Who ruled Muscovy in 1472. Grand Duke John III and Princess Sophia of Greece

560 years ago, the "Second Rome" - Constantinople - collapsed.

6980 summer or in 1472 according to the new stylethe wedding of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IIII and the Byzantine princess Sophia took placePaologus and on November 12, 1472 Sophia arrived in Moscow.

The previous wife of the Grand Duke of Moscow of the Holy Roman Empire, Maria Borisovna Tverskaya, died in 1467. The Russian Pope PAUL II cherished the hope of helping Russia and in 1469 offered Ivan III the hand of Zoe. Sophia, the bride began to be called already in Russia - Sophia Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Palaiologos, who was killed during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks.

The emperor's brother Thomas fled to Italy, where he died. He left his children in the care of his father. Ambassador Ivan Fryazin was sent from Russia to Rome - the Venetian name was Jean Battista della Volpe, who arranged all the affairs and brought the bride to Moscow, where the wedding was immediately arranged.

But the hopes of the pope were not destined to come true: the papal legate, who accompanied the bride, was not successful in Moscow, and Sophia was not interested in papal affairs. But the life of the Moscow court has changed.

The wedding on November 12, 1472 in Moscow of Ivan III and Sophia - the Greek Princess.
On the morning of November 12, 1472, the Greek Queen Sophia arrived in Moscow. Andon the same day in the Dormition so-bo-re Krnml co-hundred-I-moose her wre-cha-nie with Ivanom III.

Ties with the West strengthened, craftsmen from Italy and Greece returned to Moscow again, forced out by the crusaders, whom Ivan III entrusted with the construction of fortresses, churches and chambers, casting cannons, minting coins. Thanks to the princess, the power of Russia returned again, outwardly expressed in an increase in the splendor of the court and the return of the Byzantine coat of arms - the Double-headed Eagle, the introduction of complex court ceremonies.

Sophia Palaiologos - 1443 -1503) - the daughter of the ruler of the Morea or the Peloponnese - Thomas Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine king Constantine XI, who died during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. She was born between 1443 in the Peloponnese. Her father, the ruler of one of the regions of the Empire, died in Italy.Sophia has already refused two crowned suitors who wooed her, not wanting to marry a Catholic ruler - “does not want to go into Latin and learn another language”

Sofia Fominichna Paleolog, she is Zoya Paleologina - Grand Duchess of Moscow, second wifeIvanaIII, Vasily III's mother and grandmotherIvan the Terrible.Moscow boyars condemned Sophia, considering her influence on her husband harmful. Ivan Vasilievich really loved his wife very much, despite the fact that they got married in Rome in absentia- Ivan, due to state affairs, was absent from his own wedding and beauty, and Sophia's article was deprived, but nevertheless, after thirty years of marriage, when Sophia died, Ivan's suffering for her was immeasurable - he loved her so much! In the Empire, in honor of her, Cathedrals were built in her part, as after the death of her beloved wife, the magnificent Taj Mahal, the seventh wonder of the World, remained in India.

Ivan III Vasilievich.

Ivan III tears up the Khan's Charter and sends the Tatars sent to Russia by the British to collect dues - away.
whether there was a letter, it’s not for me to judge, but judging by how hard they prove, there was no khan.

This plot is repeated again and again, in all the diploma works of the masters of the Academy of Arts, not just like that and not just like that, even now, the Academy of Arts is headed not by a Russian.

Ukrainian graduate Kivshenko, Alexey Danilovich even , not suspecting that in Russia there were by that time long ago stone chambers saw it like that.
And this termination of the Tatar Mongol Yoke reminded me of how the Rtss Tsar saw the Bride for the first time:

"Ambassador Ivan Frezin presents Ivan III with a portrait of his bride Sophia Paleolog"Viktor Muyzhel I present the moment! Cat in a Bag, What if you don't like it?

Sophia's path to Moscow lay through the Baltic Sea, Revel, Dept, then Pskov, Novgorod. Everywhere Sophia Paleolog was very well received, but a particularly good and cordial reception was given in Pskov. Touched and impressed by the beauty of Pskov, its golden domes, the future Grand Duchess promised to work in Moscow for their city. and indeed in Moscow it was the Pskovites who later built the golden-domed cathedrals, as in Pskov and Novgorod.

Meeting of the Byzantine Princess Sophia on Lake Peipsi, Fyodor Bronnikov

Ivan Vasilyevich, now considered the heir to the disappeared Byzantine emperors who had sunk into oblivion, showed great lust for power, from which his beloved Sophia also suffered when the question of succession to the throne arose. First, Ivan III decided the case in favor of his grandson Dmitry, sending Sophia away with her young son Vasily, several of her close associates were even executed for questions. But soon the prince changed his anger to mercy, Dmitry was dismissed for swindling and one of the boyars, his supporters, was executed.

Constantine the Great was very similar to Ivan Vasilyevich. Byzantium. Istanbul, Constantinople, Constantinople, Mosaic.
Here's a bigger one.

Russian Sophia in Constantinople - Tsargrad. Istanbul. And here is Another Sophia in St. Petersburg.

Sophia Cathedral in Kronstadt in St. Petersburg. Now it is St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Sofia, with its golden domes, met seafarers, as in Tsargrad.

Moscow becomes officially the "Third Rome". The West (English crusaders) and Russia shared the inheritance of Constantinople. The British dragged all the material wealth to themselves - and what the crusaders did not plunder, the Italian merchants transferred to Milan, taking all the treasures of Venice. Previously, Venice was a separate independent Republic and provided order in the South, and Northern Venice in the North.

Venice and Northern Venice One country. There were two equal-sized Capitals of navigation and a blue ribbon - the sea route between them, along which the Greek Princess arrived from Rome to Moscow.

Coat of arms of St. Petersburg. Two scepters, Two crowns, crossed in the Form of St. Andrew's cross.
Venice and Northern Venice - One country. In the now banned coat of arms of St. Petersburg there are two scepters, two double-headed eagles - Two crowns - Two Crowns, Two Venices having the roundest and largest star fortresses - Northern Palmyra and PalmaNova Palmanova - New Palmyra, in Venice. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the British are forcing NATO American mercenaries to bomb Syria, destroying traces of the Russians there.

Silk shroud , sewn by the hands of Sophia in 1498. The veil is located in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

After the defeat of Tsargrad by the Turks and crusaders Russia was able to save only its spiritual and cultural treasures. Russia has returned its best achievements of Greek history, philosophy, architecture, icon painting. The Russians regained their role as the world center of Orthodoxy. Pope Sixtus IV was greedy of course with Sophia's dowry. He did not particularly want to fork out, from Byzantium to Italy, and then to Moscow, only books were received as a dowry.

These books and manuscripts turned out to be unnecessary for the Pope, so all her dowry was loaded into a huge convoy, as much as it fit and sent to Moscow, and the Inquisition destroyed and burned everything else, as “heretical” and unreadable. The Russians wrote down Russian texts in Latin and the British and Italians could not read it, but they didn’t need it. Like the Library of Alexandria, they burned down the troops of Napoleon in Russian, written in transliteration.

Prince Konstantin Paleolog already with a six-pointed star. With an eight final star, as in the original, you can’t find a picture in the other direction.
There are a lot of Russian books in Byzantium

Andronnik Palaiologos from the Andronnikov Monastery dragged all the libraries there from Russia, saving him from the raids of the Crusaders and the Inquisition.

The Monk Maximus, Theophanes the Greek, who saw a collection of books as a dowry, again found in Russia, admired: “All of Greece does not now have such wealth, nor Italy, where Latin fanaticism and the replacement of the language turned the creations of our theologians to ashes”

Caricature of Catherine II about the name of the heir to the Russian throne again Konstantin, in honor of the Russian great-great-grandfather.

The Turks, incited by the British, will not be slow to start another War on the Black Sea. But that is another story.
But the Russians failed to return Constantinople. Even with all the power of Catherine II and the best Navy, the Turks received from the British exactly the same fleet and even captains who trained the Sailors, if only to lock up the Russians and not let them out of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and America. The British, who initially destroyed Byzantium and sent hired Barbarians there to destroy Byzantine Culture in Constantinople, still support the Turks, and our history is being rewritten for us, drawing more and more fables.

The most memorable fable from school is the Mognolo-Tatar invasion. Well, was Khan Batu the Founder of Russian Statehood? T where do his descendants have Monglo Technologies or at least coins?
The Etruscans and the Greeks were Russian, they spoke Russian, like Serbia, Bulgaria, and earlier all of Europe spoke Russian quite recently, so why are we and Ukrainians now being forced to learn English and forget Russian. Discriminating Russians, knocking the ground out from under their feet, destroying Our History.

There was no Khan Batu, especially with those with the Winged Lions of St. Mark - a symbol of Venice and her sister Venice of the North. See Batu's chair. Russians have never kneeled before anyone like this.

Kulikovo field. There are no Mongols and Tatars - Russians are fighting with the same Russians, who decided to speak English and write not Russian words in Latin, which everyone knew, but began to learn foreign languages.
The English crusaders with their inquisition destroyed and smashed all Russian beauty in one style, created in Venice, in Europe, in Russia. Swedish troops were sent to Venice of the North against Alexander the Great - Alexander Nevsky. Northern Venice was flooded for a long time and stood idle until the water left - this is the flooded Atlantis. And the Atlanteans hold the sky on stone hands exactly here in St. Petersburg. I think to stop the heavy rains, which washed away the Northern Palmyra. What happened, an explosion or a flood in the continuation of the Mataorite that fell in Siberia, no one will tell us. But the foundations from Tufa remained or from the Pudozh stone remained as foundations for Northern Venice.
Now it's time to rewind and unravel the Russian History rewritten by the British, otherwise our children in the next generation will become slaves, but were born from the Great Roots of their ancestors. Russians are not accustomed to being slaves and will not be able to. Ergregor - Russian defense fuels 7525 years.
And here is the scheme of the city of Constantinople before the capture by the Turks and the introduction of a new Faith by the British.

Plan of the Russian city of Tsargrad. "Tsar Saltan invites everyone to visit"
Where the Russian Tsar Constantine marveled at the news in Russian and brought by Russian merchants from all over the world, like Athanasius Nikitin in 1462, who sailed on Russian ships to India. He went to Constantinople, now Istanbul, on the way from India to Kafa - now Feodosia. Now the Russians will purposely celebrate the 320th anniversary of the Russian fdot, so that it would not even occur to us that we had the very first fleet in the World and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks did not pass through our land on foot.
But even quite recently there were no mosques near the Russian Sophia in Constantinople.

Constantinople. Saint Sophia Cathedral. Exactly the same as in Kronstadt and in Sofia.

Now with mosques. Tsargrad, Constantinople, Istanbul.
but it was like this In Kronstadt stands the Sophia Cathedral, not inferior to Sophia in Constantinople or Sophia.

Sophia Cathedral in Kronstadt, as in Constantinople. Now the Naval Cathedral.

Maybe that's why the whole world was scared, remembering Bismarck's words that "Russians always come for their own" and can really be scared that the Russians will now begin to take everything back for themselves. it is not for nothing that all of Europe is already afraid that, after the return of the Russian Crimea, the Russians will take back the whole of Europe, which spoke Russian 300 years ago. It was not in vain that the British staged constant wars for us, uniting all of Europe with such caricatures, once every hundred years, in order to finally destroy the Great Greek-Russian Eastern Empire, and we learned to get up from our knees in a short period of time

Dear Europeans, We don't need other lands with gays and brazenly flourishing juvenile laws against Freeing Children. We need Russian spaces. And We would now have time to restore where the British destroyed the EAC with the planted government in the USSR and, without giving the Russians time to come to their senses, staged war after war, Revolution after revolution.

Basta! We need to stop fighting and we need to stop falling for their tricks and we don't need to leave the youth from their native land, from their homeland. . Russian proverb says - Where you were born - there it came in handy. You are all needed here.
The Russians are really drawn to the Sea, initially the Etruscans lived on the sea and in Antalya everyone does not rest casually and in Cyprus, because these were Russian lands.
And Istanbul used to be Tsargrad without mosques.

Constantinople, Tsargrad, Istanbul.
Great Greco-Russian Eastern Empire

Afanasy Nikitin loading ships with provisions before leaving for Kaffa. Constantinople, Tsargrad, Istanbul. "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin. But that's a completely different story.

The Tver Navigator Afanasy Nikitin paid merchants with such a Russian coin with a double-headed eagle, which was minted from Pure gold and rolled everywhere in the World, just like ships sailed under flags with eagles.

Coat of arms of Byzantium

But in fact, this is not a three-headed eagle, but a three-headed Eagle. Three-headed Eagles remained only with the Russians - the heirs of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire in St. Petersburg. On Palace Square around the Alexandria Column, they are constantly unscrewed during the New Year's festivities by Tajiks walking for a long weekend at the Alexandria Lighthouse - the Alexander Column. Three-headed eagles on the dome of the Imperial Church in the Winter Palace, these eagles are clearly visible from the side of the Admiralty, as in the Peterhof Palace - where the Russian Emperors received ambassadors - House With Coats of Arms, At the Suvorov Museum of the Italian Prince, Count of Rymninsky, they also remained in the Dnieper-Dnepropetrovsk - - former Yekarinodar.
The Venetians remembered the winged lion, but the descendants could not apparently recreate the Russian script and remember what was written, but they also have the Winged Eagle on their flag and Russian curly hair remained, like Khokhloma. and the Venetians are exactly the same self-loving people, they go and try to restore their History, their forgotten language and become independent again from the stiff and sweet German Milan. and I am sure that Venice will be a free country as before.

Very beautiful Russian ligature, like a pattern encircling the Flag with four archangels.

Golden Double-headed Eagles from the Main Gate of the Empire - the Winter Palace - the main symbol of the Empire - were recently stolen.
The golden double-headed hordes, uprooted with Meat, no longer sparkle in the sun, decorating the Royal Gates of the Winter Palace, the very gates that the sailors stormed on November 7, 1917, but then they left us eagles, then they left the Palace safe and sound, and, now, back, now they stole two-headed Byzantine eagles. And Easily these eagles will now emerge in England, like the Russian Tsar's crown stolen by the British.

Sophia's daughter, Elena Ivanovna, was born on May 19, 1476-1513, and later became the wife of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.

Elena Ioannovna (May 19, 1476, Moscow - January 20, 1513, Vilna) - daughter of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich and Sophia Paleolog, Grand Duchess of Lithuania (from 1494), Queen of Poland (from 1501). At the end of the Russian-Lithuanian war of 1487-1494, as a sign of reconciliation between the two powers, she married the Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who pledged to preserve the Orthodox faith for her. Thanks to this, Elena Ivanovna was able to become the patroness of the Orthodox in the Lithuanian state. In 1499, violating these obligations, Alexander tried to convert her to Catholicism, which caused a mass transition of Orthodox feudal lords to Moscow Russia and the beginning of a new Russian-Lithuanian war of 1500-1503.

Sophia's son - Vasily Ivanovich III is very similar to his grandfather

Thomas Palaiologos, Sophia's father. Fresco by Pinturicchio, Piccolomini Library.

Moscow became the Third Rome by right of inheritance, following the destruction of the Second Rome by the British.

- Liberation from the Mongol yoke and the unification of scattered small destinies into a large Muscovite state;
— F the marriage of Tsar John III to Sophia Palaiologos, the niece - heiress of the last Byzantine emperor; successes in the East - the conquest of the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan - all this put forward in the eyes of contemporaries the idea of \u200b\u200bMoscow's right to such a role. On this basis, the custom of crowning Moscow sovereigns, the adoption of the royal title and the Byzantine coat of arms, the establishment of the patriarchate, the emergence of three legends:
a) about the barm and the royal crown received by Vladimir Monomakh from the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh in 1547.
b) about the origin of Rurik from Pruss, brother of the Roman Caesar Augustus, and
c) about the white hood: this hood, as a symbol of church independence, was given by Emperor Constantine the Great to Pope Sylvester, and the latter's successors, in the consciousness of their unworthiness, handed it over to the Patriarch of Constantinople; from him he passed to the Novgorod lords, and then to the Moscow metropolitans. "The first two Romes perished, the third will not perish, and the fourth will not happen."

Therefore, England still cannot calm down in any way, and constantly attacks us, trying to finish off Russia, the heir to the Roman Empire and take these Eagles. But none of their mercenaries, no invented Monglo-Tatars, French, Germans, Japanese, again Germans, they failed to defeat their sworn enemy - the stubborn Russian people, from which all the juices have already been sucked out, now jacking up prices in food stores, stopping all production in Russia and they are not enough.

Leave the Russian people alone at last! Let us live a little! And stop bombarding us with an incredible amount of snow, arranging a great deluge for us with the help of Climate weapons and chemtrails. We already have enough. It's time to demand compensation for these bullying.
D. Samoilov
And where are the limits of triumph,
When - the obtained firebird -
They carried the overseas queen
In the capital city of Moscow.

Like helmets were domes.
They swayed to the sound.
She kept in her heart
Like white swallows palms.

And was already undeniable
The law of the sword in conditional matters...
Half-smile of bloodless lips
She met the Third Rome.

Everyone knows about the invasion of the Horde Khan Akhmat in 1480, which ended with the famous standing on the Ugra River: this is how Russia freed itself from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. But the fact that eight years earlier the same Akhmat invaded Russia with a large army remained outside the broad masses of readers.

Here is a brief summary of how those events took place on TV: in 1472, at the instigation of Lithuania, Akhmat, by the way, Makhmet's nephew and cousin of Kasim and Yagup, invaded Russian borders with a large army. Ivan III, together with Tsarevich Daniyar, leaves for Kolomna, to the army. With the brother of Ivan III, Prince Andrei, the Kazan prince Murtoza goes against the Horde.

Why they went to Kolomna, and not to Serpukhov, is not clear, since at that time the Tatars approached Aleksin, and it is Serpukhov that lies in a straight line on the road from Aleksin to Moscow, and Kolomna is located HUNDRED KILOMETERS TO THE EAST. Arriving in Kolomna, Ivan III did not approach the Tatars, but, on the contrary, practically opened a free way for them to Moscow.

Despite the fact that the Tatars were still very far away, and the Grand Duke gathered a huge army - 180 thousand people, the mother of Ivan III and his son flee from Moscow to Rostov.

Meanwhile, Russian troops, led by the brother of Prince Yuri, are finally approaching Aleksin. Akhmat's army suddenly turns back and flees in panic. The Lithuanians never came to their Tatar allies. Here in brief is the whole story, AMAZINGLY similar to the events of 1480, so there is no doubt that one of these two campaigns of Akhmat is a DUPLICATE of the other.

All this is very, very strange, but now much will become clear: shortly after Akhmat's flight, according to TV, Ivan III's brother, Prince Yuri, dies. At this time, Ivan III himself with his younger brothers is in Rostov. Until the return of the Grand Duke, they do not dare to bury the body of Yuri, "which, contrary to the custom, stood for four days in the church of the Archangel Michael."

Yuri died at the age of 32 suddenly and unmarried. So says the traditional story. However, there is nothing seemingly strange in this, we all walk under God, but Yuri left a will.

The will, at first glance, is ordinary and rather boring. But it was precisely here that those who corrected the annals made a fundamental miscalculation and, instead of proving by the text of this testament the supposedly ordinary veracity of the story they had composed, they did the opposite.

The fact is that in this will, Yuri instructs the brothers to redeem various things pledged by him, since he had debts. But things are pledged for this, so that later they can be redeemed themselves, otherwise they would be sold immediately and more profitably, and they do not write about this in wills. So you yourself, having pledged something to a pawnshop, will you run to write about it in your will? Of course, if you are seriously and seriously ill, then this is possible, and even then only theoretically. BUT YURI DIED SUDDENLY, YOUNG AND HEALTHY.

What actually happened? Here is a reconstruction of an alternate history. Tsarevich Daniyar, the son of Kasim, aka Daniil Vasilievich Yaroslavsky, aka Andrey the Menshoi, flees to the Horde to Khan Akhmat (in another transcription, Akhmet, this is the same thing), who gives him an army. The forces of Yuri=Yagup are defeated, and he himself is killed. Moscow and the whole south are captured by Daniyar=Andrei the Lesser. But the north and northwest with the cities of Yaroslavl and Pereslavl still remain under the control of Yuri's brothers - Andrei Bolshoi, Boris and their nephew Fyodor Yuryevich, the son of the deceased Yuri.

By the way, if you ask, where is Ivan III from TV? I will answer: until 1472, he corresponded to Yuri = Yagup, and then to Daniyar = Andrei the Less, that is, the next Tatar on the Grand Duke's table.

And here Princess Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, appears on the historical stage. According to traditional history, in 1469 the Pope of Rome decided to give Sophia to Grand Duke Ivan III with the aim of a dynastic marriage to put pressure on the Turks. The ambassador of the Grand Duke Ivan Fryazin, together with Sophia, left Rome on June 24, 1472, on September 21 they were already in Reval (now Tallinn). On November 12, Sophia entered Moscow and on the same day got married to Ivan III.

At the same time, the princely ambassador Ivan Fryazin was arrested. It turns out that the Doge of Venice (the ruler of Venice) sent an ambassador to Moscow with him, who then had to go to Khan Akhmat in order to persuade the latter to go to war with Turkey. Fryazin passes off Ambassador Trevisan as his nephew, but this lie is exposed. Fryazin is arrested and Trevisan is sentenced to death, but it is canceled at the last moment.

So pay attention:

1. The ambassador from Venice travels to Khan Akhmat via Moscow (or maybe, after all, the ultimate goal of his trip is Moscow?).

2. Rides incognito. So, is anyone afraid?

3. Is Ivan Fryazin and Ivan Trevisan the same person? Moreover, the letters "f" and "t" often pass into each other. Trevisan = Frevisan, and this is almost Fryazin. By the way, this story ended with the fact that Trevisan was released and deported (to Italy), and Fryazin ... left for Italy. But if this is one and the same person, then the whole story with Fryazin and Trevisan described above is already an obvious fiction. Further, shortly thereafter, Metropolitan Philip dies. In addition, it was during this period, according to contemporaries, that drastic changes took place in the character of Ivan III.

But if the traditional story has proved its failure, then how will the alternative version explain these events? Very simple.

The Pope decides to give Princess Sophia for his son Yuri (i.e. Yagup, but for the Pope he appears with the Christian name Yuri) Prince Fyodor Yuryevich (and not for Ivan III on TV), the heir to the throne. Let me remind you once again that according to the alternative version there is no place for Ivan III, under this name another Tatar is displayed, who seized power in Russia.

Sophia reaches the shores of the Baltic on September 21st. Yuri = Yagup was killed around August 23, but the news of this had not yet reached Revel. Therefore, the unsuspecting Sophia goes to Moscow. On October 11, she arrives in Pskov, where the papal legate who was with her learns of the defeat and death of Grand Duke Yuri (Yagup), the father of Sophia's fiancé Fyodor. Fyodor Yuryevich is no longer the heir to the throne, but simply a nephew under the rulers - uncles Andrei Bolshoy and Boris, and the rulers of not all of Muscovy, but only its northwestern part. This papal legate decides to postpone the issue of marriage, for which Fedor Yuryevich orders the delegation to be seized, and the legate Trevisan (or Frevisan), and in Russian - Fryazin, is executed.

Meanwhile, having fortified himself in Moscow and neighboring cities, Andrei the Lesser in 1473 executed Metropolitan Philip, Yuri's faithful servant, and continued to seize new lands. The great commander of the late Yuri, Prince Kholmsky, who for all his previous actions deserved the wrath of Andrei = Daniyar, goes over to his side, but the latter forgives him, taking an oath of allegiance from him in return. The new Metropolitan Gerontius also helped him in this. Following the example of Kholmsky, a number of governors - princes - go to Andrey.

Despite the obvious successes, Andrei the Lesser (Daniyar) is not all right. As a payment for the help of the Horde, the son of Akhmat, Tsarevich Murtaza, was established in the Ryazan principality.

Finally, the time has come for Andrei the Less to deal with Yaroslavl, who is in opposition to him.

In 1477, the Grand Duke leads troops to the rebellious North. From Yaroslavl, ambassadors come to him - the archbishop, the sons of Boris - Vasily and Ivan and the second son of the late Yuri - Ivan (Patrikeev) with the aim of concluding peace (TV: “The next day, the Novgorod ambassadors were with gifts from brother Ioannov, Andrei the Less, demanding him intercessions").

But the Grand Duke refuses to negotiate, continuing the campaign (TV: “On the same day, John ordered Kholmsky, the boyar Fyodor Davidovich, Prince Obolensky-Striga and other governors under the general command of his brother, Andrei the Lesser, to go from Bronnitsy to Gorodishche and occupy the monasteries, so that the Novgorodians do not burn them out. The governors crossed Lake Ilmen on ice and in one night occupied all the environs of Novgorod").

Andrei Bolshoy and Boris are already offering to become his tributaries (TV: “We offer the sovereign an annual tribute from all the volosts of Novogorod, from two hundred hryvnias”).

But Andrei the Lesser is unshakable: he does not want to be an overlord, but the sovereign owner of all North-Eastern Russia, especially since Yaroslavl was already in his power a few years ago (TV: The Boyars reported that to the Grand Duke and left him with the following answer: "You, our pilgrimage, and the whole of Novgorod recognized me as a sovereign; and now you want to tell me how to rule you?")

Boris and Andrei Bolshoi flee to the Lithuanian border in Velikiye Luki. Yaroslavl was encircled and surrendered in 1478. A massacre broke out in the city, an epidemic broke out because of the many corpses. When the few survivors of Yaroslavl began to return to the ashes, and Andrei Menshoi continued the massacre. Those who survived were sent into slavery. THE LARGEST Russian city was devastated. However, not for long; soon residents of Muscovy and Tatars began to move there. But with the historical memory of Yaroslavl as the ancient Russian capital, it was practically over.

What else do you think needed to be done to put an end to Yaroslavl - Veliky Novgorod and the memory of it? The inhabitants were killed and dispersed, the documents were burned, the walls and the largest cathedrals were destroyed. But there are still graves, by no means silent evidence of the former greatness of the city. Graves of the GREAT DUKES. They are also destroyed, but not all. The father of the new Grand Duke, Kasim, was buried in Yaroslavl. His son moved his tomb to Moscow, where he was reburied. The tomb was preserved in the Archangel Cathedral of Moscow - the tomb of the great princes and kings, and is located separately from the others. Under what name is he buried? Under the name of a certain VASILY YAROSLAVICH. How does the traditional story explain this? According to her version, we are talking about Prince Vasily Yaroslavich Borovsky, who died in 1483 in captivity, in which he spent almost thirty years. Why was a prisoner, an enemy, not a member of the ruling dynasty (he was not even a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy on TV) given the honor of being buried among the grand dukes? And the date of death on his burial is for some reason 1462 (and not 1483)! But according to an alternative version, this is the year of the death of Kasim, who was Vasily, that is, the ruler, basileus, and Yaroslavl was his capital. Hence the name: Vasily Yaroslavich.

Probably, much earlier than the capture of Yaroslavl, Andrei the Lesser also got Princess Sophia, whom he took as his wife. The Tatars practiced to marry the widows of their brothers, including those killed by them. And Sofya was the wife of his cousin Fyodor Yurievich.

I don't think she was very worried. In principle, she had long been mentally prepared for this. Sophia was the daughter of Thomas, brother of the last Byzantine emperor. Another brother of the emperor, Dmitry, voluntarily gave his daughter to the seraglio to the Turkish sultan, going to his service.

According to the traditional version, by 1478 Sophia, the wife of Ivan III, gave birth to three daughters: Elena, Theodosia and ... the second Elena. Is there a lot of Helen? A few years later, she gives birth to ... a second Theodosia.

In reality, everything is simpler: the first Elena and Theodosia were from her marriage to Fedor Yuryevich, and she gave birth to the rest of the children from other husbands, because her new husband was not destined to live long. The year 1480 has come.

Despite the fact that the Tatars were still very far away, and the Grand Duke gathered a huge army - 180 thousand people, the mother of Ivan III and his son flee from Moscow to Rostov.

AGAINST USUAL, four days stood in the Church of the Archangel Michael.

Yuri died at the age of 32 suddenly and unmarried. So says the traditional story. However, there is nothing seemingly strange in this, we all walk under God, but Yuri left a will.

What actually happened? Here is a reconstruction of an alternate history. Tsarevich Daniyar, the son of Kasim, aka Daniil Vasilievich Yaroslavsky, aka Andrey the Menshoi, flees to the Horde to Khan Akhmat (in another transcription, Akhmet, this is the same thing), who gives him an army. The forces of Yuri=Yagup are defeated, and he himself is killed. Moscow and the whole south are captured by Daniyar=Andrei the Lesser. But the north and northwest with the cities of Yaroslavl and Pereslavl still remain under the control of Yuri's brothers - Andrei Bolshoy, Boris and their nephew Fyodor Yuryevich, the son of the deceased Yuri.

By the way, if you ask, where is Ivan III from TV? I will answer: until 1472, he corresponded to Yuri = Yagup, and then to Daniyar = Andrey the Less, that is, the next Tatar on the grand prince's table.

So pay attention:

1. The ambassador from Venice goes to Khan Akhmat through Moscow (or maybe, after all, the ultimate goal of his trip is Moscow?).

2. Rides incognito. So, is anyone afraid?

3. Ivan Fryazin and Ivan Trevisan - are they not the same person? Moreover, the letters "f" and "t" often pass into each other. Trevisan = Frevisan, and this is almost Fryazin. By the way, this story ended with the fact that Trevisan was released and deported (to Italy), and Fryazin ... left for Italy. But if this is one and the same person, then the whole story with Fryazin and Trevisan described above is already an obvious fiction. Further, shortly thereafter, Metropolitan Philip dies. In addition, it was during this period, according to contemporaries, that drastic changes took place in the character of Ivan III.

But if the traditional story has proved its failure, then how will the alternative version explain these events? Very simple.

Sophia reaches the shores of the Baltic on September 21st. Yuri = Yagup was killed around August 23, but the news of this had not yet reached Revel. Therefore, the unsuspecting Sophia goes to Moscow. On October 11, she arrives in Pskov, where the papal legate who was with her learns of the defeat and death of Grand Duke Yuri (Yagup), the father of Sophia's fiancé Fyodor. Fedor Yuryevich is no longer the heir to the throne, but simply a nephew under the rulers - uncles Andrei Bolshoy and Boris, and the rulers of not all of Muscovy, but only its northwestern part. This papal legate decides to postpone the issue of marriage, for which Fedor Yuryevich orders the delegation to be seized, and the legate Trevisan (or Frevisan), and in Russian - Fryazin, is executed.

Despite the obvious successes, Andrei the Lesser (Daniyar) is not all right. As a payment for the help of the Horde, the son of Akhmat, Tsarevich Murtaza, was established in the Ryazan principality.

Finally, the time has come for Andrei the Less to deal with Yaroslavl, who is in opposition to him.

In 1477, the Grand Duke leads troops to the rebellious North. From Yaroslavl, ambassadors come to him - the archbishop, the sons of Boris - Vasily and Ivan and the second son of the late Yuri - Ivan (Patrikeev) in order to conclude peace (TV: “The next day, the Novgorod ambassadors were with gifts from brother Ioannov, Andrei the Less, demanding him intercessions").

But the Grand Duke refuses to negotiate, continuing the campaign (TV: “On the same day, John ordered Kholmsky, the boyar Fedor Davidovich, Prince Obolensky-Striga and other governors under the general command of his brother, Andrei the Lesser, to go from Bronnitsy to Gorodishche and occupy the monasteries, so that the Novgorodians do not burn them out. The governors crossed Lake Ilmen on ice and in one night occupied all the environs of Novgorod").

Andrei Bolshoy and Boris are already offering to become his tributaries (TV: “We offer the sovereign an annual tribute from all the volosts of Novogorod, from two hundred hryvnias”).

But Andrei the Lesser is unshakable: he does not want to be a suzerain, but the sovereign owner of all North-Eastern Russia, especially since Yaroslavl was already in his power a few years ago (TV: The Boyars reported that to the Grand Duke and left him with the following answer: "You, our pilgrimage, and the whole of Novgorod recognized me as a sovereign; and now you want to tell me how to rule you?")

Boris and Andrei Bolshoi flee to the Lithuanian border in Velikiye Luki. Yaroslavl was encircled and surrendered in 1478. A massacre began in the city, an epidemic broke out because of the many corpses. When the few survivors of Yaroslavl began to return to the ashes, and Andrei Menshoi continued the massacre. Those who survived were sent into slavery. THE LARGEST Russian city was devastated. However, not for long; soon residents of Muscovy and Tatars began to move there. But with the historical memory of Yaroslavl as the ancient Russian capital, it was practically over.

What else do you think needed to be done to put an end to Yaroslavl - Veliky Novgorod and the memory of it? The inhabitants were killed and dispersed, the documents were burned, the walls and the largest cathedrals were destroyed. But there are still graves, by no means silent evidence of the former greatness of the city. Graves of the GREAT DUKES. They are also destroyed, but not all. In Yaroslavl, the father of the new Grand Duke, Kasim, was buried. His son moved his tomb to Moscow, where he was reburied. The tomb was preserved in the Archangel Cathedral of Moscow - the tomb of the great princes and kings, and is located separately from the others. Under what name is he buried? Under the name of a certain VASILY YAROSLAVICH. How does the traditional story explain this? According to her version, we are talking about Prince Vasily Yaroslavich Borovsky, who died in 1483 in captivity, in which he spent almost thirty years. Why was a prisoner, an enemy, not a member of the ruling dynasty (he was not even a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy on TV) given the honor of being buried among the grand dukes? Yes, and the date of death on his burial is for some reason 1462 (and not 1483)! But according to an alternative version, this is the year of the death of Kasim, who was Vasily, that is, the ruler, basileus, and Yaroslavl was his capital. Hence the name: Vasily Yaroslavich.

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Finally, we came to the most famous of our ancient sovereigns - to the Grand Duke John III. He freed us from the power of the Tatars, he returned to our fatherland its former glory, and finally he embodied the great idea of uniting all specific regions under the rule of one sovereign. Having become in the twenty-second year the Grand Duke, the heir of his father Vasily the Dark, John, at the very accession to the throne, already showed extraordinary firmness, intelligence, and caution in state affairs. In 1464, there was his first famous deed - he pacified the proud king of Kazan Ibrahim and, having surrounded Kazan with an army, forced him to make peace.

In 1470, the war with Novgorod began and lasted for two years, the restless inhabitants of which were still looking for an opportunity to free themselves from the power of the great princes. Here you, dear readers, will see a phenomenon hitherto unseen in Russia. The woman decided to be the defender of her homeland - Novgorod - and arrange his fate! She was an ardent, proud, ambitious Martha, the wife of the former mayor Isaac Boretsky and the mother of two adult sons. Her house was the richest in Novgorod; everyone respected her as the widow of a famous mayor; the Grand Duke, as a sign of special favor, granted her eldest son the rank of boyar of Moscow - but all this was not enough for her: she wanted to rule all of Novgorod and, since this was impossible under the rule of the sovereign of Moscow, she began to assure all Novgorodians that they considered themselves subjects in vain princes of Moscow, that Novgorod is its own master, that its inhabitants are free people, that they need only a patron, and that this patron must be chosen not by John, but by Casimir, the King of Poland and the Prince of Lithuania. Martha wanted at that time to marry some Lithuanian nobleman and, together with him, on behalf of Casimir, govern her fatherland. However, the intentions of this ambitious woman were not fulfilled, and although her ambassadors had already gone to Casimir, the Grand Duke arrived in time with an army to Novgorod and pacified Marfa and all her friends who had betrayed Russia. The main traitors, including the eldest son of Martha, were executed. With her, John acted condescendingly: he left her, like a weak woman, without punishment. Other Novgorodians contributed 15,500 rubles, or about 80 poods of silver, for their guilt, and, thanks to the mercy of John, remained with their former laws, with their rights, with some freedom: the Grand Duke, defending his possessions either from Khan Akhmat, or from the Polish and the Lithuanian king Casimir, could not yet have so many forces and troops to completely destroy the liberty of Novgorod, and prudently postponed this difficult task.

In 1472, an incident happened in Russia that made all European states look with curiosity at a remote country unknown to them.

It was the wedding of the Grand Duke, and we must tell the truth - not so much the groom as the bride made this wedding remarkable for Europe. This is not surprising. Then Russia was not what it is now. Then its king was still a subject of the Tatars. This alienated princes from kinship with Russian princes and forced our sovereigns to marry princesses from specific principalities, and then to their subjects: this custom continued until the time of Peter the Great.

But for John III, in whose fate some extraordinary greatness was noticeable from a very young age, something special was appointed in this case too. Shortly after the death of his first wife, Princess Maria Borisovna of Tver, Pope Paul II offered him, through his ambassador, some Greek, the hand of the Greek princess Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, brother of the last emperor, under whom Greece was conquered by the Turkish Sultan Mohammed II. After the ruin of the fatherland, the unfortunate family of Greek kings lived in Rome, where they enjoyed universal respect and patronage of the Pope.

The pope had a special reason to benevolent to this famous family: fearing that the cruelty and terrible power of Mohammed II would not ruin his possessions, he believed that the future husband of Princess Sophia, having received with her hand the right to the throne of Constantinople, would want to free Greece from the power of the Turks and this will save Italy from terrible neighbors.

This reason forced the Pope to look for a bridegroom for the princess among the famous European sovereigns, and he chose John, who was closest to the Greeks in law. Probably, the Polish and Lithuanian ambassadors and the Greek clergy, who lived in Rome after the ruin of the empire, told the Pope about the glory that the great virtues of her young sovereign promised Russia.

John was delighted with the honor offered to him and, together with his mother, the clergy, the boyars and all the people, thought that the famous bride - the last branch of the Greek emperors, who had the same faith with the Russians - was sent to him from God himself. The beautiful portrait, which depicted the intelligent and attractive face of the young princess, further increased John's joy and gratitude to the Pope.

On January 17, 1472, ambassadors were sent for the bride. They were received with great honors in Rome, and on June 1, the princess in St. Peter's Church was betrothed to the sovereign of White Russia, who was represented by his chief ambassador. The Pope gave a rich dowry for the princess and sent a legate with her to Russia, i.e. ambassador, who was entrusted with protecting her during the journey, on June 24 she left Rome with her entire court, arrived in Lübeck on September 1, and then went by ship to Revel. Here the Livonian knights richly treated her, and in Dorpat she was met by the Moscow ambassador with congratulations on behalf of the sovereign and all of Russia.

The first Russian region into which the princess had to enter was Pskov. If you knew what a turmoil was going on then in this area! Everyone only thought about how to show their zeal. The rulers of the cities prepared gifts, table supplies, honey and wine for the future empress. You know that our ancestors were very hospitable and loved to treat, and therefore do not be surprised that they first of all took care of delicious food and drinks for the princess. Then they decorated all their ships and boats with multi-colored flags and ribbons: after all, they had to meet Sophia and then take her on ships along Lake Peipsi, because the borders of Russian possessions began here. With admiration, they finally waited for this meeting and showed so much zeal and love that the princess was moved to tears. She spent five days with pleasure in Pskov and, leaving, affectionately said to the inhabitants: “I hasten to my and your sovereign, I thank the boyars and all Great Pskov for the treat and I am glad to ask for you in Moscow at any case.” The people of Pskov, saying goodbye to Sophia, brought her a gift of fifty, and ten rubles to the ambassador Ioannov in money.

The princess was met with the same joy in all other regions. Finally, on November 12, early in the morning, she entered Moscow. The Metropolitan was waiting for her in the church. Having received his blessing, she went to John's mother and there she saw her fiancé for the first time. The wedding was also celebrated on the same day.

Thus was accomplished for the second time the alliance of our sovereigns with the Greek emperors. Since that time, John also adopted their coat of arms - the double-headed eagle and combined it on his seal with the coat of arms of Moscow.

Notes:

John III was the first to call his state White Russia. The word "white", according to the meaning of Eastern languages, means "great".

It is true that my readers remember Princess Anna, the wife of Saint Vladimir.

This article should be considered by the reader as

annotation

In the previous, this and the next parts, the parallels of the activities of Ivan III and the legendary Rurik are considered. A hypothesis has been put forward that in reality there were two Ivans in history, Pskov Ivan and Moscow Ivan. Due to errors in rewriting the chronicles, instead of "Plskov" the text was read as "Mskovsky" - "Mskovsky" - "Moscow", there was a merger of two historical figures. Ivan Pskovskiy was a native of Italy and entered the Western chronicles under the name Ivan Fryazin. Italians in Russia were called "fryazi", "fryagi". From the word "friag" came the name "farang" - "varangian" - "enemy". In 1459, there was a whole street of "Enemies" in Pskov. Ivan Fryazin came from an area where the Etruscan culture flourished and therefore he was associated as a native of the people of Russia, the Rus. Ivan Fryazin was married to Sophia Paleolog, a princess of the former Byzantine Empire. He tried to forge an alliance between Venice, the Crimean Khan Mengli I Gerai and the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat in the fight against the Turks in the hope of returning the throne of the Byzantine Empire to his wife Sophia (the potential heir to this throne) . Moscow Ivan interfered with this in every possible way, because. was afraid of the strengthening of the Pskov-Novgorod Prince Ivan Fryazin. As a result of agreements between Ivan Fryazin (Ivan of Pskov) and the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, in 1480 a war began against Moscow, which is now known as "Standing on the Ugra". The Crimean Khan fettered the Moscow troops on the Ugra, and Ivan of Pskov at that time took control of Moscow, while probably either capturing or killing Ivan of Moscow. After that, Ivan of Pskov, aka Rurik, aka Varangian, aka Ivan Fryazin, aka Ivan III, began the construction of Moscow with the help of his Italian compatriots.

Introduction

In this part, I will continue to consider historical oddities in the actions of Ivan III and Ivan Fryazin, which receive a completely rational explanation if we assume that Ivan Fryazin, and subsequently from 1480 Ivan III, is one person, if we assume that at the end of the 15th century Russia was ruled by two Ivans, Ivan of Moscow and Ivan of Pskov.

Rationale

Let's see what modern history tells us about Ivan Fryazin ...

"In 1470, the Senate heard a report from the adventurer Giovanni Battista della Volpa (Ivan Fryazin in Russian chronicles), who reported on Akhmat's ability to field 200,000 soldiers. In 1471, the Senate sent Giovanni Battista Trevisano to Akhmat with proposals for an anti-Turkish alliance, but the ambassador was detained in Moscow for three years and arrived at Akhmat only in 1474. During this time, Della Volpe made another trip to the khan and in 1472 reported on the khan's readiness to start hostilities against the Turks through Hungary, subject to an annual payment of 10,000 ducats and a lump sum payment of 6,000 ducats. The Senate was skeptical about this report. However, when in 1476 Trevisano returned to Venice with two ambassadors from Akhmat, the Senate accepted the proposal to start a war with Turkey across the Danube and again sent Trevisano with 2,000 ducats. At the same time, the king of Poland Casimir IV resolutely opposed this event, who, apparently, was against the actions of Akhmat through his territories in the Northern Black Sea region. In 1477, the Senate recalled Trevisano, who managed to get only as far as Poland."(via)

"Even earlier, through his nephew Antonio Gilardi, who was returning from Moscow, Volpe offered the Venetian government to raise the Golden Horde against the Turks in the amount of 200 thousand cavalry. The Senate accepted the proposal and sent to the Tatars (through Russia) their secretary Jean-Baptiste Trevisant in 1471. In Moscow, however, Volpe for some reason hid the real mission of Trevisan from the Grand Duke and passed him off as his nephew, a merchant by profession, hoping to quietly lead him into the Horde. With the arrival of Sophia Palaiologos (according to Russian sources, even earlier), the deception was revealed. Enraged, Ivan III imprisoned Volpe in the city of Kolomna, ordered his property to be plundered, and his wife and children to be driven out of the house. Trevisan almost lost his head. Only after dealing with the Venetian government, when it turned out that the embassy to the Tatars was not hostile to Russia, Trevisan was released to Khan Akhmat. Volpe's further fate is unknown."(via)

So, in 1469, on behalf of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, Ivan Fryazin went to Rome to woo Sofia Paleolog. In Rome, they asked the boyars to come for the bride. And after 3 years, Ivan Fryazin with the boyars came for the bride. Fryazin, the place of Ivan III, as his representative, was married to Sophia and, then, brought her to Moscow.

In the interval between these dates, somewhere around 1470, Fryazin, without the sanction of the Grand Duke, began negotiations with Akhmat, the Khan of the Great Horde and the Venetian state to put together a coalition against the Turks. And by 1472, Akhmat was not averse to making war with the Turks for money. At the same time, the Venetians solved their problems - they slowed down or could completely stop the expansion of the Turks in Europe (as you know, the Turks took Constantinople in 1453 and subsequently continued their expansion to the west, to Europe). In 1471, Ivan III begins to put a spoke in the wheels of this whole undertaking - he delays for 3 years in Moscow the envoy of Venice, who was traveling to the Horde with money and in order to conclude an agreement. In 1472, after Fryazin arrived in Moscow with the bride of Ivan III, the deceit was allegedly revealed, Ivan III was beside himself with anger and brought it down on Fryazin and his family.

Now let's think a little. What did the Turks do? They in 1453 overthrew Constantine XI from the Byzantine throne. Constantine XI was killed, and after 7 years his brother Thomas, after the fall of the Morea, where Thomas ruled, fled to Rome with his family. Sophia was the daughter of Thomas. Those. as a result of the expansion of the Turks, Sophia Palaiologos lost her potential rights to the Byzantine imperial throne. The Venetians hatched plans, if not to return Constantinople, then at least to stop or slow down Turkish expansion into Europe.

And suddenly, Ivan III, begins to act contrary to the interests of his wife and his own interests! He begins to interfere with the formation of a coalition, which could potentially drive the Turks out of Constantinople. If this happened, then, quite possibly, his wife Sophia could become an empress, and Ivan III the Byzantine emperor and Russia could grow into the entire Byzantine Empire ... or vice versa! But Ivan III delays the ambassador of Venice for 3 years, unleashes his anger on Fryazin ... Where is the logic? Ivan III acts contrary to his own interests.

This is on the one hand ... But on the other hand, the actions of the Venetians are not clear. Some diplomat and adventurer proposes something like that, and the Venetian Senate considers the proposals, it’s not clear who ... To propose something, you need to have the authority, have permits in your hands, and, as it turns out, they didn’t exist - Ivan III was not in the know. And the Venetians? Did you take a word? It doesn't look like it's serious...

Regarding the end of paying tribute to the Great Horde, Khan Akhmat:

"In 1472, Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat began a campaign against Russia. At Tarusa, the Tatars met a large Russian army. All attempts of the Horde to cross the Oka were repulsed. The Horde army managed to burn the city of Aleksin, but the campaign as a whole ended in failure. Soon (in the same 1472 or in 1475) Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Khan of the Great Horde, which would inevitably lead to a new clash"(via)

"K. V. Bazilevich mentions 1476 as the end date for the payment of tribute. According to A. A. Gorsky, the payment of tribute ceased already in 1472. He puts forward the following arguments: the evidence of the Vologda-Perm chronicle about the words of Akhmat in 1480 that “exit” (tribute) has not been given for the ninth year; changes in the form of treaty letters of Ivan III from 1473 (the mention of not one Horde, but several Hordes); information from S. Herberstein, who connects the termination of tribute payments with the arrival of Sophia Paleolog; the text of the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz, who died in May 1480, that Ivan Vasilyevich "overthrew the yoke of slavery". Also, A. A. Gorsky dates the “label” (Akhmat’s message to Ivan demanding obedience) to 1472, and not to 1480 (Bazilevich K. V. The foreign policy of the Russian centralized state, p. 118; Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. - M .: 2003, pp. 159-178) "(via)

In 1472, Khan Akhmat began a campaign against Russia and the clash took place near the city of Tarusa. Probably, assuming that Ivan III stopped paying tribute in 1472, this campaign was Khan Akhmat's response to Moscow's refusal to pay tribute. Where did this collision take place? Let's look at the map link. It can be seen that the city of Tarusa is located just south of Serpukhov. To make it easier to analyze, let's look at this map:

fig.1 Oka river basin
Author: SafronovAV - own work, CC BY-SA 3.0 , Link

And now let's see where the Great Horde is located:

fig.2

The Great Horde was located in the region of present-day Astrakhan, beyond the Volga, more precisely, between the Volga River and the Ural River. How is it easier for Akhmat to get to Moscow? Get on boats, boats and go up the Volga. Reach Nizhny Novgorod, then turn to the Oka, reaching Kolomna, swim along the Moskva River to the city of Moscow. It is obvious!

But Khan Akhmat is not simple! He, probably, on foot (about 800 km in a straight line through the lands of the Crimean Khanate) with troops reaches the city of Tarusa (this is a little south of Serpukhov. In Fig. 2 it is between Kaluga and Serpukhov, southwest of Moscow). And it is in this place that he decides to cross the Oka? What for? Where is he heading? To the west? He needs to go to Moscow, but he set his sights on Lithuania! One could understand Akhmat if he began to force the Oka between Serpukhov and Kolomna! Yes, from south to north you can just get to Moscow, but he passed by Moscow and is forcing the river to the west - between Serpukhov and Kaluga! What for? Who is he fighting? Moscow to the north!

From the point of view of the fact that civilization then was riverine, i.e. the main cargo flow of goods, troops moved along the rivers (see the Logistic theory of civilization by Igor Grek apxiv ), the most logical meeting place for Akhmat and Russian troops is somewhere east of Moscow, in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The situation is the same as in the case when - the battle was supposed to take place somewhere on the eastern side of Lake Ilmen, and it took place on the western side, on the Shelon River.

Suppose Akhmat decided to cross at Tarusa ... It happens that a person does not understand. It did not work out at Tarusa and Akhmat with the army retreats to the south and takes the battle at Aleksin. He burns the wooden fortress and goes home... And why shouldn't Akhmat cross the Oka even further south? Why is he taking the fight near the city of Aleksin? Take a little to the south or north and force the Oka! Since I came on foot from the Caspian Sea itself, but I didn’t come there, but southwest of Moscow, then who prevents you from walking another ten kilometers and crossing the Oka where there is neither Tarusa nor Aleksin ... And then turn to the northeast and move to Moscow...

But for some reason Akhmat is tied to the Oka and storms the cities standing on the banks of the Oka! So he did sail there, came along the river to the place of hostilities. But as he went through the entire Oka from east to west (Akhmat went to war from the Volga), then he reached Tarusa, Aleksin, and he was not stopped in Murom, or in Kasimov, or in Ryazan, or in Kolomna, or in Serpukhov. Very strange!

But all the strangeness disappears as soon as we assume that the enemy did not come from the southeast (Great Horde), but from the southwest, from the side of the Crimean Khanate. And who on the other side could fight Russia? Only the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray. But here comes the problem...

"Diplomatic relations between the Moscow State and the Crimean Khanate remained friendly during the reign of Ivan III. The first exchange of letters between countries took place in 1462, and in 1472 an agreement of mutual friendship was concluded. In 1474, a union treaty was concluded between Khan Mengli-Gerai and Ivan III, which, however, remained on paper, since the Crimean Khan soon had no time for joint actions: during the war with the Ottoman Empire, Crimea lost its independence, and Mengli- Gerai was captured, and only in 1478 he again ascended the throne (now as a Turkish vassal)."(via)

The Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray could not attack Ivan III. But Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, could not be near the cities of Tarusa and Aleksin. There was nothing for him to do! If he went by water, then he should have been stopped at the mouth of the Oka, still near the Volga! And if he was walking, which is vanishingly unlikely, then in this case he could not be south-west of Moscow. He was supposed to start crossing the Oka significantly downstream, somewhere between Serpukhov and Kolomna.

On the other side, " during the war with the Ottoman Empire, Crimea lost its independence, and Mengli-Gerai himself was captured, and only in 1478 he again ascended the throne (now as a Turkish vassal)."The actions of Ivan III to break up the coalition against the Turks, which was put together by Ivan Fryazin (see above), contradicted the interests of his ally Mengli I Giray. If Ivan III had not interfered, then perhaps the Turks would have been defeated, and the Crimean Khanate would not have lost independence in 1478, and Ivan III himself, quite possibly, would have become the emperor of Byzantium.

It turns out that Ivan III acted both against his own interests and against the interests of his allies - against the Crimean Khanate and his Khan Mengli I Gerai!

And if there were two Ivans, Ivan of Pskov and Ivan of Moscow? If an agreement with Mengli I Giray was concluded by Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin)? Then everything falls into place! Oh, and by the way, Ivan Fryazin " Near 1455 went to the east of Europe; visited the Tatars ..." (via) Which Tatars did Ivan Fryazin visit? Wasn't he in the Crimea and even in those years established ties with the Crimean Khanate?

Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin) is negotiating with Venice, with Akhmad, trying to create a coalition that could resist the Turks and, perhaps, win back what was lost in previous years ... Venice's actions also receive their explanations. The Venetian Senate considered the proposals not of a "rogue", but of the Grand Duke of Pskov, Novgorod, Boloozersky and others ... Ivan of Moscow, who is still sitting in Moscow, does not act against his own interests, but in his own interests and, starting from 1471, puts " spokes in the wheel" of the coalition against the Turks. This affects the vital interests of the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, who is about to fall under the control of the Turks, and he goes to war against Ivan of Moscow, who prevents him from fighting the Turks. But the war in 1472 against Moscow did not work out for Mengli I Giray, he was only able to burn Aleksin. And he goes back to the Crimea.

Then Ivan III's conflict with the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat receives his explanation:

And why did Ivan III interfere with the coalition? He was probably afraid of the strengthening of Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin). If the coalition had taken place and defeated the Turks, then, quite possibly, Ivan Fryazin, as the husband of the possible Empress Sophia of Byzantium, would have become the Emperor of Byzantium. And Ivan of Moscow would be "between the hammer and the anvil." From the north, Pskov, Novgorod, Boloozero, etc., and from the south, the khans of the Great Horde, the Crimea, and, most importantly, the emperor of Byzantium, Ivan Fryazin. Most likely, this is what Ivan of Moscow was afraid of, the Ivan who so far reigned in Moscow. The Byzantine Empire, together with Pskov, Novgorod and comrades, would simply "swallow" the Moscow principality.

The war of 1480, standing on the Ugra, also receives an explanation. It was started not by Akhmat, but by Ivan Fryazin in alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli I Garay.

According to history, this war is also extremely strange. Let's start with the fact that again Khan Akhmat is "breaking" into the Moscow principality from the southwest, instead of fighting Moscow from the southeast. The experience of the war of 1472 did not teach him anything (see considerations on the war of 1472 above)!

During this "standing" amazing events took place:

"On September 30, Ivan III left the troops and left for Moscow., instructing the troops under the formal command of the heir, Ivan the Young, who also included his uncle, specific prince Andrei Vasilyevich Menshoi, to move in the direction of the Ugra River. At the same time, the prince ordered to burn Kashira. Sources mention the hesitation of the Grand Duke; in one of the chronicles it is even noted that Ivan panicked: “the horror was found on n, and you want to run away from the shore, and your Grand Duchess Roman and the treasury with her were ambassadors to Beloozero”.

Subsequent events are interpreted in the sources ambiguously. The author of an independent Moscow code of the 1480s writes that the appearance of the Grand Duke in Moscow made a painful impression on the townspeople, among whom a murmur arose: you sell nonsense (you exact a lot of what you shouldn’t). And now, having angered the tsar himself, without paying him an exit, you betray us to the tsar and the Tatars. After that, the chronicle reports that Bishop Vassian of Rostov, who met the prince with the metropolitan, directly accused him of cowardice; after that, Ivan, fearing for his life, left for Krasnoye Sel'tso, north of the capital. Grand Duchess Sophia, with her close associates and the sovereign's treasury, was sent to a safe place, to Beloozero, to the court of the appanage prince Mikhail Vereisky. The mother of the Grand Duke refused to leave Moscow.... Also, as one of the measures to prepare for the invasion of the Tatars, the Grand Duke ordered to burn the Moscow suburb.

As R. G. Skrynnikov notes, the story of this chronicle is in clear contradiction with a number of other sources. So, in particular, the image of the Rostov Bishop Vassian as the worst accuser of the Grand Duke does not find confirmation; judging by the "Message" and the facts of his biography, Vassian was completely loyal to the Grand Duke. The researcher connects the creation of this vault with the environment of the heir to the throne, Ivan the Young and the dynastic struggle in the grand-ducal family. This, in his opinion, explains both the condemnation of Sophia's actions and the praise addressed to the heir - as opposed to the indecisive (turned into cowardly under the chronicler's pen) actions of the Grand Duke.

At the same time, the very fact of Ivan III's departure to Moscow is recorded in almost all sources; the difference in chronicle stories refers only to the duration of this trip. The grand ducal chroniclers reduced this trip to just three days (September 30 - October 3, 1480). The fact of fluctuations in the grand ducal environment is also obvious; The grand-ducal code of the first half of the 1490s mentions Grigoriy Mamon, an opponent of resistance to the Tatars, and the independent code of the 1480s, hostile to Ivan III, also mentions Ivan Oshchera in addition to Grigory Mamon, and the Rostov chronicle mentions the equestrian Vasily Tuchko. Meanwhile, in Moscow, the Grand Duke held a meeting with his boyars, and ordered about the preparation of the capital for a possible siege. With the help of the mother active negotiations were held with the rebellious brothers, ending in the restoration of relations. On October 3, the Grand Duke left Moscow for the troops, however, before reaching them, he settled in the town of Kremenets, 60 versts from the mouth of the Ugra, where he waited for the troops of the brothers who stopped the rebellion, Andrei Bolshoi and Boris Volotsky, to approach. Meanwhile, fierce clashes began on the Ugra. The attempts of the Horde to cross the river were successfully repulsed by Russian troops. Soon Ivan III sent the ambassador Ivan Tovarkov to the khan with rich gifts, asking him to retreat away and not to ruin the "ulus". Khan demanded the personal presence of the prince, but he refused to go to him; the prince also refused the khan's offer to send him his son, brother, or Nikifor Basenkov, an ambassador known for his generosity (who had previously often traveled to the Horde)."(via)

So, Ivan Moskovsky takes off and goes to Moscow, on the way he burns Kashira, in Moscow he burns the suburb (suburbs of Moscow) - all allegedly so that Akhmat does not get them. He sends his wife north. In Moscow, confusion and vacillation. Someone supports Ivan, someone does not support and condemns. There are fluctuations in the grand ducal environment. Then Ivan returns to the troops and stands at some distance from them. At the same time, hostilities on the Ugra are intensifying. Then Ivan pays rich gifts to Akhmat and he leaves.

A bunch of questions and absolutely illogical actions of Ivan. Why burn Kashira and Moskovsky Posad? Khan will come, then he will burn it, but why in advance? Why were there fluctuations in the princely environment? Why did someone condemn Ivan, and someone supported him?

If we assume that the war was started by Mengli I Giray in alliance with Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin), then everything falls into place. Khan walked from the southwest and met with the troops of Ivan of Moscow on the Ugra. Not conducting active hostilities forced Ivan of Moscow to gather his troops in one place, probably forcing him to expose other areas. At this time, Ivan Fryazin, Prince of Pskov and Novgorod, etc., is making war from the north against Ivan of Moscow. His troops from Novgorod along Msta and further to Tver, then to the Volga, along it reach Nizhny Novgorod, enter the Oka and in the Kashira region into the Moscow River. By the way, in my reconstruction, Ivan of Pskovskiy already controlled Yaroslavl, so the path to Moscow was even shorter... Ivan Pskovskiy's troops burn the Moscow suburb and, having defeated a small squad (the main troops on the Ugra and hold back Mengli I Giray), they take Moscow under their control. In the Moscow princely environment, confusion and vacillation, someone supports Ivan of Pskov, someone Ivan of Moscow. The family of Ivan of Moscow flees to the north. Metropolitan Vassian supports Ivan of Moscow and scolds Ivan of Pskov. As a result, Ivan Pskovskiy takes control of the situation and rushes towards the Ugra, where the main Moscow troops are concentrated. At this time, Ivan of Moscow with part of the troops rushes to defend Moscow. In Kashira, two troops meet (Ivan of Moscow goes from the Ugra towards Moscow along the Oka, and Ivan of Pskov from Moscow along the Moscow River descended to the Oka and approached Kashira moving towards Ivan of Moscow), a battle takes place, Kashira is on fire, the Moscow troops are defeated, and Ivan Moskovsky is either killed or taken prisoner. Ivan of Pskov with his army reaches the Ugra and stands at some distance from the Moscow troops. At this time, Mengli I Gerai intensifies hostilities and fierce clashes begin, possibly, and the army of Ivan of Pskov hits the rear of the Moscow troops standing on the Ugra. As a result, Ivan of Pskovskiy wins the war, the Moscow troops swear allegiance to him. Ivan of Pskov presents his ally with rich gifts for his help. Mengli I Gerai, having received his due, leaves with his army upstream along the Oka, somewhere in the upper reaches of the river he was dragged to the Desna, and from there to the Dnieper, and there it was a stone’s throw to the Crimea ... Ivan of Pskov, having overthrown Ivan of Moscow in In 1480, during the events now called "Standing on the Ugra", he becomes the Grand Duke of Moscow. Further, in subsequent years, he completes the unification of the Russian lands, taking control of the remaining Russian principalities, and in 1485 subjugates Tver. ..

Everything is clear, concise and logical. Moreover, when, after "Standing on the Ugra", the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray returned to the Crimea, he sends his troops to Lithuania:

"Khan Akhmat, in retaliation for Casimir's inaction, sent his troops to Lithuania, where he burned many settlements and looted a lot of booty, but was soon killed while dividing the loot by envious people; after his death, civil strife broke out in the Horde."(via)

In fact, these were the troops not of Akhmat, but of Mengli I Giray, who began to ravage Lithuania, probably in revenge on Casimir for not allowing the forces of Khan Akhmat to pass through the territory of Lithuania to fight the Turks (" At the same time, the king of Poland Casimir IV resolutely opposed this event, who, apparently, was against the actions of Akhmat through his territories in the Northern Black Sea region."meaning against waging war with the Turks, see above). As a result, including, in 1478, the Crimea and Khan Mengli I Gerai became dependent on the Turks.

Furthermore! If you look at the chronology of the Crimean-Nagai raids on Russia, then, from 1480 to 1507, all the raids were exclusively on Lithuania and its allies! During the reign of Ivan III there was no no one raid from the Crimea on the Russian state and its allies! Ivan III died in 1505 and the first raid took place in 1507. Those. The Russian state received 27 years (from 1480 to 1507) of peace with the Crimean Khanate.

Why? Probably due to the agreement between Ivan Fryazin and the Crimean Khanate. Moreover, Ivan Fryazin put a lot of effort and spent even more money to put together a coalition against the Turks. He pursued his own interests, but he also managed to take into account the interests of the Crimean Khanate, which, if successful, would continue to be independent of the Turks. But due to the opposition, including Ivan of Moscow in the 70s of the 15th century and the opposition of Casimir IV, the coalition did not take place - and both opponents of the coalition then paid the price. Thanks to the help of Khan Mengli I Giray, Ivan Fryazin won the war of 1480 from Ivan of Moscow, and he lost his power and life. And the Lithuanian principality and its allies during the late 15th and early 16th centuries were subjected to fierce raids by the Crimean Khanate, in contrast to the Russian state, which was rescued from raids.

And by the way, about the rescue... "In 1492, an event took place in Moscow that made such a great impression on the Russians that the chronicler even marked it with the exact date (May 17): “ Ivan the Savior Fryazin , a kaplan tonsured by the Augustinian law of the white blacks, he renounced his law and left the blacks, got married, understood for himself Alekseev's wife of Serinov, and the great prince granted him the village ""(via) (emphasis mine)

In 1492 a certain Ivan Savior Fryazin, was baptized into the Christian faith. Not only is Ivan Fryazin, but also Savior. Almost certainly, this Ivan the Savior Fryazin was the same Ivan Fryazin, which is being discussed here. It was thanks to his efforts that Russia was saved for 27 years from Turkish-Tatar raids by the Crimean Khanate, which was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

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