Due to the interconnection of everything that exists, the cosmos has an active influence on the most diverse processes of life on Earth.

VI Vernadsky, speaking about the factors influencing the development of the biosphere, pointed out, among others, the cosmic influence. So, he emphasized that without cosmic bodies, in particular, without the Sun, life on Earth could not exist. Living organisms transform cosmic radiation into terrestrial energy (thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical) on a scale that determines the existence of the biosphere.

The significant role of the cosmos in the emergence of life on Earth was pointed out by the Swedish scientist, Nobel laureate S. Arrhenius. In his opinion, the introduction of life to Earth from space was possible in the form of bacteria due to cosmic dust and energy. V. I. Vernadsky did not exclude the possibility of the appearance of life on Earth from space.

The influence of space on the processes occurring on Earth (for example, the Moon on the tides, solar eclipses) was noticed by people in ancient times. However, for many centuries, the connection between the cosmos and the Earth was more often understood at the level of scientific hypotheses and conjectures, or even outside the framework of science. This was largely due to the limited human capabilities, scientific base and available tools. In the 20th century, knowledge about the influence of space on the Earth has significantly increased. This is the merit of Russian scientists, first of all, representatives of Russian cosmism - A. L. Chizhevsky, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, L. N. Gumilyov, V. I. Vernadsky and others.

It was largely possible to understand, evaluate and identify the scale of the influence of the cosmos, and above all the Sun, on earthly life and its manifestations. A. L. Chizhevsky. This is eloquently evidenced by the titles of his works: "Physical factors of the historical process", "Earth echo of solar storms", etc.

Scientists have long paid attention to manifestations of solar activity (spots, torches on its surface, prominences). This activity, in turn, turned out to be associated with electromagnetic and other fluctuations in the world space. A. L. Chizhevsky, having carried out numerous scientific studies in astronomy, biology and history, came to the conclusion about the significant influence of the Sun and its activity on biological and social processes on Earth (“Physical factors of the historical process”).

In 1915, 18-year-old A. L. Chizhevsky, who devotedly studied astronomy, chemistry and physics, drew attention to the synchronous formation of sunspots and the simultaneous intensification of hostilities on the fronts of the First World War. The accumulated and generalized statistical material allowed him to make this study scientific and convincing.

The meaning of his concept, based on rich factual material, was to prove the existence of cosmic rhythms and the dependence of biological and social life on Earth on the pulse of space. K. E. Tsiolkovsky assessed the work of his colleague as follows: “A young scientist is trying to discover a functional relationship between the behavior of mankind and fluctuations in the activity of the Sun and, through calculations, determine the rhythm, cycles and periods of these changes and fluctuations, thus creating a new sphere of human knowledge” . All these broad generalizations and bold thoughts are expressed by Chizhevsky for the first time, which gives them great value and arouses interest. This work is an example of the fusion of various sciences together on the monistic basis of physical and mathematical analysis.

Only many years later, the thoughts and conclusions expressed by A. L. Chizhevsky about the influence of the Sun on terrestrial processes were confirmed in practice. Numerous observations have shown an undeniable dependence of mass bursts of neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases in people during periodic cycles of solar activity. Forecasts of so-called "bad days" for health are commonplace these days.

Chizhevsky's idea is interesting that magnetic disturbances on the Sun, due to the unity of the Cosmos, can seriously affect the problem of the health of state leaders. After all, at the head of most governments in many countries are middle-aged people. The rhythms occurring on Earth and in space, of course, affect their health and well-being. This is especially dangerous in conditions of totalitarian, dictatorial regimes. And if immoral or mentally handicapped individuals are at the head of the state, then their pathological reactions to cosmic perturbations can lead to unpredictable and tragic consequences both for the peoples of their countries and for all of humanity in conditions when many countries possess powerful weapons of destruction.

A special place is occupied by Chizhevsky's statement that the Sun significantly affects not only biological, but also social processes on Earth. Social conflicts (wars, riots, revolutions), according to A. L. Chizhevsky, are largely determined by the behavior and activity of our luminary. According to his calculations, during the minimum solar activity, there is a minimum of mass active social manifestations in society (approximately 5%). During the peak of solar activity, their number reaches 60%.

Many of the ideas of A. L. Chizhevsky have found their application in the field of space and biological sciences. They confirm the inseparable unity of man and the cosmos, point to their close mutual influence.

Very original were the space ideas of the first representative of Russian cosmism N. F. Fedorova. He had high hopes for the future development of science. It is she who, according to N.F. Fedorov, will help a person to prolong his life, and in the future make him immortal. The resettlement of people on other planets due to the large accumulation will become a necessary reality. Space for Fedorov is an active field of human activity. In the middle of the XIX century. he proposed his own version of the movement of people in outer space. According to the thinker, for this it will be necessary to master the electromagnetic energy of the globe, which will allow to regulate its movement in world space and turn the Earth into a spaceship (“earth rover”) for flights into space. In the future, according to Fedorov's plans, man will unite all the worlds and become a "planetary engineer". This will especially closely manifest the unity of man and the cosmos.

The ideas of N. F. Fedorov about the resettlement of people on other planets were developed by a brilliant scientist in the field of rocket science K. E. Tsiolkovsky. He also owns a number of original philosophical ideas. Life, according to Tsiolkovsky, is eternal: “After each death, the same thing happens - scattering. We have always lived and will always live, but each time in a new form and, of course, without the memory of the past ... A piece of matter is subject to an innumerable series of lives, although separated by huge intervals of time ... ". In this, the thinker is very close to the Hindu teachings on the transmigration of souls, as well as to Democritus.

Based on the fundamentally dialectical idea of ​​universal life, everywhere and always existing through moving and eternally living atoms, Tsiolkovsky tried to build an integral framework of “cosmic philosophy”.

The scientist believed that life and intelligence on Earth are not the only ones in the universe. True, as evidence he used only the assertion that the Universe is unlimited, and considered this quite sufficient, otherwise "what would be the meaning of the Universe if it were not filled with an organic, intelligent, sentient world?" On the basis of the comparative youth of the Earth, he concludes that on other "older planets, life is much more perfect." Moreover, it actively influences other levels of life, including the earthly one.

In his philosophical ethics, Tsiolkovsky is purely rationalistic and consistent. Elevating the idea of ​​constant improvement of matter to an absolute, Tsiolkovsky sees this process as follows. Outer space that has no boundaries is inhabited by intelligent beings of various levels of development. There are planets that, in terms of the development of intelligence and power, have reached the highest level and are ahead of others. These “perfect” planets, having gone through all the torments of evolution and knowing their sad past and former imperfection, have the moral right to regulate life on other still primitive planets, to save their population from the torments of development.

This is how Tsiolkovsky imagines the technology of "humanitarian aid". “Perfect World” takes care of everything. On other, lower in development planets, only “good” is supported and encouraged by him. “Every deviation towards evil or suffering is carefully corrected. Which way? Yes, by means of selection: the bad, or those who deviate to the bad, are left without offspring... The power of the perfect ones penetrates all planets, all possible places of life and everywhere. These places are inhabited by their own mature family. Isn't it just like a gardener destroying all the bad plants on his land and leaving only the best vegetables! If intervention does not help, and nothing but suffering is foreseen, then the whole living world is painlessly destroyed ... ".

K. E. Tsiolkovsky most deeply of his contemporaries studied and covered the philosophical problems of space exploration . He believed that the Earth in the Universe has a special role. Earth refers to the later planets, "promising". Only a small number of such planets will be given the right to independent development and torment, including the Earth.

In the course of evolution, over time, a union of all intelligent higher beings of the cosmos will be formed. First, in the form of a union of those inhabiting the nearest suns, then a union of unions, and so on, ad infinitum, since the Universe itself is infinite.

The moral, cosmic task of the Earth is to contribute to the improvement of the cosmos. Earthlings can justify their high mission in improving the world only by leaving the Earth and going into space. Therefore, Tsiolkovsky sees his personal task in helping earthlings to organize resettlement to other planets and their settlement throughout the universe. He emphasized that the essence of his cosmic philosophy is "in migration from the Earth and in the settlement of the Cosmos." That is why the invention of the rocket for Tsiolkovsky was by no means an end in itself (as some believe, seeing in him only a rocket scientist), but a method of penetrating into the depths of space.

The scientist believed that many millions of years gradually improve the nature of man and his social organization. In the course of evolution, the human body will undergo significant changes that will turn a person, in essence, into a rational “animal-plant”, artificially processing solar energy. Thus, full scope for his will and independence from the environment will be achieved. In the end, humanity will be able to exploit the entire circumsolar space and solar energy. And over time, the terrestrial population will settle throughout the circumsolar space.

The ideas of K. E. Tsiolkovsky about the unity of the various worlds of space, its constant improvement, including man himself, about the exit of mankind into space, contain an important philosophical and humanistic meaning.

Today, practical problems of man's influence on space are already arising. So, in connection with regular space flights, there is a possibility of unintentional introduction into space, in particular, to other planets, of living organisms. A number of terrestrial bacteria are able to withstand the most extreme temperature, radiation and other conditions of existence for a long time. The temperature amplitude of existence in some species of unicellular organisms reaches 600 degrees. It is impossible to predict how they will behave in a different unearthly environment.

At present, people are beginning to actively use space to solve specific technological problems, whether it is the cultivation of rare crystals, welding, and other work. And space satellites have long been recognized as a means of collecting and transmitting various information.

The biosphere is a living open system. It exchanges energy and matter with the outside world. In this case, the outside world is a boundless outer space.

Solar and electromagnetic radiation come to Earth from outside; the so-called solar wind, which is a bunch of plasma clouds continuously emitted by the Sun with variable intensity; galactic and solar cosmic rays, as well as meteor showers.

From the Earth, its own thermal radiation, part of the backscattered radiation of the Sun (albedo), as well as flows of matter from the Earth's upper atmosphere, go into space.

Thus, the "biosphere-space" interaction is a complex dynamic system that is in a state of mobile equilibrium.

The boundary area between the Earth-space system runs at a distance of 50-60 thousand km above the Earth's surface. It is at this distance that the boundary of the geomagnetic field of the Earth's magnetosphere extends. The processes of interaction of the magnetosphere with the substance of the solar plasma - the solar wind and cosmic rays - are studied and investigated within the framework of magnetohydrodynamics - a modern space science that jointly takes into account the complex phenomena of the boundary medium in accordance with the equations of the Maxwell electromagnetic field, on the one hand, and the equations of hydrodynamics, with another.

At one time, Academician V.V. Vernadsky emphasized that there is a close relationship between the phenomena occurring on Earth and the processes of a cosmic order. Now there is no doubt that our habitat is not only the Earth and even not only the Solar System, but the entire Universe around us, of which we are an integral part.

In this regard, when studying terrestrial phenomena, it is necessary to proceed from a systematic approach in the Earth sciences, which is dictated not only by the discovery of certain specific connections between terrestrial and cosmic phenomena, but also by the general principles of modern natural science. A holistic perception of the world is a necessary feature of the modern style of scientific thinking.

The era in which we live is rightly called the space age, the era of space exploration. And the point is not only in the implementation of space flights and the successful development of space technology. Space exploration, ever deeper knowledge of the patterns of cosmic phenomena, wide involvement of the cosmos in the sphere of human practice is an urgent need of the present stage in the development of earthly civilization.

It becomes clear that the very emergence and existence of the biosphere and man is closely related to the physical conditions in the Universe, as well as to the peculiarities of the course of physical processes on Earth, in the region of space immediately surrounding us and in the Universe as a whole.

Terrestrial phenomena are connected by innumerable threads with physical processes occurring in outer space. First, many terrestrial phenomena reflect the general laws of the cosmic order. Secondly, there are a number of direct connections and dependencies that determine the influence of certain cosmic factors on our planet, including the biosphere. There are many such factors.

For example, as a result of the rotation of the Earth, sea tides are observed twice a day under the influence of the gravitational attraction of the Moon. It is clear that this phenomenon is important for the inhabitants of the coastal regions of the Earth.

The position of the Earth in space relative to the Sun leads to a daily change of day and night and a natural change of seasons in different parts of the Earth, which affects all aspects of the life of the biosphere.

An important role was played by factors of a cosmic order in the process of the formation of life on Earth. In particular, many characteristic features of living organisms, including the human body, are directly related to the magnitude of gravity on Earth, the nature of solar radiation, the position of our planet in the solar system, and the position of the solar system in our galaxy.

So, for example, the structure of the organs of vision of humans and animals is due to the fact that the Sun intensely radiates in the optical range and this radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. It is no coincidence that the human eye is most sensitive to yellow-green rays, because it is these rays that have the highest intensity in the composition of sunlight.

There is reason to believe that solar activity has an impact on the biosphere of our planet at the present time.

Thus, a number of statistical dependencies have been noted that reveal a connection between fluctuations in solar activity and epidemic, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases, productivity and growth of annual rings in trees. As a result, a new area of ​​science has emerged. heliobiology, the main task of which is to find out the physical mechanisms of the influence of the solar system on the processes occurring in the biosphere. This is one of the topical problems of modern natural science, which is of great practical importance for mankind.

The study of outer space with the help of satellites and spacecraft in recent decades has made it possible to make significant progress in the study of the mechanisms of solar-terrestrial relations, primarily in elucidating a number of cyclic processes on the Sun and their manifestations in terrestrial conditions. First of all, we are talking about 27-day (on average) rhythms associated with the rotation of the Earth about its axis, with 11-year (on average) and 22-year (on average) cycles of solar activity, manifesting themselves more or less synchronously in long time series for a large number of visual characteristics of the Sun in the form of sunspots, flares, floccules, chromospheric flares, etc.

Modern heliobiology confirms the influence of the Sun's rhythms on terrestrial processes, but it turns out that the mechanisms of such influence are much more complex than it seemed in the first half of the 20th century. the founders of space biology V.V. Vernadsky and A.L. Chizhevsky.

At the same time, a number of specific issues of solar-terrestrial connections have already been solved both from the point of view of studying the material carriers of such connections (mainly solar corpuscular flows) and their mechanisms themselves. In particular, these include:

Issues of studying the causes of variations in the Earth's magnetic field, including the appearance of magnetic storms on Earth;

Abrupt changes in the state of the ionosphere that disrupt the propagation of radio waves on Earth;

The appearance of polar lights, terrestrial electric currents, processes of changing atmospheric electricity, etc.

It is clear that further study of the influence of all established geophysical phenomena on the biosphere, including the human body, is necessary.

The human body is a complex and highly perfect self-regulating system that strives for balance with the environment, which includes factors of a cosmic order. Any violation of this balance, associated with a change in external conditions, causes a corresponding restructuring in the activity of the organism.

This pattern is used, for example, by modern medicine for medicinal purposes. Influencing the body with climatic, balneological and other natural factors, doctors consciously achieve such purposeful changes that would entail the elimination of certain diseases. The possibilities of such a method are far from being exhausted. Further study of the influence of various natural, including space, factors on living organisms opens up new ways to rid a person of various ailments.

In recent years, ideas about the presence of multilateral cosmic-terrestrial connections have been confirmed in works on the influence of the geomagnetic field and solar activity on blood pressure rhythms, the frequency of cardiovascular diseases, the behavior of erythrocytes, blood clotting, hemoglobin content, homeostasis of living organisms, soil formation, baric pressure and atmospheric circulation, precipitation, the genesis of the Earth's relief, etc. Thus, the frequency of solar activity is one of the most important factors affecting life on Earth.

Biosphere and noosphere

Factors of evolution and stages of development of the biosphere. The evolution of the biosphere throughout most of its history was carried out under the influence of two main factors:

1) natural geological and climatic changes on the planet;

2) changes in the species composition and number of living beings in the process of biological evolution.

At the present stage in the Tertiary period, the developing human society has become the main factor determining the evolution of the biosphere.

The evolution of the organic world has gone through several stages. First stage- the emergence of the primary biosphere with its inherent biotic cycle, second-complication of the structure of the biotic component of the biosphere as a result of the emergence of multicellular organisms. These two stages of evolution, proceeding in accordance with the purely biological laws of life and development, are called biogenesis.

Third stage associated with the emergence of human society. Of course, according to their intentions, the activity of people on the scale of the biosphere contributes to the transformation of the latter into the noosphere. At this stage, evolution proceeds under the decisive influence of human consciousness and the production (labor) activity of people associated with it, which corresponds to the period noogenesis.

The idea that living beings interact with the environment, changing it, arose long ago. This was facilitated by observations of natural phenomena. At the beginning of the XVII century. rudimentary ideas about the biosphere took place in the writings of Dutch scientists B. Varenius and X. Huygens.

A century later, the French naturalist J. Cuvier noticed that living organisms can exist only by exchanging substances with the environment. Other researchers – French chemist J.B. Dumas and German chemist Y. Liebig found out the importance of green plants in the gas exchange of the globe and the role of soil solutions in plant nutrition. Subsequently, many scientists studied the relationship of organisms with their environment, which eventually led to the modern understanding of the biosphere.

In particular, J.B. Lamarck in his book "Hydrogeology" devoted a whole chapter to the influence of living organisms on the transformation of the earth's surface. He wrote:

There is a special force in nature, powerful and continuously active, which has the ability to form combinations, multiply them, diversify them. The influence of living organisms on the substances located on the surface of the globe and forming its outer crust is very significant, because these beings, infinitely diverse and numerous, with continuously changing generations, cover all parts of the surface of the globe with their gradually accumulating and all the time deposited remains.

From these statements follows a correct assessment of the enormous geological role of organisms and the products of their decomposition.

Outstanding naturalist and geographer A. Humboldt in his essay "Cosmos" he gave a synthesis of the knowledge of that time about the Earth and space and, on the basis of this, developed the idea of ​​the interconnection of all natural processes and phenomena.

The existence of the Earth's biosphere as an integral natural system is expressed primarily in the circulation of energy and substances with the participation of all living organisms of the planet. The idea of ​​the biospheric cycle was substantiated by the German physiologist J. Moleschott. And proposed in the 80s. 19th century division of organisms into three groups according to feeding methods (autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic) by a German physiologist W. Pfeffer was a major scientific generalization, contributing to the understanding of the basic metabolic processes in the biosphere.

The beginning of the doctrine of the biosphere is associated with the name of the famous French naturalist J.B. Lamarck. The definition of the biosphere was first introduced by the Austrian geologist E. Suess in 1875. We find a much broader idea of ​​the biosphere in V.I. Vernadsky.

Biosphere and man. At the initial stages of the existence of human society, the intensity of the impact on the environment did not differ from the impact of other organisms. Receiving from the environment the means of subsistence in such an amount that was completely restored due to the natural processes of the biotic cycle, people returned to the biosphere what other organisms used for their life activity. The universal ability of microorganisms to destroy organic matter, and plants to convert mineral substances into organic ones, ensured the inclusion of the products of human economic activity in the biotic cycle.

The first human-made culture paleolith(Stone Age) - lasted approximately 12-30 thousand years. It coincided with a long period of glaciation. The economic basis of the life of human society at that time was the hunting of large animals: reindeer, woolly rhinoceros, horses, mammoth, tour. Numerous bones of wild animals are found at the sites of a wild man - evidence of a successful hunt. Intensive extermination of large herbivores has led to a relatively rapid reduction in their numbers and the extinction of many species. If small herbivores could make up for the losses from persecution by hunters with a high birth rate, then large animals, due to the peculiarities of their biology, were deprived of this opportunity. Additional difficulties for them were created by the climatic conditions that changed at the end of the Paleolithic. 10-12 thousand years ago there was a sharp warming, the glacier receded, forests spread in Europe. This created new living conditions, destroyed the existing economic base of human society. The period of its development, characterized by a purely consumer attitude towards the environment, has ended.

In the next era - the era Neolithic(new stone age) - along with hunting, fishing and gathering, the process of food production is becoming increasingly important. The first attempts were made to domesticate animals and breed plants. At the sites of archaeological excavations of settlements that existed 9-10 thousand years ago, wheat, barley, lentils, bones of domestic animals - goats, pigs, sheep are found. The beginnings of agricultural and cattle-breeding economy are developing. Fire is widely used to destroy vegetation in slash-and-burn agriculture and as a means of hunting. The development of mineral resources begins, metallurgy is born.

The growth of the population, the intensive development of science and technology in the last two centuries, and especially today, have led to the fact that human activity has become a factor on a planetary scale, the guiding force for the further evolution of the biosphere. arose anthropocenoses(from Greek. anthropos- Human, koinos- general, community) - communities of organisms in which a person is the dominant species, and his activity determines the state of the entire system. At present, man extracts raw materials from the biosphere in significant and ever-increasing quantities, and modern industry and agriculture produce or use substances that are not only not used by other types of organisms, but are often poisonous and alien to nature. As a result, the biotic cycle becomes open. Water, atmosphere, soils are polluted with production wastes, forests are cut down, wild animals are exterminated, natural biogeocenoses are destroyed.

The undesirable consequences of uncontrolled human activity were recognized by natural scientists as early as the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. (J.-L.-L. Buffon, J.-B. Lamarck).

According to their consequences, the impact of human society on the environment can be positive and negative. The latter are especially noteworthy. The main ways of human impact on nature are the expenditure of natural resources in the form of minerals, soils, water resources; environmental pollution, extermination of species, destruction of biogeocenoses.

The positive influence of man is expressed in the breeding of new breeds of domestic animals and varieties of agricultural plants, the creation of cultural biogeocenoses, as well as in the development of new strains of beneficial microorganisms as the basis of the microbiological industry, the development of pond fisheries, the production of useful species in new habitat conditions.

Forecasts of the future of mankind, taking into account the environmental problems facing it, are of direct interest to the entire population of the planet. According to experts, the ecological situation that is developing on Earth is fraught with the danger of serious and possibly irreversible damage to the biosphere if the activity of mankind does not acquire a systematic character consistent with the laws of the existence and development of the biosphere. At the same time, calculations show that human society does not use significant reserves of the biosphere.

One of the most acute problems of our time is the problem of the rapid growth of the world's population. The annual population growth in absolute terms reaches 60-70 million people, or about 2%. By 2000, the population reached 6 billion people. The land surface area on the planet is equal to 1.5 10 14 m 2, which is enough to accommodate 15–20 billion people with an average density of 300–400 people per 1 km 2, which is currently taking place in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Japan.

The growing population of the Earth must be provided with food. It is known that per capita food production is growing more slowly than the production of energy, clothing, and various materials. Many millions of people in underdeveloped countries experience; food shortage. At the same time, only 41% of the entire land area suitable for agriculture, on average around the globe, is occupied by agricultural land. At the same time, in the territory used, according to various experts, they receive from 3-4 to 30% of the amount of products possible with the current level of development of agricultural technology. The reasons for this are partly the lack of energy in agriculture. So, in Japan, when growing a crop five times larger than in India (from 1 hectare of agricultural land), they spend 20 times more electricity and 20-30 times more fertilizers and pesticides.

Already, 30% of metal products are made from recycled materials. With the existing technology, only 30-50% of reserves are extracted from oil fields. The yield of minerals can thus be increased by developing progressive mining methods. About 95% of energy is currently obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels, 3–4% from the energy of river runoff, and only 1–2% from nuclear fuel. The use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes solves the problem of the energy crisis.

The transforming activity of people is inevitable, since the well-being of the population is connected with it. Modern humanity has exceptionally powerful factors influencing the nature of the planet. Following the principle of scientifically based rational nature management allows to obtain a generally positive result.

The transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. The concept of "noosphere" was introduced to science by the French philosopher E. Leroy in 1927

NoosphereLeroy called the shell of the Earth, which includes human society with its language, industry, culture and other attributes of intelligent activity.

The noosphere, according to E. Leroy, is a "thinking layer", which, having originated at the end of the Tertiary period, has been unfolding since then over the world of plants and animals, outside the biosphere and above it.

A much broader idea of ​​the biosphere and noosphere was given by one of the outstanding scientists, the founder of geochemistry, biochemistry, and radiogeology, V.V. Vernadsky. He proceeded from the fact that natural-scientific hypotheses should reflect the objective reality of the material world - patterns associated with physico-chemical, geological, biochemical and other processes in a single complex.

In contrast to the interpretation of the noosphere put forward by E. Leroy, Vernadsky represented the noosphere not as something external to the biosphere, but as a new stage in the development of the biosphere, consisting in the reasonable regulation of the relationship between man and nature.

V. Vernadsky formulated a number of specific conditions necessary for the formation and existence of the noosphere. Let us list these conditions and see to what extent these conditions are met or are being met.

1.Human settlement of the entire planet. This condition has been met. There is no place left on Earth where no human has set foot. He settled even in Antarctica.

2.Dramatic transformation of means of communication and exchange between countries. This condition can also be considered fulfilled. With the help of radio and TV, we instantly learn about events anywhere in the world.

The means of communication are constantly improving, accelerating, there are such opportunities that it was difficult to dream of recently. And here it is impossible not to recall the prophetic words of Vernadsky:

This process - the complete settlement of the biosphere by man - is due to the course of the history of scientific thought, is inextricably linked with the speed of communication, with the success of the technique of movement, with the possibility of instantaneous transmission of thought, its simultaneous discussion on the entire planet.

Until recently, telecommunications were limited to the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. It was possible to transfer data from one computer to another using a modem connected to a telephone line. In recent years, the development of the global telecommunications computer network Internet has given rise to a real revolution in human civilization, which is entering the era of information technology. The growth of the development of the network, the improvement of computing and communication technology are now proceeding exponentially, like the reproduction and evolution of living organisms. Vernadsky drew attention to this at one time:

With a speed comparable to the rate of reproduction, expressed by a geometric progression in the course of time, an ever-growing multitude of inert natural bodies new to it and new great natural phenomena are created in this way in the biosphere, the course of scientific thought, for example, in the creation of machines, as noted long ago, is completely similar to the process of reproduction of organisms.

If earlier the Internet was used only by researchers in the field of informatics, government officials, now almost anyone can access it. And here we see the embodiment of Vernadsky's dream of a favorable environment for the development of scientific work, the popularization of scientific knowledge, and the internationality of science.

Every scientific fact, every scientific observation, no matter where and by whomever they are made, enters a single scientific apparatus, is classified and reduced to a single form, immediately becomes a common property for criticism, reflection and scientific work.

If earlier it took years for a scientific work to be published and a scientific thought to become known to the world, now any scientist with access to the Internet can present his work to the scientific world.

3.Strengthening ties, including political ones, between all countries of the Earth. This condition can be considered, if not fulfilled, then fulfilled. The United Nations (UN), which emerged after the Second World War, turned out to be quite stable and effective.

4.The beginning of the predominance of the geological role of man over other geological processes occurring in the biosphere. This condition can also be considered fulfilled, although it was precisely the predominance of the geological role of man in a number of cases that led to severe environmental consequences. The volume of rocks extracted from the depths of the Earth by all the mines and quarries of the world is now almost twice the average volume of lavas and ash carried out annually by all volcanoes on the Earth.

5.Expansion of the boundaries of the biosphere and access to space. In the works of the last decade of his life, Vernadsky did not consider the boundaries of the biosphere to be permanent. He emphasized their expansion in the past as a result of the emergence of living matter on land, the appearance of tall vegetation, flying insects, and later flying lizards and birds. In the process of transition to the noosphere, the boundaries of the biosphere, according to the teachings of Vernadsky, should expand, and man should go out into space. These predictions have come true.

6.Discovery of new energy sources. The condition is fulfilled in principle, but sometimes with tragic consequences. We are talking about atomic energy, which has long been mastered for both peaceful and, unfortunately, military purposes. Humanity (or rather, politicians) is clearly not yet ready to confine itself to peaceful purposes, moreover, atomic (nuclear) force has entered our century, primarily as a military means and a means of intimidating opposing nuclear powers. The question of the use of atomic energy deeply worried Vernadsky even more than half a century ago. In the preface to Essays and Speeches, he prophetically wrote:

The time is not far off when man will receive atomic energy in his hands, such a source of power that will give him the opportunity to build his life as he wants. Will a person be able to use this power, direct it to good, and not to self-destruction?

To develop international cooperation in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established in 1957, uniting most of the UN member states.

7. Equality of people of all races and religions. This condition, if not achieved, is, in any case, achieved. In the last century, the destruction of colonial empires was a decisive step towards establishing the equality of people of different races and religions.

8.Increasing the role of the masses in resolving issues of foreign and domestic policy. This condition is observed in many countries with a parliamentary form of government.

9.Freedom of scientific thought and scientific research from the pressure of religious, philosophical and political constructions and the creation in the state system of conditions favorable for free scientific thought. Now it is difficult to talk about the fulfillment of this condition in different countries. International funds have been created to support Russian science. In developed and even developing countries, for example, in India, the state and social system creates a maximum favorable regime for free scientific thought.

10. A well-thought-out system of public education, and the rise of the well-being of the working people. Creating a real opportunity to prevent malnutrition and hunger, poverty and reduce disease. It is too early to judge the fulfillment of this condition. However, Vernadsky warned that the process of transition of the biosphere into the noosphere cannot occur gradually and in one direction, that temporary deviations are inevitable along this path.

11.A reasonable transformation of the primary nature of the Earth in order to make it capable of satisfying all the material, aesthetic and spiritual needs of a numerically growing population. This condition cannot yet be considered fulfilled, however, the first steps towards a reasonable transformation of nature in the second half of the last century, undoubtedly, began to be carried out. The whole system of scientific knowledge provides the foundation for solving environmental problems.

12.The exclusion of wars from the life of society. Vernadsky considered this condition extremely important for the creation and existence of the noosphere. But it has not yet been completed. On the whole, the world community strives to prevent a world war, although local wars continually arise.

Thus, we see that most of the conditions the transition of the biosphere into the noosphere is performed, and those for which such conditions are not yet ripe can in principle be fulfilled by the combined efforts of all mankind. However, it is clear that the process of transition to the noosphere will be gradual. This was repeatedly emphasized by Vernadsky himself, arguing that human civilization is only entering a transitional period from the biosphere to the noosphere.

At the present stage, it is too early to talk about the intelligent planetary activity of mankind. The noosphere is a certain image or ideal of future planetary development. Vernadsky's ideas were far ahead of the time in which he worked. This fully applies to the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. Only now, in the conditions of an extraordinary aggravation of the global problems of our time, Vernadsky's prophetic words about the need to think and act in the planetary - biospheric - aspect are becoming clear. Only now the illusions of technocracy, the conquest of nature are crumbling, and the essential unity of the biosphere and humanity is becoming clear. The fate of our planet and the fate of mankind are the same fate.

Striving for the future is a characteristic feature of the noospheric doctrine, which in modern conditions must be developed in all directions.

Similar information.

cyclicity underlies the existence of mankind and the universe. The law of cyclical evolution is expressed in the onset of special cosmoplanetary periods - eras, during which astronomical events occur that provoke dramatic natural changes on our planet.

The development of mankind occurs in cycles, which are based on the principle septenary. The doctrine of the cyclical nature of world development is the most important doctrine of esoteric philosophy. The idea of ​​the existence of cosmic rhythms and cycles is present in the mythology of many ancient peoples who believed that the “clocks of the world” are controlled by “star deities”.

What is the age of the human race? Theologians claim that God created life on the planet no more than 10 thousand years ago, scientists give the facts of human existence 250 - 400 thousand years back. Anthropologists surprise with the finds of artifacts whose age is calculated millions of years that baffle both scientists and theologians. Perhaps man existed on Earth billions of years back?

The change of epochs, global natural disasters "erased" information about the existence on Earth of previous civilizations (races). The fact that the calendar Mayan ends 2012, does not mean that the Indians considered this year to be the end of the world. As in many other cultures of antiquity, in the Mayan ideas, the entire history of mankind consisted of certain cycles. The Maya, like the Egyptian, Tibetan, Indian priests, considered our time a period of change of major historical cycles. Fifth Sun. According to their calculations, after December 21, 2012 The Fifth Sun will be replaced by the Sixth.

Helped create the Earth and the entire solar system. If there were no outer space, then life would not have appeared on our planet.

At the origins of history

Even in ancient times, people raised their eyes to the sky and looked for answers in that endless space. The stars enchant with their beauty, and the cosmos itself gives rise to many questions in the imagination of people. The influence of the cosmos on the earth is studied by philosophers, people of the exact sciences and mystics.

After Aristotle, Western scientists tried to prove that emptiness. They assured that one emptiness roams around the Earth and that there are no other forms of life. But the astronauts did not want to believe that the void could be so huge. They studied space and were able to prove the presence of multiple celestial bodies that collide, shine and form new galaxies.

The influence of space on human life cannot be underestimated. Even in ancient times, according to space activities, they tried to predict catastrophes and even signs of higher powers. Today, astrologers also regularly make horoscopes for each person, arguing that the fate of each is already destined by the cosmos.

A star called the sun

The sun is the main one that directly proves the influence of space on people's lives. The heavenly body illuminates the entire planet and gives the necessary warmth for all life on the planet. But the Sun can also completely destroy the Earth and the people who live on it.

Of particular danger to humans are flares on the surface of the Sun. Because of this, a large amount of energy is ejected into space, and an excessively large amount of precipitation occurs and falls on Earth. During this period, people feel the unpleasant consequences of invisible solar radiation. Health is deteriorating, pensioners and small children are especially sensitive to solar flares.

How does space affect human health?

The impact that space has on human life can be positive or negative. Space objects regularly affect the magnetic field of our planet. These changes adversely affect people's physical and emotional health. Particularly affected are people who have diseases of the heart and blood vessels. There is an increase in blood pressure, blood circulation slows down.

Jumps in lead to a slowdown in metabolism and slow down the work of the entire circulatory system. This leads to severe oxygen starvation, the nervous system and heart suffer to a greater extent.

Scientists believe that initially the Earth's magnetic field set a special biorhythm for all mankind. In nature, everything was thought out to the smallest detail, due to this there was full harmony. Natural anomalies and failures in the field of our planet have occurred due to the barbaric activities of all mankind. Environmental pollution, depletion of fossil resources and endless bad habits on the part of people lead to such a sharp jump in the contradiction between the human body and the earth's magnetic field.

The impact of space on human life has always been. Some even claim to feed on cosmic energy and restore their health. They argue that you can stop reacting to magnetic storms if you get as close to the earth as possible - eat plant foods and food of animal origin, and you should also start drinking water from natural sources. Dead tap water and chemically created food lead to an imbalance between the Earth's field and the human body.

Such a mysterious moon

Speaking about the impact space has on human life, one cannot remain silent about such a wonderful celestial body as the Moon. Scientists have long sought to understand and study this space object. This is the closest planet that is located near the Earth. In many ways, this is what causes such close attention from science and mysticism.

Even in ancient times, they learned to create lunar calendars that took into account the different phases of this celestial body. The state of every human organ depended on this. According to the phases of the moon, you can choose favorable days for the birth of a baby, hair cutting and for the prevention of many diseases.

The first phase is the best time for sports, a person feels a surge of strength and vigor. The second phase will appeal to everyone who wants to cleanse the body of toxins and extra pounds. The full moon is the best period for conceiving a child, but at the same time, women become mentally unbalanced and quick-tempered. In the third lunar phase, physical activity should be minimized. In the fourth phase, a person becomes passive, coordination and attention are lost. And men should be afraid of the new moon, during this period they are aggressive and inadequate.

If you study the influence of space on human life from this point of view, then you can get as comfortable as possible in this life. Mystics are sure that with the right approach, limitless lunar energy can be used for the benefit of a person. Many well-known businessmen have built their careers at the expense of the energy of this celestial body. They simply did not ignore the predictions and signs of the stars.

Who's your sign?

Everyone asks this question when they meet new people or sympathize with some person. A certain arrangement of stars allowed a person to be under the auspices of a certain constellation. begin to have a special effect on a person after birth. Someone calls it fate, and some just brush it off.

But on the other hand, the constellations never change their location, they are unchanged. For millions of years, these points have been watching people. Therefore, it is impossible to deny their influence on a person.

What is hidden in space?

Scientists do not get tired of studying the influence of space on people's lives. They build theories, prove clear facts, and surprise with unthinkable claims.

There are a lot of theories, but no one still knows exactly what the cosmos hides and what galaxies are there in the distance. It is possible that progress is not moving fast enough to answer the many questions of millions of people. In any case, we are part of the cosmos, only for its conquest you have to pay a high price.

The sun is the center of our world. For billions of years, it keeps the planets around it and heats them. The Earth is keenly aware of the changes in solar activity, which are currently manifested mainly in the form of 11-year cycles. During bursts of activity, which become more frequent at cycle maxima, intense fluxes of X-rays and energetic charged particles - solar cosmic rays - are born in the corona of the Sun, and huge masses of plasma and magnetic field (magnetic clouds) are ejected into interplanetary space.

In the 20th century, earthly civilization imperceptibly crossed a very important milestone in its development. The technosphere - the area of ​​human activity - has expanded far beyond the boundaries of the natural habitat - the biosphere. This expansion is both spatial - due to the exploration of outer space, and qualitative - due to the active use of new types of energy and electromagnetic waves. But still, for aliens looking at us from a distant star, the Earth remains just a grain of sand in the ocean of plasma that fills the solar system and the entire universe, and our stage of development can be compared more with the first steps of a child than with reaching maturity. The new world that has opened up to mankind is no less complex and, as, indeed, on Earth, is far from always friendly. While mastering it, it was not without losses and mistakes, but we gradually learn to recognize new dangers and overcome them. And there are many of these dangers. This is the radiation background in the upper atmosphere, and the loss of communication with satellites, aircraft and ground stations, and even catastrophic accidents on communication lines and power lines that occur during powerful magnetic storms.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SOLAR - TERRESTRIAL RELATIONSHIPS

solar activity space ionosphere

Solar activity has a wide impact on the processes occurring on our planet. Solar activity makes itself felt on Earth by two types of radiation: electromagnetic (from gamma rays with a wavelength of approximately 0.01A to kilometer radio waves) and corpuscular (streams of charged particles with a density of several to tens of particles per 1 cm3 with energies from hundreds up to millions of eV). On the way to the Earth, they encounter numerous obstacles, the main of which are magnetic fields in interplanetary and near-Earth space. This circumstance affects them in different ways. Electromagnetic radiation freely penetrates into the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, where it is mainly absorbed and converted. The surface of the Earth is reached only by solar radiation in the near ultraviolet and visible region of the spectrum, the intensity of which is almost independent of solar activity, and in a narrow section of the radio spectrum (from about 1 mm to 30 m), which is very weak. The main object of application of this type of solar radiation is the ionosphere, a kind of mirror that reflects radio waves to the Earth, and the Earth's neutral atmosphere. As for the corpuscular radiation of the Sun, it is affected by the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field to such an extent that it enters the earth's atmosphere in a completely unrecognizable form. And only after that it interacts with particles of the ionosphere and the Earth's neutral atmosphere. The upper layers of the earth's atmosphere are easily influenced by solar activity, and therefore, sometimes the characteristics of the changes occurring in them are even used as indirect indices of solar activity. The situation is quite different with the impact of solar activity on the troposphere, the lower part of the earth's atmosphere, which determines the climate and weather on Earth. Until relatively recently, many very meteorologists argued that the weather on Earth is caused by anything but solar activity.

This was a kind of reaction to the other extreme point of view, which was that any violation of weather conditions anywhere on Earth could be caused by an active region passing at that time across the disk of the Sun. As the main argument against such an impact, the great inertia of the earth's atmosphere and its almost complete isolation from external influences, especially such weak ones in terms of energy as solar activity, were put forward. In addition, the instability of the detected statistical relationships, and sometimes even their complete absence, was noted. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the problem of the Sun - troposphere led to the conclusion that solar activity definitely affects the lower part of the atmosphere of our planet. Only it affects only in unstable areas. Even more difficult to solve is the question of the impact of solar activity on the Earth's biosphere.

If in the problem of the Sun - the troposphere, none of the proposed physical mechanisms has yet received universal recognition, then here, in general, by now the matter has not progressed beyond the discovery of statistical relationships between the characteristics of solar activity and the activity of living organisms, including humans, and some considerations about the possible the physical nature of such an impact. In addition, such studies are greatly hampered by the creative activity of man, which often leads to a decrease or complete disappearance of previously noted undesirable processes (for example, certain types of infectious diseases). Nevertheless, in recent years, more and more researchers are inclined to believe that the impact of solar activity on the Earth's biosphere definitely exists, and it can be both direct and related to weather and climate changes.

2. IMPACT OF RADIATION

Perhaps one of the most striking manifestations of the hostility of outer space to man and his creations, except, of course, an almost complete vacuum by earthly standards, is radiation - electrons, protons and heavier nuclei accelerated to enormous speeds and capable of destroying organic and inorganic molecules. The harm that radiation causes to living beings is well known, but a sufficiently large dose of radiation (that is, the amount of energy absorbed by a substance and spent on its physical and chemical destruction) can also disable electronic systems.

Electronics also suffers from “single failures”, when particles of especially high energy, penetrating deep into an electronic microcircuit, change the electrical state of its elements, knocking down memory cells and causing false alarms. The more complex and modern the microcircuit, the smaller the size of each element and the greater the likelihood of failures that can lead to its incorrect operation and even to the processor stop. This situation is similar in its consequences to the sudden freezing of a computer in the midst of typing, with the only difference being that the equipment of satellites is, generally speaking, designed for automatic operation. To correct the error, one has to wait for the next communication session with the Earth, provided that the satellite is able to communicate.

The first traces of radiation of cosmic origin on Earth were discovered by the Austrian Victor Hess back in 1912. Later, in 1936, he received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. The atmosphere effectively protects us from cosmic radiation: very few so-called galactic cosmic rays with energies above a few gigaelectronvolts, born outside the solar system, reach the Earth's surface. Therefore, the study of energetic particles outside the Earth's atmosphere immediately became one of the main scientific tasks of the space age. The first experiment to measure their energy was carried out by a group of Soviet researcher Sergei Vernov in 1957. The reality surpassed all expectations - the instruments went off scale. A year later, the head of a similar American experiment, James Van Allen, realized that this was not a malfunction of the device, but really powerful streams of charged particles that were not related to galactic rays. The energy of these particles is not large enough for them to reach the surface of the Earth, but in space this “shortage” is more than compensated by their number. The main source of radiation in the vicinity of the Earth turned out to be high-energy charged particles “living” in the Earth's inner magnetosphere, in the so-called radiation belts.

RICE. 1 In the geomagnetic field, charged particles with certain velocities can be captured in the so-called “magnetic bottles”: the trajectories of electrons and protons (1) are “attached” to field lines (2) for a long time, reflecting many times from their near-Earth ends (3) and slowly drifting around the earth (4).

It is known that the almost dipole magnetic field of the Earth's inner magnetosphere creates special zones of "magnetic bottles" in which charged particles can be "captured" for a long time, rotating around the lines of force. In this case, the particles are periodically reflected from the near-Earth ends of the field line (where the magnetic field increases) and slowly drift around the Earth in a circle. In the most powerful inner radiation belt, protons with energies up to hundreds of megaelectronvolts are well retained. The radiation doses that can be obtained during its passage are so high that only scientific research satellites risk keeping it for a long time. Manned ships hide in lower orbits, and most communications and navigation satellites are in orbits above this belt. The inner belt approaches the Earth closest to the points of reflection. Due to the presence of magnetic anomalies (deviations of the geomagnetic field from an ideal dipole) in those places where the field is weakened (above the so-called Brazilian anomaly), particles reach heights of 200–300 kilometers, and in those where it is enhanced (above the East Siberian anomaly ), - 600 kilometers. Above the equator, the belt is 1500 kilometers from the Earth. The inner belt itself is quite stable, but during magnetic storms, when the geomagnetic field weakens, its conditional boundary descends even closer to the Earth. Therefore, the position of the belt and the degree of solar and geomagnetic activity are necessarily taken into account when planning the flights of cosmonauts and astronauts working in orbits with a height of 300–400 kilometers.