Scientific data of the milky way where to get. Interesting facts about the milky way galaxy

A galaxy is a large formation of stars, gas, dust, which are held together by the force of gravity. These largest compounds in the universe can vary in shape and size. Most of the space objects are part of a particular galaxy. These are stars, planets, satellites, nebulae, black holes and asteroids. Some of the galaxies have a lot of invisible dark energy. Due to the fact that the galaxies are separated by empty outer space, they are figuratively called oases in the cosmic desert.

	elliptical galaxy	spiral galaxy	wrong galaxy
spheroidal component	entire galaxy	There is	Very weak
stellar disk	No or weak	Main component	Main component
Gas and dust disk	Not	There is	There is
spiral branches	None or only near the core	There is	Not
Active cores	Meet	Meet	Not
	20%	55%	5%

Our galaxy

Our closest star, the Sun, is one of the billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Looking at the night starry sky, it is hard not to notice a wide band strewn with stars. The ancient Greeks called the cluster of these stars the Galaxy.

If we had the opportunity to look at this star system from the side, we would have noticed an oblate ball, in which there are over 150 billion stars. Our galaxy has dimensions that are hard to imagine in your imagination. A beam of light travels from one side of it to the other for a hundred thousand Earth years! The center of our Galaxy is occupied by the core, from which huge spiral branches filled with stars depart. The distance from the Sun to the nucleus of the Galaxy is 30,000 light years. The solar system is located on the outskirts of the Milky Way.

Stars in the Galaxy, despite the huge accumulation of cosmic bodies, are rare. For example, the distance between the nearest stars is tens of millions of times greater than their diameters. It cannot be said that the stars are scattered randomly in the Universe. Their location depends on the forces of gravity that hold the celestial body in a certain plane. Star systems with their gravitational fields are called galaxies. In addition to stars, the composition of the galaxy includes gas and interstellar dust.

composition of galaxies.

The universe is also made up of many other galaxies. The closest to us are distant at a distance of 150 thousand light years. They can be seen in the sky of the southern hemisphere in the form of small hazy specks. They were first described by a member of the Magellanic expedition around the world of Pigafett. They entered science under the name of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.

The closest galaxy to us is the Andromeda Nebula. It has a very large size, so it is visible from the Earth with ordinary binoculars, and in clear weather - even with the naked eye.

The very structure of the galaxy resembles a giant spiral convex in space. On one of the spiral arms, ¾ of the distance from the center, is the solar system. Everything in the galaxy revolves around the central core and obeys the force of its gravity. In 1962, astronomer Edwin Hubble classified galaxies according to their shape. The scientist divided all galaxies into elliptical, spiral, irregular and barred galaxies.

There are billions of galaxies in the part of the Universe available for astronomical research. Collectively, astronomers call them the Metagalaxy.

Galaxies of the Universe

Galaxies are represented by large groupings of stars, gas, dust, held together by gravity. They can vary greatly in shape and size. Most space objects belong to a galaxy. These are black holes, asteroids, stars with satellites and planets, nebulae, neutron satellites.

Most of the universe's galaxies contain vast amounts of invisible dark energy. Since the space between different galaxies is considered empty, they are often called oases in the void of space. For example, a star called the Sun is one of the billions of stars in the "Milky Way" galaxy in our universe. At ¾ of the distance from the center of this spiral is the solar system. In this galaxy, everything is constantly moving around the central core, which obeys its gravity. However, the core also moves along with the galaxy. At the same time, all galaxies move at superspeeds.
Astronomer Edwin Hubble in 1962 carried out a logical classification of the galaxies of the universe, taking into account their shape. Now galaxies are divided into 4 main groups: elliptical, spiral, galaxies with a bar (bar) and irregular.
What is the largest galaxy in our universe?
The largest galaxy in the universe is the super-giant lenticular galaxy in the Abell 2029 cluster.

spiral galaxies

They are galaxies that in their shape resemble a flat spiral disk with a bright center (core). The Milky Way is a typical spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are usually called with the letter S, they are divided into 4 subgroups: Sa, So, Sc and Sb. Galaxies belonging to the So group are distinguished by bright nuclei that do not have spiral arms. As for the Sa galaxies, they are distinguished by dense spiral arms tightly wrapped around the central core. The arms of the Sc and Sb galaxies rarely surround the core.

Spiral galaxies in the Messier catalog

barred galaxies

Barred galaxies are similar to spiral galaxies, but still have one difference. In such galaxies, spirals do not start from the core, but from the bridges. About 1/3 of all galaxies fall into this category. They are usually denoted by the letters SB. In turn, they are divided into 3 subgroups Sbc, SBb, SBa. The difference between these three groups is determined by the shape and length of the bridges, from where, in fact, the arms of the spirals begin.

Messier barred spiral galaxies

elliptical galaxies

The shape of galaxies can vary from perfectly round to elongated ovals. Their distinguishing feature is the absence of a central bright core. They are designated by the letter E and are divided into 6 subgroups (by shape). Such forms are designated from E0 to E7. The former are almost round in shape, while the E7 are characterized by an extremely elongated shape.

Elliptical galaxies in the Messier catalog

Irregular galaxies

They do not have any pronounced structure or shape. Irregular galaxies are usually divided into 2 classes: IO and Im. The most common is the Im class of galaxies (it has only a slight hint of structure). In some cases, spiral remnants are traced. IO belongs to a class of galaxies that are chaotic in shape. The Small and Large Magellanic Clouds are a prime example of the Im class.

Messier catalog irregular galaxies

Table of characteristics of the main types of galaxies

	elliptical galaxy	spiral galaxy	wrong galaxy
spheroidal component	entire galaxy	There is	Very weak
stellar disk	No or weak	Main component	Main component
Gas and dust disk	Not	There is	There is
spiral branches	None or only near the core	There is	Not
Active cores	Meet	Meet	No
Percentage of the total number of galaxies	20%	55%	5%

Large portrait of galaxies

Not so long ago, astronomers began working on a collaborative project to determine the location of galaxies throughout the universe. Their task is to get a more detailed picture of the general structure and shape of the universe on a large scale. Unfortunately, the scale of the universe is difficult to estimate for understanding by many people. Take at least our galaxy, consisting of more than a hundred billion stars. There are billions more galaxies in the universe. Distant galaxies have been discovered, but we see their light as it was almost 9 billion years ago (we are separated by such a large distance).

Astronomers became aware that most galaxies belonged to a particular group (it became known as a "cluster"). The Milky Way is part of a cluster, which, in turn, consists of forty known galaxies. As a rule, most of these clusters are part of an even larger grouping, which is called superclusters.

Our cluster is part of a supercluster commonly referred to as the Virgo Cluster. Such a massive cluster consists of more than 2 thousand galaxies. At the same time that astronomers mapped the location of these galaxies, superclusters began to take shape. Large superclusters have gathered around what appear to be gigantic bubbles or voids. What kind of structure this is, no one knows yet. We do not understand what can be inside these voids. By assumption, they can be filled with a certain type of dark matter unknown to scientists, or they can have empty space inside. It will be a long time before we know the nature of such voids.

Galactic Computing

Edwin Hubble is the founder of galactic research. He is the first to figure out how to calculate the exact distance to a galaxy. In his research, he relied on the method of pulsating stars, which are better known as Cepheids. The scientist was able to notice the relationship between the period that is needed to complete one pulsation of brightness, and the energy that the star releases. The results of his research were a major breakthrough in the field of galactic research. In addition, he found that there is a correlation between the red spectrum emitted by a galaxy and its distance (the Hubble constant).

Nowadays, astronomers can measure the distance and speed of a galaxy by measuring the amount of redshift in the spectrum. It is known that all galaxies of the Universe move from each other. The further the galaxy is from the Earth, the greater its speed of movement.

To visualize this theory, it is enough to imagine yourself driving a car that moves at a speed of 50 km per hour. A car in front of you is driving faster at 50 km per hour, which indicates that the speed of its movement is 100 km per hour. There is another car in front of him, which is moving faster by another 50 km per hour. Even though the speed of all 3 cars will be 50 km/h different, the first car is actually moving away from you 100 km/h faster. Since the red spectrum indicates the speed of the galaxy moving away from us, the following is obtained: the greater the redshift, the faster the galaxy moves, respectively, and the greater its distance from us.

Now we have new tools to help scientists in their search for new galaxies. Thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists have been able to see what they could only dream of before. The high power of this telescope provides good visibility of even small details in nearby galaxies and allows you to study more distant ones that have not yet been known to anyone. Currently, new tools for space observation are under development, and in the near future they will help to gain a deeper understanding of the structure of the universe.

Types of galaxies

spiral galaxies. In shape, they resemble a flat spiral disk with a pronounced center, the so-called core. Our Milky Way galaxy belongs to this category. In this section of the portal site you will find many different articles describing the space objects of our Galaxy.
Barred galaxies. They resemble spiral ones, only they differ from them in one significant difference. Spirals do not depart from the core, but from the so-called jumpers. This category includes a third of all galaxies in the universe.
Elliptical galaxies come in a variety of shapes, from perfectly round to oval-shaped. Compared to spiral ones, they lack a central, pronounced core.
Irregular galaxies do not have a characteristic shape or structure. They cannot be attributed to any of the above types. There are far fewer irregular galaxies in the vastness of the universe.

Astronomers have recently launched a joint project to identify the location of all galaxies in the universe. Scientists hope to get a better picture of its structure on a large scale. The size of the universe is difficult to estimate for human thinking and understanding. Our galaxy alone is a connection of hundreds of billions of stars. And there are billions of such galaxies. We can see the light from the discovered distant galaxies, but do not even mean that we are looking into the past, because the light beam reaches us for tens of billions of years, such a great distance separates us.

Astronomers also associate most galaxies with certain groups called clusters. Our Milky Way belongs to a cluster of 40 explored galaxies. Such clusters are combined into large groupings called superclusters. The cluster with our galaxy is part of the Virgo supercluster. This giant cluster contains over 2,000 galaxies. As scientists began to map the distribution of these galaxies, superclusters took on certain shapes. Most of the galactic superclusters were surrounded by giant voids. No one knows what could be inside these voids: outer space like interplanetary space or a new form of matter. It will take a long time to solve this riddle.

Interaction of galaxies

No less interesting for scientists is the question of the interaction of galaxies as components of space systems. It's no secret that space objects are in constant motion. Galaxies are no exception to this rule. Some of the types of galaxies could cause a collision or merger of two space systems. If you look into how these space objects appear, large-scale changes as a result of their interaction become more understandable. During the collision of two space systems, a huge amount of energy splashes out. The meeting of two galaxies in the vastness of the Universe is an even more probable event than the collision of two stars. The collision of galaxies does not always end in an explosion. A small space system can freely pass by its larger counterpart, changing only slightly its structure.

Thus, formations are formed that are similar in appearance to elongated corridors. Stars and gas zones stand out in their composition, new luminaries often form. There are times when galaxies do not collide, but only lightly touch each other. However, even such an interaction triggers a chain of irreversible processes that lead to huge changes in the structure of both galaxies.

What is the future of our galaxy?

As scientists suggest, it is possible that in the distant future the Milky Way will be able to absorb a tiny satellite system, which is located at a distance of 50 light years from us. Studies show that this satellite has a long life potential, but if it collides with a giant neighbor, it will most likely end its separate existence. Astronomers also predict a collision between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Nebula. Galaxies move towards each other at the speed of light. Before a likely collision, wait about three billion Earth years. However, whether it will actually happen now is hard to argue due to the lack of data on the motion of both space systems.

Description of galaxiesKvant. Space

The portal site will take you to the world of interesting and fascinating space. You will learn the nature of the construction of the Universe, get acquainted with the structure of known large galaxies and their components. By reading articles about our galaxy, some of the phenomena that can be observed in the night sky become more understandable to us.

All galaxies are at a great distance from the Earth. Only three galaxies can be seen with the naked eye: the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and the Andromeda Nebula. It is impossible to count all galaxies. Scientists suggest that their number is about 100 billion. The spatial arrangement of galaxies is uneven - one region can contain a huge number of them, in the second there will not be even a single small galaxy at all. Astronomers failed to separate the image of galaxies from individual stars until the early 1990s. At that time, there were about 30 galaxies with individual stars. All of them were assigned to the Local group. In 1990, a majestic event took place in the development of astronomy as a science - the Hubble telescope was launched into Earth's orbit. It is this technique, as well as new ground-based 10-meter telescopes, that made it possible to see a much larger number of resolved galaxies.

Today, the "astronomical minds" of the world are puzzling over the role of dark matter in the construction of galaxies, which manifests itself only in gravitational interaction. For example, in some large galaxies it makes up about 90% of the total mass, while dwarf galaxies may not contain it at all.

Evolution of galaxies

Scientists believe that the emergence of galaxies is a natural stage in the evolution of the Universe, which took place under the influence of gravitational forces. Approximately 14 billion years ago, the formation of protoclusters in the primary matter began. Further, under the influence of various dynamic processes, the separation of galactic groups took place. The abundance of galaxy shapes is explained by the variety of initial conditions in their formation.

It takes about 3 billion years to compress a galaxy. Over a given period of time, the gas cloud turns into a star system. Star formation occurs under the influence of gravitational compression of gas clouds. After reaching a certain temperature and density in the center of the cloud, sufficient for the start of thermonuclear reactions, a new star is formed. Massive stars are formed from thermonuclear chemical elements that are larger than helium in mass. These elements create the primary helium-hydrogen environment. During grandiose explosions of supernovae, elements heavier than iron are formed. It follows from this that the galaxy consists of two generations of stars. The first generation are the oldest stars, consisting of helium, hydrogen and a very small amount of heavy elements. Second-generation stars have a more noticeable admixture of heavy elements, since they are formed from a primordial gas enriched in heavy elements.

In modern astronomy, galaxies as cosmic structures are given a separate place. The types of galaxies, the features of their interaction, similarities and differences are studied in detail, and a forecast of their future is made. This area contains many more incomprehensible things that require further study. Modern science has solved many questions regarding the types of construction of galaxies, but there are also many blank spots associated with the formation of these cosmic systems. The current pace of modernization of research equipment, the development of new methodologies for the study of space bodies give hope for a significant breakthrough in the future. One way or another, galaxies will always be at the center of scientific research. And it is based not only on human curiosity. Having received data on the patterns of development of space systems, we will be able to predict the future of our galaxy called the Milky Way.

The most interesting news, scientific, author's articles about the study of galaxies will be provided to you by the portal site. Here you can find breathtaking videos, high-quality images from satellites and telescopes that do not leave you indifferent. Dive into the world of unknown space with us!

galaxy milky way

Early results from the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) celestial survey have shown that the Milky Way may not be a typical spiral galaxy at all. The fact is that its satellites - other, very small galaxies - are not as active as those of its counterparts. If the preliminary findings of an international team of astronomers are confirmed, then scientists may have to revise some of the models that take the behavior of the Milky Way and its satellite system as a basis. Article published in the journal The Astrophysical Journal.

To date, the Milky Way is the most well-studied galaxy. One of its important components are satellites - dwarf galaxies, which contain only a few billion stars and allow cosmological models to be tested on small scales. Research shows that the properties of the Milky Way's brightest satellites do not agree with the predictions of simple simulations built on the basis of the modern Lambda-CDM cosmological model, which implies that our Universe is filled not only with baryonic matter, but also with dark energy and cold dark matter. More sophisticated simulations show that our galaxy should be surrounded by a large number of dark subhalos, which we have not yet observed. While some scientists attribute this discrepancy to imperfections in physics, others suggest that the Milky Way and its Local Group neighbors may simply be atypical galaxies.

The authors of the SAGA review explore the Milky Way analogue galaxies and their satellites with a brightness no less than that of Leo I, a dwarf elliptical galaxy that is considered one of the most distant satellites of the Milky Way. To date, astronomers have studied eight such galaxies, located at a distance of 20 to 40 megaparsecs from us (you can read about space "rulers" in ours). Around them, astronomers have found 25 satellites: 14 of them meet the formal criteria, and the remaining 11 are either close to incompletely explored galaxies, or their brightness is below the lower limit. Thus, together with 13 previously known satellites, scientists received a sample of 27 dwarf galaxies.

An analysis of the luminosity functions of the parent galaxies showed a large spread in the number of satellites: from 1 to 9 for similar galaxies. At the same time, scientists did not find statistically significant correlations between the properties of galaxies and the number of satellites (although this would be difficult, given the small sample size). Comparison with the predictions of the Lambda-CDM model showed that the spread in the number of satellites for the parent galaxies turned out to be higher than expected.

Interestingly, in 26 of the 27 dwarf galaxies, active star formation processes occur, which is not observed in the satellites of the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy (M31) with the same magnitude. According to scientists, this is an important discovery, since many modern cosmological models imply that the Milky Way is a typical spiral galaxy. At the same time, the observation of astronomers indicates that the system of satellites of our galaxy may not be representative.

The authors of the paper warn that the data are still insufficient for unambiguous conclusions. SAGA's ultimate goal is to study one hundred analogues of the Milky Way. In the next two years, astronomers plan to increase the number of studied objects to 25: this will allow checking the preliminary results.

Researchers have been trying to explain the scarcity of dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way for years. They are still little studied, largely due to being observed. According to , supernova explosions in the early stages of galaxy formation and the stellar wind they create may well destroy young dwarf galaxies even before they reach maturity, “blowing out” stars and gas from them.

Kristina Ulasovich

Job type: Additional tasks

Required conditions: unlock the research station at Site 1: Hope

Starting location: Eos

How to get the: enter the science station building at Site 1

Activate terminal

Object 1: Hope

At Site 1 (1) , after the power supply is restored (during the story mission), enter the research center (2) . Activate the terminal to restore power to the research center. You need to create some kind of weapon of your choice at the restored scientific station.

Collect local resources and make weapons

If you've scanned a lot of different vehicles at Site 1, you should already have enough science data points to research the weapons. If not, then walk around with the scanner and check the various equipment.

Create a weapon

Next to the terminal (2) there is a science station device hanging from the ceiling. Use the Research interface to unlock blueprints for weapons, armor, and upgrades with Milky Way, Heleus, or Relic science data. And then use the crafting interface to craft the desired item or upgrade with the resources you've collected. To complete this task, simply craft any weapon.

Crafting for the first time

When using the Science Center for the first time, you will notice that you have very little science data to create a blueprint. Fortunately, you should already have blueprints ready for development. Go from "research" to "development" to find these development-ready items.

Scroll through the many different blueprints and make sure you have the right amount of resources to create the weapon you like. Confirm your choice to start development. Rename the weapon, if desired. This mission ends when you exit the science center menu. For completing a simple task, you will receive not only the weapon itself, but also a certain amount of XP.

The Milky Way revolves around two black holes, not just one, as previously thought. So believe the scientists of the Paris Institute of Physics. They found that the black hole at the center of our Galaxy has a smaller "neighbor".

The black hole Sagittarrius A*, the existence of which was previously known, is almost four million times larger than the Sun. Discovered by researchers led by Jean-Pierre Maillard, the new hole is much smaller, and only 1300 times larger than our star. The distance between the objects is approximately one and a half light years.

Maiar believes the Milky Way's stars orbit a newly discovered hole, cataloged as GCIRS 13E. She, in turn, makes circles around Sagittarius A*. He also put forward the hypothesis that there may be several black holes of a "small" (by cosmic standards) size in the Milky Way, but the hypothesis has not yet been proven.

The new galaxy needs new heroes. As Captain Shepard battled the Reapers, the Andromeda Initiative members slept peacefully in their cryopods as they made their way to a new home in a galaxy far, far away. However, in Mass Effect Andromeda there is still some memory of Shepard, and we are not talking about choosing the gender of the legendary captain when creating a new

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However, in Mass Effect Andromeda there is still some memory of Shepard, and we are not talking about choosing the gender of the legendary captain when creating a new character. In the game, you can get the armor of N7 fighters.

How to get N7 armor in Mass Effect Andromeda

Unfortunately, you will not be able to simply get the coveted set of armor from some well-hidden box. The armor needs to be researched first.

Head to the second deck of the Tempest. Here, in the central compartment, the scientific terminal is very well located. You need the Research section, the Armor subsection. Four pieces of N7 armor will be at the bottom of the list: here you will find N7 bracers, N7 chest, N7 helmet and N7 leggings.

To research even a set of the first level, you will have to work hard. All research is done for Milky Way Science Data Points. Please note: you will not be able to immediately research the bracers or breastplate of the fifth level, research must be carried out sequentially, starting from the first level.

Here is a list of all the N7 armor pieces with the resources needed for research:

Bracers N7

Bracer Tier 1: 50 Science Data
Bracer Tier 2: 55 Science Data
Bracer Tier 3: 60 Science Data
Level 4 Bracer: 65 Science Data
Level 5 Bracer: 70 Science Data

Bib N7

Chest Tier 1: 100 Science Data
Chest Tier 2: 110 Science Data
Chest Tier 3: 120 Science Data
Chest tier four: 130 scientific data
Tier 5 Chest: 140 Science Data

Helmet N7

Helmet Level 1: 50 Science Data
Helmet level 2: 55 scientific data
Helmet Level 3: 60 Science Data
Fourth helmet level: 65 scientific data
Helmet level five: 70 scientific data

Leggings N7

Leggings Tier 1: 50 Science Data
Leggings Tier 2: 55 Science Data
Leggings Tier 3: 60 Science Data
Leggings Tier 4: 65 Science Data
Leggings Tier 5: 70 Science Data

Research completed? Great, it remains to produce the necessary parts of the armor. You don't need to go far from the terminal, just go from the Research section to the Development section.

To create the N7 armor, you will need four resources: copper, iridium, platinum and a container of omni-gel. Here is a list of all N7 armor pieces with the resources needed for production: