§one. What is parsing, what are its specifics
Parsing is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:
- phrases
- simple sentence
- complex sentence
In syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax, to realize that these are units of different levels, and to understand what features each of them is characterized by. Parsing requires not confusing a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentences, and knowing how to parse each of them.
§2. What you need to know and be able to do
Syntactic parsing requires knowledge and skills.
Need to know:
- what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
- what is the difference between simple and complex sentences
- how the phrase is built, and what they are (view by the main word)
- syntactic links of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjunction
- what signs characterize the sentence: the purpose of the statement, semantic and intonational completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
- what are the sentences according to the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
- what are simple sentences in terms of their structure: two-part, one-part (nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal)
- what are complex sentences: by the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: compound and complex subordinate)
- what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)
Need to be able to:
- determine to which syntactic units the given parsing unit belongs
- highlight phrases in a sentence
- find the main and dependent word in the phrase
- determine the type of syntactic relationship
- determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
- determine the type of sentence by grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
- define sentence members
- identify complicating components: homogeneous members, separations, introductory elements (introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions), appeals, direct speech and citation
- determine the number of parts in a complex sentence
- determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of a complex sentence
§3. The order of parsing syntactic units
phrase
1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, put a question to the dependent from it.
2. Determine the type of phrase by the main word: nominal, verbal, adverbial.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: agreement, control, adjacency.
Simple sentence
1. Analyze by the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine what (what part of speech word) they are expressed with.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. Give a description of the expressed emotions and intonation:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamatory
4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:
- simple
- complex
5. Give a description of the presence of the main members:
- two-part
- one-component
a) one-part with the main member of the subject: denominative
b) one-part with the main member of the predicate: definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal
6. Give a description of the presence of secondary members:
- widespread
- uncommon
7. Give a description in terms of completeness (the presence of members of the proposal that are necessary in meaning):
- complete
- incomplete
8. Determine the presence of complicating components:
- uncomplicated
- complicated:
a) homogeneous members of the proposal
b) separate members: definition (agreed - inconsistent), addition, circumstance
c) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation
Note:
When expressing separations with participial and adverbial phrases, as well as comparative constructions, characterize what exactly the separation is expressed
Difficult sentence
1. As in a simple sentence, define the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, give a description of the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. As in a simple sentence, describe the expressed emotions and intonation:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamatory
4. By the number of grammatical bases (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence:
- with allied connection
- with unionless connection
- with a combination of allied and allied connection
6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:
- compound (: connecting, dividing, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
- complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequences, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
- non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonationally)
7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: complex with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of the complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Make a diagram of a complex sentence, reflecting
Remember:
|
Member of the proposal |
Indicates/shows |
Answers the questions |
emphasized |
|
|
Subject |
main members of the proposal |
who or what the sentence is about |
who? what? | |
|
Predicate |
names what the object does, its state, what it is |
what is he doing? what have you been doing? what will do? what? | ||
|
Definition |
minor members of the sentence |
object attribute |
which? which? which? which? whose? whose? | |
|
Addition |
what object or phenomenon is directed action |
whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what? | ||
|
Circumstance |
how the action is performed, when the action is performed, where the action is performed, for what reason the action is performed, for what purpose the action is performed |
where? where? when? where? why? why? And How? |
|
Write out an offer.
Do it like this : With high mountains ran voiced streamlets.
1. Basis of the offer:
the proposal refers to streamlets, hence, streamlets - is the subject
ran, hence, ran - is a predicate.
2. There are minor members in the proposal.
I ask a question from the subject:
streamlets what kind?- voiced is a definition.
I ask a question from the predicate:
ran where? - from the mountains is a circumstance of place.
from the mountains what? - high is a definition.
39. Scheme for parsing a sentence (syntactic parsing).
I. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement.
II. Type of sentence by intonation.
III. The basis of the sentence (subject and predicate).
IV. Type of proposal by the presence of secondary members.
V. Secondary members of the proposal.
Write out an offer.
Do it like this : With high mountains ran voicedstreamlets. (Narrative, unexclaimed, circ.)
This offer
I. Narrative.
II. Non-exclamatory.
III. Basis of the offer:
the proposal refers to streamlets, hence, streamlets - is the subject
brooks are said to be ran, hence, ran - is a predicate.
IV. The sentence has minor members, so it is common.
V. I ask a question from the subject:
streamlets what kind?- voiced is a definition.
I ask a question from the predicate:
ran where? - from the mountains is a circumstance of place.
I ask a question from the secondary members of the proposal:
From the mountains what? - high is a definition.
Remember:
III. Punctuation
40. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences (.?!).
Write the sentence correctly. Come up with your own or find a sentence with the same sign in the textbook. Underline the punctuation mark.
Do it like this : Glory to our Motherland ! Glory to Labor !
41. Homogeneous members of the proposal.
Write out an offer. Put the signs right. Underline the homogeneous parts of the sentence. Draw a proposal outline.
Do it like this : Rooks, starlings and larks fled to warmer climes. (Oh, oh and oh)
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members:
Oh yes (=and) Oh
Oh yes (= but) Oh
and oh and oh and oh and oh
or O, or O, or O, or O
Oh and oh and oh and oh
42. Complicated sentence.
Write the correct sentence. Emphasize grammatical basics. Draw diagrams.
Do like this:
dormant fish under the water, resting catfish gray-haired.
[ ], [ ].
43. Offers with direct speech.
Write the correct sentence. Make a diagram.
Do it like this :
1) Oleg reassured his mother: "Everything will be fine."
2) He shouted: "Forward, guys!"
3) He asked: "Where are you from, boy?"
4) "I won't betray you," Ivan promised.
5) "Fire!" Tanya shouted.
6) "Who was it?" Olya asked.
7) "I'm a doctor," he said, "I'm on duty today."
"P, - a, - p."
8) "Our presence is necessary," Petrov finished. "Leaving in the morning."
"P, - a. - P."
9) "Why at five?" the brother asked. "It's very early."
"P? - a. - P."
10) "Well, great! - exclaimed Anya. - Let's go together."
"P! - a. - P."
11) "He is from our group," Ivan said. "Sit down, Peter!"
"P, - a. - P!"
FOR TEACHER AND PARENTS
"Memo on the performance of work on errors in the Russian language" consists of three sections: "Spelling rules", "Types of parsing", "Punctuation".
In the first and third sections, instructions are given on what operations and in what sequence students need to perform when working on mistakes. In order for the student to quickly and easily find the required spelling in the memo, each rule has its own serial number.
We propose to work on the memo in the following way. To the traditional notation of errors in the margins, attribute the number of the spelling placed in the memo. After the verified work, skip two lines and indicate these numbers on subsequent lines.
The student, having received a notebook, must complete the work on the mistakes strictly according to the memo. The teacher checks and evaluates each work, while taking into account the correctness and accuracy of the correction.
For example: there is a heavy frost outside - in the fields the student sees | No. 20. He opens a memo book and reads the algorithm of work:
№20 Moro h– moro hs.
Thus, the main types of independent work of students on mistakes are:
Self-correction (then you can offer self-search) of errors;
Independent writing out words in which a mistake is made;
Selection of test words;
Repetition of rules.
Considering the need for continuity in the primary and secondary levels of education, when compiling the third section “Types of analysis” (morphemic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic), we relied on a textbook for the 5th grade of educational institutions, the authors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others.
"Reminder on doing work on mistakes in the Russian language" can be used in educational work on any elementary school program, both in group work and in individual, independent work of the student in the classroom or at home.
Literature
1. Russian language: grade 3: comments on the lessons / S.V. Ivanov, M.I. Kuznetsova.- M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.-464 p.- (Primary school of the XXI century).
2. Russian language: Theory: Textbook for 5-9 cells. general education textbook institutions /V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Enlightenment, 1994.-256 p.
3. Russian language: textbook for grade 5. general education institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M .: Education, 2007.-317 p.
4. Reference book for elementary grades. A guide for students in grades 3-5, their parents and teachers. /T.V. Shklyarova - M.: "Literate", 2012, 128 p.
Parsing order
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative).
2. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence and prove that it is simple.
4. Determine the type of offer by structure:
a) two-part or one-part (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, naming);
b) widespread or non-common;
c) complete or incomplete (indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it);
d) complicated (indicate what is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).
5. Parse the sentence by members and indicate how they are expressed (first, the subject and predicate are disassembled, then the secondary members related to them).
6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Parsing Samples
1) My fire in the fog shines(A. K. Tolstoy).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated. Grammar basis - the bonfire is shining my expressed by a possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the circumstance of the place in the fog, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition in.
A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, cherry orchards smell good(Sholokhov).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover. Grammar basis - gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by the verb in the form of the indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition in, and the circumstance of the mode of action well expressed in an adverb.
A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence; commas in the sentence highlight the participial turnover, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.
Words and phrases are the components of each sentence in writing and in oral speech. To build it, you should clearly understand what should be the connection between them in order to build a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in the school curriculum of the Russian language is the syntactic analysis of the sentence. With such an analysis, a complete analysis of all components of the statement is carried out and the connection between them is established. In addition, the definition of the structure of the sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. As a rule, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after the children are taught to parse the sentence.
Phrase parsing rules
Parsing a specific phrase taken from the context is relatively simple in the Russian language syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main one and which is dependent, and determine which part of speech each of them refers to. Next, you need to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:
- Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship, in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase determines the main word. For example: a receding train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
- Control is also one of the types of subordination, it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
- Adjacency is also a subordinating type of connection, however, it applies only to unchangeable and non-inflected words. Dependence such words express only meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.
An example of parsing phrases
The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “says”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word "says" is used in the present tense in the singular and in the third person. The word "beautiful" is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.
Scheme for parsing a simple sentence
Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:
- First of all, they determine the purpose of the statement of a single sentence, they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a declarative sentence that tells about an event, there is a point; after the question, of course, - a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
- Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
- The next step is to describe the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, it is additionally necessary to indicate what kind of sentence is in terms of the nature of the grammatical basis: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is widespread or not. At this stage, you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications are considered homogeneous members, appeals, turns and introductory words.
- Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
- The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks put in the sentence.
An example of parsing a simple sentence
Theory is theory, but without practice it is impossible to fix a single topic. That is why in the school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training, you can take the simplest sentences. For example: "The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf."
- The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
- The main members of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
- This proposal is two-part, complete and extended. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
- Analysis of all the words of the sentence:
- "girl" - acts as a subject and is a feminine noun in the singular and nominative;
- “lay” - in the sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine, singular and past tense;
- “on” is a preposition, serves to connect words;
- "beach" - answers the question "where?" and is a circumstance, in the sentence it is expressed by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
- "and" - union, serves to connect words;
- “Listened” - the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
- "surf" - in the sentence is an addition, refers to a noun, has a masculine gender, singular and is used in the accusative case.
Designation of parts of a sentence in writing
When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used, which indicate the belonging of words to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the addition with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line with a dot. In order to correctly determine which particular member of the sentence is in front of us, we should put a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the questions of the name of the adjective are answered by the definition, the addition is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: "where?" "where?" and why?"
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
The order of parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. For analysis, a complex statement is proposed, which has several grammatical foundations. And here you should follow this scheme:
- First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
- Next, highlight the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
- The next step is to define the relationship, which can be done with or without a union.
- Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammatical bases in the sentence are connected. It can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: compound, compound or non-union.
- The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence by its parts. Produce it according to the scheme for a simple proposal.
- At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to build a diagram of the proposal, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.
Connection of parts of a complex sentence
As a rule, unions and allied words are used to connect parts in complex sentences, before which a comma is required. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:
- Compound sentences connected by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: "The sun was shining, and the clouds were floating."
- Compound sentences that use such unions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, where, since, although other. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: "The sun's rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."
In Russian, the process of syntactic analysis is the sequential comparison of words with the selection of a certain subset from the set of all words. The result is a syntactic order, which is used in conjunction with lexical analysis. Syntactic analysis makes it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence, which increases the level of punctuation literacy.
Parsing is acceptable in both simple and complex sentences, as well as in phrases. Each example has its own scenario of analysis, which emphasizes the inherent components. In syntactic analysis, it is necessary to be able to isolate a phrase from sentences, as well as determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. In addition, you should understand how the phrase is built and assign a link type to it. There are such types of communication: coordination, adjacency, control. When parsing, we need to select the desired phrase in the sentence, then set the main word. The next step is to determine the tense, mood, and person and number of the main word. As for the analysis of a simple sentence, it is necessary to initially determine it according to the purpose of the statement, namely, whether it is narrative, motivating or interrogative. Then you need to find the subject and predicate. The next step is to determine the type of proposal - it is one-part or two-part. After we find out the presence in the sentence of words in addition to the subject and predicate, which will allow us to say whether it is common or not common. Next will be the establishment - a complete or incomplete sentence. Consider this example: "I have not listened to music more beautiful than Beethoven." We will consider the proposal simple. Endowed with one grammatical basis - "I did not listen." "I" is the subject, personal pronoun. “I didn’t listen” is a simple verb, a predicate, which includes the particle “not”. The sentence contains the following secondary members "music" - an addition expressed by a noun. “More beautiful” is a definition expressed by an adjective in a comparative degree. "Beethoven" - addition, noun. Now you can characterize this sentence - it is narrative, not exclamatory; in structure - simple, since there is one grammatical basis; two-part - there are both main members; common - after all, it contains secondary members; complete - no missing members. There are also no homogeneous members in the proposal.
Using the sequence and rules of parsing, it will not be difficult to make the correct parsing of a sentence, although in terms of parsing speed, a good sixth grader will most likely outrun you.
