Modern natural-scientific picture of the world

It contains the most typical information about the modern natural-science picture of the world, given in most manuals and textbooks. To what extent these ideas are limited in many ways, and sometimes simply do not correspond to experience and facts, readers can judge for themselves.

The concept of mythological, religious and philosophical picture of the world

The picture of the world is - a system of views on the objective world and man's place in it.

The following pictures of the world are distinguished:

 mythological;

 religious;

 philosophical;

 scientific.

Consider the features of the mythological ( Mithos- legend, logos- doctrine) pictures of the world.

Mythological picture of the world is determined by the artistic and emotional experience of the world, its sensory perception and, as a result of irrational perception, social illusions. The events taking place around were explained with the help of mythical characters, for example, a thunderstorm is the result of the wrath of Zeus in Greek mythology.

Properties of the mythological picture of the world:

 humanization of nature italics ours, we pay attention to the widest distribution in modern science of such humanization. For example, belief in the existence of objective laws of the Universe, despite the fact that the very concept of "law" was invented by man, and not found in the experiment, and even laws that are unambiguously expressible in human concepts ) when natural objects are endowed with human abilities, for example, "the sea raged";

 the presence of fantastic, i.e. having no prototype in reality gods, for example, centaurs; or anthropomorphic gods resembling humans, such as Venus ( italics ours, we draw attention to the general anthropomorphism of the Universe common in science, expressed, for example, in the belief in its cognizability by man);

 interaction of gods with man, i.e. the possibility of contact in various spheres of life, for example, Achilles, Hercules, who were considered the children of God and man;

 lack of abstract reflections, ie. the world was perceived as a collection of "fabulous" images, not requiring rational thought ( italics are ours, just as fundamental scientific postulates do not require rational thinking today ) ;

 the practical orientation of the myth, which was manifested in the fact that in order to achieve a certain result it was supposed set of concrete actions e.g. sacrifice ( the italics are ours, as to this day science does not recognize a result that is not obtained through strictly fixed procedures).

Each nation has its own mythological system that explains the origin of the world, its structure, the place and role of man in the world.

At the next stage in the development of mankind, with the advent of world religions, a religious picture of the world is emerging.

religious(religion- holiness) picture of the world based on the belief in the existence of the supernatural, such as God and the devil, heaven and hell; does not require proof , rational substantiation of their provisions; the truths of faith are considered higher than the truths of reason ( italics are ours, as fundamental scientific postulates do not require proof).

The religious picture of the world is determined by the specific properties of religion. It's presence faith as a way of existence of religious consciousness and cult as a system of established rituals, dogmas, which are an external form of manifestation of faith ( italics are ours, just like in science, faith in the cognizability of the Universe, the role of dogmas-postulates and scientific rituals of “extracting the truth”).

Characteristics of the religious picture of the world:

 The supernatural occupies a leading role in the universe and people's lives. God creates the world and governs the course of history and the life of the individual;

 “earthly” and sacred things are separated, i.e. direct contact of a person with God is impossible, in contrast to the mythological picture of the world.

Religious pictures of the world differ depending on the characteristics of a particular religion. In the modern world, there are three world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam.

Philosophical picture of the world based on knowledge, and not on faith or fiction, like mythological and religious. It presupposes reflection, i.e. contains reflections on one's own ideas about the world and about a person's place in it. Unlike previous paintings, the philosophical picture of the world is logical, has an internal unity and system, explains the world based on clear concepts and categories. It is characterized by free-thinking and criticality, i.е. lack of dogmas, problematic perception of the world.

Ideas about reality within the framework of the philosophical picture of the world are formed on the basis of philosophical methods. Methodology is a system of principles, generalized ways of organizing and constructing theoretical reality, as well as the doctrine of this system.

Basic methods of philosophy:

1. Dialectics- a method in which things and phenomena are considered flexible, critical, consistent, taking into account their internal contradictions and changes (italics ours, the good idea embedded in the dialectical method is difficult to implement in practice due to the extreme limitations of existing knowledge, often dialectics in science boils away into ordinary taste)

2. Metaphysics- a method opposite to dialectics, in which objects are considered separately, statically and unambiguously (conducted search for absolute truth ) (italics ours, although formally modern science recognizes that any "truth" is temporary and private, nevertheless proclaims that this process converges over time to a certain limit that playsde facto the role of absolute truth).

Philosophical pictures of the world may differ depending on the historical type of philosophy, its national identity, the specifics of the philosophical direction. Initially, two main branches of philosophy are formed: Eastern and Western. Eastern philosophy is mainly represented by the philosophy of China and India. Western philosophy, which dominates modern natural science ideas, originated in ancient Greece, goes through several stages in its development, each of which determined the specifics of the philosophical picture of the world.

The ideas about the world, formed within the framework of the philosophical picture of the world, formed the basis of the scientific picture of the world.

Scientific picture of the world as a theoretical construct

The scientific picture of the world is a special form of representation of the world, based on scientific knowledge, which depends on the historical period and the level of development of science. At each historical stage in the development of scientific knowledge, there is an attempt to generalize the knowledge gained in order to form a holistic view of the world, which is called the “general scientific picture of the world”. The scientific picture of the world differs depending on the subject of study. Such a picture of the world is called a special scientific picture of the world, for example, a physical picture of the world, a biological picture of the world.

The scientific picture of the world is formed in the process of formation of scientific knowledge.

Science is a form of spiritual activity of people, aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the goal of comprehension of the truth (our italics, we emphasize the belief inherent here in the existence of some kind of objective, independent of man, truth) and discovery of objective laws (italics are ours, we draw attention to the belief in the existence of "laws" outside our minds).

Stages of formation of modern science

classical science (XVII-XIX centuries), exploring its objects, sought in their description and theoretical explanation to eliminate, if possible, everything that relates to the subject, means, methods and operations of his activity. Such elimination was considered as a necessary condition for obtaining objective and true knowledge about the world. Here the objective style of thinking dominates, the desire to know the subject in itself, regardless of the conditions of its study by the subject.

Non-classical science (the first half of the 20th century), the starting point of which is associated with the development of relativistic and quantum theory, rejects the objectivism of classical science, rejects the representation of reality as something independent of the means of its cognition, a subjective factor. It comprehends the connections between the knowledge of the object and the nature of the means and operations of the subject's activity. The explication of these connections is considered as the conditions for an objective and true description and explanation of the world.

post-non-classical science (the second half of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries) is characterized by the constant involvement of subjective activity in the "body of knowledge". It takes into account the correlation of the nature of the acquired knowledge about the object not only with the peculiarity of the means and operations of the activity of the cognizing subject, but also with its value-target structures.

Each of these stages has its own paradigm (a set of theoretical, methodological and other guidelines), their picture of the world, their fundamental ideas.

classical stage has mechanics as its paradigm, its picture of the world is based on the principle of rigid (Laplacian) determinism, it corresponds to the image of the universe as a clockwork. ( Until now, mechanistic ideas occupy about 90% of the volume in scientists' minds, which is easy to establish by simply talking to them.)

With non-classical the paradigm of relativity, discreteness, quantization, probability, complementarity is connected with science. ( Surprisingly, the idea of ​​relativity still occupies an insignificant place in the practical activities of scientists, even the simple relativity of motion / immobility is rarely remembered, and sometimes it is directly denied)

Post-non-classical the stage corresponds to the paradigm of formation and self-organization. The main features of the new (post-non-classical) image of science are expressed by synergetics, which studies the general principles of self-organization processes occurring in systems of very different nature (physical, biological, technical, social, etc.). Orientation to the "synergetic movement" is an orientation to historical time, consistency and development as the most important characteristics of being. ( these concepts are still available for real understanding and practical use only by an insignificant number of scientists, but those who have mastered them and actually use them, as a rule, reconsider their vulgar and dismissive attitude towards spiritual practices, religion, mythology)

As a result of the development of science, a scientific picture of the world .

The scientific picture of the world differs from other pictures of the world in that it builds its ideas about the world on the basis of cause-and-effect relationships, that is, all phenomena of the surrounding world have their own causes and develop according to certain laws.

The specificity of the scientific picture of the world is determined by the peculiarities of scientific knowledge. Characteristics of science.

 Activities for obtaining new knowledge.

 Self-worth - knowledge for the sake of most knowledge ( our italics, in fact - knowledge for the sake of recognition, positions, awards, funding).

 Rational character, reliance on logic and evidence.

 Creation of holistic, systemic knowledge.

 Provisions of science required for all people ( italics ours, the provisions of religion in the Middle Ages were also considered mandatory).

 Reliance on the experimental method.

There are general and special pictures of the world.

Special scientific pictures of the world represent the subjects of each individual science (physics, biology, social sciences, etc.). The general scientific picture of the world presents the most important system-structural characteristics of the subject area of ​​scientific knowledge as a whole.

General the scientific picture of the world is a special form of theoretical knowledge. It integrates the most important achievements of natural, humanitarian and technical sciences. These are, for example, ideas about quarks ( italics ours, it turns out that quarks, never separated from elementary particles by anyone and even supposed to be fundamentally inseparable, are “the most important achievement”!) and synergetic processes, about genes, ecosystems and the biosphere, about society as an integral system, etc. Initially, they develop as fundamental ideas and representations of the relevant disciplines, and then they are included in the general scientific picture of the world.

So what does the modern picture of the world look like?

The modern picture of the world is created on the basis of classical, non-classical and post-non-classical pictures, intricately intertwined and occupying different levels, in accordance with the degree of knowledge of certain areas.

A new picture of the world is just being formed, it still has to acquire a universal language adequate to Nature. I. Tamm said that our first task is to learn to listen to nature in order to understand its language. The picture of the world drawn by modern natural science is unusually complex and at the same time simple. Its complexity lies in the fact that it can confuse a person who is used to thinking in classical concepts with their visual interpretation of phenomena and processes occurring in nature. From this point of view, modern ideas about the world look somewhat “crazy”. But, nevertheless, modern natural science shows that everything that is not prohibited by its laws is realized in nature, no matter how crazy and incredible it may seem. At the same time, the modern picture of the world is quite simple and harmonious, since not so many principles and hypotheses are required to understand it. These qualities are given to it by such leading principles for the construction and organization of modern scientific knowledge as systemicity, global evolutionism, self-organization and historicity.

Consistency reflects the reproduction by science of the fact that the Universe appears to us as the largest system known to us, consisting of a huge variety of subsystems of various levels of complexity and order. The systemic effect consists in the appearance of new properties in the system, which arise due to the interaction of its elements with each other. Its other most important property is hierarchy and subordination, i.e. sequential inclusion of systems of lower levels into systems of higher levels, which reflects their fundamental unity, since each element of the system is connected with all other elements and subsystems. It is this fundamentally unified character that Nature demonstrates to us. Modern natural science is organized in a similar way. At present, it can be argued that almost the entire modern picture of the world is permeated and transformed by physics and chemistry. Moreover, it includes an observer, on whose presence the observed picture of the world depends.

Global evolutionism means the recognition of the fact that the Universe has an evolutionary character - the Universe and everything that exists in it is constantly developing and evolving, i.e. evolutionary, irreversible processes underlie everything that exists. This testifies to the fundamental unity of the world, each component part of which is a historical consequence of the evolutionary process started by the Big Bang. The idea of ​​global evolutionism also makes it possible to study all the processes taking place in the world from a unified point of view as components of the general world development process. Therefore, the main object of study of natural science becomes a single indivisible self-organizing Universe, the development of which is determined by the universal and practically unchanged laws of Nature.

self-organization- this is the ability of matter to self-complication and the creation of more and more ordered structures in the course of evolution. Apparently, the formation of more and more complex structures of the most diverse nature occurs according to a single mechanism, which is universal for systems of all levels.

Historicity consists in recognizing the fundamental incompleteness of the real scientific picture of the world. Indeed, the development of society, the change in its value orientations, the awareness of the importance of studying the uniqueness of the entire set of natural systems, in which man is included as an integral part, will continuously change the strategy of scientific research and our attitude to the world, because the whole world around us is in a state of constant and irreversible historical development.

One of the main features of the modern picture of the world is its abstract character and lack of visibility especially at the fundamental level. The latter is due to the fact that at this level we learn the world not with the help of feelings, but using a variety of instruments and devices. At the same time, we cannot fundamentally ignore the physical processes by which we obtain information about the objects under study. As a result, it turned out that we cannot speak of an objective reality that exists independently of us, as such. Only physical reality is available to us as a part of objective reality, which we know with the help of experience and our consciousness, i.e. facts and figures obtained with the help of instruments. With the deepening and refinement of the system of scientific concepts, we are forced to move further and further away from sensory perceptions and from the concepts that arose on their basis.

The data of modern natural science are increasingly confirming that the real world is infinitely diverse. The deeper we penetrate into the secrets of the structure of the Universe, the more diverse and subtle connections we find.

Let us briefly formulate those features that form the basis of the modern natural-scientific picture of the world.

. Space and time in the modern picture of the world

Let us briefly summarize how and why our seemingly obvious and intuitive ideas about space and time have changed and developed from a physical point of view.

Already in the ancient world, the first materialistic ideas about space and time were developed. In the future, they went through a difficult path of development, especially in the twentieth century. The special theory of relativity has established an inseparable connection between space and time, and the general theory of relativity has shown the dependence of this unity on the properties of matter. With the discovery of the expansion of the Universe and the prediction of black holes, the understanding came that there are states of matter in the Universe, in which the properties of space and time should be radically different from those familiar to us in earthly conditions.

Time is often compared to a river. The eternal river of time flows by itself strictly evenly. “Time flows” - this is our sense of time, and all events are involved in this flow. The experience of mankind has shown that the flow of time is immutable: it can neither be accelerated, nor slowed down, nor reversed. It seems to be independent of events and appears as an independent duration. This is how the concept of absolute time arose, which, along with absolute space, where the movement of all bodies takes place, forms the basis of classical physics.

Newton believed that absolute, true, mathematical time, taken by itself without regard to any body, flows uniformly and evenly. The general picture of the world drawn by Newton can be briefly expressed as follows: in an infinite and absolute unchanging space, the movement of the worlds occurs over time. It can be very complex, the processes on celestial bodies are diverse, but this does not affect the space - the “scene” in any way, where the drama of the events of the Universe unfolds in unchanging time. Therefore, neither space nor time can have boundaries, or, figuratively speaking, the river of time has no source (beginning). Otherwise, it would violate the principle of the immutability of time and would mean the "creation" of the Universe. It should be noted that the thesis about the infinity of the world was already proven by the materialist philosophers of Ancient Greece.

In the Newtonian picture, there was no question either about the structure of time and space, or about their properties. In addition to duration and length, they had no other properties. In this picture of the world, such concepts as “now”, “earlier” and “later” were absolutely obvious and understandable. The course of the earth's clock will not change if it is transferred to any cosmic body, and the events that occurred with the same clock reading anywhere must be considered synchronous for the entire Universe. Therefore, one clock can be used to establish an unambiguous chronology. However, as soon as the clock moves away at ever greater distances L, difficulties arise due to the fact that the speed of light c, although large, is finite. Indeed, if we observe distant clocks, for example, through a telescope, we will notice that they lag behind by L/c. This reflects the fact that there is simply no “single global time stream”.

Special relativity has revealed yet another paradox. When studying movement at speeds comparable to the speed of light, it turned out that the river of time is not as simple as previously thought. This theory showed that the concepts "now", "later" and "earlier" have a simple meaning only for events that occur close to each other. When the compared events occur far away, these concepts are unambiguous only if the signal traveling at the speed of light managed to get from the place of one event to the place where another happened. If this is not the case, then the relation “earlier” - “later” is ambiguous and depends on the state of motion of the observer. What was “before” for one observer may be “later” for another. Such events cannot influence each other, i.e. cannot be causally related. This is due to the fact that the speed of light in a vacuum is always constant. It does not depend on the motion of the observer and is extremely large. Nothing in nature can move faster than light. Even more surprising was the fact that the flow of time depends on the speed of the body, i.e. a second on a moving clock becomes “longer” than on a stationary one. Time flows the slower, the faster the body moves relative to the observer. This fact has been reliably measured both in experiments with elementary particles and in direct experiments with clocks on a flying plane. Thus, the properties of time only seemed to be unchanged. The relativistic theory has established an inseparable connection between time and space. Changes in the temporal properties of processes are always associated with changes in spatial properties.

The concept of time was further developed in the general theory of relativity, which showed that the gravitational field influences the rate of time. The stronger gravity, the slower time flows compared to its flow away from gravitating bodies, i.e. time depends on the properties of moving matter. Observed from the outside, time on the planet flows the slower, the more massive and dense it is. This effect is absolute. Thus, time is locally inhomogeneous and its course can be influenced. However, the observed effect is usually small.

Now the river of time rather seems to flow not everywhere equally and majestically: fast in narrowings, slowly on the reaches, broken into many branches and streams with different flow rates depending on the conditions.

The theory of relativity confirmed the philosophical idea, according to which time is devoid of independent physical reality and, together with space, is only a necessary means of observation and knowledge of the surrounding world by rational beings. Thus, the concept of absolute time as a single stream, flowing uniformly regardless of the observer, was destroyed. There is no absolute time as an entity torn off from matter, but there is an absolute speed of any change and even an absolute age of the universe, calculated by scientists. The speed of light remains constant even in non-uniform time.

Further changes in the concepts of time and space occurred in connection with the discovery of black holes and the theory of the expansion of the Universe. It turned out that in the singularity, space and time cease to exist in the usual sense of the word. The Singularity is where the classical concept of space and time breaks down, as do all the known laws of physics. In the singularity, the properties of time change drastically and acquire quantum features. As one of the most famous physicists of our time, S. Hawking, figuratively wrote: “... the continuous flow of time consists of an unobservable truly discrete process, like a continuous flow of sand in an hourglass viewed from afar, although this flow consists of discrete grains of sand - the river of time is split here into indivisible drops...” (Hawking, 1990).

But one cannot assume that the singularity is the boundary of time, beyond which the existence of matter occurs already outside of time. It's just that here the space-time forms of the existence of matter acquire a completely unusual character, and many familiar concepts sometimes become meaningless. However, when trying to imagine what it is, we find ourselves in a difficult position due to the peculiarities of our thinking and language. “Here, a psychological barrier arises in front of us, connected with the fact that we do not know how to perceive the concepts of space and time at this stage, when they did not yet exist in our traditional understanding. At the same time, I get the feeling that I suddenly fell into a thick fog, in which objects lose their usual outlines ”(B. Lovell).

The nature of the laws of nature in the singularity is still only guessed at. This is the cutting edge of modern science, and much here will be further refined. Time and space acquire completely different properties in the singularity. They can be quantum, they can have a complex topological structure, and so on. But at present, it is not possible to understand this in detail, not only because it is very difficult, but also because specialists themselves do not know very well what all this can mean, thereby emphasizing that visual intuitive ideas about time and space as an unchanging the durations of all things are correct only under certain conditions. In the transition to other conditions, our ideas about them must also be substantially changed.

. Field and substance, interaction

Formed within the framework of the electromagnetic picture, the concepts of field and matter were further developed in the modern picture of the world, where the content of these concepts was significantly deepened and enriched. Instead of two types of fields, as in the electromagnetic picture of the world, four are now considered, while the electromagnetic and weak interactions have been described by a unified theory of electroweak interactions. All four fields in corpuscular language are interpreted as fundamental bosons (13 bosons in total). Each object of nature is a complex formation, i.e. has a structure (consists of any parts). Matter is made up of molecules, molecules are made up of atoms, atoms are made up of electrons and nuclei. Atomic nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which in turn are made up of quarks and antiquarks. The latter by themselves - in a free state, do not exist and do not have any separate parts, like electrons and positrons. But according to modern ideas, they can potentially contain entire closed worlds that have their own internal structure. Ultimately, matter consists of fundamental fermions - six leptons and six quarks (not counting antileptons and antiquarks).

In the modern picture of the world, the main material object is the omnipresent quantum field, its transition from one state to another changes the number of particles. There is no longer an impenetrable boundary between matter and field. At the level of elementary particles, mutual transformations of the field and matter are constantly taking place.

According to modern views, the interaction of any kind has its own physical mediator. Such an idea is based on the fact that the speed of transmission of influence is limited by a fundamental limit - the speed of light. Therefore, attraction or repulsion is transmitted through a vacuum. A simplified modern model of the interaction process can be represented as follows. The fermion charge creates a field around the particle, which generates the boson particles inherent in it. By its nature, this field is close to the state that physicists attribute to vacuum. We can say that the charge perturbs the vacuum, and this perturbation is transmitted with damping over a certain distance. Field particles are virtual - they exist for a very short time and are not observed in the experiment. Two particles, once within the range of their charges, begin to exchange virtual particles: one particle emits a boson and immediately absorbs an identical boson emitted by another particle with which it interacts. The exchange of bosons creates the effect of attraction or repulsion between the interacting particles. Thus, each particle participating in one of the fundamental interactions has its own bosonic particle that carries this interaction. Each fundamental interaction has its own carriers-bosons. For gravitation these are gravitons, for electromagnetic interactions - photons, strong interaction is provided by gluons, weak - by three heavy bosons. These four types of interactions underlie all other known forms of motion of matter. Moreover, there are reasons to believe that all fundamental interactions are not independent, but can be described within the framework of a single theory, which is called superunification. This is another proof of the unity and integrity of nature.

. Particle Interchanges

Interconvertibility is a characteristic feature of subatomic particles. The electromagnetic picture of the world was characterized by stability; not without reason it is based on stable particles - electron, positron and photon. But stable elementary particles are the exception, and instability is the rule. Almost all elementary particles are unstable - they spontaneously (spontaneously) decay and turn into other particles. Mutual transformations also occur during particle collisions. For example, let's show the possible transformations in the collision of two protons at different (increasing) energy levels:

p + p → p + n + π+, p + p → p +Λ0 + K+, p + p → p +Σ+ + K0, p + p → n +Λ0 + K+ + π+, p + p → p +Θ0 + K0 + K+, p + p → p + p + p +¯p.

Here p¯ is an antiproton.

We emphasize that in collisions, in reality, it is not the splitting of particles that occurs, but the birth of new particles; they are born due to the energy of colliding particles. In this case, not any transformations of particles are possible. The ways in which particles transform during collisions obey certain laws that can be used to describe the world of subatomic particles. In the world of elementary particles, there is a rule: everything is allowed that is not prohibited by conservation laws. The latter play the role of prohibition rules regulating the interconversions of particles. First of all, these are the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and electric charge. These three laws explain the stability of the electron. It follows from the law of conservation of energy and momentum that the total mass of the decay products is less than the rest mass of the decaying particle. There are many specific “charges”, the conservation of which is also regulated by the interconversions of particles: baryon charge, parity (spatial, temporal and charge), strangeness, charm, etc. Some of them are not conserved in weak interactions. Conservation laws are associated with symmetry, which, according to many physicists, is a reflection of the harmony of the fundamental laws of nature. Apparently, it was not in vain that ancient philosophers considered symmetry as the embodiment of beauty, harmony and perfection. You can even say that symmetry in unity with asymmetry rule the world.

Quantum theory has shown that matter is constantly in motion, not remaining at rest even for a moment. This speaks of the fundamental mobility of matter, its dynamism. Matter cannot exist without movement and becoming. The particles of the subatomic world are active, not because they move very fast, but because they are processes in themselves.

Therefore, they say that matter is of a dynamic nature, and the constituent parts of the atom, subatomic particles, exist not as independent units, but as integral components of an inextricable network of interactions. These interactions are fueled by an endless flow of energy, manifested in the exchange of particles, the dynamic alternation of the stages of creation and destruction, as well as the incessant changes in energy structures. As a result of interactions, stable units are formed, of which material bodies are composed. These units also oscillate rhythmically. All subatomic particles are relativistic in nature, and their properties cannot be understood outside of their interactions. All of them are inextricably linked with the space around them, and cannot be considered in isolation from it. On the one hand, particles have an impact on space, on the other hand, they are not independent particles, but rather clumps of the field penetrating space. The study of subatomic particles and their interactions reveals to our eyes not a world of chaos, but a highly ordered world, despite the fact that rhythm, movement and incessant change reign supreme in this world.

The dynamic nature of the universe is manifested not only at the level of the infinitely small, but also in the study of astronomical phenomena. Powerful telescopes help scientists monitor the constant movement of matter in space. Rotating clouds of hydrogen gas thicken, condense and gradually turn into stars. At the same time, their temperature rises greatly, they begin to glow. Over time, the hydrogen fuel burns out, stars grow in size, expand, then shrink and end their lives in gravitational collapse, while some of them turn into black holes. All these processes take place in different parts of the expanding universe. Thus, the whole Universe is involved in an endless process of movement, or, in the words of Eastern philosophers, in a constant cosmic dance of energy.

. Probability in the modern picture of the world

The mechanical and electromagnetic pictures of the world are based on dynamic laws. Probability is allowed there only in connection with the incompleteness of our knowledge, implying that with the growth of knowledge and the refinement of details, probabilistic laws will give way to dynamic ones. In the modern picture of the world, the situation is fundamentally different - here the probabilistic regularities are fundamental, irreducible to dynamic ones. It is impossible to predict exactly what kind of transformation of particles will take place, one can only speak about the probability of this or that transformation; it is impossible to predict the moment of particle decay, etc. But this does not mean that atomic phenomena proceed in a completely arbitrary way. The behavior of any part of the whole is determined by its numerous connections with the latter, and since we, as a rule, do not know about these connections, we have to move from classical concepts of causality to ideas of statistical causality.

The laws of atomic physics have the nature of statistical regularities, according to which the probability of atomic phenomena is determined by the dynamics of the entire system. If in classical physics the properties and behavior of the whole are determined by the properties and behavior of its individual parts, then in quantum physics everything is completely different: the behavior of the parts of the whole is determined by the whole itself. In the modern picture of the world, chance has become a fundamentally important attribute; it appears here in a dialectical relationship with necessity, which predetermines the fundamental nature of probabilistic laws. Randomness and uncertainty are at the heart of the nature of things, so the language of probability has become the norm in describing physical laws. The dominance of probability in the modern picture of the world emphasizes its dialectic, and stochasticity and uncertainty are important attributes of modern rationalism.

. physical vacuum

Fundamental bosons represent excitations of force fields. When all fields are in the ground (unexcited) state, then they say that this is the physical vacuum. In the old pictures of the world, the vacuum was considered simply as emptiness. In the modern one, this is not a void in the usual sense, but the basic state of physical fields, the vacuum is “filled” with virtual particles. The concept of a “virtual particle” is closely related to the uncertainty relation for energy and time. It is fundamentally different from an ordinary particle that can be observed in the experiment.

A virtual particle exists for such a short time ∆t that the energy ∆E = ~/∆t determined by the uncertainty relation turns out to be sufficient for the ''creation'' of a mass equal to the mass of the virtual particle. These particles appear on their own and immediately disappear, it is believed that they do not require energy. According to one of the physicists, the virtual particle behaves like a fraudulent cashier who regularly manages to return the money taken from the cash register before it is noticed. In physics, we do not so rarely meet with something that really exists, but does not manifest itself until the case. For example, an atom in its ground state does not emit radiation. This means that if it is not acted upon, it will remain unobservable. It is said that virtual particles are unobservable. But they are unobservable until they are acted upon in some way. When they collide with real particles that have the corresponding energy, then real particles are born, i.e. virtual particles turn into real ones.

The physical vacuum is a space in which virtual particles are born and destroyed. In this sense, the physical vacuum has a certain energy corresponding to the energy of the ground state, which is constantly redistributed between virtual particles. But we cannot use the energy of the vacuum, because this is the lowest energy state of the fields, corresponding to the lowest energy (it cannot be less). In the presence of an external source of energy, it is possible to realize the excited states of the fields - then ordinary particles will be observed. From this point of view, an ordinary electron now seems to be surrounded by a 'cloud' or 'coat' of virtual photons. An ordinary photon moves "accompanied" by virtual electron-positron pairs. Scattering of an electron by an electron can be considered as an exchange of virtual photons. In the same way, each nucleon is surrounded by clouds of mesons, which exist for a very short time.

Under some circumstances, virtual mesons can turn into real nucleons. Virtual particles spontaneously arise from the void and dissolve into it again, even if there are no other particles nearby that can participate in strong interactions. This also testifies to the inseparable unity of matter and empty space. Vacuum contains countless randomly appearing and disappearing particles. The relationship between virtual particles and vacuum is dynamic in nature; figuratively speaking, the vacuum is a “living void” in the full sense of the word; endless rhythms of births and destructions originate in its pulsations.

Experiments show that virtual particles in a vacuum quite realistically affect real objects, for example, elementary particles. Physicists know that individual virtual vacuum particles cannot be detected, but experience notices their total effect on ordinary particles. All this is consistent with the principle of observability.

Many physicists consider the discovery of the dynamic essence of vacuum one of the most important achievements of modern physics. From the empty receptacle of all physical phenomena, the void has become a dynamic entity of great importance. Physical vacuum is directly involved in the formation of qualitative and quantitative properties of physical objects. Properties such as spin, mass, and charge manifest themselves precisely when interacting with vacuum. Therefore, any physical object is currently considered as a moment, an element of the cosmic evolution of the Universe, and vacuum is considered the world material background. Modern physics demonstrates that at the level of the microworld, material bodies do not have their own essence, they are inextricably linked with their environment: their properties can only be perceived in terms of their effects on the environment. Thus, the inseparable unity of the universe is manifested not only in the infinitely small world, but also in the super-large world - this fact is recognized in modern physics and cosmology.

Unlike previous pictures of the world, the modern natural-science picture considers the world at a much deeper, more fundamental level. The atomistic concept was present in all previous pictures of the world, but only in the 20th century. managed to create a theory of the atom, which made it possible to explain the periodic system of elements, the formation of a chemical bond, etc. The modern picture explained the world of micro-phenomena, explored the unusual properties of micro-objects and radically influenced our ideas that had been developed over the centuries, forced them to radically revise them and decisively break with some traditional views and approaches.

All previous pictures of the world suffered from metaphysics; they proceeded from a clear distinction between all the studied entities, stability, and static character. At first, the role of mechanical movements was exaggerated, everything was reduced to the laws of mechanics, then to electromagnetism. The modern picture of the world has broken with this orientation. It is based on mutual transformations, a game of chance, a variety of phenomena. Based on probabilistic laws, the modern picture of the world is dialectical; it reflects dialectically contradictory reality much more accurately than previous paintings.

Previously, matter, field and vacuum were considered separately. In the modern picture of the world, matter, like the field, consists of elementary particles that interact with each other, mutually transform. Vacuum "turned" into one of the varieties of matter and "consists" of virtual particles interacting with each other and with ordinary particles. Thus, the boundary between matter, field and vacuum disappears. At a fundamental level, all the facets in nature really turn out to be conditional.

In the modern picture of the world, physics is closely combined with other natural sciences - it actually merges with chemistry and acts in close union with biology; It is not for nothing that this picture of the world is called natural-scientific. It is characterized by the erasure of all and all facets. Here, space and time act as a single space-time continuum, mass and energy are interconnected, wave and corpuscular motion are combined and form a single object, matter and field are mutually transformed. The boundaries between traditional sections within physics itself are disappearing, and seemingly distant disciplines such as elementary particle physics and astrophysics turn out to be so connected that many talk about a revolution in cosmology.

The world in which we live consists of multi-scale open systems, the development of which is subject to common laws. At the same time, it has its own history, in general terms known to modern science, starting from the Big Bang. Science knows not only the “dates”, but also in many respects the very mechanisms of the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present day. Brief chronology

20 billion years ago Big Bang

3 minutes later Formation of the material basis of the Universe

A few hundred years later The appearance of atoms (light elements)

19-17 billion years ago Formation of structures of different scales (galaxies)

15 billion years ago The appearance of first-generation stars, the formation of heavy atoms

5 billion years ago Birth of the Sun

4.6 billion years ago Formation of the Earth

3.8 billion years ago Origin of life

450 million years ago Plants appeared

150 million years ago The appearance of mammals

2 million years ago Beginning of anthropogenesis

the most important events are shown in Table 9.1 (taken from the book). Here we paid attention primarily to the data of physics and cosmology, because it is these fundamental sciences that form the general contours of the scientific picture of the world.

Change in natural science tradition

Reason is the ability to see the connection between the general and the particular.

Achievements in natural science, and above all in physics, once convinced mankind that the world around us can be explained and predicted its development, abstracting from God and man. Laplacian determinism made a person an outside observer, a separate humanities knowledge was created for him. As a result, all previous pictures of the world were created, as it were, from the outside: the researcher studied the world around him detachedly, out of touch with himself, in full confidence that it was possible to investigate phenomena without disturbing their flow. N. Moiseev writes: “In the science of the past, with its desire for transparent and clear schemes, with its deep conviction that the world is basically quite simple, a person has turned into an outside observer studying the world “from the outside”. A strange contradiction arose - a person still exists, but exists, as it were, on his own. And space, nature - also by themselves. And they united, if it can be called an association, only on the basis of religious beliefs.”

(Moiseev, 1988.)

In the process of creating a modern picture of the world, this tradition is decisively broken. It is replaced by a fundamentally different approach to the study of nature; now the scientific picture of the world is no longer created “from the outside”, but “from the inside”, the researcher himself becomes an integral part of the picture he creates. W. Heisenberg said this well: “In the field of view of modern science, first of all, there is a network of relationships between man and nature, those connections by virtue of which we, bodily beings, are a part of nature, depending on its other parts, and by virtue of which we ourselves nature is the subject of our thought and action only together with man. Science no longer occupies the position of only an observer of nature, it is aware of itself as a particular type of interaction between man and nature. The scientific method, reduced to isolation, analytical unification and ordering, ran into its limits. It turned out that its action changes and transforms the object of knowledge, as a result of which the method itself can no longer be removed from the object. As a result, the natural-scientific picture of the world, in essence, ceases to be only natural-scientific.” (Heisenberg, 1987.)

Thus, the knowledge of nature presupposes the presence of a person, and we must clearly realize that, as N. Bohr put it, we are not only spectators of the performance, but at the same time actors in the drama. The need to abandon the existing natural-scientific tradition, when a person moved away from nature and was mentally ready to dissect it in infinite detail, was well aware already 200 years ago by Goethe:

Trying to eavesdrop on life in everything,

Phenomena rush to desensitize,

Forgetting that if they violate

inspiring connection,

There is nothing more to listen to. ("Faust")

Especially brightly a new approach to the study of nature was demonstrated by V. Vernadsky, who created the doctrine of the noosphere - the sphere of Reason - the biosphere, the development of which is purposefully controlled by man. V. Vernadsky considered man as the most important link in the evolution of nature, which is not only influenced by natural processes, but, being the bearer of the mind, is able to purposefully influence these processes. As N. Moiseev notes, “the doctrine of the noosphere turned out to be just the link that made it possible to connect the picture born by modern physics with the general panorama of the development of life - not only biological evolution, but also social progress ... A lot of things are still not clear to us and hidden from our sight. Nevertheless, a grandiose hypothetical picture of the process of self-organization of matter from the Big Bang to the present stage is unfolding before us, when matter recognizes itself, when a mind becomes inherent in it, capable of ensuring its purposeful development. (Moiseev, 1988.)

Modern rationalism

In the XX century. physics rose to the level of science about the foundations of being and its formation in living and inanimate nature. But this does not mean that all forms of the existence of matter are reduced to physical foundations, we are talking about the principles and approaches to modeling and mastering the integral world by a person who is himself a part of it, and is aware of himself as such. We have already noted that the basis of all scientific knowledge is rational thinking. The development of natural science has led to a new understanding of scientific rationality. According to N. Moiseev, they distinguish: classical rationalism, i.e. classical thinking - when a person "asks" questions to Nature, and Nature answers how it works; non-classical (quantum-physical) or modern rationalism - a person asks Nature questions, but the answers already depend not only on how it is arranged, but also on the way these questions are posed (relativity to the means of observation). The third type of rationality breaks the road - post-non-classical or evolutionary-synergetic thinking, when the answers depend both on how the question was asked, and on how Nature is arranged, and what its background is. The very posing of the question by a person depends on the level of his development, his cultural values, which, in fact, are determined by the entire history of civilization.

. classical rationalism

Rationalism is a system of views and judgments about the surrounding world, which is based on the conclusions and logical conclusions of the mind. At the same time, the influence of emotions, intuitive insights, etc. is not excluded. But it is always possible to distinguish a rational way of thinking, rational judgments from irrational ones. The origins of rationalism as a way of thinking lie in ancient times. The whole system of ancient thinking was rationalistic. The birth of the modern scientific method is associated with the revolution of Copernicus-Galileo-Newton. During this period, the views that had been established since antiquity underwent a radical breakdown, and the concept of modern science was formed. It is from here that the scientific method of forming statements about the nature of relationships in the surrounding world was born, which is based on chains of logical conclusions and empirical material. As a result, a way of thinking was formed, which is now called classical rationalism. Within its framework, not only the scientific method was established, but also a holistic worldview - a kind of holistic picture of the universe and the processes that take place in it. It was based on the idea of ​​the Universe that arose after the revolution of Copernicus-Galileo-Newton. After the complex scheme of Ptolemy, the Universe appeared in its amazing simplicity, Newton's laws turned out to be simple and understandable. New views explained why things happen this way and not otherwise. But over time, this picture has become more complicated.

In the 19th century the world has already appeared before people as a kind of complex mechanism, which was once once launched by someone and which operates according to quite definite, once and for all outlined and cognizable laws. As a result, a belief in the unlimitedness of knowledge arose, which was based on the successes of science. But in this picture there was no place for the man himself. In it, he was only an observer, not able to influence the always definite course of events, but able to register the events taking place, to establish connections between phenomena, in other words, to learn the laws that govern this mechanism and, thus, to predict the occurrence of certain events, remaining an outside observer of everything that happens in the universe. Thus, the man of the Enlightenment is just an outside observer of what is happening in the universe. For comparison, let us recall that in ancient Greece a person was equated with the gods, he was able to interfere in the events taking place around him.

But a person is not just an observer, he is able to cognize the Truth and put it at the service of himself, predicting the course of events. It was within the framework of rationalism that the idea of ​​the Absolute Truth arose, i.e. about what is actually - that does not depend on a person. The conviction in the existence of the Absolute Truth allowed F. Bacon to formulate the famous thesis about the conquest of Nature: a person needs knowledge in order to put the forces of Nature at his service. Man is not able to change the laws of Nature, but he can force them to serve humanity. Thus, science has a goal - to multiply human strength. Nature now appears as an inexhaustible reservoir designed to satisfy his boundlessly growing needs. Science becomes a means of conquering Nature, a source of human activity. This paradigm ultimately brought man to the brink of the abyss.

Classical rationalism established the possibility of knowing the laws of Nature and using them to assert the power of man. At the same time, ideas about prohibitions appeared. It turned out that there are also various limitations that are insurmountable in principle. Such restrictions are, first of all, the law of conservation of energy, which is absolute. Energy can change from one form to another, but it cannot arise from nothing and cannot disappear. This implies the impossibility of creating a perpetual motion machine - these are not technical difficulties, but the prohibition of Nature. Another example is the second law of thermodynamics (the law of non-decreasing entropy). Within the framework of classical rationalism, a person is aware not only of his power, but also of his own limitations. Classical rationalism is the brainchild of European civilization, its roots go back to the ancient world. This is the greatest breakthrough of mankind, which opened the horizons of modern science. Rationalism is a certain way of thinking, whose influence both philosophy and religion have experienced.

Within the framework of rationalism, one of the most important approaches to the study of complex phenomena and systems has developed - reductionism, the essence of which is that, knowing the properties of the individual elements that make up the system and the features of their interaction, one can predict the properties of the entire system. In other words, the properties of the system are derived from the properties of the elements and the interaction structure and are their consequences. Thus, the study of the properties of a system is reduced to the study of the interaction of its individual elements. This is the basis of reductionism. With this approach, many important problems of natural science have been solved, and it often gives good results. When they say the word "reductionism", they also mean attempts to replace the study of a complex real phenomenon with some greatly simplified model, its visual interpretation. The construction of such a model, simple enough to study its properties and at the same time reflecting certain and important properties for the study of reality, is always an art, and science cannot offer any general recipes. The ideas of reductionism turned out to be very fruitful not only in mechanics and physics, but also in chemistry, biology and other areas of natural science. Classical rationalism and the ideas of reductionism, which reduce the study of complex systems to an analysis of their individual components and the structure of their interactions, represent an important stage in the history of not only science, but the whole of civilization. It is to them that modern natural science owes its main successes in the first place. They were a necessary and inevitable stage in the development of natural science and the history of thought, but, while fruitful in certain areas, these ideas were not universal.

Despite the successes of rationalism and the rapid development of the natural sciences associated with it, rationalism as a way of thinking and the basis of world outlook has not turned into some kind of universal faith. The fact is that in any scientific analysis there are elements of the sensory principle, the intuition of the researcher, and the sensory is not always translated into the logical, since part of the information is lost in this case. The observation of nature and the successes of natural science constantly stimulated rationalistic thinking, which, in turn, contributed to the development of natural science. Reality itself (i.e., the surrounding world perceived by a person) gave rise to rational schemes. They gave birth to methods and formed a methodology, which became a tool that made it possible to draw a picture of the world.

The separation of spirit and matter is the weakest point in the concept of classical rationalism. In addition, it led to the fact that in the minds of scientists, the belief that the world around us is simple is deeply rooted: it is simple because such is reality, and any complexity comes from our inability to connect the observed into a simple scheme. It was this simplicity that made it possible to build rational schemes, obtain practically important consequences, explain what was happening, build machines, make life easier for people, and so on. The simplicity of reality, which was studied by natural science, was based on such, it seemed, "obviousness" as ideas about the universality of time and space (time flows everywhere and always the same way, space is homogeneous), etc. Not always these ideas could be explained, but they always seemed simple and understandable, as they say, self-evident and not in need of discussion. Scientists were convinced that these are axioms, once and for all determined, because in reality it happens this way and not otherwise. Classical rationalism was characterized by the paradigm of absolute knowledge, which was affirmed throughout the Enlightenment.

. Modern rationalism

In the twentieth century I had to abandon this simplicity, from what seemed self-evident and understandable, and accept that the world is much more complicated, that everything can be completely different than scientists are used to thinking, based on the reality of the environment, that classical ideas are just private cases of what might actually be.

Russian scientists also made a significant contribution to this. The founder of the Russian school of physiology and psychiatry, I. Sechenov, constantly emphasized that a person can only be known in the unity of his flesh, soul and the Nature that surrounds him. Gradually, in the minds of the scientific community, the idea of ​​the unity of the surrounding world, of the inclusion of man in Nature, that man and Nature are an indissoluble unity was affirmed. A person cannot be thought of only as an observer - he himself is an acting subject of the system. This worldview of Russian philosophical thought is called Russian cosmism.

One of the first who contributed to the destruction of the natural simplicity of the surrounding world was N. Lobachevsky. He discovered that besides the geometry of Euclid, there can be other consistent and logically coherent geometries - non-Euclidean geometries. This discovery meant that the answer to the question, what is the geometry of the real world, is not at all simple, and that it may be different from Euclidean. Experimental physics must answer this question.

At the end of the XIX century. another of the fundamental ideas of classical rationalism was destroyed - the law of addition of velocities. It was also shown that the speed of light does not depend on whether the light signal is directed along the speed of the Earth or against (Michelson-Morley experiments). In order to somehow interpret this, it was necessary to recognize as an axiom the existence of a limiting velocity of propagation of any signal. At the beginning of the XX century. a number of pillars of classical rationalism also collapsed, among which the change in the idea of ​​simultaneity was of particular importance. All this led to the final collapse of the ordinary and the obvious.

But this does not mean the collapse of rationalism. Rationalism has passed into a new form, which is now called non-classical or modern rationalism. He destroyed the apparent simplicity of the surrounding world, led to the collapse of everyday life and evidence. As a result, the picture of the world, beautiful in its simplicity and logic, loses its logic and, most importantly, visibility. The obvious ceases to be not only simply understandable, but sometimes even simply wrong: the obvious becomes improbable. Scientific revolutions of the twentieth century. led to the fact that a person is already ready to face new difficulties, new improbability, even more inconsistent with reality and contrary to ordinary common sense. But rationalism remains rationalism, since at the heart of the pictures of the world created by man, there remain schemes created by his mind on the basis of empirical data. They remain a rational or logically rigorous interpretation of experimental data. Only modern rationalism acquires a more liberated character. There are fewer prohibitions that this cannot be. But on the other hand, the researcher more often has to think about the meaning of those concepts that until now seemed obvious.

A new understanding of the place of man in Nature began to take shape in the 1920s. with the advent of quantum mechanics. It clearly demonstrated what E. Kant and I. Sechenov had long suspected, namely, the fundamental inseparability of the object of study and the subject studying this object. She explained and showed with specific examples that relying on the hypothesis about the possibility of separating the subject and the object, which seemed obvious, does not carry any knowledge. It turned out that we, people, are also not just spectators, but also participants in the world evolutionary process.

Scientific thinking is very conservative, and the establishment of new views, the formation of a new attitude towards scientific knowledge, ideas about the truth and a new picture of the world took place in the scientific world slowly and not easily. However, the old is not completely discarded, not crossed out, the values ​​of classical rationalism still retain their significance for humanity. Therefore, modern rationalism is a new synthesis of acquired knowledge or new empirical generalizations, it is an attempt to expand the traditional understanding and include the schemes of classical rationalism as convenient interpretations, suitable and useful, but only within certain and very limited limits (suitable for solving almost all everyday practice) . However, this extension is absolutely fundamental. It makes you see the world and the person in it in a completely different light. You have to get used to it, and it takes a lot of effort.

Thus, the original system of views on the structure of the surrounding world gradually became more complicated, the initial idea of ​​the simplicity of the picture of the world, its structure, geometry, and ideas that arose during the Enlightenment disappeared. But there was not only complication: much of what previously seemed obvious and mundane turned out to be in fact simply wrong. This was the hardest thing to figure out. Distinguished distinction between matter and energy, between matter and space. They turned out to be related to the nature of the movement.

We must not forget that all individual representations are parts of a single inseparable whole, and our definitions of them are extremely conditional. And the separation of the human observer from the object of study is not at all universal, it is also conditional. This is just a convenient technique that works well in certain conditions, and not a universal method of cognition. The researcher begins to get used to the fact that in nature everything can happen in the most incredible, illogical way, because in reality everything is somehow connected with each other. It is not always clear how, but it is connected. And the person is also immersed in these connections. At the heart of modern rationalism is the statement (or the postulate of consistency, according to N. Moiseev): the Universe, the World are a kind of single system (Universum), all elements of the phenomenon of which are somehow interconnected. Man is an inseparable part of the Universe. This statement does not contradict our experience and our knowledge and is an empirical generalization.

Modern rationalism is qualitatively different from the classical rationalism of the eighteenth century. not only by the fact that instead of the classical ideas of Euclid and Newton, a much more complex vision of the world has come, in which classical ideas are an approximate description of very special cases, mainly related to the macrocosm. The main difference lies in the understanding of the fundamental absence of an external Absolute observer, to whom the Absolute Truth is gradually revealed, as well as the absence of the Absolute Truth itself. From the point of view of modern rationalism, the researcher and the object are connected by indissoluble bonds. This has been experimentally proven in physics and natural science in general. But at the same time, rationalism continues to be rationalism, because logic has been and remains the only means of constructing inferences.

The scientific picture of the world is an integral system of ideas about the general properties and patterns of reality, built as a result of generalization and synthesis of fundamental scientific concepts, principles and theories. Depending on the bases of division, a general scientific picture of the world is distinguished, which includes ideas about the whole of reality, and a natural-scientific picture of the world. The latter - depending on the subject of knowledge - can be physical, astronomical, chemical, biological, etc.

In the general scientific picture of the world, the defining element is the picture of that area of ​​scientific knowledge, which occupies a leading position at a particular stage in the development of science. Each picture of the world is built on the basis of certain fundamental scientific theories, and as practice and knowledge develop, some scientific pictures of the world are replaced by others. Thus, the natural-science (and, above all, physical) picture of the world was built first (since the 17th century) on the basis of classical mechanics, then electrodynamics, then (since the beginning of the 20th century) quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, and today - on the basis of synergetics.

The main element of any religious picture of the world is the image of a single God (monotheistic religions) or many gods (polytheistic religions). All religions at all times believe that our empirical reality is not independent and not self-sufficient, but has a derivative commodity character, since it is secondary, there is a result, a projection of another - real, true reality - God or gods. In this way, religions double the world and point out to a person superior forces that have reason, will, and their own laws. It is they who determine the life of people in the fullness of its existence.

Thus, a specific feature of the religious picture of the world is the division of reality into natural and supernatural spheres, the former being considered dependent on the latter. Reaching the sphere of supernatural being, understood as the only true one, becomes the goal of human existence. Depending on the content of creeds, one can talk about the worldviews of specific religions: Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim, Christian, etc.

Philosophical pictures of the world are very diverse, but they are all built around the relationship: man and the world. This relation can be understood materialistically or idealistically, dialectically or metaphysically, objectivistically or subjectivistically, and so on. The relationship between man and the world in philosophy is considered in all its diversity of aspects - ontological, epistemological, methodological, value (axiological), activity, etc. That is why the philosophical pictures of the world are so numerous and do not resemble one another.

In the history of world culture, philosophical pictures of the world were closer either to the religious or to the scientific pictures of the world, but always differed from them. So, within each particular science there are various levels of generalization, which, however, do not go beyond a certain sphere or aspect of being. In philosophical thinking, these generalizations of particular sciences themselves become the subject of analysis. Philosophy brings together the results of research in all areas of knowledge (and not just scientific ones), creating a comprehensive synthesis of the universal laws of being and cognition.

Philosophy differs significantly from any private science, primarily in that it is a worldview. This means that the philosophical picture of the world includes not only the doctrine of the essence and universal laws of the development of reality, but also moral, aesthetic and other ideas and beliefs of people.

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1. The term scientific picture of the world

The scientific picture of the world (abbr. NCM) is one of the fundamental concepts in natural science - a special form of systematization of knowledge, a qualitative generalization and ideological synthesis of various scientific theories. Being an integral system of ideas about the general properties and patterns of the objective world, the scientific picture of the world exists as a complex structure that includes the general scientific picture of the world and the picture of the world of individual sciences (physical, biological, geological, and the like) as components. Pictures of the world of individual sciences, in turn, include the corresponding numerous concepts - certain ways of understanding and interpreting any objects, phenomena and processes of the objective world that exist in each individual science. The belief system that affirms the fundamental role of science as a source of knowledge and judgments about the world is called scientism.

In the process of cognition of the surrounding world, knowledge, abilities, skills, types of behavior and communication are reflected and consolidated in the human mind. The totality of the results of human cognitive activity forms a certain model (picture of the world). In the history of mankind, a fairly large number of the most diverse pictures of the world were created and existed, each of which was distinguished by its vision of the world and its specific explanation. However, the progress of ideas about the surrounding world is achieved mainly due to scientific research. The scientific picture of the world does not include private knowledge about the various properties of specific phenomena, about the details of the cognitive process itself. The scientific picture of the world is not the totality of all human knowledge about the objective world, it is an integral system of ideas about the general properties, spheres, levels and patterns of reality.

The scientific picture of the world is a system of human ideas about the properties and patterns of reality (the really existing world), built as a result of generalization and synthesis of scientific concepts and principles. Uses scientific language to designate objects and phenomena of matter.

The scientific picture of the world is a set of theories collectively describing the natural world known to man, an integral system of ideas about the general principles and laws of the universe. The picture of the world is a systematic formation, therefore its change cannot be reduced to any single (albeit the largest and most radical) discovery. We are usually talking about a whole series of interconnected discoveries (in the main fundamental sciences), which are almost always accompanied by a radical restructuring of the research method, as well as significant changes in the very norms and ideals of scientificity.

The scientific picture of the world is a special form of theoretical knowledge, the subject of science research according to a certain stage of its historical development, through which specific knowledge obtained in various fields of scientific research is integrated and systematized.

For Western philosophy in the mid-90s of the XX century, there were attempts to introduce new categorical means into the arsenal of methodological analysis, but at the same time, a clear distinction between the concepts of “picture of the world” and “scientific picture of the world” was not made. In our domestic philosophical and methodological literature, the term "picture of the world" is used not only to denote a worldview, but also in a narrower sense - when it comes to scientific ontologies, that is, those ideas about the world that are a special type of scientific theoretical knowledge. . In this sense, the scientific picture of the world acts as a specific form of systematization of scientific knowledge, setting the vision of the objective world of science in accordance with a certain stage of its functioning and development.

The phrase natural-science picture of the world can also be used.

In the process of development of science, knowledge, ideas and concepts are constantly updated, earlier ideas become special cases of new theories.

The scientific picture of the world is not a dogma and not an absolute truth. Scientific ideas about the surrounding world are based on the totality of proven facts and established cause-and-effect relationships, which allows us to make conclusions and predictions about the properties of our world that contribute to the development of human civilization with a certain degree of confidence. The discrepancy between the results of testing a theory, a hypothesis, a concept, the identification of new facts - all this makes us reconsider existing ideas and create new, more appropriate realities. This development is the essence of the scientific method.

2. The purpose of studying KSE

“Usually” highly educated people resent the literary illiteracy of scientists with great fervor. I once asked what the second law of thermodynamics is. The answer was silence or refusal. But asking this question to a scientist means about the same thing as asking a writer: “Have you read Shakespeare?” It turns out that the majestic building of modern physics rushes up, and for most people it is also incomprehensible, as well as for their ancestors of the Neolithic epoch” Ch.P. Snow.

These words of an English writer, philosopher, scientist, spoken almost half a century ago, are very relevant today in Russia. The traditionally high level of education in our country (including in the field of natural sciences) has fallen sharply in recent years, which can lead to the most tragic consequences. Familiarity with mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is much wider than just knowledge about specific phenomena or facts. These sciences teach to think and reason, to distinguish the right judgment from the wrong one, and without such skills, society becomes easily manageable, amenable to any suggestion. Unfortunately, society finds funds to finance all sorts of pseudo- and anti-scientific nonsense like mysticism, parapsychology, ufology, etc., but there is no money to raise the prestige of education. Maintaining a high scientific and educational level is a strategic task with a very high priority. If it is not resolved, then our country will forever be on the positions of the fourth world countries.

The concept of "concept" includes fundamental ideas, principles.

Natural science is a set of natural sciences taken in their interrelationships of physics, chemistry, and biology. Biochemistry, geochemistry, astronomy, genetics, ecology, etc. However, this definition does not fully reflect the essence of natural science, since nature acts as a whole. This unity is not revealed by any particular science, nor by all of them. Many special natural science disciplines do not exhaust everything that we mean by nature with their content: nature is deeper and richer than all the existing theories.

The concept of nature is interpreted in different ways. In the broadest sense, nature means everything that exists, the whole world in the variety of its forms. Nature in this sense is on a par with the concepts of matter, the universe. The most common interpretation of the concept of "nature" as a set of natural conditions for the existence of human society. This interpretation characterizes the place and role of nature in the system of historically changing attitudes towards it of man and society.

Modern natural science is developing new approaches to understanding nature as a whole. This is expressed in ideas about the development of nature, about various forms of the movement of matter and different structural levels of the organization of nature, in an expanding understanding of the types of causal relationships.

For example, with the creation of the theory of relativity, views on the spatio-temporal organization of objects of nature have changed significantly; the development of modern cosmology enriches ideas about the direction of natural processes; the development of ecology has led to an understanding of the deep principles of the integrity of nature as a single system.

At present, natural science is understood as exact natural science, that is, such knowledge about nature, which is based on a scientific experiment, is characterized by a developed theoretical form and mathematical design.

The development of special sciences requires a general knowledge of nature, a comprehensive understanding of its objects and phenomena. To obtain such general ideas, each historical epoch develops an appropriate natural-science picture of the world.

The main goal of the course "Concepts of modern natural science" is to give a general idea of ​​the scientific picture of the surrounding world on the basis of modern scientific achievements, to develop curiosity, to deepen the ability to critically comprehend incoming information (especially para- and pseudoscientific facts).

3. Stages of development of a view of the world

Natural science is the basis for the formation of a scientific picture of the world.

The scientific picture of the world is understood as an integral system of ideas about the world, its general properties and patterns, arising as a result of generalization of the main natural science theories.

The concept of a scientific picture of the world as a special form of knowledge systematization based on their qualitative generalization and worldview synthesis of various scientific theories appeared in the 19th century, but it received the greatest distribution and justification only in the second half of the 20th century. In general, the scientific picture of the world includes the worldview that prevails in society, a person's understanding of his place in this world, and the most important scientific achievements. For each time there is its own picture of the world, as knowledge about the world deepens and expands.

But the scientific picture of the world does not include the totality of the available natural science knowledge, it concerns society's ideas about the basic properties, spheres, levels and patterns of nature. In the scientific picture of the world, both theoretical knowledge and images with a high degree of abstraction and visual models are equally present.

Pictures of the world are expressed with the help of certain stereotypes in the understanding of objective processes and ways of their knowledge and interpretation, which are usually called paradigms in science. The basis of the scientific picture of the world is always physics, as a science that determines to a greater extent the organization of human thinking. The main ones are physical theories that explain some facts and constantly deepen the understanding of nature with the help of new theories. It is the physical component in the scientific picture of the world that allows this picture to develop and correspond to the spirit of the times.

The scientific view of the world, like science itself, has gone through several stages of development. At first, the mechanistic picture of the world prevailed, guided by the rule: if there are physical laws in the world, then they can be applied to any object of the world and any of its phenomena. There could be no accidents in this picture of the world, the world firmly stood on the principles of classical mechanics and obeyed the laws of classical mechanics.

A mechanistic view of the world took shape in the era of religious consciousness even among the scientists themselves: they found the basis of the world in God, the laws of mechanics were perceived as the laws of the Creator. The world was considered only as a microcosm, movement - as a mechanical movement, all mechanical processes were due to the principle of complex determinism, which in science means an accurate and unambiguous definition of the state of any mechanical system.

The picture of the world in that era looked like a perfect and precise mechanism, like a clock. In this picture of the world there was no free will, there was fate, there was no freedom of choice, there was determinism. It was the world of Laplace.

This picture of the world was replaced by an electromagnetic one, which was based not on the macrocosm, but on the field and properties of the fields just discovered by man - magnetic, electric, gravitational. It was the world of Maxwell and Faraday.

It was replaced by a picture of the quantum world, which considered the smallest components - the microcosm with particle velocities close to the speed of light, and giant space objects - the megaworld with huge masses. This picture obeyed the relativistic theory. It was the world of Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr.

Since the end of the 20th century, a modern picture of the world has appeared - an information one, built on the basis of self-organizing systems (both living and inanimate nature) and probability theory. This is the world of Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates, the world of space folds and artificial intelligence. Technology and information in this world are everything.

A distinctive feature of the development of natural science is that, having evolved for a long time within the framework of natural philosophy, then it developed through sharp revolutionary changes - natural science revolutions. They are characterized by the following features:

1) debunking and discarding old ideas that hinder progress,

2) improvement of the technical base with the rapid expansion of knowledge about the world and the emergence of new ideas,

3) the emergence of new theories, concepts, principles, laws of science (which can explain facts that are inexplicable from the point of view of old theories) and their rapid recognition as fundamental. Revolutionary consequences can be produced both by the activity of one scientist, and the activity of a team of scientists or the whole society as a whole.

4. Historical types

There are three clearly and unambiguously fixed radical changes in the scientific picture of the world, scientific revolutions in the history of the development of science, which are usually personified by the names of the three scientists who played the greatest role in the changes taking place.

Aristotelian.

Period: VI-IV centuries BC

Conditioning:

Reflection in the works:

Most fully - Aristotle: the creation of formal logic (the doctrine of proof, the main tool for deriving and systematizing knowledge, developed a categorical - conceptual apparatus). Approval of a kind of canon for the organization of scientific research (history of the problem, statement of the problem, arguments for and against, justification of the decision), differentiation of knowledge itself (separation of the science of nature from mathematics and metaphysics).

Result:

the emergence of science itself;

separation of science from other forms of knowledge and development of the world;

Creation of certain norms and models of scientific knowledge.

Newtonian scientific revolution.

classical natural science.

Period: XVI-XVIII centuries.

Starting point: transition from the geocentric model of the world to the heliocentric one.

Conditioning:

Reflection in the works:

· Discoveries: N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, J. Kepler, R. Descartes. I. Newton summed up their research, formulated the basic principles of a new scientific picture of the world in general terms.

Main changes:

· The language of mathematics, the allocation of strictly objective quantitative characteristics of terrestrial bodies (shape, magnitude, mass, movement), their expression in strict mathematical laws.

· Methods of experimental research. The studied phenomena are under strictly controlled conditions.

· Rejection of the concept of a harmonious, complete, expediently organized cosmos.

· Representations: The Universe is infinite and united only by the action of identical laws.

· Dominant: mechanics, all considerations based on the concepts of value, perfection, goal setting, were excluded from the scope of scientific research.

· Cognitive activity: a clear opposition of the subject and object of research.

Outcome: the emergence of a mechanistic scientific picture of the world on the basis of experimental mathematical natural science.

Einstein revolution.

Period: turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Conditioning:

· Discoveries:

The complex structure of an atom

the phenomenon of radioactivity;

Discrete nature of electromagnetic radiation, etc.

Bottom line: the most important premise of the mechanistic picture of the world was undermined - the conviction that with the help of simple forces acting between immutable objects, all natural phenomena can be explained.

5. Types of NCM.

scientific ideological natural science

The scientific picture of the world is one of the possible pictures of the world, therefore it has both something in common with all other pictures of the world - mythological, religious, philosophical - and something special that distinguishes the scientific picture of the world from the diversity of all the others. images of the world.

Religious NCM.

The scientific picture of the world may differ from religious ideas about the world based on the authority of the prophets, religious tradition, sacred texts, and so on. Therefore, religious ideas are more conservative in contrast to scientific ones, which change as a result of the discovery of new facts. In turn, the religious concepts of the universe can change in order to approach the scientific views of their time. At the heart of obtaining a scientific picture of the world is an experiment that allows you to confirm the reliability of certain judgments. At the heart of the religious picture of the world lies the belief in the truth of certain judgments belonging to some kind of authority. Nevertheless, due to the experience of all kinds of "esoteric" states (not only of religious or occult origin), a person can get personal experience confirming a certain picture of the world, but in most cases attempts to build a scientific picture of the world on this belong to pseudoscience.

Artistic and household NCM.

The scientific picture of the world also differs from the worldview inherent in everyday or artistic perception of the world, which uses everyday/artistic language to designate objects and phenomena of the world. For example, a person of art creates artistic images of the world based on the synthesis of his subjective (emotional perception) and objective (dispassionate) comprehension. Whereas the man of science focuses exclusively on the objective and, with the help of critical thinking, eliminates subjectivity from the results of research.

Philosophical NCM.

The relationship between science and philosophy is the subject of discussion. On the one hand, the history of philosophy is a human science, the main method of which is the interpretation and comparison of texts. On the other hand, philosophy claims to be something more than science, its beginning and end, the methodology of science and its generalization, a theory of a higher order, metascience. Science exists as a process of putting forward and refuting hypotheses, while the role of philosophy is to study the criteria of scientificity and rationality. At the same time, philosophy comprehends scientific discoveries, including them in the context of formed knowledge and thereby determining their significance. Connected with this is the ancient idea of ​​philosophy as the queen of the sciences, or the science of sciences.

Mixed NCM.

All of these representations can be present in a person together and in various combinations. The scientific picture of the world, although it can make up a significant part of the worldview, is never an adequate substitute for it, since in his individual being a person needs both emotions and an artistic or purely everyday perception of the surrounding reality. So it is in ideas about what is beyond the reliably known or on the border of the unknown, which must be overcome at one time or another in the process of cognition.

The evolution of ideas.

There are different opinions about how ideas about the world change in the history of mankind. Because science is relatively recent, it can provide additional information about the world. However, some philosophers believe that over time, the scientific picture of the world should completely replace all others.

According to Comte's classification, the scientific picture of the world embodies the third, positive (after the theological and metaphysical) phase of the consistent phase of philosophical thought in the history of all mankind.

Feuerbach said this about changing his ideas:

"God was my first thought, reason was my second, man was my third and last."

From the ideas of Feuerbach, the idea of ​​the evolution of philosophy and society also passed into Marxism.

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Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Scientific picture of the world
Rubric (thematic category)	culture

The science- a specific form of human spiritual activity, providing the acquisition of new knowledge, developing the means of reproduction and development of the cognitive process, verifying, systematizing and disseminating its results. The modern scientific picture of the world has a huge impact on the formation of personality. Worldview images of nature, society, human activity, thinking, etc. are largely formed under the influence of the ideas of the scientific picture of the world, which a person gets acquainted with in the process of teaching mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities.

Scientific picture of the world(NKM) - ϶ᴛᴏ a set of fundamental ideas about the laws and structure of the universe, an integral system of views on the general principles and laws of the world.

The stages in the development of science associated with the restructuring of the foundations of science are called scientific revolutions. In the history of science, there are three scientific revolutions that have led to a change in NCM.

I. Aristotelian KM (VI - IV centuries BC): the idea of ​​the Earth as the center of the universe (geocentrism was most fully substantiated by Ptolemy). The world was explained speculatively (since the ancients did not have sophisticated instruments for measurements).

II. Newtonian KM (XVI - XVIII centuries): transition from the geocentric model of the world to the heliocentric model of the world. This transition was prepared by the research and discoveries of N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Kepler, R. Descartes. Isaac Newton summed up their research and formulated the basic principles of the new NCM. Objective quantitative characteristics of bodies (shape, size, mass, movement) were identified, which were expressed in strict mathematical laws. Science began to focus on experiment. Mechanics became the basis for explaining the laws of the world. This NCM can be called mechanistic: the belief that with the help of simple forces acting between unchanging objects, all natural phenomena can be explained.

III. Einstein's KM (the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries): it is characterized by anti-mechanism: the Universe is something immeasurably more complex than a mechanism, even if it is grandiose and perfect. The mechanical interactions themselves are consequences or manifestations of other, deeper, fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, gravitational, etc.). The basis of the new NCM was the general and special theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. This NKM has abandoned any centrism. The universe is unlimited and has no special center. All our representations and all NCM are relative or relative.

Modern NCM is the result of the previous development of science and a global change in scientific pictures of the world. The basic principles of modern NCM are ϶ᴛᴏ global evolutionism, the anthropic principle, the principle of the material unity of the world, the principle of determinism, consistency, structure, development (dialectics), self-organization and others.

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Conclusion
Features of the scientific picture of the world

The scientific picture of the world is an integral system of ideas about the general principles and laws of the structure of the universe.
Differences between the scientific picture of the world and the religious one.
The scientific picture of the world is based on science. The main support of science is facts. Science has a critical function, always ready for self-refutation down to the basic principles. The religious picture of the world is based on faith. Religion operates with dogmas (“a position taken on faith as an immutable truth, unchanged under all circumstances”). Science is based on reason, nothing is accepted without evidence. Religious faith consists of the belief in the truth of the foundations of religious teaching, the recognition and adherence to the norms of morality contained in the religious requirements for a person and knowledge of the most essential provisions of the dogma. Religion is unchanging, its activity is aimed at confirming the original dogmas and dogmas. In the religious picture of the world, the central place is given to God. Until the 19th century the assertion dominated, according to which the world appeared as a result of an act of divine creation according to the principle: "And God said: let it be ... and it was." And the same applies to the act of creation of man. According to this view, the world has no development in history. Past and future are exactly the same as the present. The world came into being because God said so. That is the only reason for its creation. In this view, there is no explanation of the natural causes of the emergence and development of the world and man. From the point of view of the scientific picture of the world, the Universe was formed as a result of the Big Bang, and as a result of evolutionary development, stars and planets arose, life on Earth was born, plants, mammals and humans appeared.
In science there is a place for faith (axioms). Both science and religion are the spiritual development of the world. Scientists can believe in God, understanding nature by him (pantheism).

Basic principles of building a scientific picture of the world

The picture of the world drawn by modern natural science is unusually complex and simple at the same time. It is difficult because it can confuse a person who is accustomed to classical scientific ideas that are consistent with common sense. The ideas of the beginning of time, the corpuscular-wave dualism of quantum objects, the internal structure of vacuum capable of producing virtual particles - these and other similar innovations give the current picture of the world a slightly "crazy" look. But at the same time, this picture is majestically simple, slender and somewhere even elegant.
The phrase "scientific picture of the world" implies a certain analogy between the totality of scientific abstractions describing the real world and a large pictorial canvas on which the artist compactly placed all the objects of the world. Real paintings have one significant drawback - the degree of similarity with the depicted object is sometimes far from desired. People sought to achieve the accuracy of the image, and soon invented photography. Accuracy has increased, but a noticeable inconvenience began to cause lifelessness, static photography. Mankind invents cinema, and the depicted objects come to life and move. The successive scientific pictures of the world (antique, Newtonian and modern) have undergone similar changes.
The ancient scientist painted his picture with a great deal of fiction, the resemblance to the depicted was minimal. The Newtonian picture of the world has become stricter and many times more accurate (black and white photograph, sometimes unclear). The current scientific picture of the world has revealed evolution and development in every fragment of the Universe. Description of the history of the Universe no longer requires a photograph, but a film, each frame of which corresponds to a certain stage of its development. Therefore, the main principle of constructing a scientific picture of the world is global evolutionism. The principles of constructing a scientific picture of the world as a whole correspond to the fundamental laws of the existence and development of Nature itself.
Principles of building a scientific picture of the world:
1) Consistency - means the reproduction by science of the fact that the observable Universe appears as the largest of all known systems, consisting of a huge variety of elements (subsystems) of different levels of complexity. By "system" is meant a certain ordered set of interconnected elements. The systemic effect is found in the appearance of new properties in an integral system that arise as a result of the interaction of elements. An important characteristic of the system organization is hierarchy, subordination (“consecutive inclusion of lower-level systems into systems of ever higher levels”). The systemic way of combining elements expresses their fundamental unity: due to the hierarchical inclusion of systems of different levels into each other, any element of any system is associated with all elements of all possible systems.
2) Global evolutionism is the recognition of the impossibility of the existence of the Universe and all smaller-scale systems generated by it without development, evolution. The evolving character of the Universe also testifies to the fundamental unity of the world, each component part of which is a historical consequence of the global evolutionary process started by the Big Bang.
3) Self-organization is the observed ability of matter to self-complex and create more and more ordered structures in the course of evolution. The mechanism of transition of material systems to a more complex and ordered state is similar for all systems of levels.
4) Historicity - any scientific picture of the world has a previous history.

General contours of the modern natural-scientific picture of the world

The general contours of the modern natural-scientific picture of the world were formed by the third scientific revolution. At this time, a whole series of brilliant discoveries in physics followed (the discovery of the complex structure of the atom, the phenomenon of radioactivity, the discrete nature of electromagnetic radiation, etc.). The most significant theories that formed the basis of the new paradigm of scientific knowledge were the theory of relativity (special and general) and quantum mechanics. Revolutionary shifts affecting the foundations of the fundamental sciences determine the general contours of the scientific picture of the world for a long period.
General contours of the modern scientific picture of the world.
1) The whole scientific picture of the world is relative.
2) The original concepts of space, time, continuity were rethought.
3) The object of knowledge has ceased to be perceived as existing "by itself".
4) The “representation” of the scientific picture of the world about itself has changed: it has become clear that the “only true”, absolutely accurate picture will never be drawn.
The modern natural-scientific picture of the world has a feature that distinguishes it from previous versions. It consists in recognizing the historicity, and consequently, the fundamental incompleteness of the present, and indeed any other picture of the world. The one that exists now is generated both by previous history and by the specific socio-cultural features of our time. The development of society, the change in its value orientation, the awareness of the importance of studying unique natural systems, in which man himself is included as an integral part, changes both the strategy of scientific search and the attitude of man to the world.
The universe and society are developing, although their development is carried out at different tempo-rhythms. But their mutual imposition makes the idea of ​​creating a final, complete, absolutely true scientific picture of the world practically unfeasible. Knowing this, one can only note the general contour of the modern natural-scientific picture of the world.

Conclusion

Based on the material presented in the control work, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1) The scientific picture of the world differs from the religious one by the presence of evolutionary development.
2) The scientific picture of the world is based on global evolutionism, consistency, self-organization and historicity.
3) There was a realization that it would never be possible to draw an absolutely accurate picture of the world. Consequently, only its general contours can be described.

List of used literature

1) Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook for universities / V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov, G. V. Baranov and others - M .: UNITY-DANA, 2002. pp. 42 - 91.
2) Gorelov A.A. Concepts of modern natural science: Study guide - M .: Higher education, 2007. pp. 288 - 298.
3) Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: GIINS, 1961. p. 165.