Russian language,

21st century: new loanwords

Process borrowing words in Russian inevitable. It happens that there is simply no new concept in the Russian language, and it must be described in many words. Often, foreign language terms are shorter than a Russian word, and even more so, a description. Yes, borrowing words is not bad. Bad when it happens crowding out, substitution Russian words foreign: premium - bonus, direction - trend, creative - creative, etc. There is an opinion that borrowing is certainly good. They enrich the language, expand its vocabulary. This opinion is partly true: both when a new concept has no designation in the language at all (boutique, marketing, realtor, interactive), and when a new word, although a synonym for existing words in the language, has obvious additional meanings (reception, slogan, extreme), but wanted to neologisms were easy to pronounce, easily integrated into Russian grammar.

Here is a list of some borrowed words that have become firmly established in our language.

Bonus(from lat. bonus - kind, good) - reward, bonus.

Vending(English vending) is the sale of goods and services using automated systems (vending machines).

Vintage(fr. vintage) in winemaking - wines or harvest of a certain year and age. In a broad sense, the word "vintage" at the present time is any clothes, household items, cars, etc. of the past in a modern interpretation (in retro style).

Volunteer(French volontaire, from Latin voluntarius) - a person who carries out voluntary activities for the benefit of the general public without the expectation of a monetary reward. In the original meaning - a person who voluntarily entered the military service.

google(from English Google) - search for information on the Internet using Google.

Deadline(from the English deadline) is the deadline (date and / or time) by which the task must be completed.

Dress code(eng. dress code - code of clothing) - the form of clothing required when visiting certain events, organizations, institutions.

CIO(eng. Chief Information Officer) - informatization manager (chief), director of information technology.

Merchandiser- a commodity manager, a person representing a trading company in retail chains (most often super- and hypermarkets).

cleaning company - cleaning company.

coach(English coach) - coach.

LiComBez– Educational project Liquidation of computer illiteracy.

Message(English message) - message, message.

pattern(English pattern from Latin patronus is a model, role model, pattern, style, pattern, pattern) in the modern methodology of socio-humanitarian knowledge - a term close to the concept of "concept".

Receptionist(eng. reception, fr. reception, germ. Rezeption) is a word with the main meaning “reception”, “reception”. In our today's understanding, this is the place where the client first of all gets or where the client enters or turns to any institution from a hairdresser to a restaurant, although initially this word referred only to the hotel check-in service.

Startup(Eng. Start-up - run), a startup company is a newly created company that builds its business on the basis of innovation, which has not entered the market or has just begun to enter it and has a limited set of resources.

Supervisor(English supervisor) - 1) observer, inspector; 2) manager, leader.

trend(from English trend) is a direction, course, trend.

Franchiseeis a company that buys the right to conduct business (franchise) under the name or trademark, the opportunity for training and assistance in creating a business from the franchisor and pays a service fee (royalty) for the use of the trademark, know-how and system of doing business of the franchisor.

freak(from the English freak - freak) is a club dancer working in bright and large costumes. In modern society, this term is used to refer to people who dress in completely different and incomprehensible traditional society, the behavior of freaks does not correspond to social norms.

fake(English fake) - fake, fake.

Headliner(from English headliner, head-liner) is the author of headings; headline hero, star of the show, lead performer.

Library
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Buzzwords (also glamorous vocabulary and "buzzwords") are a special kind of new words and speech constructions often used in commerce, school speech, propaganda and professional activities to give the impression of the speaker's awareness and to give something an image of importance, uniqueness or novelty. . This is especially noticeable in the speech of schoolchildren. They define jargon, buzzwords, slang as "their" language. Today, the jargon of schoolchildren is an objective reality. Teachers and parents have ceased to understand children. Therefore, today the problem of youth jargon is more relevant than ever. Many linguists have dealt with this problem. Most of them consider the craze for slang words to be a “childhood illness” as a temporary phenomenon, others believe that there is a dangerous tendency to slang the literary language. So why do schoolchildren use jargon, slang words in their speech? Does this phenomenon go away with age? And in general, where did the jargon come from?

School slang in the 19th and 20th centuries

We know nothing about school slang until the 19th century. Just a few words. For example,whistles - this is how the rods for schoolchildren were called from the time of Peter the Great. The school slang of the early 19th century is also practically unknown. What slang did lyceum students from the time of Pushkin speak? And was slang then widespread or was everything limited to nicknames and nicknames of teachers and lyceum students? We will never know.

In the description of the seminary in Gogol's story "Viy" there are already some slang expressions:get in shape - tutoringtry big peas - to be punished.
But especially many such expressions are contained in N. Pomyalovsky's Essays on the Bursa.
Here are just a few examples.Send out the gate - to be expelled from school;May- rods; title- certificate; staring- eyes; lupetka - face. An example of a slang conversation can be considered the following scene from a book:

- What?
- Who took the crust?

– Stibril?
- Bonded?
- Slapped?
- Stolen?
– Lafa , brother".



"Who are you callingbruised ? I inquired.

Charskaya uses the wordsillyulki - small rooms for musical exercises. In the slang of those times, the wordscream and parfettes denoted the best students, and the wordmovers - the worst in behavior. Here it is curious that the slang of the pupils reflected their noble origin, the last words are borrowed from French.



- This isstriped stripes ! - they explain to us, seeing a lean woman in a teacher's blue dress. - And thisbruise !».

“We are frightened whispering:
– dunk! Yes dunk same!

Only then do they explain to the girls thatdunk, or dunk, - it means to say hello, to curtsey,dip a candle . There are other terms that are understandable only to the students of this institute, for example, the toilet is calledpenguin .

"They brought another unfortunategut ».

“I entered into a restless and helpless society of cooks, or, as the old schoolboys contemptuously called them, into a societyswarm . swarming we were nicknamed for the fact that we, small and nimble, swarmed and got confused at the breaks under the feet of adults.
Paustovsky gives many more examples of "gymnasium terminology". If someone is confused, then helet off steam , prompting in the lesson isfile .
The October Revolution and the Civil War dramatically increased the share of slang in the language of schoolchildren. This is explained by two circumstances. Firstly, the revolution and the war led to a general decline in morals, which could not but affect the language of society as a whole. And secondly, new students came to the school - children of workers and peasants, homeless children, teenagers who went through all the difficulties of that time. True, Anatoly Rybakov and Veniamin Kaverin, who write about this time, practically avoid using slang. Probably,hang a pretzel (which means to fight) - this is the most innocent thing that the heroes of A. Rybakov's Kortik said in real life.
Apparently, it was at this time that school slang was significantly replenished with thieves' vocabulary. Here are her examples from the story of L. Panteleev and G. Belykh "Republic of ShKID":squeeze- to steal roll - Complain ("Whorolled up ? - the gypsy was sincerely indignant), sculpt humpbacked - to pretend stand on the lookout - guard, protect, Shamovka - food, etc.
The thieves' slang then entered the everyday speech of many people, hooligan songs were popular in the yards. It is no coincidence that Yevgeny Yevtushenko wrote poems containing the lines:

However, in the post-war school, according to the memoirs of my father (he studied from 1947 to 1957), there was not much pronounced school slang. There were borrowings from the front-line language (for example,half land - a signal of danger) and from the jargon of criminals:caudle- company, boilers- clock, crusts- boots, rubbing- to steal nix - guard post. Here is how they sang in a parody song from the early 50s:

Fishing by the river
Someonestole shoes.
I do not tyril , I did not take,
I'm onnix stood.

By itself, school slang was quite poor:stare- look, fattrust - fat studentnishtyak- nothing, let whistle - lie.
The school slang of high school students was noticeably enriched and updated in the late 50s, when the so-called dudes appeared. Along with their special fashion (tight trousers, plaid jackets, colorful ties, boots with thick rubber soles), the dudes also brought their own language, partly borrowed from foreign words, partly from the musical environment, partly from nowhere.Dude, dude - a guy, a girl who are their own in a stylish company,ford - a place for evening walks (from Broadway),to heal - go for a walk,crap - nonsense, lies, etc. At the same time, terms from the musical environment came to school slang:music on the ribs - music self-recorded on x-ray films,slap- play jazz labukh - musician.
From the folklore of the time:

Used to listen to Bach fugues
And now labay boogie.

The 1970s and 1980s became a time of mass study of foreign languages. In the same years, the hippie youth movement came to us. Many foreign (especially English) words have penetrated into the Russian language. Of course, this could not but affect the slang of high school students. Gerla- girl, diminutive - gerlenysh, trusera- trousers, pants, khairat- long-haired young man, hippie, shoemaker- any shoes session- party, hippie- behave independently, disregarding general rules, etc.
New things appeared, and with them new words. Thus arose, for example, the word pinwheel to refer to the player and the word video recorder- for VCR.

break off- get by chance, by pull.
Lamp- record player. I recently broke off a flashlight.
sucks- bad, unsuccessful; slop - bad. Your outfit sucks, bro!
Cool- good, funny. Cool movie, just trash.
(By the way, the word is very old, Dahl also has it: cool - good, handsome, beautiful. cool bride.)
Steep- very good, wonderful, sometimes "strong". Cool guy Chuck Norris.
Hedgehog- stupid, incomprehensible person, sometimes goof, i.e. dupe, victim of deceit. Not to be confused with herding hedgehogs- engage in nonsense, nonsense.
Violetovo (= in fig, in a hair dryer) - doesn't matter. What kind of ice cream do you like - chocolate or cream? - I'm purple.
Scrap- laziness, reluctance to do something. And I'm at a loss to do this.
lean on- ignore something. Did you like this book? - Yes, I wanted to lean on her!
Arrow- a pre-scheduled meeting, accompanied by a fight. score an arrow- make an appointment.
Pipes- wide pants.
Linden, lime- unreal, bogus. Help something you have about the disease fake.
Pepper - guy, man. Look what pepper went.
Brake (verb to brake) - a person who thinks slowly.
tops- nonsense or nonsense action. Tops sown (bloomed)- something crazy started.
Purely concrete, real, in kind, I give a tooth- in fact.
white, hare- computer mouse.
ship- give a large amount of unnecessary information, sometimes deliberately chatter. Don't burden me with your problems.
Truck, sinker (noun) – one who gives such information.

Clone (from clone), the same scan copied, written off. Is this your work or a clone?
Mobile(from mobile) - telephone, communication.
Samsa (from the abbreviation SMS) - a method of mobile communication.
glitch(verb fail) - an error, incompleteness in a computer program. My printer is failing.

Krezanuty(from English. crazy)- crazy.
Wild (from German dick) - thick.
Phaser (from English. father) - father.
Flat (from English. flat) - house.
Pogoal homat (from English. go home) - went home, originally go home, Further Goal home, corner home, i.e. Russian prefixes are interspersed in English words transmitted in Russian letters, resulting in a new slang word that is characteristic of those who study this particular language.
gold (from English. gold) - any item made of gold.
Lakky, lakkik (from English. luck) - happy, lucky.

tusovka(originally from the criminal sphere) - a bunch of people.
Roof- protection.
Shukher- danger.
Shmon- checking diaries, collecting notebooks for checking.
Bratva- appeal.

wheels - narcotic pills.
Sit on a needle - Start taking drugs.
cant - drugged cigarette.
sniffers - drug addicts.
impaled - being under the influence of a drug.
Fiesta- befuddled. He has a fiesta.
dope- drugs.

Probably, in all schools there have always been and will be such words that are understandable to any person. As long as there are students and teachers, there will behomework, shift, teacher, physical-ra, lit-ra, matika etc.

It is no coincidence that slang is currently used in the press and even in literature (and not only the detective genre) to give liveliness to speech. Even high-ranking statesmen use slang expressions in their speeches. Therefore, it is impossible to treat slang as something that only pollutes the Russian language? Is it an integral part of our speech?

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Brief description of the document:

"Fashion words" in modern Russian.

The technical and informational breakthrough of the late 20th century made the international exchange of information inevitable, which would be difficult without a single language code, which is what international terminology is in this case. The need for a verbal designation of new concepts, objects, and phenomena of reality and the lack of adequate names in the Russian language inevitably led to the borrowing of international vocabulary.

But there are also borrowings that are dictated by fashion.

Buzzwords (also glamorous vocabulary and "buzzwords") are a special kind of new words and speech constructions often used in commerce, school speech, propaganda and professional activities to give the impression of the speaker's awareness and to give something an image of importance, uniqueness or novelty. . This is especially noticeable in the speech of schoolchildren. They define jargon, buzzwords, slang as "their" language. Today, the jargon of schoolchildren is an objective reality. Teachers and parents have ceased to understand children. Therefore, today the problem of youth jargon is more relevant than ever. Many linguists have dealt with this problem. Most of them consider the craze for slang words to be a “childhood illness” as a temporary phenomenon, others believe that there is a dangerous tendency to slang the literary language. So why do schoolchildren use jargon, slang words in their speech? Does this phenomenon go away with age? And in general, where did the jargon come from?

After thinking about these questions, I decided to conduct my own research.

The English language (in its American version) is the main donor of the era, its infusion into the Russian language is very significant. There are many reasons for this, and not least - the expansion of the virtual world and communication, in particular, via the Internet. Now English words are replacing not only Russian ones, but also the words of other languages, previously borrowed and quite taken root in Russian (for example, animator instead of French cartoonist, etc.). A foreign word has become not only necessary, necessary, but also attractive, prestigious. The measure and selectivity in the use of foreign vocabulary began to be lost. The general mood, fashion, the desire to be "on a par with the century" wins. It must be admitted that the bulk of such borrowings is also caused by the desire to create an ironic overtone in the coverage of the new life of contemporaries. When such words enter the Russian text, obeying Russian grammar, a kind of artificial American-Russian mixture is obtained, and the information is ultimately taken lightly. Based on the combination of lexical units of different languages, various variants of interjargon are created - youth, computer, professional pop-musical, everyday-urban, etc. Moreover, this kind of "language in the language" exists not only in oral speech, but now more and more often often functions (in one volume or another) on the pages of newspapers and magazines.

All new borrowings can be divided into two categories - necessary, inevitable, partly even meeting the needs of the language itself, as they fit into the main trends of its development (for example, corresponding to the law of speech economy: sniper - Russian. marksman; stayer - long-distance runner ; a safe is a fireproof cabinet, and borrowings that do not meet the requirements of necessity, borrowings that could have been avoided in a situation of a more careful attitude to the natural Russian word.

With a differentiated approach to determining the reasons for borrowing, the following are usually distinguished:

1. The need to name new things, phenomena, concepts: computer, hospice (hospital for hopeless patients); fax (type of telephone communication) and others.
2. The need to distinguish between concepts: make-up artist (from fr.visage - face) and previously borrowed designer (artist - designer, from English design - idea, drawing, project); image (from English image - image) and Russian image.
3. The need for visualization of concepts. In some situations, a foreign word (purely psychologically) helps to hide the negative or direct meaning of the concept: pediculosis (lice), cancer (cancer).
4. A tendency to replace descriptive, non-single-word names with single-word ones. Very often, a foreign word is preferred to the original descriptive phrase, if both of them serve to denote one undifferentiated concept, for example: a sniper instead of a well-aimed shooter, a tour instead of traveling along a circular route, a motel instead of a hotel for car tourists, a sprint instead of running short distances.
5. Striving for a fashionable, more modern word. Against the general background of widespread borrowing, the “overseas word” turns out to be prestigious, sounding like a scientist and, therefore, intellectual and beautiful. In this case, the very understanding of the word (its Russian translation) turns out to be somewhat elevated, unusual. For example, a presentation is not just a presentation of something, but a solemn action; a boutique is not a small shop, but an elite salon - a shop

At present, borrowing is widely represented in all spheres of life - political (transformations in the state and party-political structure, for example, a summit, speaker, briefing), economic (transition to a market economy, the emergence of a new credit and financial system - distributor, auditor, manager, broker), household (influence in the style of clothing and pastime - camping, dancing, shopping), in the field of contemporary art (single, sound, disc jockey, show) and sports (doping, training, kickboxing, overtime). Many of these words turn out to be generating bases (for example, PR - PR).

Evidence that words have become firmly established in Russian everyday life is their metaphorization and the ability to obey Russian grammar (political beau monde, tablond press). A foreign word also sometimes adapts to Russian word usage, changing its meaning to varying degrees. In this case, a kind of assimilation of the semantics of the “alien” takes place. So the sports term "outsider" is an athlete who has no chance of success in the competition; race or running horse, which is not a favorite, - expanded the scope of its application. The word more often began to be used in the meaning of "a person or group of persons who do not belong to a given society, circle", as well as with a touch of quality and evaluation of "non-specialist", "amateur", "lagging behind".

Growth of spheres of distribution of slang and colloquial vocabulary and expansion of the composition of lexical groups of socially or professionally limited use.

Many lexical units (especially in the areas of politics, computer technology, economics) “lose” their attachment to certain styles and move into the category of stylistically neutral ones. They are no longer used in the speech of only specialists or certain social groups of people, they become widely used and understandable to most native speakers.

A feature of the functioning of the literary language of our time is also its active interaction with vernacular, colloquial elements and various jargons, slang. These lexical elements, moved from the peripheral spheres of the language to the center of the system, are combined on the basis of "reduction" in comparison with the neutral level of the literary language, but recently they have become widely used in the language of newspapers, and in television and radio broadcasting, and in the speech of educated people. strata of the population. As the main reason for the expansion of the layer of common vocabulary due to colloquial words and jargon, linguists call the democratization of all areas of public life in Russia.

School slang in the 19th and 20th centuries

School slang, apparently, has always existed, but very little information has been preserved about the vocabulary of schoolchildren of the distant and even not very distant past. After all, slang is folklore and, therefore, was not specially recorded in writing. Therefore, when talking about the slang of the past, one has to rely on fiction, memoirs and oral memories.
We know nothing about school slang until the 19th century. Just a few words. For example, whistles - since the time of Peter the Great they called rods for schoolchildren. The school slang of the early 19th century is also practically unknown. What slang did lyceum students from the time of Pushkin speak? And was slang then widespread or was everything limited to nicknames and nicknames of teachers and lyceum students? We will never know.
It seems that slang could not be widely used among children from aristocratic families: they could easily choose the most convenient word from those foreign languages ​​that they spoke fluently. Real slang appeared, probably, only when the children of commoners came to school. And these were most often parochial schools, bursa, seminaries, etc.
In the description of the seminary in Gogol's story "Viy" there are already some slang expressions: to go to the conditions - to tutor, to try large peas - to be punished.
But especially many such expressions are contained in N. Pomyalovsky's Essays on the Bursa.
Here are just a few examples. Send out the gate - expelled from the school; May - rods; title - certificate; staring - eyes; lupeta - face. An example of a slang conversation can be considered the following scene from a book:
“Gentlemen, this is vile, finally!
- What?
- Who took the crust?
- With porridge? They answered him mockingly.
-Stibril?
- Bonded?
- Slapped?
- Stolen?
- Lafa, brother.
All these words, translated from Bursatsky into ordinary language, meant: stolen, and lafa - famously.
Unfortunately, Pomyalovsky is a rare exception. Other writers of the 19th century do not use slang, and even more so school slang, in their works.
Some examples of the speech of the pupils of the boarding school of noble maidens of the 80s of the XIX century can be found in the works of Lydia Charskaya. So, in her "Notes of the Institute" we read:
“Who do you call bruises? I inquired.
“Great ladies, because they all wear blue dresses.”
Charskaya, on the other hand, uses phrases - small rooms for musical exercises. In the slang of those times, the words cream and parfettes denoted the best students, and the words tags denoted the worst in behavior. Here it is curious that the slang of the pupils reflected their noble origin, the last words are borrowed from French.
About the slang of the 90s of the XIX century, you can find a mention in the book by Alexandra Brushtein "The road goes into the distance ...".
Here is how she describes her first day at the institute (that was the name of the elementary school for girls in the city of Vilna in 1894):
“And here we are in a large darkish Swiss ... Women scurry between the hangers ... they help the girls-students to undress.
- It's stripes! - they explain to us, seeing a lean woman in a teacher's blue dress. - And this is a bruise!
Then the meeting takes place with the director:
“We are frightened whispering:
– Dunk! Damakayte!
We do not understand what they want from us. Should we wave? Who should wave - the director? What to wave?
Only then are they explained to the girls what to dip, or dip, - this means to say hello, to curtsey, to dip a candle. There are other terms that are understandable only to the students of this institute, for example, the toilet is called a penguin.
Konstantin Paustovsky studied at the famous First Kyiv Gymnasium and graduated from it in 1912. The first phrase he heard at school was:
"They brought another unfortunate gut."
Here is how the author explains this word in the autobiographical Tale of Life:
“I entered into a restless and helpless society of cooks, or, as the old schoolboys contemptuously called them, into a swarming society. Kishataminas were nicknamed because we, small and nimble, swarmed and got confused at the breaks under the feet of adults.”
Paustovsky gives many more examples of "gymnasium terminology". If someone is confused, it means that he let off steam, prompting in the lesson is to serve.
The October Revolution and the Civil War dramatically increased the share of slang in the language of schoolchildren. This is explained by two circumstances. Firstly, the revolution and the war led to a general decline in morals, which could not but affect the language of society as a whole. And secondly, new students came to the school - children of workers and peasants, homeless children, teenagers who went through all the difficulties of that time. True, Anatoly Rybakov and Veniamin Kaverin, who write about this time, practically avoid using slang. Probably, hanging a pretzel (which means to fight) is the most innocent thing that the heroes of A. Rybakov's Kortik said in real life.
Apparently, it was at this time that school slang was significantly replenished with thieves' vocabulary. Here are her examples from the story of L. Panteleev and G. Belykh “Republic of ShKID”: squeeze - steal, roll - complain (“Who rolled?” - the gypsy was sincerely indignant), sculpt a hunchback - pretend, stand on the lookout - guard, guard, shamovka - food, etc.
The thieves' slang then entered the everyday speech of many people, hooligan songs were popular in the yards. It is no coincidence that Yevgeny Yevtushenko wrote poems containing the lines:

The intelligentsia sings thieves' songs,
And this is instead of the songs of Krasnaya Presnya, -

Naum Korzhavin immediately responded:

The intelligentsia sings thieves' songs...
Here are the results of the songs of Krasnaya Presnya.

Unfortunately, in the children's fiction of the Soviet era, slang expressions are not given. The heroes of Arkady Gaidar, Lev Kassil and other children's writers speak in a surprisingly correct literary language, which they hardly expressed in real life.
However, in the post-war school, according to the memoirs of my father (he studied from 1947 to 1957), there was not much pronounced school slang. There were borrowings from the front-line language (for example, half a moon - a signal of danger) and from the jargon of criminals: kodla - company, boilers - watches, crusts - shoes, rubbing - stealing, nix - outpost. Here is how they sang in a parody song from the early 50s:

Fishing by the river
Someone toasted shoes.
I didn't try, I didn't take
I stood our ground.

The school slang itself was quite poor: stare - look, fat trust - a fat student, nishtyak - nothing, let him whistle - lie.
The school slang of high school students was noticeably enriched and updated in the late 50s, when the so-called dudes appeared. Along with their special fashion (tight trousers, plaid jackets, colorful ties, boots with thick rubber soles), the dudes also brought their own language, partly borrowed from foreign words, partly from the musical environment, partly from who knows where. a girl who is her own in a stylish company, a ford is a place for evening walks (from Broadway), fawn - walk, walk, crap - nonsense, lies, etc. At the same time, terms from the musical environment came to school slang: music on the ribs - music self-made recorded on films for x-rays, labat - to play jazz, labukh - a musician.
From the folklore of the time:

Used to listen to Bach fugues
And now the lababoogie.

The 1970s and 1980s became a time of mass study of foreign languages. In the same years, the hippie youth movement came to us. Many foreign (especially English) words have penetrated into the Russian language. Of course, this could not but affect the slang of high school students. Girl, diminutive - gerlysh, truzer - trousers, pants, khairat - long-haired young man, hippie, shuznyak - any shoes, session - party, hippo - behave independently, neglecting the general rules , etc.
New things appeared, and with them new words. This is how, for example, a word turntable for a player and a word vidak for a video recorder arose.
Many of these words have passed into the school slang of our time.

Modern school slang. Replenishment sources

As before, the sources of replenishment of school slang are foreign languages, thieves' slang, borrowings from the language of musicians and athletes. A new source, perhaps, in the 90s was the computer language and, unfortunately, the vocabulary of drug addicts. However, as before, and now the source of slang is the usual literary language. It's just that the meaning of individual words of normal speech is changed by schoolchildren.
Here are some examples explaining the etymology of slang words and expressions (from various sources):

a) New figurative meanings of words belonging to neutral vocabulary

Break off - get by chance, by pull.
A lantern is a tape recorder. Recently, such a lantern broke off for me.
Sucks - bad, bad; sucks - bad. Your outfit sucks, bro!
Cool - good, funny. Cool movie, just trash.
(By the way, the word is very old, Dahl also has it: cool - good, pretty, beautiful. Cool bride.)
Cool - very good, wonderful, sometimes "strong". Cool man this Chuck Norris.
A hedgehog is a stupid, slow-witted person, sometimes a goof, i.e. dupe, victim of deceit. Do not confuse grazing sezhikov - engage in nonsense, nonsense.
Violet (= nevermind, no matter what) - it doesn't matter. What kind of ice cream do you like - chocolate or cream? - I'm purple.
In scrap - laziness, reluctance to do anything. And I'm in scrap to do this.
Lean on - neglect something. Did you like this book? - Yes, I wanted to lean on her!
Arrow - a pre-scheduled meeting, accompanied by a fight. To score an arrow - arrange a meeting.
Pipes are wide pants.
Linden, fake - not real, fake. Your certificate about the disease is fake.
Pepper is a guy, a man. Look what pepper went.
Brake (verb to brake) - a person who thinks slowly.
Tops - nonsense or nonsense action. Tops sown (bloomed) - something nonsense began.
Purely concrete, real, in kind, I give a tooth - in fact.
White, white - computer mouse.
To load - to give a large amount of unnecessary information, sometimes deliberately chatter. Don't load me with your problems.
Truck, sinker (nouns) - the one who gives such information.

b) New figurative meanings of technical terms

Clone (reject), the same scan - copied, copied. Is this your essay or a clone?
Mobile (mobile) - telephone, communication.
Samsa (from the abbreviation SMS) is a method of mobile communication.
Glitch (verb bug) - an error, incompleteness in a computer program. My printer is buggy.

c) Words formed from foreign words

Krezanuty (from English craze) - crazy.
Wild (from German dick) - fat.
Phaser (from English father) - father.
Flat (from English flat) - house.
Pogoal homat (from the English Go home) - went home, initial home, further home home, corner home, i.e. Russian prefixes are interspersed in English words transmitted in Russian letters, resulting in a new slang word that is characteristic of those who study this particular language.
Gold (from English gold) - any product made of gold.
Lucky, lakkik (from English luck) - happy, lucky.

d) Words borrowed from thieves' vocabulary

Tusovka (originally from the criminal sphere) is a gathering of people.
The roof is protection.
Shukher is a danger.
Shmon - checking diaries, collecting notebooks for verification.
Brotherhood - appeal.

e) Words borrowed from the jargon of drug addicts

Wheels - narcotic pills.
Get on the needle - start taking drugs.
A jamb is a cigarette roll with a drug.
Sniffers are drug addicts.
Pinned - under the influence of a drug.
Fiesta - intoxicated. He has a fiesta.
Drugs are drugs.

Probably, in all schools there have always been and will be such words that are understandable to any person. As long as there are students and teachers, there will be homework, a shift, a teacher, physical-ra, lit-ra, matika, etc.

So, slang, buzzwords, jargon were, are and will be in school vocabulary. Is this good or bad? The question appears to be inappropriate. Slang, buzzwords can neither be banned nor abolished. It changes over time, some words die, others appear, just like in any other language. Of course, it's bad if slang completely replaces normal speech for a person - then it's just some kind of cannibal Ellochka. But it is impossible to imagine a modern student without slang at all. Therefore, schoolchildren, in my opinion, need to choose the right language means that are suitable for a particular communication situation, while taking into account who the speech is intended for, for which it is necessary not only to know the norms of the literary language, but also to analyze live speech.

The main advantages here are expressiveness and brevity.
It is no coincidence that slang is currently used in the press and even in literature (and not only the detective genre) to give liveliness to speech. Even high-ranking statesmen use slang expressions in their speeches. Therefore, it is impossible to treat slang as something that only pollutes the Russian language? Is it an integral part of our speech?

The very word "fashionable" sounds like one of the main and most powerful appeals of our time. “It is necessary to live fashionably” and “the more fashionable, the better.” This is the modern world view. This is a program of action. Strong connection between myth and reality. Downhole hit of the newest generation. This is the mainstream of the 21st century.

ATTENTION TO ALL TEACHERS: according to the Federal Law N273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”, pedagogical activity requires the teacher to have a system of special knowledge in the field of teaching and educating children with disabilities. Therefore, for all teachers it is relevant to improve their qualifications in this area!

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To ask questions.

What if you try to count how many words there are in Russian? Of course, this is not an easy task, because first you need to decide what exactly to calculate. Is it possible to take into account everything that has ever been said or written by a Russian person?

Language life

Oral speech is quite dynamic, and words have a certain life cycle.

For some, it is short, like the life of a one-day butterfly (wet shoes, poduha, Ksyushad ...). Others bloom like leaves on trees and die at the change of season (konka, fireman, floppy disk…). The life of the third lasts for centuries - these are amazing long-livers, imperceptibly accompanying many generations of speakers (family, love, homeland ...).

Too quickly, time strikes the newest words in the Russian language, but just as rapidly they are lost, erased from the memory of its speakers.

How are words counted?

In order to consider the word "officially" existing, as a rule, it is entered into a special register - a dictionary. In it, in special articles devoted to each individual concept, the meaning is explained, grammatical features are indicated, examples of the compatibility of a given word of the Russian language are given.

The very first dictionaries designed to clarify the situation were quite small. Published from 1789 to 1794. The Dictionary of the Russian Academy contains just over 42,000 items. The Academy of Sciences in 1847 presented the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", which already contains about 115,000 lexemes.

The largest and most authoritative publication today is the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, the third edition of which is being prepared for publication since 2004 (30 volumes are planned). The first edition of 1965 consisted of 17 volumes, fixing 131,257 words. At the moment, 23 volumes have been published, and the declared total number of words that will be entered in the dictionary is about 150 thousand. The authors-compilers emphasize that this scientific work captures the actual, living vocabulary, thus, many obsolete layers are removed from it (for example, the Soviet era).

In addition to classical publications that deal with the fixation of popular and predominantly literary vocabulary, there are interesting thematic dictionaries that just "catch" specific, rare units of the language. These books help to more accurately establish statistical validity and calculate how many words there are in the Russian language, because it is very rich!

What escapes from the dictionaries of the literary language?

Unfortunately, codification is a very conservative and lengthy process, which does not allow simultaneously to embrace both the past and the present, which is frozen in words as in forms. Therefore, the data of dictionaries are very different from the real situation and it is very difficult to calculate how many words there are in the Russian language. They do not include dialect, slang, children's vocabulary, professionalism and many swear words - but in total they "run over" to a seven-digit figure.

In addition, participles, gerunds, adverbs, forms of subjective evaluation are not presented in the dictionaries, the numeral can be considered a truly endless area of ​​​​lexicon (for example, half an apple, seven-legged, lonely, twenty kilograms ...). Many modern words in Russian, produced according to the regular pattern, also escape from the dictionary, since their meaning is transparent.

Russian vocabulary groups

In order to understand which units are not included in the classical normalized, "combed" dictionaries, it is necessary to generally designate the groups of words in the Russian language that form speech richness.

Special in its origin in the Russian language, foreign vocabulary is considered a separate group: perfume (fr. parfum), voyage (fr. voyage), carte blanche (fr. carte blanche); jazz (English jazz), whiskey (English whiskey), football (English foot - foot, ball - ball); landscape (German Landschaft), sandwich (German Butterbrot), tie (German Halstuch), etc.

In relation to modernity and reality, there are:

• obsolete words - archaisms and historicisms (veno, chain mail, boyan, onuchi, marketer);
• the latest words in Russian, abbreviations (moon rover, commander, NEP, collective farm, yo-mobile, iotafon, USE, ZhEK).

A special group is formed by proper names (Roman, Chernomyrdin, Alexander Pushkin, Yalta, Sharik, Fearless, Tokyo, Makeevka, Spartak, Ruslan and Lyudmila, Lada Priora, Russian Reporter, Crimea Island) .

For communication in a narrow circle of “initiates”, there is a so-called passive vocabulary of the language - it objectively exists, but functions in a limited area, among a certain contingent of people, in a single text:

• terminology and special scientific vocabulary (devaluation, photosynthesis, idiom, palpation, paleography, litote, haplology);
• dialect vocabulary (talk - repeat the same thing; balodka - one-handed hammer; shukhlyadka - locker, poles - wild apricot, fathers - parents);
• jargon and argotism (common fund, tyrit, dude, chirp, cool);
• foul language.

An interesting origin of words in Russian is noted by many researchers. Thus, occasionalisms - “word-meteors” created on occasion have an individual creative beginning: author's innovations (chelovekkin - M. Yasnov, white-salted - V. Vysotsky, bourgeois - V. Mayakovsky); colloquial vocabulary (drunk, bum, belolentochniki); children's vocabulary (mapa - mom and dad; stew - fireman).

Foreign borrowings in Russian

The largest group of new words is foreign vocabulary, penetrating into the native language for many centuries. Here one can trace a certain linguistic fashion, one can feel the trend of diplomatic relations, the political situation, the situation on the market for goods and services.

For example, in the 18th century, German and Dutch words mainly penetrated the Russian language. Thus, many nautical terms were borrowed thanks to the active creative activity of Tsar Peter I: raid, fleet, shipyard, harbor, drift, pennant, sailor, pilot, flag, etc. Thanks to the development of the military department during the reign of the great Peter I and Catherine II, the vocabulary of the Russian language was replenished with military Germanisms: attack, camp, headquarters, corporal, officer, uniform.

XIX century - the period of the so-called gallomania and the struggle against it. The French language and culture conquered noble circles. The elite spoke French even better than the language of their ancestors! A whole layer of vocabulary was fixed thanks to this language fashion: charm (charme), visitor (visiteur), cavalier (cavalier), tutor (gouverneur), curtsy (révérence), compliment (compliment). Amazing hybrid words appeared, the foundations of which were of foreign origin, and affixes - from the Russian language: skimp (from manquer - not to appear, be absent), run (from balloter - to elect by points), exaggerate (from mousser, lit. "foam" - increase, inflate rumors), cocotte (from cocote, lit. chicken - a woman of easy virtue, a kept woman), zhuirovat (from jouir - enjoy, live carefree).

It is interesting that the love for foreign vocabulary is explained by the opinion about the prestige of such a naming of an event or object and a special foreign-language euphony: a photo in the open air (from French plein air - in nature, in natural conditions), go to the promenade (from French promenade - a walk around the city), night rendezvous (from French rendez-vous - a date).

Neologism Words in the Language of the 20th Century

Neologisms are words that first appeared in the literary language of a particular period, new lexical elements. Natural changes in the life of society, scientific and technical solutions, the socio-political situation in the country - all these are significant driving forces for updating the vocabulary fund.

For example, significant social upheavals that affected society in the 20th century gave rise to several waves of neologization. After the revolution of 1917, the old world with its alien concepts disappeared, and the so-called newspeak was created with its educational programs, NEPmen, people's commissariats, party organizers, registry offices, the NKVD, etc.

Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific progress has contributed to the formation of "technical" neologisms: spaceport, lunar rover, aerial photography, video festival, media library, body armor.

The noun in the Russian language of the post-perestroika period is characterized by linguistic emancipation, when there was a mixture of vocabulary groups, in particular, the penetration of jargon into colloquial speech: chaos, racket, gerych.

The form of speech economy is abbreviations and compound words, they can also be attributed to neolexics: Security Council, minimum wage, VAT, City Duma. Most actively, neologisms are formed as a result of social shifts and explosions: privatization, Fashington.

The problem of "Americanization" of the Russian language

In the 20th century, and especially at the beginning of the 21st, English is actively manifesting itself, claiming to be international.

Computerization, a wave of new entertainment and hobbies, the influence of the Internet, the emergence of the latest technology and electronics have given rise to an invasion of neologisms. Some of them are non-equivalent (pager, diver, underground, coaching, ATV, rating), others duplicate existing words of the Russian language (gadget - device, cupcake - cake, helicopter - helicopter).

Borrowed vocabulary in the system of the Russian language is forced to adjust, acquire Russian affixes: smiley, follow, like, inflationism, engineering, parking meter (automated parking lot). However, an excessive number of foreign-language inclusions in speech makes it ugly: "Hipsters came out of co-working, sipping smoothies and discussing new startups and the resignation of Sergei Kapkov from the post of head of the Moscow Department of Culture..." (E. Kholmogorov).

Infinity sign

It is impossible to count absolutely all the words of the Russian language, because it does not remain unchanged for a single day, like any developing system. Separate words go out of common use, acquire and, conversely, lose some shades of meaning, neologisms and new formations appear.

It is physically impossible to fix most of these facts, because this is a smooth process consisting of many discrete moments. So, it can be argued that the language is quantitatively unlimited, and its units are incalculable. The correct answer to the question "How many words are there in Russian?" there can be only one - "Infinite number".

PR(Eng. PR - short for public relations - public relations) is an activity aimed at shaping public opinion about something (product, person, company, event).

Tranquil- Carefree, peaceful, devoid of emotions, self-absorbed, balanced. From English. tranquillity - calmness, serenity.

Feminitive- the “female” form of words, mainly these are professions and words denoting the type of activity, and initially in Russian these words are usually used only in the masculine form. For example, author-author, director-director, deputy-deputy and others. The legs of this phenomenon grow from the conviction of feminists that if you use such feminitives, then this will lead the world to equality between men and women.

Mansplaining- this is when a man explains something to a woman, making allowances for her gender in advance, simplifying the wording so that she can understand. Feminists (and not only them) consider mansplaining to be a form of discrimination, a manifestation of sexism. Literally, this word is translated from English as "man's explanations" (mansplaining).

Ageism– reprehensible attitude to age, age discrimination. Ageist believes that a person is too young for anything, or vice versa, already too old. This can relate to anything: work, manners of dressing, behavior, etc. The term comes from the English "age" - "age".

cupcake- a small portioned cake, a cake from a cup, a cupcake, a cake. It is baked in a special disposable paper cup made of corrugated paper, or in aluminum molds. To prepare a cupcake, use the usual biscuit dough based on milk, eggs, butter and sugar. From above, cupcakes are decorated with cream, chocolate, icing; berries, nuts, confectionery powders, etc. can be used as decor.

Clickander– an advertising module with the advertiser's content that pops up when you click on any area of ​​the site (photo, text, link, empty space). The clicker opens in a new tab under the active site and does not interfere with its viewing. Advertising in the clickander format means high traffic, low cost per click, and unobtrusiveness. Clickander is used by online stores with a wide range of products.

Domain - the name of the web resource. Consists of Latin letters, numbers, signs. There are Cyrillic domains. The maximum domain length is 63 characters. Consists of several parts separated by dots. The far right side is the 1st level domain, a reserved geographic or subject domain. ru, by, fr are country domains. edu - educational, com - commercial sites. Next, the 2nd level domain is the unique name of the site.

Bluetooth or blue tooth is a wireless connection between various devices (phone, computer, laptop, tablet, printer, fax, mice, flash drives, joysticks, etc.). Reliable, free radio communication. Minus - distance - information is transmitted within a radius of 10 m. Communication does not pass through obstacles (wall, objects). Types: classic, high-speed Wi-Fi based, bluetooth low power.

Comeback - from English. "to come back" - to return. A sports term, a sudden victory, the victory of an athlete (team) lagging behind with a large score. Usually the term is used in team sports: football, hockey, sailing, etc. Fans call the comeback a "strong-willed victory." For example, a football team that lost a match with a big score scores several goals in the last minutes and wins.

Multitasking - from lat. "multi" - a lot, and English. "task" is a task. psychological term. The ability to do several things at the same time, such as cleaning and cooking. Employers call multitasking the key to career growth. And according to psychologists, people who simultaneously perform several tasks cannot concentrate enough on any of them, so I work inefficiently.

Handicap - handicap, advantage, sports term. The handicap is used in staged competitions (running, biathlon, shooting, golf, pentathlon, equestrianism). The bottom line is this: after passing the 1st stage, the athlete has an advantage in time in relation to other rivals, he starts the next stage ahead of schedule. The handicap allows you to determine the winner based on the results of the last round.

Zoom - from English. "zoom" - enlarge the image. The ability of a camera lens to change the focal length: to zoom in and out on an object, or to zoom out and out. There is an optical zoom - the image is enlarged by zooming in, like in binoculars, the quality will be good. And there is a digital zoom - the central part of the picture is enlarged, so the image will not be clear. The zoom is indicated as follows: 4x, 10x.

Banner - from English. "banner" - a banner. Graphic image used in advertising. In outdoor advertising, banners are made from fabric films. In the web environment, clicking on a banner takes you to the advertiser's website. There are different types of banners in web resources: static (the picture does not change), dynamic GIF-banners (pictures change periodically), Flash, Java-banners (animated).

Case - from English. "case" is a situation. A training technique during which a specific situation (problem) is analyzed. The case method originated in 1924 at the Harvard Business School. Today, case technologies are used not only by business schools, but also by universities and schools. Types of cases: educational, practical and research. Case technologies are also used to test knowledge (before the test)

Liposuction is body shaping by removing fat deposits by surgery. Liposuction is done on the buttocks, waist, neck, face and chin, abdomen, calves, thighs, back, knees, shoulders and forearms. Types of liposuction: vacuum (the most traumatic), ultrasonic, laser, soft lipomodel (using current), radio frequency, water jet, tumescent, vibrolipomodelling.

Hook is the name of a punch in boxing. From English. "hook" - "hook". Indeed, the trajectory of the impact resembles a hook. This is a side kick with an arm bent at the elbows. The hook can be applied both with the left and right hand, at close range, at long range. For example, "left hook", "right hook". According to the rules of traditional boxing, a hook-punch can be applied to the head (face) and body. The hook is considered a strong and knockout punch.

Alpaca-Alpaca is a type of fabric woven from alpaca wool. Warm and cool in winter, soft, light, durable, non-pilling, dirt-resistant, hypoallergenic and therefore expensive. Alpaca is several times stronger than woolen fabrics, does not wrinkle. Alpaca is never dyed and comes in 22 natural shades. The wool of young animals is used to make fabrics, and adults are used to weave carpets.

Intro - from English. "intro" - prefix, introduction. Three-second video clip, intro clip, short version of the demo. It consists of several frames with background music and special effects. In cinemas, before the start of the film, you can see an intro-video about the cinema itself, new pictures. In the Internet environment, large videos (tutorials, manufacturer's commercials, entertainment videos) start with an intro.

Dive-Dive (dive) - a type of simulation, breaking the rules in football. Also, this type of violation is called diving. A dive is a fall with a simulation of a violation in order to receive a free kick or even a penalty. Often the judges see that the player fell defiantly. But there are many cases where the simulation ended in a goal. There is another meaning as well. Dive means to catch, beat off a low-flying ball with your head in the fall.

Tilt-shift - from English. "tilt" (shift) "shift" (tilt). Title shift is a kind of photography when the image in the photo turns out to be a toy. The effect of "toy miniature" is achieved using a special TS lens. This is a tilt and shift lens. The title shift effect is popular among photographers. Also, this effect is used when creating architectural and technical specifications.

Identity is an abbreviated word from the English phrase "corporate identity", translated as corporate identity. This is a visual image of a brand, company, business. Identity consists of a logo, branded stationery, marketing products (flyers, booklets, websites), branded packaging, branded clothing, interior and exterior of the company, press service materials, etc.

Naming-Naming (English "name" - name) - the creation of the name of a new product, service, company, site. Naming should be unique, easy to pronounce, fit into the slogan and easily generate income. The final stage of naming is the legal registration of the name, obtaining a patent. Specialists who create new names are called namers. Naming is one of the identity elements, the visual components of the brand.

Androgyne - in modern terminology - a person in whom both male and female features are combined. This applies both to psychological manifestations and behavior, and to the appearance "whether a boy or a girl." In the fashion world, models of this type are becoming more and more popular, which, being men or women by gender, look equally organic in both the female and male roles.

Pattern - (from the English "pattern" - sample, pattern) in the broadest sense - a repeating pattern. In psychology, a pattern is a stable pattern of behavior/reaction in a certain situation. In design and architecture, these are repetitive shapes and patterns. The number of natural patterns can be called endless: shell spiral, scales in cones and on animal skins, snowflakes, etc.

Offside - (from the English "offside" offside) offside position. A rule in some team sports (football, hockey, basketball, etc.) that regulates the position of players on the field during an attack. Offside in football is fixed if the player of the attacking team at the time of the pass is closer to the opponent's goal than his defenders. Violation of this rule may be punished with a yellow card.

Play offs - (from the English "play off" - a game to take off) a system for holding sports matches (team sports) within tournaments / championships, in which the losing participant (or team) is eliminated from the game. The playoff system is often referred to as the Olympic system. With a large number of participants in major competitions, qualifying matches are often organized, which determine the participants in the playoffs by the amount of points scored.

Imprinting - (from the English "imprint" - to imprint, leave a trace) in psychology is a mechanism for quickly and firmly fixing a behavioral model through a strong psycho-emotional shock. According to the theory, imprinting occurs from birth to adolescence, when the child's psyche is susceptible to external situational manifestations. The consequences of imprinting are considered irreversible or difficult to reverse.

Cover - (from the English "cover" - cover, shelter) in music - a new sound of a previously known musical work or hit. The cover version may differ slightly from the source (in the voice of the performer while preserving the sound of the music) or differ radically (new arrangement, addition of instruments, "slowing down" the initially fast and rhythmic composition).

Plie (from the French "plier" - to bend) is a term that has moved from ballet to fitness. Plie squats are exercises to strengthen the muscles of the inner side of the thigh. Technique: legs are wider than shoulders, heels are directed towards each other, the stomach is pulled in, the back is straight, squats are performed with different amplitudes depending on the intensity of the workout. When squatting, the knees should not go beyond the toes.

A peer is, in a broad sense, a participant in a file-exchange torrent system, regardless of the status of "distributing" or "downloading". Sometimes peers are referred to as file-sharing participants with a negative rating, who actively download, but at the same time distribute little or nothing. Such characters may be subject to punitive measures in the form of restrictions on downloading files.

Sid is also a seeder, a participant in file sharing through a P2P system, which has the source file on the hard drive and is on its distribution, i.e. acts as a source for downloaders. A seed can be a network member who has previously downloaded the entire file, as well as created his own distribution. The more connected seeds, the faster the download for those who download the file.

Chronophage is a time waster. One of the terms of time management. Chronophages are people, activities, objects, in general, any objects on which you waste your time inefficiently.

Smokey ice - from English smoky eyes - "smoky eyes". Eye make-up technique, which is characterized by smooth, well-blended transitions from dark shades of shadows on the moving eyelid to light shades of shadows on the fixed eyelid and under the eyebrow. A classic evening make-up, this technique began to be used at the beginning of the 20th century and does not lose its popularity at the present time.

SHARE-So give your friends a cool link.

Selfie("selfie"), meaning a photograph of oneself.
Interface- means and rules of communication of one system with another, most often in the field of information technology: human-computer, computer-network, processor-disk, etc. You can probably call the "interface" the order of interaction of one company with another.
Screenshot) literally translates as "screenshot". The term "screenshot" can be applied both to the physical medium of the information saved from the screen - a graphic file (we can say "a copy of the screen to a file"), and to the representation, display of this graphic file on the screen or in a printed document. For example: “see below a screenshot of Yandex search results” - in an electronic document or on a website page; "Screenshot of the error message is attached" - in an email to the technical support service; “Screenshot of the e-mail is attached” - in a statement to the court :) The screenshot is characterized by the preservation of “secondary” parts of the image (window frames, advertising banners, etc.). But this "secondary" information can be very important for the purposes of a screenshot, for example, the date in the screen's overhead area, the design of the site page, etc., visible on the screen from which the screenshot is taken. But "screenshot" is neither a synonym nor a substitute for "copy" or "displaying a copy" of a document!
Spoiler(from the English spoil - spoil, ruin) - in cinema, computer games, literature - prematurely disclosed important plot information that destroys the intrigue conceived by the authors, does not allow it to survive, to feel on its own, and accordingly deprives the viewer / player / reader of some part of the pleasure from this plot, which spoils the impression of it "
interactive(from English interaction - "interaction"):
a) the process of dialogue, information exchange, information interaction of readers or viewers with the authors or presenters of the site, blog, television or radio program;
b) forms of such interaction: services "question-answer", "your message", forum, chat, etc. for site; SMS messages for TV or radio broadcasts;
c) site section (site menu item), which contains the above-mentioned services.
Baby box(English - a box for a baby) - an incubator with a special cradle bed, built into the wall of a hospital or social institution in an obscure place where there are no video cameras and security. One door is outdoors and the other is indoors. After the child is placed inside and the door is closed, it is no longer possible to open it from the outside. The staff will learn about the abandoned baby by an alarm call and a flashing lamp.
3D- three-dimensional, three-dimensional. It usually refers to a simulation of a three-dimensional image, such as a 3D movie. In the 20th century they said: “stereo film”, “stereo image”. The term 3D, with the light hand of “PR people” and journalists from the cinema, flew into the languages ​​​​of the world, became a “fashionable” word, just as the technology of the illusion of three-dimensional objects became fashionable. Now, if the film is "not 3D", then it is unlikely that it will be a box office success, and it will not collect a good box office.
Flash mob or flash mob, flash mob(from the English flash mob - flash - flash; instant, instant; mob - crowd, translated as "flash of the crowd" or as "instant crowd") - this is a pre-planned mass action in which a large group of people (mobbers) suddenly appears in public place, holds a five-minute rally, performing predetermined actions (script), and then disperses. The collection of flash mob participants is carried out through communication (mainly the Internet).
Photoshoot, photo session- the process of photographing an object, consisting of a series of photographs taken; a series of photographs taken at a photo session.
"Due to the popularity of the Google search engine (in America and a number of other countries, see below - G.G.), a neologism has appeared in the English language" to google"(an analogue in Russian computer slang is google), which is used to refer to searching for information on the Internet using Google. It is with this definition that the verb is listed in the most authoritative dictionaries of the English language ... although other sources give examples of its use to indicate the search for anything at all on the Internet.
"Slogan".) is an advertising slogan that conveys an advertising message in a concise form, part of the brand's long-term communication platform.
Name "Road map" was used for a plan to move towards a permanent settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in 2003. Gradually, this phrase began to be used wherever you need to draw up a plan of action.
"Hot line"- direct communication (eg telephone) with the scene to transmit the latest news or first-hand information.
Drive - from the English word drive. Like most English words, it has many meanings. drive is:
- engine;
- drive (external computer device);
- great energy, assertiveness;
- motivation, stimulus;
- jerk, blow (sport.);
- to move;
- force;
- drive;
- stimulate
Therefore, to understand what the word "drive" means follows from the context.
In information technology (example 1), "drive" means the drive of an external device, the external device itself. (“Driver” is a system program that controls an external device). We can recommend in this case the word "drive", which is often used.
In the auto business, “drive” is used in combination with “test drive” - car sea trials, checking the car in motion (example 2). The shortest thing that can be replaced by a “test drive” in Russian is a running check. But it is unlikely that this advice will be used. Yes, and a test drive is used in specialized articles on automotive topics.
"Very Important Person or VIP(English - “very important person”) - a person who has personal privileges, benefits due to his high position, fame or wealth.
"Vintage (fr. vintage) in winemaking, wines or vintages of a particular year and age. This is obviously a rather old term, from which the concept of “vintage” in fashion came from - clothes released in the 20th century and gained relevance in the context of fashion at the beginning of the 21st century (vintage clothes). In a broad sense, the word "vintage" at the present time is any clothes, household items, cars, etc. of the past in a modern interpretation (in retro style).
Boyfriend (English boyfriend - friend) is a common-law husband, a permanent intimate partner, a cohabitant. And, accordingly, a girlfriend (English girlfriend - girlfriend) is a common-law wife, a permanent intimate partner, a cohabitant. As M. Krongauz rightly noted, "the Russian language can no longer serve modern family relations." It may be more accurate to say that the old words “cohabitant”, “cohabitant”, which in themselves are quite normal and suitable for the situation, have been compromised by the history of our society, becoming civil law terms and / or words with a negative connotation. (The same fate befell the words "citizen", "citizen"). Simple words have not arisen, have not developed in the Russian language, acceptable for a completely ordinary situation, when two people lead a family life without registering their relationship with state bodies.
Volunteer (fr. volontaire, from lat. voluntarius)- a person who carries out voluntary activities for the benefit of the general public without the expectation of monetary reward. In the original meaning - a person who voluntarily entered the military service. In Russian. to say, a volunteer is a volunteer. Borrowing is old, certainly not of the 21st century. For example, traditionally, volunteers are called volunteers who help serve the Olympic Games. But this does not mean at all that it is necessary to replace the Russian word with a borrowed one in the case of internal events, and even patriotic ones. If a patriot, then call yourself in Russian
Second hand "(English second hand, they also write “second hand”, “second hand”) - this is understandable, literally means “second hand”. Appeared in Russian since the mid-90s. And almost everyone knows (although not everyone uses them) that this is a store (shop) of used clothes, however, specially prepared for sale, or even new ones, “with tags”, and not at all collected in garbage dumps. And you can even understand why such places did not begin to be called "second-hand things." The population would associate this with junk dealers, with junk. They could, of course, have skulked and called “second hands” like that, but even these words, not knowing the subject, it is not clear what they mean. So let it be "second hand".
But the word and concept "stock" later penetrated into the Russian language. The word "stock" (from the English stock - stock) in this sense means a sale at a discount in special stores of clothes, shoes, etc. goods from the collections of the past season. Something that is not sold out in the main stores, and there already needs a place to place a new collection for sale. And now such things come through the warehouse to special stock stores, where they are sold cheaply.
But it so happened that the word "drain" coincided in sound with the Russian word meaning the place where the liquid flows, and in this sense the word "smells bad" - industrial drains, sewerage. From the point of view of psychology, it would not be worth it to call new things that have just been at the peak of fashion. But obviously Russian people are not so receptive to such subtleties.
Receptionist in our today's understanding, this is the place where the client first of all gets or where he first of all turns to, entering or contacting any establishment from a hairdresser to a restaurant, although initially this word referred only to the hotel check-in service.
In the USSR, what is called “reception” was called “administration” in hotels, and “registration” in polyclinics. There were no offices in the modern sense at all, there was a reception room in institutions and enterprises, but it was not so much a reception room for visitors as the secretariat of the head, director. Therefore, there was no need for some word that generalizes all receptions. For the first time, the first tourists from Russia, who went on vacation abroad in the 90s, encountered this word en masse. The guides told them: "Let's meet at the reception", "See the announcements at the reception." As I understand it, it would be more correct in this case to say “lobby”, or even “at the reception”. Tourists (many were abroad for the first time) eagerly absorbed impressions, new words.
Informatics(cf. German Informatik, French Informatique, English computer science - computer science - in the USA, English computing science - computational science - in the UK) - the science of how to obtain, accumulate, store, transform, transmit and use information. In Russia, “computer science” is not associated with computer science, but with the school curriculum, where they teach something related to computer technology called “computer science”.
fake(English fake) - fake, fake.
Message(English message) - message, message. This word is very fond of political observers, and politicians do not disdain.
Dress code(English dress code - code of clothing) - the form of clothing required when visiting certain events, organizations, institutions. The dress code of the company is considered a continuation of the corporate culture of the company and an important part of its brand.
Ombudsman(from Swedish ombudsman, ombudsman, “representative - in some states, an official who is entrusted with the functions of monitoring the observance of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens in the activities of executive authorities and officials. Official job titles vary in different countries.
"Startup(eng. Start-up - run), a startup company is a newly created company that builds its business on the basis of innovation, which has not entered the market or has just begun to enter it and has a limited set of resources.
Shortlist(eng. "short list") is a list of pre-selected from all submitted applicants for the final selection of the winner.
trend(from English trend) is a direction, course, trend.
Trend- the direction of this or that process, the direction in the movement or development of something.
The term " creative", like many other advertising terms, was borrowed from the English language. From English "creative" is translated as "creative", and the basis of this word "create" means "to create, create".
cluster(English cluster - accumulation) is an association of several homogeneous elements, which can be considered as an independent unit with certain properties.
Merchandiser- a commodity manager, a person representing a trading company in retail chains (most often super- and hypermarkets). Responsible for the display of goods, the installation of related necessary equipment. The main task is to control the availability of the entire range of the company on the shelves of the store and its location in the most favorable places for buying. You can say: “sales representative” or “goods handler” - depending on the context.
copywriter (about t eng. copywriting - a specialist in writing advertising and presentation texts. The fragment "copy" in this case is translated as a manuscript or textual material, and "writing" comes from "write" - to write. Thus, “copywriting” (what a copywriter does) is related to literary activity and can literally be translated as “writing texts”. It should be noted that "copywriting" even in English is a neologism and is not presented in dictionaries"
Managers- the English word "manager" according to dictionaries, is translated as "manager, manager". But due to the reasons noted many times (prestige, imaginary success), professions and positions, the owners of which do not manage anything, in Russian also began to be called "managers":
- office manager - secretary, "secretary";
- sales manager - salesperson;
- HR manager - personnel officer, employee of the personnel department.

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
active - active
Actual - topical
immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
Entourage - environment
Argument - argument

business - business
Boyfriend - buddy
Briefing - letuchka

variant - variety

Dimensions - dimensions
Sealed - impenetrable
hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity

Diver - diver
Digest - overview
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demo - show
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - Detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Managing Director
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
Differentiation - division
Dominate - dominate, dominate
duel - duel

ignore - disregard
identical - identical
Image - image
Import - import
individual - sole
indifferent - indifferent
Industry - Industry
inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
international - international
infected - infected
Information - information

Camouflage - cover
Merchant - merchant
Compensation - reimbursement
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - convenient, well-appointed
specific - specific
Competitor - Rival
Competition - competition
ascertain - establish
construct - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - agreement
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - concentration
Corrections - amendments
Correspondence - correspondence; message
lender - lender
criminal - criminal

Legitimate - legal
Lepta - contribution
Liquidation - destruction
Linguist - linguist
Lifting - skin tightening

Maximum - maximum, limit
Mask - disguise
Mentality - mindset
Method - reception
Minimum - smallest
Mobility - Mobility
Model - Sample
Modernization - update
Moment - moment
instant - instant
Monologue - speech
monument - monument
monumental - majestic

natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize

Objective - unbiased
Original - original
Hotel - hotel

Parameter - value
Parking - parking
Passive - inactive
personal - personal
Pluralism - plurality
positive - positive
Controversy - dispute
potential - possible
prevail - prevail
claim - claim
Precise - refined
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - prediction
Progress - promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (action) - publication, publication

Radical - indigenous
Reaction - response
Implement - put into practice
Revision - check
Revolution - coup
Regression - decline
Resolution - decision
Resonance - echo
Result - consequence, consequence
Reconstruction - perestroika
Relief - outline
Renaissance - rebirth
respectable - venerable
Restoration - restoration
Reform - transformation

secret - secret
Service - maintenance
Symposium - session
Symptom - symptom
Synthesis - collection, generalization
Synchronously - simultaneously
Situation - position, situation
Social - public
Sociology - social science
Sponsor - philanthropist (philanthropist)
Stability - resilience
stagnation - stagnation
Stress - tension, shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - area

Theme - subject
Tolerance - tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - transformation

Actual - valid
Forum - meeting
Fundamental - fundamental

Hobby - passion

Chief - head
Shopping - shopping
Show is a spectacle

Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposition - display
Export - export
Embryo - fetus
Era - chronology

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Scientific and technological progress and the development of human civilization in general necessitate the emergence of more and more new words. Each ethnic language solves this problem in its own way. The Russian language has about a hundred thousand roots, so the possibilities for systemic composite combinatorics in it are inexhaustible.

Kik .. (kickstarter ‘foot starter of a motorcycle’, kickboxing ‘foot box’), which entered the Russian language with the meaning ‘foot’. From this component we form the suffixoid …kiksy, denoting ‘shoes’. Thus, we can get the words that form their logoseries:
begokicks - shoes for runners

Boxing shoes - shoes for boxers

Swamp shoes - shoes for walking on swampy terrain

Bosokiks - light summer shoes (sandals, sandals, etc.)

Velokiks - shoes for cyclists

Gornokiks - shoes for climbers

Paratroopers - shoes for paratroopers

Sailorsocks - shoes for sailors

Space shoes - shoes for astronauts

Lunokiks - shoes for lunar astronauts

Galoshes, galoshes - wet shoes,

Ballet shoes - ballet slippers

Kanatotapy - tightrope walker's slippers

Altariza (exercise from altareriza) - clothes, vestments of a priest during worship

Budniriza - everyday wear

Voyenriza - military uniform

Demiriza - demi-season clothing

Detoriza - children's clothing

Dozhderiza - clothes for rainy weather

Domoriza - home clothes

Genorise - women's clothing

Zimoriza - winter clothes

Confessiriza - clothes of a clergyman (confession)

Letoriza - summer clothes

Modoriza - fashionable clothes

Mugerise - men's clothing

Non-factory - non-factory clothing (not a confection)

Odetoriza - the clothes that someone is wearing at the moment

Officer (exercise from officer) - officer uniform

Paradorisa - ceremonial clothes

Pilotoriza - flight uniform

Podvodoriza - diving clothes

Privatiza - civilian (non-uniform) clothing

Retroriza - retro style clothing

Sportoriza - sportswear

Fabriza (ex. from fabriz - factory riza) - confection

Formoriza - uniforms

Veloshona - a cap for cyclists

Vyazoshona - knitted headdress

Glavoshona - headdress

Demishona - demi-season headdress

Zimoshona - winter hat

Letošona - summer headdress

Makushona (crown + shona) - a headdress such as a skullcap, yarmulke

Formochon - a uniform headdress (cap, cap, etc.)

Coton - cotton fabric

Linon (lat. linum ‘linen’, cf. linoleum) - linen fabric

Sinton - synthetic fabric

Silkon - a fabric made from natural silk

Sherson (wool: t is a suffix, cf. a handful) - woolen fabric

Monocotton - 100% cotton

Monolinon - 100% linen

Linosynthon - fabric, where more than 50% is synthetics, the rest is linen

Syntholinon - fabric, where more than 50% is linen, the rest is synthetic

To increase the word-formation possibilities of the Russian language, in the field of naming various means and preparations, it makes sense to create the corresponding suffixoids:
... gon (cf. drive away) - a remedy, a drug for something

... min (cf. vitamin) - a remedy, a preparation for something

... pun (isolation from shampoo) - detergent

... pestilence (cf. insecticide) - a remedy, drug, poison for the destruction of weeds and pests, for example:
bologon - pain reliever

Rotten - antiseptic

Headache - a cure for headaches

Grippogon - a cure for the flu

Cashlegon - cough medicine

Komarogon - means (repellant) from mosquitoes

Listogon - defoliant

Baldness - a cure for baldness

Mukhogon - a remedy (repellant) from flies

Pakhnogon (to smell) - deodorant

Pishegon - a tool for removing erroneously written

Pugogon (scare) - repellent

Stain - stain remover

Aromamin - flavoring agent

Britomin - shaving agent

Volosomin - hair care product

Desnomin - means for strengthening or treating gums

Kogemin - skin care product

Manitimin (beckon -) - attractant

Ozvezhemin - air freshener

Pishemin - means (liquid) for writing (ink, paste, ink)

Rancomin - a means for treating wounds

Sushilomin - desiccant

Tkanemin - dressing

Belepun - laundry detergent

Vannopun - bath shampoo

Katopun - car wash

Kafelepun - a means for washing tiles, bathtubs, sinks

Kovropun - a means for washing carpets and carpets

Motopun - a means for washing motors

Oknopun - window cleaner

Posudopun - dishwashing detergent

Vredomor - herbicide and / or insecticide

Zhukomor - insecticide from the Colorado potato beetle

Krysomor - rat poison

Insect mosquito (ex. Insect mosquito) - insecticide

Weed - herbicide

Tarakanomor - a remedy for cockroaches (chlorophos, etc.)

The appearance in the Russian language of new foreign words supermarket, shop indicates that this word-formation area is weak and needs to be strengthened by forming the corresponding word that can become an affixoid. We form a new word: traded (bargaining + ... al, cf. quarter, portal) ‘trading establishment, outlet (shop, kiosk, stall, etc.)’. Next, you can form the appropriate words. For example:
velomototorgal - shop selling bicycles and motorcycles

Gostorgal - state store

Inotorgal - shop owned by foreigners

Katotorgal - car shop

Kiksotorgal - shoe store

Mebletorgal - furniture store

Minitorgal - a small shop

Pittorgal - grocery store (food)

Privatorgal (ex. from privatorgal) - a private store

Promtorgal - department store

Rizotorgal - clothing store

Supertorgal - supermarket

Tutorgal (ex. from tutotorgal, cf. local) - distributor (company)

Firmotorgal - company store

Torgalada (cf. colonnade) - a row of torgals

Trader - seller, employee of a trader

Torgaloset - a network of traders

Torgalochek - shop receipt

(podium-discussion) - a public discussion taking place on a dais (podium), i.e. on some stage, stage.

Glamorous - (English glamor) means "spectacular, attractive, charming, charming, brilliant", but not "glossy".

Flyer- (pass to the event with a discount), (in any of its meanings), like the player, should be written without the letter d before e.

Concentrate" and "concentrate", is there a difference?
Concentrate and concentrate - two versions of the same word, both are correct, there is no semantic difference between them.
How legitimate is it to use foreign words if there are their Russian counterparts? For example, instead of "coffee break" quite often in conference programs they write "coffee break". And instead of the word "goalkeeper" they began to say "goal-keeper".
There are in a number of terminological areas such pairs of absolutely synonymous words - Russian and foreign, as a goalkeeper - a goalkeeper. Fortunately, they are few; this particular case is explained by the predominance of English words in football terminology. And the word coffee break is more convenient to use than coffee break, because it is shorter than a three-word phrase, and thus its appearance can be justified by the principle of language economy. By the way, this principle in many cases explains the appearance in modern Russian of new words, including foreign ones.

College and yogurt?
College is a rather old borrowing, both variants of the accent in it - on o and on e - are equal and equally used. In the word yogurt, which has recently come into wide use (in the last 10-15 years), as can be seen, the emphasis on o. This is exactly how this word is given in the "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (2005), in the latest dictionaries of foreign words (E.N. Zakharenko et al., 2003; L.P. Krysin, 2005).

Happy ending and weekend?
In the newest normative "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (ed. 2nd, M., 2005), the words happy end and weekend are proposed to be written in the same way, with a hyphen, although just in the source language, with all the "similarity of their derivational structures" they are spelled differently: cf. happy end and week-end in the New English-Russian Dictionary (M., 1994).

Realtor?
The words realtor, realtor should be written with the letter e, not e. After the vowel and in Russian spelling, the letter e was fixed: cf. diet, sharp, siesta, spaniel, applicant, coefficient, etc.

Fresh juice, grilled vegetables, french fries, oven;
Combinations like fresh juice, grilled vegetables, french fries (with invariable adjectives following the word being defined) are written separately. But such combinations as grill-oven, grill-bar, where the element grill is part of the compound word as its first part, are written with a hyphen. Wed else, for example: net weight, mini skirt, but net weight, mini skirt.

In the interlingual sphere, at the ethnic, psychological, technocratic level, as civilization develops, there is a constant and increasingly intense exchange of words and phrases. Each language is unique and adjusts the newly acquired from the outside, verbal and phraseological innovation, to its ethnic group, to its linguistic style.
Russian, Great and Mighty, the language, like other languages, is like an ocean, it will survive and survive everything, remove the seething foam, calm down, enriched with fresh infusions.