Model victory ship deagostini waterline. Admiral Nelson's flagship Victory

There is a fake ship in Portmont, not the Nelson ship itself, made in 1916 for the Museum.

"From January 12, 1922 to the present, in the city of Portsmouth in the Maritime Historical Museum there is an exact copy of the famous battleship personifying the age-old glory and victory of Britain in the Battle of Trafalgar, in which Russian sailors also took part.

http://korabley.net/news/samoe_izvestnoe_parusnoe_sudno_britanii_klassicheskij_linkor_victory/2009-10-23-395
And here is the repost of the photo report, from which it is clearly seen that this is a completely new ship.
Original taken from book_bukv in the History of "Victoria" will still be!

In the process of clarifying some information on the history of the ship, it turned out.

That the longevity of the Victoria is still an exceptional case, even by the standards of the English fleet.
That the history of the ship is not very simple and not as straightforward as tourists are told.
That it is even more interesting than it seemed before.
And that it is very difficult to find it on the net, without inventions and inventions.

Therefore - a brief history of "Victoria" in my presentation.
Sources will be mentioned separately.

Part one. Project and construction

The history of the ship began in February 1756, when engineer inspector Thomas Slade,
was appointed Chief Builder of the new first-class battleship.
According to the terms of reference of the Admiralty, the Royal George was supposed to serve as a prototype -
then the only hundred-gun battleship in the British Navy.

Slade was to begin building the ship by logging timber, which would last several years.
had to dry and ripen for work. But the Admiralty was in a hurry - the Seven Years' War began,
ships were needed. Then the builder found a warehouse of ten-year-old ship wood
and there were no compromises. There are opinions that due to the construction of a ship from a very old
and seasoned material he lived so long.

In 1757, the Admiralty was again headed by Lord George Anson - a very energetic but efficient leader.
and the assault on the shipyards stopped. In addition, while Slade was looking for wood and producing blueprints,
England severely defeated France at sea. Apparently, this is why Victoria was built slowly
and this is the second reason for her longevity.

July 23, 1759 on one of the stocks of Chatham - the main naval arsenal and shipyard of England -
the laying ceremony took place. Since the year was very fruitful for victories, the ship was given the name "Victory",
despite the fact that it has already become the fifth "Victory" of the British Navy, and the fact that
that the fourth "Victory" - a 110-gun ship of the first rank built in 1737, died during a storm
in 1744, as usual with the whole crew.

In those harsh war years, the shipyards of England were mainly engaged in the repair of ships,
damaged in battles and campaigns, and the construction was slow. Therefore, in the spring of 1763,
when the Seven Years' War ended with the victory of England, "Victory" was
keel with ribs of frames, barely connected to each other.

But after the war, work began to boil - already on May 7, 1765, the ship was launched,
and although its completion took another 13 years, in 1778 the battleship Victory was enlisted in the fleet lists.
The construction of the ship cost 63,176 pounds - almost for nothing
the country received another wonderful instrument of its history and glory.

now Victory is painted according to the canons of the 18th century: black top yellow middle like a beeline >

the nasal figure after the restructuring of 1799 became a heraldic wick >

now all the rigging is from Italian hemp, but once it was from Russian>

balconies and decor of the stern, also after the reconstruction of 1799
non-original
almost fake

well, modern designers also chose the typeface full hello
in Nelson's time they used normal English headsets
caselon or baskerville
so that the British then sign their ship with a square capitalis
not even funny you know

HMS Victory was launched in 1765 as the flagship of the English Navy. She was successively commanded by Admirals Keppel, Hove, Hood, Sir John Jurvis and finally Lord Nelson. It was under the command of Nelson that HMS Victory went down in history as the flagship of the British in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, when the main forces of the Spanish-French fleet were defeated. In 1921, what was left of the Victory was moved to Portsmouth, where the famous ship was restored and mothballed. Now there is a museum, which is visited by about 2,000 people daily.

Ship Model Kit Contents

The wooden ship model for assembly HMS Victory Artesania Latina was the most anticipated in 2005 in the world of ship modeling. And the long months of waiting were not in vain. Artesania Latina presented the largest and most beautiful of all its models - HMS Victory of the 1765 model. The first thing you pay attention to when looking at this model is the size and weight of the box. Only then comes the understanding that the material, rails, studs, blocks, threads, etc. not just a lot, but a lot. This justifies set weight - 12 kilograms. In addition, a number of novelties for this company are applied here, in particular, laser cutting, the use of American basswood and bright mahogany coral, high-quality and detailed finished sails, photo-etched parts and threads in three colors.

Standard stacking case has eighteen frames and special inserts in the bow and stern. All decks are made, except for the lowest one. This allowed full cannons to be placed there instead of half cannons, and cannon ports no longer look blind. The plating of the large hull is carried out with 50 cm long slats, and not with slats in the entire length of the hull, as in cheaper models. All windows of the side and aft galleries are provided with warm yellow windows. The guns, both on the upper and lower decks, stand on regular wedge-shaped machines assembled from fifteen parts. The angle of inclination of each gun is set by a thrust wedge. The set provides three boats, piping for all cannons and carronades, many gratings and ladders, nets, prefabricated stern lights, four anchors, etc.

spars made of round walnut blanks, more than two hundred yufers and countless different blocks are used for rigging, more than 300 meters of threads of various colors and diameters. Despite these impressive figures, the assembly of the model should not cause problems, because. at every step you will be helped by a beautiful, detailed, full-color instructions. The parts list at the end of the manual is also in color, making it much easier to find the right material. In addition, the dimensions of each part are given there. The drawings are made in color on ten A3 sheets. We are also pleased with the quality of the sails, which has greatly increased in comparison with other models. All 19 sails have an imitation of individual luffs, lyktros along their perimeter and, if necessary, reefs. For those who want to make sails on their own, their patterns are given with all sizes.

Starting in 2012, the stand and holders may not be included with the model.

About the manufacturer

Wooden ship models for assembly by a Spanish companyArtesania Latina has a number of advantages:

a wide range of models, different types and sizes;
detailed instructions in color photographs.
most models have ready-made sails

The manufacturer reserves the right to change the configuration without prior notice.

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Armament

12-pounder light guns - 44 pieces;
24-pound light guns - 28 pcs;
32-pound linear guns - 30 pcs;
64-pound carronades - 2 pcs.

HMS Victory (1765) (Russian "Victoria" or "Victory") - battleship of the first rank of the Royal Navy of the British Navy. He took part in many naval battles, including the Battle of Trafalgar. Currently, the ship has been turned into a museum, which is one of the main attractions of Portsmouth.

History of creation

On July 23, 1759, a solemn ceremony of laying the keel of a new ship, which was a 45-meter elm beam, took place at the Chatham shipyard. The year 1759 was the year of military victories for England (at Minden and Hesse, the French suffered especially heavy defeats), so the newly built ship was given the name HMS Victory, i.e. "Victory". By that time, four ships bearing this name had already visited the British Navy. Last HMS Victory was a 110-gun ship of the 1st rank, built in 1737. In the seventh year of service, he fell into a severe storm and died along with the entire crew.

The construction progressed slowly, because. there was a Seven Years' War and the shipyard was occupied mainly with the repair of ships damaged in battles. In this regard, the new ship did not have enough manpower or funds. When the Seven Years' War ended, only the wooden skeleton of the future large ship towered in the dock.

But this unhurried construction played a positive role and benefited. A significant part of the timber material has been stored in the shipyard since 1746, and over the years, while construction was underway, the material acquired excellent strength qualities.

Only six years later, after laying the keel, on May 7, 1765 HMS Victory was launched. It was the largest and most beautiful ship ever built.

Prerequisites for creation

In 1756, the well-known Seven Years' War began, in which many European countries, including Russia, participated. The war was started by Great Britain, which could not share the colonies in North America and the East Indies with France. In this war, both countries needed a strong navy.

At that time, the British Navy had only one large, 100-gun ship of the line. Royal James. The Admiralty ordered Chief Inspector Sir Thomas Slade to urgently build a new hundred-gun ship, taking as a prototype Royal James and making the necessary design improvements.

Design Description

During the construction of the hull, the best wood species were used. The frames were made of English oak. The builders provided two hull skins: outer and inner. The outer cladding was made of Baltic oak specially delivered to England from Poland and East Prussia. In 1780, the underwater part of the hull was covered with copper sheets (3923 sheets in total), which were attached to the wooden sheathing with iron nails.

The bow of the ship was decorated with a huge figure of King George III wearing a laurel wreath, supported by allegorical figures of Britain, Victory and others. At the aft end were intricately carved balconies.

As was customary on ships of that time, no superstructures were provided on the deck. Near the mizzen mast was a platform for the helmsman. There was a steering wheel for shifting a huge rudder located behind the stern. In order to cope with it, great efforts were needed, and usually two or even four of the strongest sailors were put at the helm.

In the stern was the best admiral's cabin, and under it - the commander's cabin. There were no cabins for sailors; bunks were hung on one of the battery decks for the night. (As a rule, the berths were pieces of thick canvas measuring 1.8 X 1.2 m, from the narrow sides of which there were thin but strong ropes tied together and attached to a thicker one. Finally, the rope was tied to planks nailed to Early in the morning, the bunks were tied up and placed in special boxes located along the sides.

In the lower tween-deck of the ship there were pantries for provisions and a hook-chamber, where barrels of gunpowder were stored. In the bow of the tween deck was a bomb cellar. Of course, there were no mechanical means for lifting gunpowder and cores, and during the battle they lifted all the ammunition on their hands, shifting it from deck to deck with their hands (this was not so difficult on the ships of that time, since the distances between decks did not exceed 1,8 m ).

The big problem with any wooden ship is the inability to be completely watertight. Despite the most careful caulking and seaming, water invariably seeped in, accumulated and began to exude a putrid odor, and contributed to decay. Therefore, on HMS Victory, as on any other wooden ship, the sailors were forced to periodically go down into the hull and pump out the bilge water, for which hand pumps were provided in the midship frame area.

Above deck HMS Victory three masts towered, which carried the full sailing armament of the ship. The sail area was 260 square meters. m. Travel speed up to 11 knots. According to the custom of that time, the sides of the hull were painted black, and yellow stripes were drawn in the area of the cannon ports.

Crew and life

The crew quarters traditionally housed the sailors, while the officers were provided with cabins. Kubrick was the lower deck, where the crew settled down to sleep, first directly on the deck, then in hanging bunks.

During the Battle of Trafalgar, the crew consisted of 821 men. A much smaller number of men could be dispensed with, but a large number is needed to maneuver and fire the guns.

Most of the crew, more than 500 people, are experienced sailors who sailed and fought on ships. Their salaries were judged according to their skill and experience.

Daily diet and food storage

It is important that food supplies remain in proper condition, as the team is on the high seas. The diet on the ship was limited: salted beef and pork, biscuits, peas and oatmeal, butter and cheese. Barrels and bags were used for storage. Food safety was carried out in the hold.

By the time of the Battle of Trafalgar, scurvy had begun to spread, which is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. To overcome this disease, fresh vegetables were regularly taken with the addition of lemon juice and a small amount of rum. In general, the ration was sufficient and amounted to approximately 5000 calories per day, which was vital for keeping the crew in good condition, with heavy physical work.

The daily diet included 6.5 pints of beer, on a long trip this rate was replaced by 0.5 liters of wine or half a pint of Rum. For work on the galley, 4-8 people were allocated under the guidance of the ship's cook.

discipline and punishment

Constant discipline was required for the effective and safe management of the ship, as well as for a successful victory.

Crew discipline was organized in several ways. Works for 1-2 hours were performed under supervision. For the more complex activities aboard the ship, each person was given a specific place to work. Control was exercised by officers.

When committing a crime or misdemeanor, the captain declared guilty of a penalty. Most often, the punishment was lashes from 12 to 36 lashes for crimes: drunkenness, insolence or neglect of one's duties. This type of punishment was carried out mainly by the boatswain, having previously tied the offender to a wooden lattice on the deck and stripped to the waist. A sailor convicted of stealing must run through a formation of crew members who beat him with a knotted rope at the ends.

Another form of punishment was correction by hunger. The offender was shackled in leg irons on the battery deck and fed only bread and water.

The most severe punishments for crimes like rebellion or desertion were flogging and hanging. The perpetrators could receive up to 300 lashes, which often ended in death.

Armament. Modernizations and conversions

Each gun was mounted on a carriage, with which it was rolled back to be loaded with a cannonball. In one gun crew there were 7 people who were responsible for a timely loaded cannon, and a shot fired strictly on command. A charge with gunpowder was placed in the barrel of the gun, followed by a wad, then a shot and another wad. A charge of gunpowder was pierced so that it could easily catch fire from a spark, after which more gunpowder was added. The commander of the gun took the bolt aside and pulled the cord, after which a spark appeared, thanks to which the core rushed to the intended target. The sailors loaded the guns with different shells, which were intended for different types of destruction. There was enough gunpowder on the ship to blow up the entire ship. Powder magazines were illuminated by lanterns standing behind the glass window of the adjacent room, and coal panels in the walls protected the cellar from moisture.

The composition of artillery weapons has changed several times during its many years of service.

The original project called for the installation of one hundred guns.

By the beginning of the 1778 campaign, Admiral Keppel ordered that 30 pieces be replaced. 42-pound guns on the gondek to lighter 32-pounders.

However, already in 1779, the composition of weapons became the same.

In July 1779, the Admiralty approved the state regulations for the supply of all ships of the fleet with carronades, according to which in 1780 six 18-pound carronades were additionally installed on the poop, and two 24-pound ones on the forcastel, which were replaced by 32-pound ones in 1782. At the same time, twelve 6-pounder guns were replaced by ten 12-pounder and two 32-pounder carronades, bringing the total number of carronades to ten. The total number as of 1782 was 108 guns.

In the first half of the 1790s, the ships of the British Navy began to re-arm with new cannons designed by Thomas Blomfeld (born Thomas Blomefield) with a vine ear and new carronades. In 1803 HMS Victory underwent a major overhaul, after which its artillery armament increased: in the quarterdeck by 2 pieces, on the forcastle they were replaced by 2 carronades 24-fn. There were 102 guns in total.

By the time of the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, two 12-pound cannons of medium length (English medium) were installed on the forcastel, and the 24-pound carronades were replaced by 64-pound ones, bringing the total number to 104 guns.

Service History

Service

The ship was launched in Chatham two years after the end of the Seven Years' War, on May 7, 1765, but active service did not begin until 1778, when the Admiralty decided to arm the ship and prepare it for active service. The commissioning of the ship was a consequence of the events unfolding then. In March 1778, the French King Louis XVI announced the recognition of the North American states as independent from England and announced his intention to establish trade and economic relations with free America. If necessary, France was ready to defend this trade by force of arms. In response, George III withdrew his ambassador from Paris. The air smelled of war and the Admiralty began to gather forces.

Augustus Keppel was appointed commander of the fleet, who elected HMS Victory their flagship. The first commander was John Lindsay.

It took about two and a half months to prepare and arm, after which King George III visited Chatham. After the visit of the king, who was satisfied with the work of his shipyard, HMS Victory transferred to Portsmouth. While moored in the Spithead roadstead, Augustus Keppel ordered that thirty 42-pound guns on the gondeck be replaced with lighter 32-pound guns, which reduced the weight load and slightly increased the free space on the deck.

Battle of the Isle of Ouessant

The Battle of Ushant Island (eng. Battle of Ushant, French Bataille d "Ouessant) - a naval battle between the English fleet under the command of Admiral Augustus Keppel and the French fleet under the command of Count Gillouet d'Orvilliers, which took place on July 27, 1778 near the island of Ouessant during American Revolutionary War The result of the battle caused discord in the Royal Navy and throughout British society.

On the morning of July 27, 1778, with a wind from the SW, the fleets were 6-10 miles apart. Both sailed on port tack NW. Both were in some disarray, but the French held the column, and the British lined up to the left. Thus the latter could, after turning the tack, immediately draw up a line of battle steeply to the wind. Judging that it was unprofitable to build a line methodically, Keppel raised the "general chase" signal, again trying to get closer. His ships, each independently, made a turn towards the enemy, after which the division of Hugh Palliser (Eng. Hugh Palliser, flagship HMS Formidable) became the right wing, farthest from the enemy; Keppel with HMS Victory was in the center, and Harland (English sir Robert Harland, flagship HMS Queen) on the left flank. At 5:30 am, the seven best walkers from Palliser's division were ordered by signal to pursue the enemy downwind.

At 9 am, the French admiral ordered his fleet to gybe sequentially, which brought him somewhat closer to the British and doubled the line for a while. But the advantage of position had to be preserved. However, the two-point wind setting, from SW to SSW, slowed the maneuver and increased the French drift. Their order was even more upset. Leading the lead ships, which had already made a turn, were hindered by their own end ships, which were heading in the opposite direction. Only after passing the last ship in the line could they take a steeper turn to keep the British at bay.

When around 11:00 d "Orvilliers was already making a new turn on the reverse course. Realizing that the wind allows Keppel to catch up with the end ships and start a fight at will, he decided to act actively, since he could no longer avoid the battle.

Keppel did not raise the signal to build a line, correctly assessing that the immediate task remained to force the evading enemy into battle. In addition, 7 ships of the rear guard, after the morning signal, moved to the wind, and now almost his entire fleet could enter the battle, albeit in some disorder. The beginning of the battle was so sudden that the ships did not even have time to raise their battle flags. According to the testimonies of British captains, the formation was so uneven that Palliser's flagship, Formidable, almost all the time carried the cruise-marseille into the wind, so as not to run into the one in front Egmont. Wherein Ocean, which barely had enough space to shoot at the interval between them, kept to the left and from under the wind, but even then risked falling on Egmont, or hit one of them.

Passing a counter-course along the enemy formation, under reefed sails, both fleets tried to inflict as much damage as possible. As is usually the case on such courses, the shooting was unorganized, each ship choosing the moment of the salvo itself. The British fired mainly at the hull, the French tried to hit the rigging and spars. The British were sharply close-hauled, the French four points looser. Their leading ships could have brought in and cut the distance, but doing their duty, they supported the rest. In general, according to the order of d "Orvilliers, they built a line steeper, which gradually took them further from the British guns. It was an unprepared skirmish at a great distance, but still better than nothing. Against the usual, the British rearguard suffered the most - its losses are almost equal to the losses of the other two divisions - basically he was closer to the enemy.

As soon as 10 avant-garde ships dispersed from the French, Harland, anticipating the admiral's signal, ordered them to turn and follow the enemy. Around 1 pm when HMS Victory left the firing zone, the center received the same signal - Keppel commanded a jib: the cut rigging did not allow turning into the wind. But that is why the maneuver required caution. Only by 2 o'clock HMS Victory lay down on a new tack, following the French. The rest turned as best they could. Formidable Palliser at that time was passing towards the flagship from the wind. Four or five ships, uncontrollable due to damage to the rigging, remained to the right and to leeward. Around that time, the signal "to engage in battle" was lowered and raised "to build a battle line."

In turn, d "Orvilliers, seeing the confusion in which the British had come after all the maneuvers, decided to use the moment. His fleet was moving in a rather orderly column, and at 1 o'clock in the afternoon he ordered a turn in succession, with the intention of passing the British from under the wind. At the same time, the French could bring into battle all the guns of the windward, i.e. high side. On the other side, the lower ports had to be kept closed. But the lead ship did not see the signal, and only de Chartres, fourth from the start, rehearsed and began to turn. Passing by the flagship, he voice clarified his intention, but due to the error of the lead ship, the opportunity was lost.

It was not until 2:30 that the maneuver became apparent to the British. Keppel with HMS Victory immediately gybeed again and began to descend downwind towards the unruled ships, still holding the signal to form a line. He probably intended to save them from impending annihilation. Harland and his division turned at once and aimed astern. By 4 o'clock he had lined up. Palliser's ships, repairing damage, occupied places in front and behind Formidable. Later, their captains stated that they considered the ship of the vice admiral, and not the commander in chief, to be the equalizer. Thus, from the windward, 1-2 miles aft of the flagship, a second line of five ships was formed. At 5 o'clock Keppel with a frigate sent them an order to join as soon as possible. But the French, having already completed their maneuver, did not attack, although they could.

Harland with his division was ordered to take a place in the forefront, which he did. The Palliser did not approach. By 7:00 p.m., Keppel finally began to raise individual signals to his ships, ordering them to leave. Formidable and join the line. Everyone obeyed, but by this time it was almost dark. Keppel felt that it was too late to resume the fight. The next morning, only 3 French ships remained in sight of the British. The French avoided further combat.

Battle at Cape Spartel

The Battle of Cape Spartel is a battle between the British fleet of Lord Howe and the combined Spanish-French fleet of Luis de Cordoba, which took place on October 20, 1782 on the approaches to Gibraltar, during the American War of Independence. At dawn on October 20, both fleets crossed 18 miles from Cape Spartel on the Barbary coast. This time, Howe was to leeward and almost brought his fleet to a halt. He thus gave the Spaniards the choice to engage or evade at will.

Cordoba commanded a general pursuit, regardless of order. For the Spaniards, among whom were especially slow ones, such as the flagship Santisima Trinidad it was the only way to get close. By about one o'clock in the afternoon the distance between the fleets was reduced to 2 miles - twice the maximum range of fire. The Franco-Spanish ships were to windward and to the right. Santisima Trinidad by this time he had reached the center of the line, which the Spaniards had to build again.

During this time, Howe closed the line, concentrating his 34 ships against 31 of the enemy. The standard counter-move in such cases is to grab the short line from the ends. But the advantage of the British move did not allow the enemy such a maneuver. Instead, part of his ships, including two three-deckers, were actually out of combat.

At 5:45 pm, the leading Spaniards opened fire. An exchange of salvos followed, with both fleets moving on; the British gradually pulled forward without engaging in close combat. The shooting stopped with the advent of night. Losses in people were approximately equal on both sides.

On the morning of October 21, the fleet was separated by approximately 12 miles. Cordova repaired the damage and was ready to continue the fight, but this did not happen. Taking advantage of the breakaway, Howe led the fleet to England. On 14 November he returned to Spithead.

HMS Victory was in the 1st Central Division under the command of Captain John Livingston, being the flagship of Admiral Lord Richard Howe.

The battle did not bring a decisive victory to anyone. But the British completed an important operation without losing a single ship. The fleet averted the threat of a new assault on Gibraltar. In fact, the siege was lifted. All this lifted the spirits of the British after recent losses (the extent of the victory at the All Saints Islands was not yet fully known) and improved the position of their diplomacy in the peace negotiations that began soon.

Battle of Cape San Vicente

Having entered the naval service at the age of 12, Horatio Nelson reached the rank of lieutenant by the age of 18, and at 26 he became the captain of a warship, on board of which he took part in the battle of February 14, 1797 at Cape San Vicente in Portugal, which happened between the English fleet under the command of Admiral John Jervis and the Spanish squadron. Having reached Cape San Vicente, the English fleet of 15 ships was in sight of the Spanish fleet of 26-27 ships, 8 of which were at a remote distance, insufficient for a quick approach to the rest of the forces. In addition, the wind rose on the sea, which also contributed to the natural division of the Spanish fleet, commanded by José de Córdoba.

Realizing how important it was for the English fleet to win this particular battle, John Jervis decided at dawn on February 14 to attack most of the Spanish ships, in the hope that the rest would not have time to get close enough for shots. The English warships lined up and prepared for the attack, the Spaniards, who had not noticed the fleet for a long time due to heavy fog, were not ready for it, and the experienced admiral actually hoped to play on this, deciding to go through the formation of enemy ships. It was planned that the ships of the English fleet, having come into contact with the Spanish ships, would tack and thus take most of the enemy into the ring. But the maneuver failed, as one of the ships lost the foresail and mars yard during the turn, and, accordingly, was forced to use the jib, which gave the Spaniards some advantage.

Seeing that the English ships could lose all the advantage they had gained, and the initiative passed to the Spaniards, Captain Nelson made the fateful decision to violate the admiral's order and turn the ship, engaging in battle with one of the enemy's best equipped warships. Recognizing his maneuver, Admiral Jervis ordered the rest of the ships that were nearby to help Nelson, this order became decisive in the subsequent defeat of the Spanish flotilla.

Nelson's trick violated the even linear formation of the ships, but saved the fleet from inevitable defeat, therefore, instead of the gallows, which threatened the captain for violating the order of a superior person, he was promoted to Rear Admiral under the patronage of Jervis, received a lifetime noble charter, became a baron and was honored with the Order of the Bath.

The team of the ship Captain, captained by Nelson, thanks to his maneuver, captured two Spanish ships and also did not remain without awards, in fact, like the admiral himself, who became a lord. Unfortunately, most of the brave captain's crew was wounded or killed, as the ship was in the midst of a skirmish between the British and the Spaniards.

Participation in the Battle of Trafalgar

The historical events in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were mainly influenced by Napoleon Bonaparte. The French already had the upper hand in 1803, but the Emperor's intentions extended across the English Channel to the British Isles. Napoleon had no doubt that someday he would have the opportunity to defeat his sworn enemy. He also realized that the subjugation of Great Britain is impossible without the subjugation of the British fleet. His attempt to achieve his intended goal resulted in a bloody naval battle near the Spanish city of Cadiz. This naval battle became one of the most famous in the world history of the navy, and today it is called the Trafalgar naval battle.

On October 21, 1805, Villeneuve, near Cape Trafalgar, led his crews of ships to a sea battle. A few months before the battle, back in Toulon, the French admiral outlined to the commanders of the ships the plan of the conservative British. The British will not be satisfied with a single line of ships parallel to the French formation, they will put two columns at right angles to them and try to break through the French ship formation in several places, in order to then finish off the scattered forces. In addition, 33 French ships, against 27 English ships, was considered an advantage. However, the guns of Admiral Villeneuve's ships were not entirely accurate and did little damage, and the reload time was excessively long.

The British plan was deliberately simple. They divided the fleet into two squadrons. One was commanded by Admiral Horatio Nelson, who intended to break the enemy's chain and destroy the ships in the forefront and in the center, and the second squadron, under the command of Rear Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, was to attack the enemy from the rear.

At 06:00 on October 21, 1805, the British fleet lined up in two lines. The flagship of the first line, consisting of 15 ships, was the battleship Royal Sovereign, on which Rear Admiral Collingwood was sailing. The second line under the command of Admiral Nelson consisted of 12 ships, and the battleship was the flagship HMS Victory. The wooden decks were sprinkled with sand, which protected from fire and soaked up blood. Having removed everything superfluous that could interfere, the sailors prepared for battle.

At 08:00, Admiral Villeneuve gave the order to change course and return to Cadiz. Such a maneuver before the start of a naval battle upset the battle order. The French-Spanish fleet, which is a crescent-shaped formation, curved to the right towards the mainland, began to turn around chaotically. Dangerous distance gaps appeared in the formation of ships, and some ships, in order not to collide with a neighbor, were forced to “fall out” of action. Admiral Nelson, meanwhile, was approaching. He intended to break the line before the French sailboats approached Cadiz. And he succeeded. A great naval battle began. Cannonballs flew, masts began to break and fall, people died, the wounded screamed. It was complete hell.

In a number of battles in which the British won, the French took up a defensive position. They sought to limit damage and increase the chances of retreat. This position of the French resulted in flawed military tactics. For example, gun crews were ordered to aim at masts and rigging to make it impossible for the enemy to pursue French ships if they retreated. The British always aimed at the hull of the ship in order to kill or maim the enemy crew. In the tactics of naval combat, longitudinal shelling of enemy ships was considered the most effective, while shelling was carried out in the stern. In this case, with an accurate hit, the cores swept from stern to bow, causing incredible damage to the vessel along its entire length. During the Battle of Trafalgar, a French flagship was hit by such shelling. Bucentaure, who lowered the flag, and Villeneuve surrendered. During the battle, it was not always possible to perform the complex maneuver necessary for the longitudinal attack of the ship. Sometimes the ships became sides of each other and opened fire from a short distance. If the ship's crew, which survived the terrible shelling, survived, then hand-to-hand combat awaited them. Opponents often sought to capture each other's ships.

Nelson chose to hit the most vulnerable ship redoutable. Approaching back to back, a boarding battle began. For 15 minutes the sailors mowed down each other. shooter on mars redoutable spotted Nelson on deck and fired at him with a musket. The bullet passed through the epaulette, pierced the shoulder and got stuck in the spine. The admiral gave the order to cover his face so as not to demoralize the sailors.

Admiral Villeneuve signaled the flag to all ships to attack, but there were no reinforcements. Nelson carried out his plan, and led the French into complete chaos. The line of naval battle was broken. The French ships lost contact with the Spanish. The balance of power changed not in favor of the French, the defeat was inevitable. The heavy English artillery fired non-stop, the cannonballs falling into a heap of corpses that were not dumped into the sea in time. The surgeons were completely exhausted, it took only 15 seconds to amputate the limbs, otherwise the wounded simply could not stand the pain.

At 17:30, the naval battle ended. By this time, 18 sailing French and Spanish ships could not continue the battle, and were captured.

The Battle of Trafalgar is considered the most epic naval battle in the history of the British Navy. The British lost 448 sailors, including the commander of the English fleet, Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, and 1,200 wounded. The united Franco-Spanish fleet lost 4,400 men killed and 2,500 wounded, over 5,000 were captured, hundreds of survivors became deaf, and many ships were wrecked beyond repair.

The result of the Battle of Trafalgar was reflected in the fate of both the winner and the loser. France and Spain lost their naval power forever. Napoleon abandoned his plans to land troops in England and invade the Kingdom of Neopolitan. Great Britain finally acquired the status of mistress of the seas.

Ships of the same name

In total, six ships of the Royal Navy of Great Britain were built, which were called HMS Victory:

HMS Victory (1569)- 42-gun ship. First called Great Christopher. Purchased by the English Royal Navy in 1569. Dismantled in 1608.

HMS Victory (1620)- 42-gun "big ship". Launched at the Royal Shipyard at Deptford in 1620. Rebuilt as an 82-gun 2nd rank in 1666. Dismantled in 1691.

HMS Victory- 100-gun ship of the 1st rank. Launched in 1675 as Royal James, renamed March 7, 1691. Rebuilt in 1694-1695. Burned down in February 1721.

HMS Victory (1737)- 100-gun ship of the 1st rank. Launched in 1737. Crashed in 1744. Found in 2008.

HMS Victory (1764)- 8-gun schooner. Served in Canada, burned down in 1768.

HMS Victory (1765)- 104-gun ship of the 1st rank. Launched in 1765. Admiral Nelson's flagship during the Battle of Trafalgar.

This ship in art

In memory of the victory at Trafalgar and the remarkable naval commander, Trafalgar Square was created in the center of London, on which a monument to Nelson was erected. During the Battle of Trafalgar, a mizzen mast was shot down by a cannonball, two other masts were knocked out of the steps, most of the yards were damaged. The ship was sent for repairs, during which the most serious damage was repaired.

After renovation HMS Victory He took part in several operations in the Baltic and ended his military career as a transport in 1811. On December 18, 1812, the ship was excluded from the lists of the British Navy, and, according to the inspector of the Admiralty, HMS Victory was in "dry and good condition", but the ship was already 53 years old! Soon after the decommissioning, the British began to treat it like a monument ship, and no one dared to destroy it.

In 1815, the ship was put in for a major overhaul. The hull and other equipment were carefully examined, repair work was carried out, the figurehead was replaced again, the hull was repainted again (wide white stripes were drawn in the area of the cannon ports). After repairs for a whole hundred years, the ship was in the port of Gosport, near Portsmouth. From 1824 to HMS Victory a gala dinner was held annually in memory of the Battle of Trafalgar and Admiral Nelson, and in 1847 HMS Victory was declared the permanent flagship of the commander of the Home Fleet of England, that is, the fleet directly responsible for the inviolability of the territory of Great Britain. However, the veteran ship was not looked after as it should have been. The hull was gradually destroyed, its bend in the bow reached almost 500 mm, and by the beginning of the 20th century the hull was in very poor condition.

There were rumors that the ship needed to be flooded, and, most likely, it would have happened if Admiral D. Sturdy and Professor J. Callender, the author of a number of famous books about Admiral Nelson and his wonderful ship, had not come to the defense of the famous ship. Thanks to their active intervention in England, fundraising began under the motto "Save HMS Victory". It is characteristic that the Admiralty limited itself to providing a dry dock for restoration work, which was carried out in 1922. It is interesting that the restorers considered it possible not to replace half of the logs and boards from which the ship was once built, but to confine themselves to impregnating them with a special solution, protecting the tree from destruction.

During the Second World War, when German planes made frequent raids on England, a 250-kilogram bomb fell between the wall of the dock and the side of the ship. A hole with a diameter of 4.5 m appeared in the hull. Specialists responsible for the preservation of the historic ship found that with the appearance of this hole, the ventilation of the interior has improved markedly.

After the Second World War, the ship was repaired again. To ensure water resistance, about 25 km of joints were caulked, the spars and rigging were updated, and the hull was repaired, for which English oak and Burmese teak were used. To reduce the load on the old hull, the guns were removed from the ship, and now all the guns of the ship are on the shore, surrounding the dry dock in which it stands HMS Victory.

The struggle for the life of the monument ship does not stop. Its worst enemies are wood-boring beetles and dry rot. This is one of the most common weaknesses in the use of wood. Unexpectedly, another danger was discovered: guy lines, with the help of which masts, stays and shrouds are unfastened, stretch in rainy weather, and sag in dry weather, which over time could lead to the destruction of the masts. In 1963, I had to spend 10 thousand pounds sterling in order to replace the guys with Italian hemp cables.

HMS Victory has been permanently moored in the oldest sea dock in Portsmouth since January 12, 1922, it is one of the most popular museums in England. On some days, up to 2 thousand people visit the ship, and 300-400 thousand people visit here every year. All income from visitors to this unusual museum goes to the maintenance of the ship.

Literature and sources of information

1. Grebenshchikova G. A. Battleships of the 1st rank "Victory" 1765, "Royal Sovereign" 1786. - St. Petersburg: Ostrov, 2010. - 176 p. - 300 copies.
2. John McKay The 100-gun ship Victory. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 2002.

Links

1. Museum ship HMS Victory HMS Victory

Good hour, my beloved readers and just people who accidentally got into my diary.
I would like to ask you, but what about the fact that right now, without leaving your home, make an excursion and you know where?
On the most that you can not eat a real ship of the Royal Navy of Great Britain.
Not every one of us has the opportunity to visit the United Kingdom, this majestic country with a rich history. But we have the opportunity...
Interesting photos, as well as videos, I think, will not leave anyone indifferent.
And be sure to invite, albeit virtual, but excursions of your boys.
I think they will be interested!

In the city of Portsmouth, one of the main attractions is located - this is the three-deck ship of Admiral Nelson "Victory" (HMS Victory). This is perhaps the oldest ship in the world, put into operation. The flagship museum is visited by up to 350,000 people a year.
According to the stories of people who were lucky enough to visit there: if you decide to visit the ship, then you don’t need to take anything other than a camera, since you need to walk there bending over, very low ceilings. It is better to leave the heels at home so that your legs do not buzz later after descending and ascending the decks. The ship is impressive in its size! If you did not have time to see everything, then do not be discouraged, as the ticket is valid for a year.

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And now a little history, a photo tour and at the end of the video from the museum ship, which I got on YouTube.
HMS Victory (1765) is a 104-gun ship of the line of the first rank of the Royal Navy of Great Britain. Laid down July 23, 1759, launched May 7, 1765. He took part in many naval battles, including the Battle of Trafalgar, during which Admiral Nelson was mortally wounded on board. After 1812, he did not take part in the hostilities, and since January 12, 1922, he has been permanently moored in the oldest sea dock in Portsmouth.

Imagine, more than 800 men lived and worked on this ship.
There was practically no light there, if it did, it was only through narrow slits from open weapon ports or the dim light of a lantern.
We slept on 21-inch hammocks. Early in the morning, the hammock was tied up and placed in special boxes located along the sides.
There were no cabins for sailors.
In the lower tween-deck of the ship there were pantries for provisions and a hook-chamber, where barrels of gunpowder were stored. In the bow of the tween deck was a bomb cellar. Of course, there were no mechanical means for lifting gunpowder and cores, and during the battle all the ammunition was lifted by hand, shifting from deck to deck by hand. The great affliction on any wooden ship is the impossibility of being completely watertight. Despite the most thorough caulking of the seams, water invariably seeps into the hull, accumulates at the bottom, gets dirty and begins to exude a putrid smell. Therefore, on the "Victory", as on any other wooden ship, the sailors were forced to periodically go down into the hull and pump out the bilge water, for which hand pumps were provided in the midship frame area.
Everything says only that the conditions were difficult.

***
In the stern was the best admiral's cabin on the ship, and below it was the commander's cabin.

***

The discipline on the lower decks was very strict and the punishments accordingly too. For failure to fulfill the order accurately and on time, the person was shackled and left on the upper deck in the rain and wind

I would like to say that in spite of everything, Nelson and his team bravely lived and fought.
Admiral Nelson, in his dress uniform, walked around the deck and gave commands, ignoring the enemy bullets that were sent by the French arrows from the masts of his ship. One of the bullets entered the admiral in the left shoulder, passed through the chest and got stuck in the spine. Nelson fell down and was carried into the inner room.
Mortally wounded, Nelson continued to give orders until the last minute. His last instruction was to put all the ships to anchor, as a storm was approaching, and the ships could be carried out onto the rocks. At 4:40 p.m., the great admiral died, but the memory remained forever in the hearts of people.
Now "Victory" - one of the most popular museums in England.
By the way, I would like to say that all income from visitors to this unusual museum goes to the maintenance of the ship.
Video from the museum ship

In the next post, I will try to show more photos and detail all the historical facts.
Yours faithfully to you Lenyr.

Before the Admiralty could authorize the construction of a new ship, its members had to know what it would look like. It was a common practice for shipbuilders of the time to submit a model of a future ship for approval. The models created for this purpose did not have masts and rigging. You can now build the HMS Victory as a complete warship that defended English honor during the Battle of Trafalham in 1805.

Description of the Victory ship set

Housing with double skinned from linden and excellent walnut, the deck is covered with tanganika slats. Coincidentally or not, but walnut slats for fine sheathing are given both light and dark. This allows you to create light stripes, which were painted with yellow ocher on the prototype, without resorting to coloring. To help with the assembly, all the wooden parts are already cut out. As expected, the velvets are made with thicker slats. The rudder blade, which is very rare in models, is a compound one, consisting of five separate vertical elements. This is truly amazing!

The cannons on the upper deck are mounted on walnut mounts and have trousers and a waist. Lanterns, handrails, railings and other parts made of brass, cast or walnut. About a hundred fine metal cannons and carronades"under bronze" polished to give them a natural appearance. Cannon ports open and close on their hinges. The set includes calves on salings, all mars platforms are sheathed.

In general, according to the spars, the model is made in some detail, like all Corel models. Provided stand, rigging threads of five diameters, flags. Drawings and instructions on 14 sheets include both full-size and scale diagrams. Since 2011, due to a change in technology, the printing on flags has been blurred.