Interjection in Russian. Ranks by value

Interjection- it's special immutable a part of speech that is not related to either significant parts of speech or service parts, which serves to direct expression of emotions, feelings, expressions of will, appeals, without naming them.

Scientific discussion

Despite the fact that colloquial speech does not do without interjections, this category of words is the least studied. In the course of the development of Russian linguistics, the grammatical nature interjections understood ambiguously. Some linguists have defined an interjection as a syntactic class standing those dividing words into parts of speech(F. I. Buslaev, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, L. M. Peshkovsky, D. N. Ushakov, G. Paul). Other linguists believed that interjections are part of the parts of speech system but stand in isolation. For example, F.F. Fortunatov divided all words into "full", "partial" and interjections. A separate position is occupied by interjections in the classifications of parts of speech by A. A. Shakhmatov and V. V. Vinogradov.

Despite disagreements in determining the grammatical nature of interjections, most scholars note that interjections serve in speech to expressions of emotions. So, A. M. Peshkovsky called them "signs feelings, but not representations", A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out that interjections "reveal the internal and external sensations of the speaker, as well as his will" .

According to the definition of V. V. Vinogradov, "interjections in the modern Russian language constitute a living and rich layer of purely subjective speech signs that serve to express the subject's emotional-volitional reactions to reality, for the direct emotional expression of experiences, sensations, affects, expressions of will" . Wed: Ah, renounced! U, bastard!(M. Bulgakov) - interjection ah indicates the guess of the subject of speech regarding the actions of the evaluated object, interjection at expresses a feeling of disgust, contempt that arises when communicating with a person who is a traitor, emphasizes the negative characterization of the person.

Due to the heterogeneity of interjections, L. V. Shcherba characterized them as "an obscure and vague category", indicating that their meaning "reduces to emotionality, the absence of cognitive elements" .

The modern researcher Komine Yuko, characterizing interjectional statements from the point of view of informativeness, noted the following:

1) interjectional statements do not contain less information than required, since they express the speaker's attitude to already known facts; 2) they do not contain unnecessary information, because they do not present already known facts; 3) it is impossible to say in them what is considered false, since the proposition is not expressed; 4) interjectional statements cannot lead away from the topic, as they are closely related to other remarks or directly to the current situation.

Interjections as words associated with the emotional sphere of the speaker, one of the means of expressing a person's attitude to reality, attracted the attention of researchers. Interjections were considered in different aspects. Their characteristics were studied: structural(phonetic), syntactic(N. R. Dobrushina, 1995; L. P. Karpov, 1971), morphological(A. A. Grigoryan, 1988), semantic(I. A. Sharonov, 2002), pragmatic(S. Yu. Mamushkina, 2003) and ethnocultural(A. Vezhbitskaya, 1999); them functions in speeches(A. N. Gordey, 1992) and dialogue(I. A. Blokhina, 1990). Studied specific systems interjections of individual languages (A. I. Germanovich, 1966; Karlova, 1998), was carried out comparative analysis interjections of different languages (L. A. Kulichova, 1982; I. L. Afanaseva, 1996). Interjections are mentioned in the works of linguists who consider such functional-semantic categories as the category of evaluation (T.V. Markelova), the category of targeting (I.D. Chaplygina), the category of gradualness (S.M. Kolesnikova).

From the point of view of semantics, interjections differ from all significant parts of speech in that they do not have a nominative function, but are peculiar speech signs (symbols) for brevity in expressing a person’s reaction to various events of reality or for expressing his requirements, desires. Wed meanings of interjections that are understandable only in context: Hey, heyhow the hut got cold! (N. Nekrasov) - regret: Ay,what a heinous act! - censure; Ay,Pug! know she's strong / What barks at an elephant!(I. Krylov) - approval with a touch of irony; Ah ah ah!what a voice! canary, right, canary! (N. Gogol) - admiration, etc.

Emotions can also be indulged in the form quality, image actions, states (Ah! Oh! Well! Alas! Shhh! Oh! Eh! Ay! etc. - Hee hee hee ha ha ha ha! / Not afraid to know sin(A. Pushkin)).

By morphological properties of the interjection immutable. From point of view syntactic interjection functions differ from other parts of speech. Interjection syntactically independent, those. are not members of the offer, although intonation associated with sentences, to which they are adjacent or in which they are located. Some interjections (serving to express will) may subjugate other members of the sentence, compare: Go away! Immediately! (K. Paustovsky); ... well, absolutely!(D. Mamin-Sibiryak).

To clarify the syntactic and morphological features of the interjection, its place in the sentence plays an important role. So, in fact interjection meaning are interjections that are at the beginning ( preposition) or at the end (postposition) suggestions. Being a kind of emotional-volitional symbol, interjections in preposition report the subsequent content of the sentence: uh,I don't like this pop!(M. Gorky). If the interjection is postpositive, then the meaning of the sentence becomes clearer from the previous sentence: Well, it was for me for this case from my grandmother, Oh oh(V. Bianki).

Interjections are fixed only for spoken language. They can act as individual members of the sentence or act as reinforcing particles, cf.: Tatyana – Oh! and he roar(A. Pushkin) - as a predicate; No, the people do not feel mercy: / do good – he won't say Thank you...(A. Pushkin) - in the function of complement.

Sometimes an interjection (interjection-predicate) performs function of a subordinate clause: At that time, the boss ... was such a beast that at!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Substantiated interjections act as subject and object: far away Hurrah: / The regiments saw Peter(A. Pushkin). In the role of circumstances and definitions, interjections acquire the corresponding meanings: That skinny one uh,easy to lift (wow= "very"). Interjections inside a sentence perform the function amplifying particles, matching with words how, what: The sea of arrogance oh howdoes not love! (L. Sobolev).

In modern Russian, the phenomenon of occasional substantiation and verbalization interjections. The occasional transition of interjections into nouns and verbs is the result of the use of interjections in the function of the subject, object, predicate and other members of the sentence. In the role of members of the sentence, interjections acquire a nominative meaning, i.e. cease, in fact, to be interjections, and they can be replaced by nominative words, which indicates their synonymy with full-meaning words. When moving to other parts of speech, such as substantiation, interjections can acquire the features of a noun (gender, number, case).

Traditionally to the category interjections include words that act as "signs of feelings", "emotional signals", signals of will and appeals. A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized that "the meaning of some interjections makes them related to verbs", and V. V. Vinogradov noted that interjections very often represent "holistic statements", "sentences", "equivalents of sentences": Oh! Thank God! etc.

Interjections are morphologically unchangeable sound complexes, which are short cries: Ouch! Oh! Wow! etc. As part of the interjection sentences, as a rule, do not syntactically relate to other words and are not members of the proposal. Wed in the texts of M. Bulgakov: uh,what splendor! (Days of the Turbins); Oh,scoundrels! (Notes of a young doctor). O,stupid woman! (Adam and Eve)– interjections reinforce the graded-evaluative semantics of the whole sentence/statement, while intonation and speech situation play an important role in conveying meaning.

This use is confirmed by the words of V. V. Vinogradov: "Interjections ... are functionally close to modal words, with amplifying particles ... In other cases, interjections, connecting with the union what, expressively characterize the degree and quality of something. For example: At that time, such a beast was the head of the province, what y!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) ".

By meaning distinguish the following groups of interjections:

1) emotional: about, oh, oh, ah, ah, ah, uh, uh, eh, eh, hey, wow, alas, uh, fi, fu, ugh, ba, um, m-yes, bravo, God, damn it, pipes, fathers , My God and etc.;
2) imperative (incentive), expressing a call or motivation to action): hello, hey, ay, guard, chu, scat, tsyts etc.;
3) interjections associated with expression in speech etiquette: thank you, hello, goodbye etc.

In a special group are onomatopoeic words- special sound complexes, which are an imitation of a living ( meow meow, woof woof) and inanimate ( Ding Ding etc.) nature: And screams. "Kiri-ku-ku.Reign lying on your side!"(A. Pushkin).

Scientific discussion

The classification of A. A. Shakhmatov reflected emotional interjections with diffuse and specialized functions, as well as words serving the sphere of etiquette. For the pass is a valuable thought about informative interjection, referring to the characteristics of interjections capable of expressing certain feelings. In the works of V. V. Vinogradov, a more detailed classification of interjections is presented. He identifies 10 main semantic-grammatical categories of interjections:

1) primary, non-derivative interjections that express feelings, emotions : Αx, I'm so happy for my brother...(I. Turgenev) - strong joy;
2) interjections, derivatives from nouns like 6atyushki! nonsense! passion! etc.: Oh, devil, even frost on the skin, how much I love you!(L. Filatov) - a combination of interjections ah the devil contributes to the expression of the ultimate degree of manifestation of feelings of love;
3) interjections, which are not so much a direct expression of emotions, moods and sensations, how much emotional characteristic or condition assessment, For example: cover, kayuk, kaput- similar words indicate the limit in the development of the action;
4) interjections that express volitional expressions, motives: get out, away, down, full, tsyts, ts etc. These interjections in a certain contextual environment can perform a gradual function: Sit quietly. Shh! - interjection Shh! expresses requirement sit very quiet so you can hear every sound:
5) interjections that express emotional-volitional attitude to the speech of the interlocutor, the reaction to it or in which affective assessments are found caused by the interlocutor's remarks: Yes, of course, right, here's another, by God, etc.
6) interjections that are peculiar expressive sound gestures, which are exchanged according to public etiquette: merci, thank you, hello, sorry etc.;
7) swear words interjections: damn it, damn it and etc. - Ah, tit your mother, how you offended a dog, dumbass! (G. Vladimov);
8) vocative(vocative) interjections: Oh my God etc. - Oh my God, what interesting news I learn from you! (N. Gogol);
9) reproducing, or onomatopoeic, exclamations; bam, bang, clap etc. - Here we make noise, we laugh – and suddenly clap, the end! (A. Chekhov);
10) interjectional verbal forms: shast, fuck, fue and etc. - So you wait for the door to open and walk ...(N. Gogol).

The interjections of the first group are of the greatest interest, since they introduce an additional gradual meaning - amplification of positive/negative ratings in a specific sentence/statement.

By way of education interjections fall into two groups - primitives and derivatives. The first group includes interjections, consisting of one vowel sound (BUT! O! Wu! etc.) or from two sounds - a vowel and a consonant (Hey! Ay! Ugh! etc.). In some cases they are used in the form combinations of two(or three) identical interjections (Ha-ha-ha! Fi-fi! etc.). Part of the primitive interjections is formed from three or more sounds ( Alas! Aha! Hey! etc.). The endings of the second person plural of verbs and particles can be attached to individual primitive interjections (come on, fuck it, oh-oh). The group of secondary (derivatives) is made up of interjections formed from other parts of speech:

- from nouns ( nonsense! Trouble!):
- verbs ( Hello! Farewell!):
- adverbs (Full!):
- pronouns (That's the same!).

By origin interjections can be primordially Russian

(Ay! Mother! etc.) and borrowed(Bravo! Hello! Kaput! Bis! Aida! etc.). In the process of language development, individual phraseological units:My God! Holy Fathers! Case – tobacco! Hell! and etc.

Interjections used in statements with a "special" intonation and contextual environment refer to the means of expressing evaluation. They are characterized by the expression of an assessment of a hidden, "shadow" nature. Evaluation as a "shadow" meaning of the statement is highly emotional. For example: But this life! O,how bitter she is!(F. Tyutchev) - the interjection emphasizes the bitterness of life, indicates a feeling of suffering that arose due to unbearably difficult living conditions. Interjections refer to a complex of means of expressing the periphery of the functional-semantic field of evaluation and are capable of expressing the meanings "very good / very bad", i.e. extreme manifestations of any signs of an object, states, actions.

When considering constructions in which interjections function as a measure of gradation, it should be taken into account that subject gradualness in them can be a speaker or a third person, object- emotions, sensations experienced by the subject of speech, as well as certain persons, objects, signs, actions evaluated by the subject.

Emotional interjections acting as indicator graduator, can be subdivided into several groups, based on the object of reality, in grading the value of which they participate:

1) self-emotional interjections are used to emphasize the power of manifestation of emotions, feelings, physical sensations experienced by the subject of speech;
2) intellectual-emotional interjections contribute to the expression of the degree of manifestation of the sign, the intensity of the performance of the action, the state and are the reaction of the subject of speech to the act of understanding the objects of reality.

Consider the cases of using interjections using examples from the works of M. Bulgakov: Oh,great person! (Adam and Eve); Oh,what kind of person! (Notes of a young doctor)- interjection actualizes positive appreciation and expresses a feeling of admiration, delight. Or: Oh,cute chinese! Oh,Chinese!.. Oh,language! (Zoyka's apartment); Oh,which Summer... Oh,miracle! Miracle! (Crimson Island)- interjection Oh(or combination oh what, oh what) expresses a feeling of admiration, delight and surprise about the object of speech-thought, enhances the positive semantics of the noun, proper or common noun. Wed: Oh you, swindler!Oh you, impudent vagabond! .. Oh you,what a grief! (Don Quixote); Oh youtramp! (Ivan Vasilyevich) – interjection Oh used in combination with semi-service you, performing the function amplifying particles.

Combination Oh you basically expresses negative emotional assessment: annoyance, indignation, indignation, anger, anger. The negative properties of a person, living beings are emphasized by a combination of interjections Oh with reinforcing element to what: Oh, to what strange subject (Master and Margarita)- the meaning of surprise, indignation, bewilderment. The use of homogeneous type constructions Oh captivity... Oh ruin... (Alexander Pushkin) reinforces the negative emotional evaluation contained in nouns bondage -"coercion, necessity"; ruin- "loss of wealth, prosperity."

Interjection ooh, ah, ooh, ooh, ooh before pronoun which, adverbs how, how much used in exclamatory sentences to emphasize high degree of manifestation something high intensity any indication: Oh what a shame! Oh what aboredom! These combinations are also used to express admiration, surprise at the high degree of manifestation of something, the high intensity of any sign, cf .: Oh what a beauty! = Oh what a beautiful! Components a... and... reinforce the value of the gradient assessment: Well, women too!- through a combination well, so... Gradual assessment-sarcasm is expressed.

To create an emotional and expressive assessment in the structure of a nominative (evaluative-existential) sentence, non-derivative interjection, indecomposable combinations interjections with a particle or a pronominal word. For example:

1) Woo...d-fool ... (Devil's); 2) Oh, how lovely! (Notes on cuffs). The main member of the first sentence is expressed by an evaluative noun - stupid; interjection Woo... expresses reproach, threat. Very often, such sentences additionally convey the gradual semantics, which consists in conveying degree of manifestation feature, object or amplification expressed sign (negative assessment, low degree of manifestation of the sign - stupid= "stupid woman"). The reduplicated form of the interjection is Ooh reinforces the estimated value; adds an extra touch intonation sentences, graphic and explicit phonetic (when pronouncing) design - d-fool. In the second sentence, the interjection Oh actualizes the positive semantics contained in the combination whichcharm - charm – "about something charming, bewitching."

duplication tokens reinforces the meaning regret, annoyance, disappointment, for example: Ah, black, black...(Alexander Pushkin) , Ah, scoundrel, scoundrel!(Crimson Island), Ah, people, people!(Dog's heart) , Ah, men, men!(Zoyka's apartment), Ah, wife, wife!(Adam and Eve); Ah, Berlioz, Berlioz!(The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes the meaning of surprise, joy (or disappointment) is enhanced by the use of two interjections in one sentence/statement: Oh, My God,red wine! (Days of the Turbins). Separate evaluative-existential sentences with interjections use pronouns of the second and third person, which are neither subject nor address: their role is non-functional and close to the function of an intensifying particle Oh that's what it isunderwear! (Don Quixote). Interjection in combination with amplifying elements Oh that's what it is expresses a feeling surprise.

Interjection Oh may be complicated by semi-service this, this one, performing the function particle, For example: Oh this oneAugust! (Adam and Eve); Oh this oneMasha! (Days of the Turbins) and etc.

Often, nominative sentences contain qualitative and qualitative-evaluative adjectives, which is direct quality indicator object or person, phenomenon or event, etc. For example: Ah, insidiousMoor! (Don Quixote); Ah damndistraction! (Ivan Vasilyevich) – insidious- "distinguished by deceit, prone to it"; lexeme damn(simple) is used to denote a strong manifestation of something.

The expression of positive / negative feelings through the interjection o depends on the speech situation and context: Odesired home!(feeling of delight) Ojoy!(rapturous joy) (Dop Quixote); O,blissful moment, bright hour! (Crimson Island); Omarvelous confirmation of evolutionary theory! .. O,selfless personality! (Dog's heart); O,dear engineer! (Adam and Eve). Interjection in such syntactic constructions expresses delight, admiration qualities a specific person (often expressed by adjectives). Sometimes interjection O! used to convey surprise O,cigarette case! Gold! (Days of the Turbins). The meaning is determined by the context. Wed with nominative sentences with negative semantics: O,unfortunate fate! O,my premonition!(desperately) (Adam and Eve); O,dusty days! O,stuffy nights! (Notes on cuffs);

O,vile creature! (Crimson Island)- the meaning of indignation, indignation, bitterness, regret, etc.

Interjection eh marked "colloquial" in the structure of evaluative sentences expresses positive and negative assessments with additional shades of meanings (irony, contempt, disapproval, annoyance, regret, etc.; admiration, delight, etc.). Wed: Eh,Kyiv city, the beauty,Maria Konstantinovna! (Run)- the meaning of admiration, delight is especially emphasized by the use of the word the beauty- "something very good"; Eh,trouble! (Days of the Turbins)- the meaning of regret with a touch of irony; Eh,hat! (Days of the Turbins)- the meaning of reproach, reproach; Eh,what complication! (The Master and Margarita) etc. Use of an interjection eh in evaluative existential sentences with duplicated forms of the main member conveys the meaning of annoyance, regret and disappointment: Eh,money money! (Notes of the deceased).

Interjection oh used in the structure of evaluative existential sentences to express annoyance, regret, fear: Ouch,fool!.. Oh, shame].. Oh, hack!(Ivan Vasilyevich); Ouch,horror, horror, horror! (Crimson Island)- meaning negative estimates intensifies due to the three-time use of graded-evaluative horror- "about something ordinary in its negative qualities", thereby conveying the meaning of a strong fright, fear.

Productive use of interjection oh my god (oh my god)(with notes "obsolete", "colloquial") in sentences with graded-evaluative vocabulary. pronominal word what (what, what) enhances the feeling of admiration and delight - God, whatyou have strength! .. (Crimson Island); God, whatthe words!.. God, whattype! (Ivan Vasilyevich); surprise - God, whatheat!(Adam and Eve); grief - God, whatmisfortune!(Crazy Jourdain); resentment, indignation God, whatscoundrel!(Crazy Jourdain); God, whatblockhead!(Crimson Island); My God, whatterrible style!(Notes of the deceased). In these sentences, gradual semantics is also created through the use of a qualitatively evaluative adjective horrible – "terrifying", pronominal word which; interjection My God reinforces the meaning of indignation, indignation.

In the analyzed sentences there is an interjection Lord Jesus, amplifying the meaning of surprise, bewilderment, for example: Lord Jesus...That's the fruit] (Dog's heart) - fruit- "about a suspicious and close-minded person" (colloquial, contemptuous), "about a person causing displeasure, irritation" (scornful); complicated particle like this reinforces the negative.

Use of an interjection wow in evaluative-existential sentences, it realizes the meaning of surprise: Whoa whatinteresting guy! (Days of the Turbins)- pronoun which emphasizes the shade of irony; Oh wow, to whatinteresting person! (Run) – the graded estimate is also expressed due to the amplifying component up to what.

Interjection a usually used to express admiration: BUT,Poles, Poles ... Ay, yai, yai! .. (Kyiv-gorod) - additional use of the interjection series Ai, yay, yai! .. here conveys the meaning of surprise, bewilderment; to express anger, malice: BUT,infidel dogs! (Bliss).

Mostly negative feelings and evaluations are expressed by the interjection at in the structure of evaluative existential sentences: U,bedbugs!.. U,bastard!.. U,nest!.. U,vile city! (Run) , U... s-d-drag! (White Guard) -, U,cunning, cowardly creature] (Days of the Turbins); Oohdamn hole] (Master and Margarita)- the meaning of indignation, anger, anger. Only in combination with adjectives (or nouns) with positive semantics, this interjection conveys joy or surprise: Wow, blessedcase] (Running), cf: Wow, what a joy]

Interjection ugh the meaning of contempt, disgust is conveyed: Ugh,and voice what a disgusting! .. Fu,abomination! (Notes on cuffs); Ugh,neurasthenia! (Notes of a young doctor)– a special intonation enhances the negative-evaluative semantics.

Interjection ah, fathers; Ugh; Bravo convey the meaning of regret: Ay,hole! (Alexander Pushkin); surprise - Ba... Fathers,so dog! (Dog's heart); resentment and contempt Ugh,fool ... (Fatal eggs). Conversely, cf.: Bravo, bravo, bravo, bravowonderful answer! (Cabal of saints)- quadruple use of interjection Bravo – "an exclamation expressing approval, admiration" - and a qualitative adjective great convey the graded-evaluative meaning of the entire sentence.

Scientific discussion

With the syntactic use of interjections, the functional-semantic field of the category intersects gradients with fields estimates and denial, due to the qualitative nature of these categories. Functional words play a specific role in judgments gradation index, designed to actualize the gradual meaning in speech and the process of communication.

The question of the gradual function of Russian interjections is indicated in the works of N. V. Rogozhina and G. V. Kireeva. In particular, one of the papers notes: Interjection are one of the means of creating a gradient. Offers with gradators designed with interjections, differ in the manifestation of a gradation value. Interjection complement the emotional state of these structures and contribute to the implementation of the gradual function. In such proposals, the role interjections boils down to amplification of the expressed value(feature or object) - positive / negative assessment - joy, admiration, contempt, indignation, indignation, etc.: Ah, how embarrassing. Oh how charming this woman is! Fu, what a mess! Oh, what a horror! The meaning of surprise, joy or grief is enhanced by the use of two or more interjections in one sentence: A x, my God, my God, how unhappy I am" .

Thus, at present, linguists point to the ability of interjections to enhance the feelings expressed in the utterance or to emphasize the degree of manifestation of an attribute of an object, action, state, i.e. fulfill gradient function. Shcherba L. V. See: Rogozhina N.V. Decree. op. S. 17.

Interjections (examples of this are frequent problems with determining whether these words belong to any part of speech) are a little-studied grammatical class. The author of this term can be considered Melety Smotrytsky, who used tracing paper from the Latin language. Due to their intermediate position between independent and service parts of speech, they are rather difficult to determine. So it has not yet been established whether expressions like “clap”, “grab” (they are often referred to as truncated verbs), as well as onomatopoeic words can be considered interjections.

From a purely word-formation point of view, this part of speech is characterized by a number of features, including the possibility of attaching a postfix to itself (“well, those”, “go ahead”), particles - ka("nute-ka"). They also govern certain pronominal forms (“keep me away”) and can be used when addressing.

Another, extralinguistic feature of interjections is that they are accompanied by abundant gestures. Sometimes the connection between exclamatory words and gestures is so close that the former are not used without the latter.

as part of speech

Nowadays, both in the scientific and school environments, it is generally accepted that words that express feelings are interjections. Examples - "ah", "oh", "well" ... As already mentioned, this class of words does not belong to independent parts of speech, since it does not refer to specific phenomena of reality. Accordingly, questions to interjections cannot be asked. At the same time, they can hardly be called official, because interjections in the Russian language - there are numerous examples of this - do not connect sentences (as conjunctions), do not express relationships between the components of a phrase (as prepositions) and do not introduce additional semantics into a sentence (as particles) .

Ranks by value

Emotional, volitional, etiquette, verbal and swear words are the categories that an interjection can have. Examples of sentences where the first group occurs: "Oh, this is unpleasant", "Alas, he is not looking for happiness ...". Interestingly, in this context, this part of speech can be ambiguous, it all depends on the tone in which the word is pronounced. Interjections express a whole gamut of positive and negative emotions: surprise, fear, joy, admiration, etc. Sometimes the expressiveness in these words is increased through the use of word-building means - evaluative suffixes (“oh-oh-ooh”). Also, next to interjections, the pronoun “you” can be used for reinforcement, which has been desemantized, that is, it has lost its meaning. Examples are "pah you", "well you" and other expressions. In addition, the joint use of interjections is often observed, which only makes the speech expressive ("oh, my God").

Volitional interjections (examples - "hey", "well", "out" and others) denote an incentive to perform any action, commands and orders. Also, these parts of speech include etiquette (“hello”, “merci”, “bye”) and swear words (“damn”, “damn it”). A number of linguists, in addition, single out the so-called verbal interjections, however, as mentioned above, not everyone supports this point of view.

Ranks by education

The first, rather extensive group is made up of primitive interjections, which are not correlated with any of the significant parts of speech. "Ah", "fu", "oops" are just some of them. Interestingly, in the Russian language there are even primitive borrowed interjections. Examples of such words are widely known - "cheers", "bis", "stop" and others.

Non-primitive interjections can be correlated with nouns (“fathers”, “hell”), verbs (“drop”, “vis”, “will”), pronouns or particles. The latter also include expressions like “yes”, “on you”, “oh-whether”. Separately, it must be said about idiomatically integral expressions - “God forbid”, “Lord have mercy”.

Interjections and onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia are adjacent to interjections, although their meaning and function are somewhat different - specifically to reproduce the sounds made by a person or animal (“khe-khe”, “meow-meow”, “chik-chirp”). As you can see, they do not express any emotions, expressions of will, so some linguists classify them in a separate group. But even if you do not adhere to such a point of view, it must be remembered that verbs and nouns that are onomatopoeic in nature (“moo”, “bleat”) do not refer to either interjections or onomatopoeia. Words addressed to children (“byu-bye”, “agushenki”) are also allocated to a separate group.

Syntactic role

Due to its special intonational organization, this part of speech often acts as an independent component. However, interjections (you can give as many examples as you like) are able to take on the role of the subject (“A loud ay rang through the clearing”), an object (“Suddenly I heard ay”) and a predicate (“She fucked me on the head”). As we can see, with the exception of the last case, this part of speech does not have a specific syntactic function inherent in it, and simply replaces one or another word form.

A special intonational design of interjections also requires appropriate punctuation - separation by commas.

10th grade

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjection

Lesson Objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Introduction by the teacher.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an obscure and vague category", "an unfortunate misunderstanding", referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. A great contribution to the study of interjections was made by academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of the study of the syntax of living oral speech. The peculiarity of interjections V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions and feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor a service part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from the parts of speech.

In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating of basic knowledge.

- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

- What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of certain features.)

– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

What are the two groups of parts of speech? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service.)

- What part of speech occupies a special place, not related to either independent parts of speech or official ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)

Studying the topic of the lesson.

So, what is an interjection? (Interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and service parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchanged words and phrases, which is why the expression is used in the concept sound complexes.)

– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content conscious of the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, the interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fie, how disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, tired of it!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)

– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “The Speech”:

Capacitive than the organ and louder than the tambourine
Molv - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and ah - when it's wonderful,
But it is not given - oh!

What is the difference between interjections and auxiliary parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of linking sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not give additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of a morphological interjection, they are lexical units that do not have inflection forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not enter into connection with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. Interjections are always kept as part of a sentence. apart, which is emphasized by putting a comma or an exclamation mark on the letter.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; fathers, something, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give a linguistic commentary on the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) hoo, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, wow.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The repetition may be incomplete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a rearrangement of the vowel and consonant.

4) Separate interjections are able to connect with the pronominal ty, plural imperative ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)

- What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: uh-huh, shoo, puss-kiss, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh no vowel sounds. In an interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they remain connected with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections, significant words can be formed: gasp etc.)

- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the following interjections into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, pah, cheers, fathers, hello, God, shh, fi, away. (Interjection oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, father, lord, fi, damn, bravo, cheers, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to identify a person's attitude to reality, to the interlocutor's speech.

Interjection encore, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)

- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: oh and ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection oh polysemantic. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection oh can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, chagrin, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

Determine which category the following interjections belong to: full, well, let's go, march. (These are motivating interjections.)

– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotions and motivation. Try to include interjections in various speech situations. well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

- Some linguists as a special category of interjections - etiquette - distinguish well-known sound complexes: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holiday, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists is that these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by considering whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values of their components.

Expressions goodbye(those), forgive(those), sorry(those), hello(those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, for example, the word hello expresses surprise, displeasure:

– I won’t go to the cinema today.

Hello, you promised.

Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord, my God, mother queen of heaven, tell me for mercy ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

– Scientists note their structural dissection, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (Fathers, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, an empty thing, that's a miracle, you're the abyss, tell me, that's how a pound, etc.)

- Make up sentences using these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving language resources. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And you're here, how did you get here? You didn't mean to come here. Who do I see? or with one interjection: Ba!

You can call for silence, you can calm down with sentences: Hush, please, can't hear anything or with one interjection: Shh!)

The practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Dictionary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.

Supreme satisfaction, delight. - Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.

Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - Annoyance.

Feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.

A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.

A strong objection to something. - Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Censure.

Task 2 . Insert appropriate interjections in front of the indicated values in the table. Students were given sheets with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled. Interjections for choice: ehma, chur, u, fu, uh, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Think of examples of the use of interjections in speech.

When finished, the table will look like this:

No. p / p	Interjection	Expressed interjection meaning	Examples use in speech
1	Sha	An exclamation in the meaning of "it's time to finish, that's enough"	Let's run - and sha!
2	hy	Expresses disbelief, ridicule	Hey, what do you want!
3	Chu	Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, obscure or distant sound	Chu! Something crackled in the garden.
4	E	Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings	Hey, how did you get here? Eh, I don't agree.
5	wow	Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings	Wow, fidget! Wow, you will get from your grandmother!
6	Chur	1. An exclamation that demands to comply with some condition. 2. Exclamation (usually in children's games), which are forbidden to touch something, to go beyond some limit	Just don't touch me! Damn not me!
7	At	Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions	Wow, how tanned you are! O, shameless!
8	tsyts	A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or to be silent	Tsyts, Valentine!
9	Eh	Expresses regret, reproach, concern	Oh, what can I say after all!
10	uv	Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief	Wow, how hard!
11	ehma	Expresses regret, surprise, determination, and similar feelings	Ahma, I didn't expect this.
12	Ugh	Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust	Fu, tired!
13	Oh	Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings	Oh, I can't take it anymore!

Task 3. Determine the part of the underlined words. Justify the answer.

1) And I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes and he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen, a not with a pencil. 2) BUT, gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk a?

Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting different interjections.

(Aw, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ah, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic comment on the following examples: fullness, come on, come on, let's go to the river, march into the room.

Many motivating interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage other words (well, go to the river, march into the room).

Task 6. Remember the proverbs, which include interjections.

Chur alone - do not give to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May is warm, but cold.

Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.

Ah, what a sadness! I would not let go of a piece, I would eat everything and sing songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, life is bad for Afonyushka.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions the interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if it immediately became limp and down, the step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "BUT!" he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)

5) What lay down for the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as different members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - object, example 5 - circumstance. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it acquires the ability to have a definition with it.

Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

a) Aha!, ah!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurrah! etc.;

b) ah!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, ugh!, fu! etc.;

in) ba!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, like a cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah!, ah!, ah!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to a particular group.

1) Someone, distilling, said over her ear: “Ah yes eyes!”. (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, bring them back! groaned the nervous lady. “Ugh, how stupid you all are!” (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A.Chekhov)

4) Pantelei Prokofievich looked at the black head protruding from the pile of diapers in a businesslike manner, and, not without pride, certified: “Our blood ... Ek-hm. Look you!”. (M. Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - that means they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 - interjections ah, fu express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 - interjections dude, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scat!, hello!, hey!, gop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?

Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scat!, gop!, get out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means to attract attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).

Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.

1) Don't play! the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A.Chekhov)

2) - Guard! Cut! he shouted. (A.Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)

4) - Hey! Grigoriev shouted and waved. The wagon turned into a field road and soon rolled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)

5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.

Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboedov). Rewrite! Fast, well!(Vs. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a variety of feelings of a person, his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction, they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often, interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the conciseness of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, nothing will come of it—nothing. If it succeeds - wow! (D.Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play an important role in characterization.

Task 12. All of you have read A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise”. His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations sprinkled with interjections. (Oh! Get to know him; Oh! Wonder!; ...Ah! Puffer, my soul...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Schukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three are interjections (ho-ho!, think about it!, wow!). This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.

Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.

Examples

In the 18th century, the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "To exist is to feel." The language has special words that express a variety of feelings. These are interjections. In the lesson, you will learn all about interjection as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are isolated.

Theme: Interjections

Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections

Interjection- a special part of speech that is not included in either independent or official parts of speech, which expresses various feelings, impulses, but does not name them.

For example: oh, ah, hooray, ba, my God, etc.

Features of interjections:

are not grammatically related to other words;

Do not answer questions

do not change;

are not members of the proposal;

Unlike service parts of speech, interjections do not serve to connect words in a sentence, nor to connect parts of a sentence.

By origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative

· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: ah, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas. Compound interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh etc.

· Derived interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:

a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, think);

b) nouns ( fathers, guards, lord);

c) adverbs ( pretty, full);

d) pronouns ( the same).

Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).

According to the structure of the interjection can be:

· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);

· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, father-lights);

· constituent, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; that's the same; here you are; here you are).

Types of interjections by meaning:

· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, these are the times, thank God, no matter how, fu and etc.;

interjections that express call to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kitty, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, shh, ay;

· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.

Interjections adjoin, but do not include words denoting instantaneous actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; WOF WOF; ha-ha-ha, etc.).

Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.

Sometimes interjections pass into the category of independent parts of speech, while they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of a sentence.

For example: Far away it roared Hurrah».

Fee - Alas and Oh.

Homework

Exercises #415-418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task number 1. Read. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Specify shades of emotions and motives.

1. Ah! Cursed Cupid! And they hear, they don't want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a hook I gave. 3. Oh, the human race! it fell into oblivion that everyone himself must climb there, into that little chest, where he neither stands nor sits. 4. Sorry; I was in a hurry to see you sooner, I did not stop by home. Farewell! I'll be back in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Oh, Alexander Andreevich, it's bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. Women shouted: hurrah! and threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! Fell, killed! 10. Tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, tricky! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a glorious life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I dispersed the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy ... (A. Griboyedov)

Task number 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.

1.God is with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Pardon me, we are not guys: why are the opinions of strangers only holy? 3. Prince Pyotr Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a present for me, God bless him! 5. "I've done it." - "Good! I plugged my ears." 6. And the ladies? .. God grant patience - after all, I myself was married.

Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"

Didactic materials. Section "Onomatopoeic words"

3. Culture of writing ().

The culture of writing. Interjection.

Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, the Russian interjection "Na!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages have an interjection that is spoken at the same time as a welcoming hug.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Interjection in Russian. Ranks by value

as part of speech

Ranks by value

Ranks by education

Interjections and onomatopoeia