You will need

• Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases.
• Knowing the definition of cases.
• Knowledge of questions defining cases.

Instruction

Genitive
According to the definitions in, the genitive case means:
Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example, “wish happiness (R.p.)”, “avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of a measurement, or a genitive date, such as "a spoonful of sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative
According to definitions in Russian, the accusative case means:
Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest";

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse a noun, it is important to remember that each case in the Russian language corresponds to a universal question, asking which this noun, as a result, we get the corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for inanimate nouns.
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns according to its definitions. Let's say that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide.
Here is an example using an animate plural noun:

Nearby I noticed people (see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, the word is inclined in both cases in the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, mentally substitute an inanimate instead of an animate noun.
For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.)
The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If you determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" applies to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a qualifying question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If the word looks like in , then your noun's case is accusative.

In most cases, distinguishing between the forms of the genitive and the accusative case does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to the case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, you need to act according to the following algorithm.

Instruction

If you have inanimate in front of you, then you should ask a question about it. Nouns in

The genitive case is necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), action and its object (building a house), action and its place (walking near the house), absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

If we are talking about nouns, it depends on the category of animateness or inanimateness. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table contains nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Adverbial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to ask case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes time, image, place, purpose of the action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• when?
• why?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

It is most convenient to classify values ​​in a table:

Nouns in the genitive case have the meaning:
duration of action	course of action	scenes	causes of action	action goals
after lunch middle of the day until the evening	without sadness without enthusiasm without a spark	from the city near school from under the bush	with joy out of curiosity out of resentment	for work for study

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as a circumstance.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilo tangerine or tangerines?

If someone from these questions arises normally.

The biggest headache is the genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: "We have no cases, we do not know cases." But there are times when knowledge is power. For example, there is an exam in Russian.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since an uncountable set of word forms is formed and it can be difficult not to get lost in them.

For ease of assimilation, you can divide the material into groups according to their kind.

Genitive feminine nouns

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined before the end by the initial form (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that the words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of her: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddles, ski - skis, cloud - clouds (without b).
• In them. -a, -I’m not after hissing .: waffle - waffles, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates.
• In them. case - iya: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, skittle - skittles. But: singers, jumpers, bustlers, naughty, sorceresses, fritters.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, area - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, lash - lashes, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending - her).

Nouns in sets. genitive neuter

In such nouns, the genitive form is also in most cases with a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, ship - ships; village - villages, oar - oars; apple - apples But: awl - shilev, bottom - bottoms, face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p.-e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. n. -ie, -e: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquest, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. p. -yo: guns. But: copies, scum.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of word forms of the genitive case that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by endings and use the table for this:

The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?
no Englishmen, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldavians, Mohicans, Mordvinians, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, foremen, soldiers, partisans, gypsies,	no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, kings, princes, youths, guys	no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, midshipmen, Bedouins, Kirghiz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons, ulans, apprentices
with a collective meaning - a squadron of hussars, a regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; grenadier company, cadet detachment
items
stockings, boots, felt boots, buttocks, epaulettes,	paths, roots	roots, bots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, charms,
units
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, kopeck, 5 carats	seven spans, 100 rubles	10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters meters, millimeters, centimeters, pounds, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugris, sterling
product names
no pasta		a lot of apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, lemons, tangerines,

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings depending on the questions that are put to them from nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the questions are as follows:

• What? - husband. and avg. kind
• Which? - female kind

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -her, -oh;
• the sea (what?) deep, sparkling - the end of the -th, -his;
• ship (what?) Large, sailing - endings -th, -his.

For adjectives and participles questions of the genitive plural are raised:

• what?
• doing what?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) of white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what are they doing?) opened.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or plural, feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And it is cases that play a particularly important role in the construction of true statements, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in the study of the Russian language, it is very important to learn to determine the case form of these parts of speech and to know what questions the cases answer.

The main cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions the cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists about this.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - who? and what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:

The girl left the room, the sun was setting over the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:

Nikita - my son - Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also always in the nominative case is the main member and the appeal. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds - Here is an old house.

Genitive

The use of the genitive case can be both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form, it is written R.p.

This form of words has a variety of meanings and syntactic uses. The verbal genitive case can indicate the subject:

• in the case when the verb has a negation: do not take off your head, do not tell the truth -
• if the action does not refer to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive can indicate a number of relationships:

• belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll dress-
• relation of a whole to a part: hotel room, tree branch-
• evaluation or definition of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of the word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. For example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mostly the words in this case are used to designate the main subject to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, an order to subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha was scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions of the accusative case are similar to questions of other cases, namely, the genitive and nominative. So, for an animated object, this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - what? And quite often, schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action completely passes.

For example:

Fishing, cleaning shoes, sewing a skirt, baking a cake.

Also, words standing in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

All summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental questions have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animated object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) Bread, gave him water (what?) to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.

Such a case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who performs the action. For example:

He beat the dog (with what?) with a stick.

The old man propped himself (with what?) on his palm.

The road led (with what?) through the forest.

The fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" were written (by whom?) by Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

• instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush with a brush -
• actor: security of the house by watchmen, release of goods by the seller -
• the content of the action itself: learn German language
• definitive value: sausage with a ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the limitation of the indicated feature. For example:

He was strong-minded and known for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, as well as other case forms, are divided towards living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, hence the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes, questions of the prepositional case are always built using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

For the correct definition of the case form of words and their correct use in speech, it is very important to know how cases are associated with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, it is they who, joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

case	Pretext	Meaning	Example
Genitive	around, because of, before, at	determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place	walk around the park left the house, stand by the tree
Dative	to, by	used to indicate approaching an object, object or place of event	approach a friend go off-road
Accusative	in, for, on	indicate which object the action is directed to	hug your waist, look out the window put on the table
Instrumental	under, behind, over, with	can have many meanings, including indicating the direction of a particular action and denoting a space	fly over the earth walk under the bridge be friends with grandma

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by cases

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: "Declination by cases". As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them stands.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, which makes it easier to decline the word.

Declension of numerals by cases

case	case question	Question for the numeral	numeral
Nominative	who? what?	how many? which?
Genitive	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Dative	to whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth eighth
Accusative	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Instrumental	by whom? how?	how many? what?
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	about how many? about what?	about the eighth about the eighth about the eighth

The purpose of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a particular sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for the construction of competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons so that children can not only study, but consolidate this material well.

Attention, only TODAY!

• Which case answers the question: "What kind?" and why is knowledge of the declension of adjectives so important?
• "Whom", "what" - which case? Cases and their questions

- (gram.) in Indo-European languages ​​is formed by several suffixes. I. Suffixes os es s (three varieties of the same suffix, with different levels of vocalization) forms R. singular case from stems to a consonant sound and to everything ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Genitive- ● Parent date indicates the date of some event. It happened on the first of March. The meeting will open on May 10. The kind landowner congratulated Ivan Petrovich on the birth of his son, who was born in the village of Pokrovsky on August 20, 1807 ... ... ... Control Dictionary

A case form combined with a verb, a name (noun, adjective, numeral), an adverb (in the form of a comparative degree) and expressing the meaning of an object, belonging, quantity, etc. The genitive date indicates the date of some ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See genitivo… Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

Genitive- Genitive … Russian spelling dictionary

Genitive- The form of the word used in the text of speech construction as one of the stylistic means. It is believed that the use of a chain of words in the genitive case in the creative work of students is a speech error. But meanwhile, in scientific speech, the use of ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Genitive- lingu. Indirect case form expressing the meaning of an object, belonging, quantity; answers the questions: who? what? … Dictionary of many expressions

H case, answering the question of whom what? Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

genitive case of qualitative assessment- units In morphological stylistics: a kind of genitive attributive characterizing the features or properties of an object. A man of great intelligence, kind heart, cheerful disposition, tall stature, strong build... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

GENENTIAL, genitive, genitive. Only in the expression: genitive case (gram.) answering the question: whom what? or in other cases (eg in adj.) a case depending on the word in this case. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Books

• Genitive case, Mila Ivantsova. In maternity hospitals, yesterday's strangers often share their most intimate, confident that they will never meet again. However, the fates of young Kiev women turned out to be closely connected: Katya, Ira and Natasha ...
• Genitive case in Russian: forms and usage. Comparative analysis of the functions of the genitive case in English and Russian. - 2nd Mzd. , Ryan N.. The manual, aimed at university students, gives a complete picture of the Russian genitive case. The book consists of three parts. The first and second chapters describe the grammar of the genitive ...

As stated in many sources, we need cases for the correct formulation of the sentence, so that people can understand each other, can correctly and competently explain their desires. In Russian, there are such case names: prepositional, instrumental, nominative, dative and accusative. Oh yes, and parenting. It is about him that will be discussed further. The genitive is the indirect case. It expresses, in a way, a relation of belonging. The case has almost any part of speech, but the case is assigned by the name of the noun.

Genitive questions.

The genitive case answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. In addition to these questions, the word "no" is added. “(No) Who? What?". For example, let's take the word "shirt", in the genitive case it will look like "shirt and ».

Endings and examples of words in the genitive case.

The word that answers the questions “Who?”, “What” will be in the genitive case and at the same time have endings in the singular of the first declension - “s”, “and” (no rats s ); in the singular of the second declension - "a", "I" (no shore a ), and in the third declension - “and” (no dirt and ). In the plural, words that are declined into the genitive case will have endings: in the first declension, the ending of the word will be zero, in the second - “ov” (doctor ov ), and in the third declension "ev", "she" (maz her ). Most often, the genitive case goes in commonwealth with prepositions: "from", "from", "from". I would also like to note that the genitive case performs a number of functions:

• separating - "part of on the with";
• possessive - "alley district »;
• suspensive - "get out of Houses ».