and development of the structure of society. And it can also be carried out through conscious and systematic management.
From the point of view of self-regulation, in order for a society to function successfully, it must meet the basic functional requirements: adaptation, goal achievement, integration, retention of the model (control over its environment, primarily economic); to have a goal towards which social activity is directed, through the right to streamline relations between the elements of the system: individuals, institutions, to try to preserve and maintain the values of society.
2. openness. This is the ability of the system to exist due to the exchange with the environment, nature, with other systems of society, information, energy, matter. It is carried out in the form of open activity of people to create and preserve living conditions, develop the exchange of activities, create material and spiritual values.
3. information content. This is the ability of society to use social information that gives the experience of generations. It allows you to make a diagnosis to society, as well as to predict future development, using complex and targeted programs in management.
4. determinism. It is predestination, conditionality, dependence. It means that society in its development is dependent on previous states. The productive forces and methods of human activity today will certainly affect the lives of future generations in the general direction of their development. And specific forms, methods, rates of development are determined by specific conditions.
5. Hierarchy means that society is a multifaceted system, characterized by a combination of different levels and links of organization and subordination, subordination, dependence between them.
6. Centeredness. It means that some element and activity is announced in the development of society, which make up the building, its basis, the foundation of society. Many scientists declare as the center of society - the method of production of material goods, labor, religion, private property, knowledge, peace.
7. Integrity- this is an objective attitude towards a person, groups, communities of people, thanks to which conditions are created and their life activity is organized. Integrity signs:
a) social integrity has no parts and elements;
b) social space has no trifles, and social time is irreversible;
c) the abilities of each of the subjects of human activity are inimitable and unique.
8. Anti-entropy. It means that a qualitative indicator of the progress of society is the reduction of labor costs per capita. And this means that the share of economic activity in public life as a whole is declining due to the increase in labor productivity, management efficiency and the growth of the level of culture. This leads to an increase in the role and importance of the spiritual principle, free time in people's lives. At the same time, labor is any activity that is aimed at satisfying social needs. He is opposed to anti-labor. It threatens the existence of society. It embodies the processes of social disorganization, degradation, social decay. It manifests itself in one-dimensional thinking, narrowness of interests, short-sightedness of actions, one-dimensionality of feelings.
Any universal classification of society, according to scientists, is difficult, since it is an extremely complex, multi-level formation.
According to a number of domestic sociologists, the criteria of society should include the following:
the presence of a single territory, which is the material basis for the social ties that arise within it;
universality (general character);
autonomy, the ability to exist independently and independently of other societies;
Integrativity: society is able to maintain and reproduce its structures in new generations, to include more and more new individuals in a single context of social life.
Some sociologists consider the systemic definition of R. Koenig to be the optimal signs of society, according to which society is understood as:
1. Specific type of lifestyle.
2. Concrete social unities formed by peoples.
3. Treaty-based economic and ideological associations.
4. Whole society, that is, the totality of individuals and groups.
5. Historically specific type of society.
6. Social reality - the relationships of individuals and the structures and social processes based on these relationships.
The historical processes of the development of society are determined by many analysts according to various criteria.
So, the outstanding German scientist, philosopher G. Hegel presents the world emergence and development of society in four periods: the Eastern world, the Greek world, the Roman world, the German world.
The French scientist C. Fourier believed that mankind had gone through periods in its development: “slavish” primitiveness, savagery, barbarism, and entered a period of civilization. In the future, humanity will go through "guarantorism", "socialism", "harmonism".
The American scientist W. Rostow called the stages of development of society "stages of growth."
First stage- a traditional society, which was an agrarian society with primitive technology, with a class structure and the power of large owners.
Second stage- this is a "transitional society", a period of transition to capitalism.
Third stage- this is the era of "take-off", rise, that is, the period of industrial revolutions in the countries of the West.
fourth stage- this is the period of "maturity", that is, an industrial society.
Fifth stage This is a period of "high mass consumption".
The French thinker J. Condorcet divided the process of the formation of society into ten eras: first era- the era of the primitive state; second- the era of transition from the pastoral state to agriculture; third- this is the era of specialization and division of labor between people; fourth-fifth- these are the eras of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; sixth and seventh- This is the era of the Middle Ages; eighth- this is the era of printing and the flourishing of science; ninth- this is the era that preceded the formation of the French Republic; tenth This is the era of bourgeois society.
The American sociologist N. Smelser identified four types of society: hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies.
The French sociologist R. Aron divided the entire history of human society into two epochs: pre-industrial and industrial.
A. Toynbee, a famous English scientist, taking religion as a criterion for assessing the historical stages of the development of human society, identified five major living civilizations:
1) Orthodox-Christian, or Byzantine society, located in South-Eastern Europe and Russia;
2) an Islamic society centered in an arid zone running diagonally across North Africa and the Middle East from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Wall of China;
3) Hindu society in tropical and subcontinental India to the South-East of the arid zone;
4) Far Eastern society in the subtropical and temperate regions between the arid zone and the Pacific Ocean;
5) Western Christian society (countries of Western Europe, America, Australia, where Catholicism and Protestantism are widespread).
In recent decades, sociologists have been talking about the emergence of a completely new type of society. The main trend of advanced industrial societies today is to shift the focus from the sphere of production to the sphere of services. The USA was the first country where more than 50% of the labor force was employed in the service industries. America's example was soon followed by Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, and Japan. Now post-industrial society refers to a society based on information, services and high technology rather than raw materials and production.
An information chip is an invention that transforms society, and with it social relations.
The list of these changes is almost endless.
Among modern theories, a prominent place is occupied by the concept of post-economic society, proposed by V.L. Inotsemtsev.
The post-economic society, in his opinion, follows the post-industrial one. Its main feature is the emergence of individual human interests from a purely material plane, the colossal complication of social reality, the multiplication of the diversity of models of social life and even options for its development over time.
V.L. Inozemtsev, in this regard, identifies three large-scale eras: pre-economic, economic and post-economic. Such periodization is based on two criteria: the type of human activity and the nature of the relationship between the interests of individuals and society. In the early stages of history, the motive for activity was explained by instinctive urges, as in all biological beings. Further, the conscious nature of the activity had a goal - the creation and consumption of the material product of labor. A new round of development led to the orientation of the individual to improve himself, his abilities, qualities.
In this case, there is a typology of forms of activity: pre-labor instinctive activity; work; creation.
As for the second criterion - the nature of the subordination of the interests of individuals and society, then V.L. Foreigners notes:
1) in the early periods, the collective interest of the group or community strongly dominates the individual
2) in an economic society based on labor, personal gain, personal material interest dominate the interests of the community, competition develops.
3) post-economic society is characterized by the absence of a struggle of personal interests, the desire for material success is not the main thing. The world becomes polyvariant and multidimensional, people's personal interests intertwine and enter into unique combinations, no longer opposing, but complementing the arcs of a friend.
This means that the post-economic society has an intensive and complex economic activity, but is no longer determined by material interests, economic expediency. Private property in it is destructive, society returns to personal property, to the state of non-alienation of the worker from the instruments of production. A new type of confrontation is inherent in the post-economic society: the confrontation between the information and intellectual elite and all the people who are not included in it, employed in the sphere of mass production and, because of this, forced out to the periphery of society.
Test tasks in social science for the section "Man and Society" for 10kl.
1.Option.
1. The number of subsystems of society as a system includes:
A. economics
B. trade union
B. class of entrepreneurs
G.church
2. Of the listed, the most important institutions of society do not include:
A. natural habitat
B.moral
B. economy
G. family
3. The following do not belong to the sciences studying society:
A. sociology
B. geography
B. philosophy
D. genetics
4. The criteria of truth include:
A. the duration of the existence of a judgment
B. the number of people who adhere to this judgment
C. the possibility of confirming the judgment in practice
D. consistency of judgment with all previous
5. The correct, reliable reflection of objects and phenomena of reality by a knowing person is called:
A. knowledge
B. truth
B.experience
d.submission
6. The features of scientific knowledge include:
A. striving for objectivity and evidence
B. continuity of the cognitive process
B. orientation of knowledge to the sphere of practical activity of people
D. reliance on common sense
7. Sensory knowledge of the world includes:
A. abstraction
B. perception
B. generalization
D.comparison
8. A common feature of society and nature is not:
A. the presence of signs of the system
B. the process of constant change
B. Acting as a creator of culture
D. cyclicity as the basis of existence
9. A manifestation of activity characteristic of a person, expressed in the transformation of the outside world:
A. activity
B. dialectics
B. deed
G. attitude
10. A sign of human activity that distinguishes it from the behavior of animals is:
A. manifestation of activity
B. goal setting
B. adaptation of the world around
D. interaction with nature
11A person's ability to operate with images of the surrounding world, which orients his behavior, is called:
A. consciousness
B. knowledge
B. reflection
D. sensation
12. The result of cognitive activity confirmed by practice is called:
A. knowledge
b.feeling
B. concept
D. judgment
13. Self-knowledge is characterized by the ability to:
A. Put yourself in the place of another
B. treat yourself objectively
B. understand loved ones
D. be curious
14. The set of norms that determine human behavior in society and based on public opinion is called:
A. morality
B. right
V.cult
G.dogma
15. The historically established ethnic communities include:
A. classes
B. states
B. nationality
G. outcasts
Option 2.
1. The main features of society as a system include:
A. natural conditions
B. no change
B. public relations
D. stage of historical development
2. The sciences that study society include:
A. anatomy
B. philosophy
B. genetics
G.mathematics
3. The concept of "society" does not include the provisions:
A. part of the material world
B. system
In forms of bringing people together
D. natural habitat
4. Finish the phrase:
"In philosophy, reliable, correct knowledge is called ...".
5. Rational knowledge of the world characterizes:
A.feeling
B. perception
B. performance
D. judgment
6. A common feature of society and nature is not:
A. acting as a creator of culture
B. the presence of signs of the system
B. conscious and volitional activity
D. the ability to exist independently of each other.
7. The ratio of spheres of public life is characterized by:
A. the defining role of the social sphere
B. dominance of the economic sphere
B. independence of spheres of public life
D. complex relationships and mutual influence of all spheres.
8. Relations between nature and society are that:
A. society and nature are interconnected
B. society does not depend on nature
B. nature is completely dependent on society
D. society does not affect nature.
9. Finish the statement:
“Unlike the actions of an animal, the manifestation of human activity transforms and subjugates the outside world and is called…”.
10. Which science is superfluous in the list of sciences that have the problem of man as their immediate subject:
A. sociology
B. social psychology
B. philosophical anthropology
D. economics
11. Which sign does not reflect the features of "human activity":
A. goal setting
B. motive
B. adaptation to the outside world
D. transformation of the world around
12Knowledge in contrast to labor:
A. presupposes a goal
B. requires special training from the subject
B. directed at an unknown object
G. has a useful character
13. Rational knowledge, in contrast to sensual knowledge, involves:
A.feeling
B. perception
B. performance
D. abstraction
14. Finish the statement "A set of ethical values based on certain norms and commandments is called ...".
15. The specific property of religion as a cultural phenomenon is:
A. faith
B. belief in the supernatural
B. connection with the world of human experiences
D. special attitude
Answers
1.Option 2.Option.
1-1 1-3
2-1 2-2
3-4 3-4
4-3 4-true
5-2 5-4
6-1 6-2
7-2 7-4
8-2 8-1
9-1 9-activity
10-2 10-4
11-1 11-3
12-1 12-3
13-2 13-4
14-1 14-morality
15-3 15-2
Test2
Option 1
1. In the process of development, society:
A. isolated itself from nature, but remained inextricably linked with it;
B. became isolated from nature and became independent of it;
V. remained a part of nature;
G. ceased to influence her;
2. A characteristic feature of evolutionary processes in public life is:
A. spasmodic change;
B. the revolutionary nature of the changes;
B. gradual processes;
D. irreversibility of processes;
3. A person differs from an animal in that he:
A. has natural instincts;
B. has a large brain size;
V. does not depend on natural conditions;
G. has articulate speech;
4. A person as a person is characterized by:
A. features of the body structure;
B. social activity;
B. features of temperament;
D. state of health;
5 The forms of sensory cognition include:
A. judgments;
B. observation;
B. sensations;
D. conclusions;
6. The creation of an artistic image is necessarily present in the activity:
A. film director;
B. politics;
B. scientist;
G. teacher;
7. Culture in the most general sense means:
A. the level of education;
B. all transformative human activity;
B. production and use of tools;
D. following the rules of ethics;
8. The position of a person in society is:
A. social status;
B. social role;
B. social mobility;
D. social adoption;
9. Deviant behavior is:
A. any changes in a person's life;
B. movement of a person within his group;
B. non-compliance with accepted norms of behavior in society;
D. change in the status of a person;
10. Tribes and nationalities are:
A. ethnic communities;
B. historical types of society;
B. social strata;
D. demographic groups;
11. The functions of political parties in a democratic society include:
A. participation in commercial activities;
B. control of the private life of citizens;
B.creation of armed groups;
D. participation in the election campaign;
12. The Russian philosopher A.F. Losev wrote: “For science to be a science, only a hypothesis is needed, and nothing more. The essence of pure science is only to put forward a hypothesis and replace it with another, more perfect one, if there are grounds for that. What is a hypothesis? What are hypothesis tests?
13. Economy. “Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them.”
(Napoleon-1).
In the answer, one should use the relevant concepts of social science and, based on the facts of social life and one's own life experience, give the necessary arguments to substantiate this position.
Option 2.
1.Nature:
A. is part of society;
B. determines the development of society;
B. has an impact on society;
G. does not depend on society;
2. What sphere of social life includes people's attitudes about power:
A. economic;
B. political;
B. social;
G. spiritual;
3. Both humans and animals have inherent needs for:
A. social activity;
B. purposeful activity;
B. care for offspring;
D. habitat change;
4. The result of sensory cognition, in contrast to rational cognition, is:
A. a generalized judgment about the subject;
B. a specific image of the subject;
B. explanation of the reasons for changing the subject;
D. the concept of the subject;
5. Deviant behavior has:
A. only positive consequences;
B. only negative consequences;
B.positive and negative consequences;
Consequences that do not affect the development of society;
6. Historical varieties of an ethnic group are:
A. state;
B. tribes;
B. community;
G. classes;
7. The activity of political parties is characterized by:
A. protecting the interests of certain segments of the population;
B. meeting the spiritual needs of the population;
B. collection of taxes;
D. development of fundamental scientific problems;
8. The activity that is associated with the transformation of objects of nature is called:
A. spiritual;
B. consumer;
B. value-oriented;
G.practical;
9 The forms of sensory cognition include:
A. judgment;
B. observation;
B. sensation;
D. inference;
10. The form of vertical social mobility is:
A. creation of a family;
B. impeccable production activity;
B. permanent residence in the city;
D. promotion;
11. Social norms include:
A. moral norms;
B. technological norms;
B. medical standards;
D. sports standards;
12. Match:
A. game; A. mastering the experience of previous generations;
B. labor; B. transformation of the surrounding world;
B. study; B. transformation of information in the process of interaction;
D. communication; D. implementation of a real action by imaginary means;
13. State your thoughts on the problem raised by the author. In the answer, one should use the relevant concepts of social science and, based on the facts of social life and one's own life experience, give the necessary arguments to substantiate one's position.
A. Philosophy. "Man is of value to society only in so far as he serves it." (A. France).
Test 2
Answers.
1.Option. Option 2.
1-A 1-B
2-B 2-B
3-G 3-B
4-B 4-B
5-V 5-V
6-A 6-B
7-B 7-A
8-A 8-G
9-B 9-B
10-A 10-G
11-G 11-A
12. Hypothesis - this is not yet a confirmed assumption put forward by a scientist to explain certain phenomena;
1. theoretical construction and calculations;
2 observation;
3.experiment;
4.simulation;
12.G B A V.-2 option.
Test3.
1.Option.
1. The concept of "society" does not include the provision:
A. part of the material world;
B. system;
B. forms of association of people;
D. natural habitat;
2. The concept of "social progress" is defined by the sign:
A. the immutability of public life;
B. transition from higher to lower;
B. return to obsolete social relations
D. transition from lower to higher;
3. Finish the phrase:
“In philosophy, it is more reliable, correct knowledge is called ...”
Test
Option 1.
1. Match the events:
1700-1721 1. Seven Years' War
1757-1762 2. Russian-Turkish war
1768-1774 3. Pugachev's uprising
1773-1775 4. Northern war
2. What do the words mean: "college", "mandate", "poll tax", "secret office", "county".
3. What role did the Northern War play in the reform?
4. Can the Conditions of 1730 be regarded as an attempt to limit autocracy?
One of the associates of Peter I was Swiss in the Russian service, commanded the fleet in the Azov campaigns and headed the Great Embassy.
6. Arrange the following events in chronological order:
1. "Battle of the Nations"
2. Battle of Austerlitz
3. Capture of Plevna
4. Caucasian war
5. Defense of Sevastopol
6.Patriotic war
7. Accession of Central Asia
7. Explain the words: “military settlement”, “world mediator”, “otkhodniks”, “okhrana”, “censor”.
8. The events of December 14, 1825 are assessed differently by historians. What was it from your point of view: rebellion, uprising, putsch. Justify your point of view.
9. Why did Alexander 2 not limit himself to the abolition of serfdom, but also carried out other reforms?
Option 2.
1. Match events and dates:
1709 1. Accession of part of the territory of Poland
1714 2.Poltava battle
1762 3.First victory at sea
1772 4. "Manifesto on Liberty to the Nobles"
2. What do these words and expressions mean: “conditions”, “recruit”, “protectionist policy”, “senate”, “revision”.
3. How were the reforms of Peter I interconnected?
4. Paul 1 adopted decrees to limit the power of the landowners over the peasants, but in history he has a reputation as a tyrant. Why?
5. Determine who it is:
Favorite of Catherine II, one of the organizers of the palace coup in 1762, for the conquest of the Crimea and the development of Novorossi received the nickname "Tauride".
6. Arrange the events in chronological order:
1.Congress of Vienna
2. Defense of Sevastopol
3. Abolition of serfdom
4. Reign of Paul 1
5. Battle on the Berezina River
6. Tilsit peace treaty
7. Explain the meaning of the words: “reform”, “muridism”, “intervention”, “convention”, “sovyanophiles”.
8. The Decembrists called themselves "children of 1812". How could the war affect their worldview?
9. What is the "Eastern question" and how did it affect the Russian Empire?
Analysis of the work of the MO teachers of history, geography, biology for the 2007-2008 academic year.
1. The topic on which the MO is working is "Education of patriotic feelings through a lesson in the conditions of developing education."
2. MO has been working on this topic for 6 years.
3. Tasks: - to cultivate a sense of patriotism through the lesson and extracurricular activities in the context of developing education;
To organize an optimal educational process on the basis of RO (D.B. Elkonina-V.V. Davydova), to introduce elements of RO technology into the content of education that contribute to the development of intellectual, cognitive, research skills.
Monitor the professional competence of teachers in order to correct the methodological work;
Carry out diagnostics and monitoring in order to determine the starting level and further monitor the development of students, determine the dynamics in comparison with previous diagnostic studies and plan work for the next academic year;
Create an integrated system of work with highly motivated students;
Preserve and strengthen the health of studying children through the optimization of educational, psychological, physical activity.
4.5. These tasks were partially completed because their implementation is designed for the entire period of schooling for students, for the constant professional growth of teachers.
6. In the current academic year, 4 meetings of the MO were held on the topics:
Software and methodological support in subjects, thematic planning in subjects;
Preparation and holding of school Olympiads in subjects, preparation and holding of NOU;
Testing students' knowledge and adjusting methodological approaches to learning;
Preparation for examinations, analysis of examination material, results of the year.
7,8,9,10, MO teachers work on the following topics:
Serikova G.I. - "Patriotic education of students through a lesson in the conditions of developing education."
Meleshchenko M.I. - "Patriotic education of students through a lesson."
Mishina V.A. - "Optimization of the educational process."
Ryazantseva R.A. "The moral education of students through the lesson."
Petunin R.V. - "Patriotic education of students through a lesson in the conditions of developmental education."
Berdnikova N.F. - "Development of students' interest in the subject, based on the use of information technology."
Korbova G.E. - "Education of a responsible attitude to the ecology of the environment through a lesson."
11.12. Thematic pedagogical councils and seminars of the Moscow Region have affected the professional growth of teachers.
Took part in the preparation of articles for the almanac of the Ministry of Education of the Omsk region "Moral education of the younger generation." (Meleshchenko M.I. Serikova G.I.)
We took part in the All-Russian competition of methodological developments of extra-curricular activities "Raising Patriots of Russia." (Serikova G.I. Meleshchenko M.I.)
Conducted thematic lessons on the history of the Fatherland with the participation of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War Puryshev S.A.
(Serikova G.I. Meleshchenko M.I., Petunin R.V.)
Conducted thematic lessons with the participation of LIR "Heritage".
13To control the quality of work, the following activities were carried out:
Visiting and analyzing lessons;
Carrying out and analysis of control works;
Checking workbooks;
Systematic work with school documentation.
14.15. To increase the motivation of students, work was carried out to prepare children for participation in district, city, and regional events. The students showed the following results:
1st place in the district Olympiad in social studies (Petunin R.V.)
1st place in the district Olympiad in civil law - "Citizen's Suffrage". (Serikova G.I.);
Laureates of the city NOU Murashova D., Gnedaya S. (Meleshchenko M.I.)
Laureate of the regional NOU Babanova L., the work was published in the collection of creative works of students (Meleshchenko M.I.);
Winners of the Regional creative competition of students "Memory watch - 2008" (Meleshchenko M.I., Serikova G.I.)
They took part in the Regional competition in natural science "Through the thorns - to the stars", the students showed good results (Serikova G.I., Meleshchenko M.I., Mishina V.A., Berdnikova NJF.).
They took part in the telecommunication projects "Etiquette from A to Z", "Our City".
16. The scientific and methodological base is replenished due to the teachers' own acquisitions of methodological literature, educational disks.
17. MO takes part in the review of classrooms. The cabinets are in good condition.
18. 19. To improve professional skills, the following work was carried out:
Mutual attendance of lessons;
Participation in competitions;
Participation in the preparation and holding of thematic teachers' councils.
20. The level of preparation of students over the past two years has not decreased, which is confirmed by the results of the final and intermediate attestation of students.
21. The Ministry of Education takes part in the preparation of documentation, examination folders, and the acquisition of methodological materials for the classroom. When preparing teachers for certification of the current or intermediate, a discussion of data for a certain period of time is carried out.
What is a society? How is its existence possible? What is the original cell of society? Throughout the history of the existence of sociological science, scientists have been looking for answers to these crucial questions. E. Durkheim saw the fundamental principle of society in the collective consciousness. According to M. Weber, society is a product of social actions. From the point of view of K. Marx, society is a developing set of relations between people, emerging in the process of their joint activities.
With all the diversity in approaches to the interpretation of society on the part of the classics of sociology, what they have in common is the consideration of society as an integral system of elements that are in close relationship. This approach to society is called systemic. Within its framework, society is presented as an integral functionally connected social system, the elements of which are closely interconnected and often interdependent.
When considering and studying society, the spheral principle is often used, according to which a society includes the following spheres:
1. economic- material, production relations between people and their associations;
2.political- activities of political institutions and organizations, authorities, law enforcement agencies, social and political movements, political leaders of various levels;
3.spiritual- education, science, public consciousness, religion, culture, art;
4.social- interacting communities of various kinds of people: classes, ethnic groups, social strata, groups, organizations.
All spheres of the life of society operate in the closest relationship, performing certain functions and being complex social subsystems.
So, society- it is a historically developing integral system of relations and interactions between people, their communities and organizations, taking shape and developing in the process of their joint activities.
Consider the distinguishing features of society:
1. sociality (from lat. socialis - joint), expressing the social essence of people's lives, the specifics of their social relations, social interactions and social ties;
2. the ability to maintain and reproduce a high intensity of interactions between people who act relative to each other;
3. the territory on which many features of society depend (for comparison, you can take the lifestyle, customs, culture and religion of the Eskimos, inextricably linked with the characteristics of the Arctic territory and the same characteristics of the inhabitants of Eastern Europe - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians);
4.existence in social space and social time;
5. a high level of self-affirmation and self-regulation, which allows society to create a high level of organization of social interactions without outside interference, ensuring its sustainable self-development and self-reproduction, satisfaction of people's vital needs;
1. the presence of special bodies for the implementation of self-regulation - social institutions;
2. the existence of subjects of social development (individuals, groups, communities, institutions), without the consciousness, will and activity of which social changes are impossible;
3. the presence of a social structure, the elements of which can be:
social institutions;
Social communities;
Social groups, classes, layers;
Social organizations;
human individuals.
Most sociologists agree that there are certain trends and patterns in the development of society. It is argued that in the evolution of society there is law of accelerating social development, which says that each subsequent stage takes place in a shorter period than the previous one. Also in the development of human societies operates law of uneven political, economic, social and spiritual development, as a result of which some countries and peoples develop faster and more intensively than others. Finally, the history of the development of various types of societies shows that with all sorts of zigzags, deviations from the main path of social evolution, even with forced stagnation and setbacks, there is an upward trend in this evolution. (law of social progress).
As an independent science, scientists have always tried to understand society as an organized whole, highlighting its constituent elements. Such an analytical approach, universal for all sciences, should be acceptable for a positive science of society as well. The attempts described above to present society as an organism, as a self-developing entity with the ability to self-organize and maintain balance, were, in fact, an anticipation of the systems approach. The systemic understanding of society can be fully discussed after the creation of L. von Bertalanffy's general theory of systems.
Social system - it is an ordered whole, which is a collection of individual social elements - individuals, groups, organizations, institutions.
These elements are interconnected by stable ties and as a whole form a social structure. Society can itself be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem is a system at its own level and has its own subsystems. Thus, from the point of view of the systems approach, society is something like a nesting doll, inside of which there are many smaller nesting dolls, therefore, there is a hierarchy of social systems. According to the general principle of systems theory, a system is much more than just the sum of its elements, and as a whole, due to its holistic organization, has qualities that all elements taken separately did not have.
Any system, including a social one, can be described from two points of view: first, from the point of view of the functional relationships of its elements, i.e. in terms of structure; secondly, from the point of view of the relationship between the system and the external world around it - the environment.
Relationships between system elements supported by themselves, no one and nothing directed from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with the need to solve a big problem: how to combine the free action of an individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and by its very existence determines his decisions and actions. If we follow the logic of the systemic approach, then, strictly speaking, there is no individual freedom at all, since society as a whole exceeds the sum of its parts, i.e. is a reality of an immeasurably higher order than the individual, measures itself by historical terms and scales that are incomparable with the chronological scale of an individual perspective. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may be contrary to his expectations? It simply turns into "a wheel and a cog in the common cause", into the smallest element, reduced to the volume of a mathematical point. Then it is not the individual himself that falls into the perspective of sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures, in unity with other functions, the balanced existence of the whole.
Relationship of the system with the environment serve as a criterion for its strength and viability. What is dangerous for the system is what comes from the outside: after all, inside everything works to preserve it. The environment is potentially hostile to the system, since it affects it as a whole, i.e. makes changes to it that can upset its functioning. The system is saved by the fact that it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of equilibrium between itself and the external environment. This means that the system is inherently harmonious: it tends to internal balance, and its temporary disturbances are only random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine. Society is like a good orchestra, where harmony and concord are the norm, and discord and musical cacophony are the occasional and unfortunate exception.
The system is able to reproduce itself without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations fit into its life activity calmly and without conflict, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass these rules and skills on to the next generations. Within the framework of the system, the social qualities of individuals are also reproduced. For example, in the system of a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level by raising their children accordingly, while representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce their lack of education and their labor skills in their children.
The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social formations. It subordinates to its logic and forces to work according to its rules for the benefit of the whole newly emerging elements - new classes and social strata, new institutions and ideologies, etc. For example, the nascent bourgeoisie functioned normally for a long time as a class within the "third estate", and only when the system of class society could no longer maintain an internal balance did it break out of it, which meant the death of the entire system.
System characteristics of society
Society can be represented as a multi-level system. The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles are organized into various and which make up the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex, stable and self-reproducing systemic organization. Differences in the functions performed by social groups, opposition to their goals require such a systemic level of organization that would support a single normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets patterns of human activity, maintains and reproduces the norms tested by the experience of many generations, and the political system regulates and strengthens the ties between social systems through legislative and legal acts.
The social system can be considered in four aspects:
- as the interaction of individuals;
- as a group interaction;
- as a hierarchy of social statuses (institutional roles);
- as a set of social norms and values that determine the behavior of individuals.
A description of the system in its static state would be incomplete.
Society is a dynamic system, i.e. is in constant motion, development, changes its features, signs, states. The state of the system gives an idea of it at a particular point in time. The change of states is caused both by the influences of the external environment and by the needs of the development of the system itself.
Dynamic systems can be linear and non-linear. Changes in linear systems are easily calculated and predicted, since they occur relative to the same stationary state. Such, for example, is the free oscillation of a pendulum.
Society is a non-linear system. This means that the processes occurring in it at different times under the influence of different causes are determined and described by different laws. They cannot be put into one explanatory scheme, because there will certainly be changes that will not correspond to this scheme. That is why social change always contains an element of unpredictability. In addition, if the pendulum returns to its previous state with 100% probability, the society will never return back to some point in its development.
Society is an open system. This means that it reacts to the slightest influence from outside, to any accident. The reaction manifests itself in the occurrence of fluctuations - unpredictable deviations from the stationary state and bifurcations - branches of the development trajectory. Bifurcations are always unpredictable, the logic of the previous state of the system is not applicable to them, since they themselves represent a violation of this logic. These are, as it were, crisis moments of a break, when the usual threads of cause-and-effect relationships are lost and chaos sets in. It is at the points of bifurcation that innovations arise, revolutionary changes take place.
A non-linear system is capable of generating attractors - special structures that turn into a kind of "goals" towards which the processes of social change are directed. These are new complexes of social roles that did not exist before and are being organized into a new social order. This is how new preferences of the mass consciousness arise: new political leaders are put forward, rapidly gaining popular popularity, new political parties, groups, unexpected coalitions and unions are formed, there is a redistribution of forces in the struggle for power. For example, during the period of dual power in Russia in 1917, unpredictable rapid social changes in a few months led to the Bolshevization of the soviets, an unprecedented increase in the popularity of new leaders, and ultimately to a complete change in the entire political system in the country.
Understanding society as a system has undergone a long evolution from the classical sociology of the era of E. Durkheim and K. Marx to modern works on the theory of complex systems. Already in Durkheim, the development of social order is associated with the complication of society. The work of T. Parsons "The Social System" (1951) played a special role in the understanding of systems. He reduces the problem of the system and the individual to the relationship between systems, since he considers as a system not only society, but also the individual. Between these two systems, according to Parsons, there is an interpenetration: it is impossible to imagine a system of personality that would not be included in the system of society. Social action and its components are also part of the system. Despite the fact that the action itself is made up of elements, outwardly it acts as an integral system, the qualities of which are activated in the system of social interaction. In turn, the system of interaction is a subsystem of action, since each single act consists of elements of a culture system, a personality system, and a social system. Thus, society is a complex interweaving of systems and their interactions.
According to the German sociologist N. Luhmann, society is an autopoietic system - self-differentiating and self-renewing. The social system has the ability to distinguish "self" from "others". It reproduces and defines its own boundaries separating it from the external environment. In addition, according to Luhmann, a social system, unlike natural systems, is built on the basis of meaning, i.e. in it, its various elements (action, time, event) acquire semantic agreement.
Modern researchers of complex social systems focus their attention not only on purely macrosociological problems, but also on questions of how systemic changes are implemented at the living standards of individuals, separate groups and communities, regions and countries. They come to the conclusion that all changes occur at different levels and are interconnected in the sense that the "higher" arise from the "lower" and again return to the lower, influencing them. For example, social inequality stems from differences in income and wealth. This is not just an ideal measure of income distribution, but a real factor that produces certain social parameters and influences the lives of individuals. Thus, the American researcher R. Wilkinson showed that in cases where the degree of social inequality exceeds a certain level, it affects the health of individuals by itself, regardless of actual well-being and income.
Society has a self-organizing potential, which allows us to consider the mechanism of its development, especially in a situation of transformation, from the standpoint of a synergistic approach. Self-organization refers to the processes of spontaneous ordering (transition from chaos to order), formation and evolution of structures in open non-linear media.
Synergetics - a new interdisciplinary direction of scientific research, within the framework of which the processes of transition from chaos to order and vice versa (processes of self-organization and self-disorganization) in open non-linear environments of the most diverse nature are studied. This transition is called the phase of formation, which is associated with the concept of bifurcation or catastrophe - an abrupt change in quality. At the decisive moment of the transition, the system must make a critical choice through the fluctuation dynamics, and this choice occurs in the bifurcation zone. After a critical choice, stabilization occurs and the system develops further in accordance with the choice made. This is how, according to the laws of synergetics, the fundamental relationships between chance and external limitation, between fluctuation (randomness) and irreversibility (necessity), between freedom of choice and determinism are fixed.
Synergetics as a scientific trend arose in the second half of the 20th century. in the natural sciences, but gradually the principles of synergetics spread to the humanities, becoming so popular and in demand that at the moment synergetic principles are at the center of scientific discourse in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge.
Society as a social system
From the point of view of a systematic approach, it can be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem, in turn, is itself a system at its own level and has its own subsystems. Thus, society is something like a set of nesting dolls, when inside a large nesting doll there is a smaller one, and inside it there is an even smaller one, and so on. Thus, there is a hierarchy of social systems.
The general tenet of systems theory is that a system is understood as much more than the sum of its elements—as a whole that, by virtue of its holistic organization, has qualities that its elements, taken individually, do not have.
The relations between the elements of the system are such that they are maintained by themselves, they are not directed by anyone and nothing from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with a big problem - how to combine the free action of an individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and determines his decisions and actions by its very existence. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may be contrary to his expectations? It simply turns into a "wheel and cog in the common cause", into the smallest element, and not the individual himself is subjected to sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures the balanced existence of the whole in unity with other functions.
The relationship of the system with the environment serves as a criterion for its strength and viability. What is dangerous for the system is what comes from the outside, since inside the system everything works to preserve it. The environment is potentially hostile to the system because it affects it as a whole, making changes to it that can upset its functioning. The system is preserved, as it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of equilibrium between itself and the external environment. This means that the system gravitates towards an internal balance and its temporary disturbances are only random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine.
The system can reproduce itself. This happens without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations fit into its life activity calmly and without conflict, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass these rules and skills on to their children. Within the framework of the system, the social qualities of individuals are also reproduced. For example, in a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level by raising their children accordingly, while representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce in their children a lack of education and their labor skills.
The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social formations. It subordinates to its logic and forces to act according to its rules for the benefit of the whole newly emerging elements - new classes, social strata, etc. For example, the emerging bourgeoisie functioned normally for a long time as part of the “third estate” (the first estate was the nobility, the second was the clergy), but when the system of estate society could not maintain an internal balance, it “broke out” of it, which meant the death of the entire system.
So, society can be represented as a multi-level system. The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles are organized into institutions and communities that constitute the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex system organization, stable and self-reproducing. Differences in the functions performed, opposition to the goals of social groups can lead to the death of society if there is no such systemic level of organization that would support a single normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets patterns of human activity, maintains and reproduces the norms tested by the experience of many generations, and the political system regulates and strengthens the ties between social systems through legislative and legal acts.
