Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

NATIONAL HISTORY

Seminar plans, checklists
assignments for individual work, lists of recommended literature for full-time students

publishing house

Irkutsk State Technical University

National history. Plans of seminars, guidelines, control tasks for individual work, lists of recommended literature for full-time students. Authors: Ph.D., Assoc. Naumova O.E., Ph.D., Assoc. Uvarova O.A., Ph.D., Assoc. Chalykh M.G. Reviewers: Doctor of History, prof. Naumov I.V. Ph.D., prof. Laptev N.M. Prepared for publication Valerius O.N. Signed for printing. Format 60x84 1/16. Printing paper. Offset printing. Conditions.print.l. 4.0. Condition ed.l. 4.0. Circulation 1000 copies. Order Plan 2005 Pos.

ID No. 06506 dated 12/26/01.

Irkutsk State Technical University

664074, Irkutsk, st. Lermontova, 83

This manual is intended for full-time students. It contains State educational standard in the specialty "National History", i.e. the main provisions on the history of Russia that a graduate of a technical university needs to know.

The history of Russia is a voluminous, multifaceted science that interacts with related historical disciplines, and the domestic historical process itself is interconnected with global development. Therefore, world history in the study of the history of Russia passes as a historical background. In order to understand the abundance of historical material, Gosstandart is described in more detail in Course program. At the same time, in program a significant number of concepts, terms, personalities and theses are marked with *, which means that this material was presented in the school history course and the student should know it. Therefore, the teacher operates with this material (*) without explaining it. Students are required to know the full Syllabus of the course. Attached to the course program Basic information support– i.e. literature and manuals that the student must study, the minimum volume is marked *. The allowance includes lecture course program, seminar program, examination questions, questions for the electronic textbook, main dates, terms and personalities. The manual contains two options for seminar plans. We draw your attention to the section knowledge quality control, which shows how the student's work during the semester affects the final exam grade.

STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD
IN NATIONAL HISTORY

Essence, forms, functions of historical consciousness. Methods and sources of the study of history. The concept and classification of a historical source. Domestic historiography in the past and present: general and special Methodology and theory of historical science. The history of Russia is an integral part of world history. Ancient heritage in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs. The main stages of the formation of statehood. Ancient Russia and nomads, Byzantine-Old Russian connections. Features of the social structure of Ancient Russia. Ethno-cultural and socio-political processes of the formation of Russian statehood. Acceptance of Christianity. The spread of Islam. The evolution of the Eastern Slavic statehood in the XI-XII centuries. Socio-political changes in the Russian lands in the XIII-XV centuries. Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence. Russia and the medieval states of Europe and Asia. The specifics of the formation of a unified Russian state. Rise of Moscow. Formation of the class system of organization of society. Reforms of Peter I. Age of Catherine. Prerequisites and features of the formation of Russian absolutism. Discussions about the genesis of autocracy. Features and main stages of Russia's economic development. The evolution of forms of land ownership. The structure of feudal landownership. Serfdom in Russia. Manufacturing and industrial production. Formation of an industrial society in Russia: general and special. Social thought and features of the social movement in Russia in the 19th century. Reforms and reformers in Russia. Russian culture of the 19th century and its contribution to world culture. Role of the 20th century in world history. Globalization of social processes. The problem of economic growth and modernization. Revolutions and reforms. Social transformation of society. The clash of tendencies of internationalism and nationalism, integration and. separatism, democracy and authoritarianism. Russia at the beginning of the 20th century The objective need for the industrial modernization of Russia. Russian reforms in the context of global development at the beginning of the century. Political parties in Russia: genesis, classification, programs, tactics. Russia in the conditions of world war and national crisis. Revolution of 1917 Civil war and intervention, their results and consequences. Russian emigration. Socio-economic development of the country in the 20s. NEP. Formation of a one-party political regime. Education of the USSR. Cultural life of the country in the 20s. Foreign policy. The course towards building socialism in one country and its consequences. Socio-economic transformations in the 30s. Strengthening the regime of Stalin's personal power. resistance to Stalinism. USSR on the eve and in the initial period of the Second World War. The Great Patriotic War. Socio-economic development, socio-political life, culture, foreign policy of the USSR in the post-war years. Cold War. Attempts to implement political and economic reforms. Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development. USSR in the mid-60s-80s: the growth of crisis phenomena. Soviet Union in 1985-1991 Perestroika. 1991 coup attempt and failure. The collapse of the USSR. Belavezha agreements. October events of 1993 Formation of the new Russian statehood (1993-1999). Russia on the Way of Radical Socio-Economic Modernization. Culture in modern Russia. Foreign policy activity in the new geopolitical situation.

PROGRAM OF THE COURSE OF NATIONAL HISTORY
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE STATE STANDARD
AND CONSIDERING SCHOOL KNOWLEDGE (MARKED *)

History as a science. The subject of history, the purpose and objectives of its study. history functions. Fact and Artifact. The concept and classification of a historical source. Auxiliary historical disciplines. The founder, "father of history" - Herodotus. History Study Methods. The specifics of historical science. Essence, forms and functions of historical consciousness. The role of historical science in its formation. History Methodology- the doctrine of the forms and methods of scientific (historical) knowledge. Mark Blok and his "Apology of History, or the Craft of the Historian". historical observation. Criticism. Historical analysis. historical experience. The problem of foresight. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of history, their advantages and disadvantages. Marxist-Leninist methodology as the quintessence of the formational approach to the study of history. OEF*. V.I. Lenin as a historian. Civilizational approach to the study of history. The concept of civilization as the basic structural unit of history. A.Toynbee and his "Comprehension of History". types of civilizations. The identity of Russia as a scientific problem. Domestic historical science in the past and present: general and special. V.N. Tatishchev. N.M. Karamzin. S.M. Soloviev. V.O.Klyuchevsky. I.E.Zabelin. S.F. Platonov. D.I.Ilovaisky. M.N. Pokrovsky. M.N. Tikhomirov. A.A. Zimin. LN Gumilyov and his ethnic history. Eurasianism. GV Vernadsky and his "History of Russia". The history of Russia is an integral part of world history. Modern Russian historians: Akhiezer A.S., Gurevich A.Ya., Ionov I.N., Sakharov A.N. and others. Periodization of Russian history (S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky, G.V. Vernadsky, E. Shmurlo and others). Annals School. Modern Western concepts of history.

Antiquity is the cultural base of European civilization. Great Migration of Nations (IV- VIIIcenturies) * and ancient heritage. Russia's place in world civilization. L.P. Karsavin, N.S. Trubetskoy, G.V. Florovsky, N.A. Berdyaev about the originality of Russian civilization. Natural and climatic conditions and their influence on the historical development of Russia. Economic, demographic and social consequences of the Eurasian position of Russia. Western Eurasia as the cradle of the Russian state. The process of Slavic ethnogenesis. Ethnos. Russ (dews, rosses) and Slavs. Lithuanians and Finns. Avars. Khazars. Normans and the first Russian Khaganate (VIII century AD). Varangians, their dual position in Russia. Civilization of Ancient Russia. The spiritual world of man in ancient societies: polytheism. Paganism in Russia: mythology, magic, rituals. Pantheon of gods*. Kievan Rus is the successor of Ancient Rus and a further stage in the formation of the Russian ethnos. Problems of the formation of Russian statehood(basic theories) and its stages. Reign of Oleg*, Igor*, Svyatoslav I*. Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich Red Sun (980-1015)*. Byzantine-Russian connections*. Completion of the formation of Kievan Rus and adoption of Christianity*. Reasons for the adoption of Orthodoxy in Russia. Influence of Christianity on the spiritual development of the people, social life and state structure. Difficulties in establishing Orthodoxy. Culture and education of Kievan Rus*. Yaroslav the Wise*. "Russian Truth" *. Russia and nomads. Russian-Polovtsian alliance of the XII-XIII centuries: complimentary relations. Kievan Rus as part of European civilization. Socio-political processes of the formation of Russian statehood. Authorities: prince, princely Duma (boyars), veche (people's assembly) *. Governing bodies: prince, tiuns, housekeepers, posadniks, thousand and his assistants *. The social structure of Russian society: white and black clergy; zemstvo boyars (= best people = less often: firemen); senior squad (princes men or princes boyars); junior squad \u003d grid (youths, children, nobles); city ​​people: people, men, guests, merchants, black people; stinks; purchases; not free - serfs, servants, slaves; foreigners - Varangians, Polovtsy, Finns *. Features of the social structure of Ancient Russia. Ethnocultural aspect of the formation of Russian statehood, the completion of the process of Slavic ethnogenesis. Economic development of Kievan Rus*. Slash-and-burn agriculture*. Soha*. Metallurgy*. Stone architecture*. Crafts*. Trade*. The Rise of Russian Culture*. Monasteries*. Votchina*. The evolution of East Slavic statehood inXI- XIIcenturies Changes in the state structure in the XII-XIII centuries. in Russia*. Feudal fragmentation and its causes*. Emergence of specific system of land tenure*. Variability in the development of Russian lands: North-West (Novgorod, Pskov), North-East (Suzdal, Moscow), South-West - in terms of civilization. Vladimir Monomakh*. Andrei Bogolyubsky*. Vsevolod III Big Nest*. Change of princely sovereignty. Monuments of spiritual culture of the XII century: "The Word" by Daniil Zatochnik, "The Word of Igor's Campaign", the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, etc.*. Socio-political changes in the Russian lands inXIII- XVcenturies Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence. Interaction with the Mongols is a fateful factor in Russian history. Mongolian ulus. Genghis Khan. Great Yasa. The Mongol invasion of Russia, its impact on power, government, life, customs; isolation from the West, a change in the civilizational characteristics of Russia. Spread of Islam among the Mongols. Struggle of Russia on the Western Frontiers*. The defeat of the Swedes on the Neva *, the Germans - on Lake Peipsi (XIII century) *. Alexander Nevskiy*. Daniel Galitsky*. Mindovg Lithuanian*. State of Lithuania*. Feudal fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of medieval states. Land relations in medieval Europe and Russia: general and special. Russia and medieval states of Europe and Asia: civilization specificity. The problem of democracy and private property in Russian and Western European medieval societies. The specifics of the formation of a unified Russian state. The formation of the Russian state in the XIV-XV centuries. The struggle between the Tver and Moscow principalities for priority*. Rise of Moscow, the reasons for its strengthening*. Ivan Kalita*. Tribute*. The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the gathering of Russian lands*. Sergius of Radonezh*. Hierarch*. Patriarch*. Metropolitan *. "Holy" Russia. Simon Proud. Ivan Krotkiy. Dmitry Donskoy*. Battle of Kulikovo (1380)*. "Zadonshchina" *. Formation of the Union of Poland and Lithuania*. The reign of Basil I (1389-1425) *. Expansion of the boundaries of the Moscow State*. The reign of Vasily II the Dark (1425-1462) *. Limitation of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov *. White Russia. Little Russia. The reign of Ivan III (1462-1505) *. "Standing" on the river. Ugra (1480) *. Increase in the territory of the Moscow State*. Votchina. Estate. Udel. Service society. The Rise of Russian Culture*. Russian painting - A. Rublev, F. Grek*. Russian Chronograph (mid-15th century)*. Construction of the Moscow Kremlin*. Sudebnik 1497 The beginning of the legal registration of serfdom. The transition of European countries from a traditional society to the formation of a new European civilization based on a changed mentality. Political map of Europe in the 15th century. Reformation, Renaissance, Great geographical discoveries - factors of intellectual and spiritual revolution in the life of European society. Formation of an integral European civilization. Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries: between Europe and Asia. Basil III (1505-1533). Creation of the state apparatus. Boyar Duma*. Groom*. Okolnichy*. Duma ranks. Localism*. Orders*. Feeding*. Governors and volostels *. Code of Laws*. Formation of a centralized state. Displacement of the patrimony by the estate. Formation of the class system of organization of society. Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)*. Acceptance of the royal title (1547) *. Zemsky Sobor 1550 Sudebnik 1550 Osiflyans and non-possessors. Stoglav 1551 Construction of the first printing house in Russia (1533)*. Destruction of feeds*. Conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates*. Final approval of local land tenure*. Livonian War*. Domostroy*. Cheti-Minei*. Degree book*. Sovereign Genealogy*. "Moscow - the third Rome" *. Socio-political thought and culture of the 16th century.* Foreign missions in Russia*. A.F.Adashev*. Sylvester. A. Kurbsky*. Oprichnina*, its causes and consequences. Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich*. Boris Godunov*. Time of Troubles*: roots, causes and consequences. False Dmitry I*. I. Bolotnikov*. D. Pozharsky*. Kozma Minin*. Troubles as a systemic crisis of Russian society. Political development of Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries. and its impact on Russia. 17th century in Russia - "rebellious age". Zemsky Sobors*. Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)*. Cathedral Code of 1649 * Church schism in the middle of the 17th century * Patriarch Nikon *. Habakkuk*. Dissenters*. Old Believers *. Old Believers*. Annexation of Little Russia and Siberia *. Pereyaslav Rada of 1654* Civilization heterogeneity of the new Russian society. Russian society is a special type of civilization (Eurasian). Estate-representative monarchy*. Western influence on Russia. A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin. V.V. Golitsyn. F.M.Rtishchev. The final formalization of serfdom*. Economic development of Russia in the XVII century. The social structure of Russian society. Service people (boyars, nobles, archers, Cossacks, courtiers, clerks, clerks) *. Rural population: black people (sovereigns)*; owner*. Urban (posad) population*. Estates*. Tax*. The draft state. 18th century in European and North American history: the problem of transition to the "realm of reason". Europe on the path of modernization of social and spiritual life: industrialization in the sphere of production, urbanization in the social sphere, democratization in the political sphere, secularization in the spiritual sphere. Prerequisites and features of the formation of Russian absolutism. Russian Empire under Peter I*. Reasons, tasks, content and results Peter's reformsI* . Formation of a new state ideology. Empire*. Autocracy*. Discussions about the genesis of autocracy. Class structure of Russian society. Estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie, the peasantry (its categories), the Cossacks *. Features and main trends of economic development*. Manufactory*. Mercantilism*. Protectionism*. Give*. Direct taxes*. Indirect taxes*. Senate*. Synod*. "Table of Ranks" *. Bureaucracy*. Fiscality. Boards*. Guard*. "General Regulations"*. "An honest mirror of youth" *. F.Ya.Lefort*. A.D. Menshikov*. B.P. Sheremetev. Statism. Corporatism. Assessment of Peter's reforms. Palace coups of the 18th century. Elizaveta Petrovna*. Age of CatherineII- the time of enlightened absolutism in Russia *. "Instruction" and "Laid Commission" *. Secularization* of lands and church transformations. Local government reform*. Provinces*. "Charter to the nobility" *. "Charter to cities" *. Peasant war led by E. Pugachev*. Foreign policy of Catherine II*. "The Eastern question in foreign policy of the 2nd half of the 18th century.* G.A. Potemkin*. Reformation of Catherine II* and its assessment. Bourgeoisie*. Russian science and culture of the 18th century. Academy of Sciences*. M.V. Lomonosov* E.R. Dashkova*. Russian travelers and pioneers. The Kamchatka expedition of V. Bering and A. Chirikov. The development of literature*. G. R. Derzhavin*. D. I. Fonvizin*. N. I. Novikov*. I. Radishchev *. V. N. Tatishchev and Prince M. M. Shcherbatov - the first Russian historians. Free Economic Society (1765). Construction of St. Petersburg *. Main trends in the development of world history in the 19th century. "organized" capitalism* The Genesis of Industrial Society in the West* "Peculiarities of Russia's Economic Development in the 19th Century" Manufacturing and industrial production*. The time of Russia's political dominance in Europe (1796 - mid-19th century), the reign of Paul I (1796-1801) *. Accession of Alexander I*. The secret committee*. (P.A. Stroganov, N.N. Novosiltsev, A.A. Czartorysky, V.P. Kochubey)*. Ministries*. The evolution of forms of land ownership. The structure of feudal landownership. The beginning of the liberation of the peasants under Alexander I: the decree on "free cultivators" (1803), the abolition of serfdom in the Baltic states (1816-1819). M.M. Speransky's Reform Projects: Intentions and Results. Foreign Policy in 1801-1812* M.I. Kutuzov*. Patriotic War of 1812* P.I.Bagration*. M.B. Barclay de Tolly*. Borodino*. D.Davydov*. Foreign campaigns of the Russian army*. Congress of Vienna*. Holy Alliance (1815)*. Domestic policy of Alexander I in 1815-1825* Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland (1815)*. A. A. Arakcheev's project on the abolition of serfdom. "Arakcheevshchina" *. The birth of an organized social movement under Alexander I*. Secret societies*. Decembrist* and Decembrists*, assessment of the phenomenon. Dynastic crisis of 1825* Performance of the Decembrists on December 14, 1825* Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)*. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus*. Activities of the Branches of the Own E.I. Majesty's Office*. Gendarmerie*. A.H. Benckendorff*. Bureaucracy*. Secret Committees on the Peasant Question. Reforms regarding state peasants (1837-1841) and the decree of 1842 on "obliged peasants": the formation of a class of legally free landowners. P.D. Kiselev. The industrial revolution of the 1830-1840s* and its features*. Financial reform (1839-1843) E.F. Kankrina. Development of market relations*. Banknote*. Usury. The foreign policy of Nicholas I: the fight against revolutions and the solution of the Eastern question *. K.V.Nesselrode*. Features of the socio-political life and social movement in Russia. 3 directions of social thought in Russia: conservative, liberal, revolutionary-democratic. S.S. Uvarov is the ideologist of Russian conservatism. The theory of "official nationality". N.G. Ustryalov. M.P. Pogodin. P.A. Valuev. M.P. Posen. F.V. Bulgarin. N.I.Grech. Liberalism: main features, stages, main ideas. Features of Russian liberalism. Formation of the ideology of Westernism and Slavophilism (30-40s of the 19th century): general and special. Westerners: T.N.Granovsky, S.M.Soloviev, K.D.Kavelin, P.V.Annenkov, V.P.Botkin, I.S.Turgenev. Slavophiles: K.S. and I.S. Aksakovs, I.V. and P.V. Kireevsky, Yu.F. Samarin, A.S. Khomyakov, A.I. Koshelev. The origin of the revolutionary movement (40-50s of the 19th century) *. AI Herzen is the founder of "Russian socialism"*. N.P. Ogarev*. V. G. Belinsky*. Petrashevsky*. P.Ya.Chaadaev*. Crimean War (1853-1856)*: cause, course, results*. P.S. Nakhimov*. The development of education and science in the 1st half. XIX century * Russian discoverers and travelers: I.F. Kruzenshtern, Yu.F. Lisyansky. F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, G.I. Nevelskoy, V.M. Golovnin*. 1st floor 19th century – "golden age" of Russian culture*: N.M. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, I.A. Krylov, A.S. Griboyedov, F.I. Tyutchev , V.A. Tropinin, O.A. Kiprensky, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, K.P. Bryullov, A A. Ivanov, P. A. Fedotov, A. G. Venetsianov, A. D. Zakharov, A. N. Voronikhin, K. I. Rossi*. National identity*. Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century* Reign of Alexander II (1855-1881)*. Prerequisites and reasons for the abolition of serfdom *. The Peasant Reform of 1861: Preparation, Projects, Implementation*. Liberal reforms of the 60-70s: Zemstvo, judicial, university, censorship, city, financial, naval reforms. Reforms and reformers in Russia: D.N. Zamyatnin. N.A. Milyutin, D.A. Milyutin. Zemstvo. Civil society. Constitutional state. Constitutional project of M.T. Loris-Melikov (1881)*. Industrial rise in Russia in the 60-70s*. Commodity production*. Concession*. Credit*. Strike*. Social movement 2nd floor. 19th century in Russia, its features. Russian liberalism: K.D.Kavelin, K.K.Arsenyev, E.I.Utin, A.V.Golovin, K.K.Arsenyev. Zemstvo movement of the 70s. reformist conservatism. M.N. Katkov. Revolutionary populism: M.A. Bakunin (anarchism), P.L. Lavrov (propaganda), P.N. Tkachev (blanquism) *. N.G. Chernyshevsky*. Revolutionary circles and groups of the 70-80s of the XIX century * "Land and Freedom" (1876): A.D. Mikhailov, S.L. Perovskaya, N.A. Morozov and others * "Narodnaya Volya" and " Black redistribution"*. Workers' organizations*. Political demands*. Terror*. S.G. Nechaev and "Revolutionary's Catechism"*. Foreign policy of Alexander II*. A.M. Gorchakov. Russian policy in Central Asia*. M.D. Skobelev. Russia's Far Eastern Policy*. Sale of Alaska (1867)*. Russian-Turkish 1877-1878*, its results and significance*. The reign of Alexander III (1881-1894) is the era of counter-reforms in Russia*. K.P. Pobedonostsev*. Reaction*. The Beginning of Labor Legislation*. Police State*. Sedition*. Circular*. Economic development and railway construction. Excise*. Stock*. Exchange*. Wine monopoly*. Formation of an industrial society in Russia: general and special. Estates and classes in a post-reform society. Peasantry*. Community*. Redemption payments*. The stratification of the nobility, its dispossession of land, the loss of a dominant position in society *. Formation of the bourgeoisie* and its features in Russia. Peculiarities of Russian capitalism*. Entrepreneur*. Maecenas*. Proletariat*. Russian intelligentsia: origins, formation, ideology. Diversity*. Nihilism*. Cossacks*. The crisis of revolutionary populism. Liberal Populism*. Spread of Marxism in Russia*. G.V. Plekhanov*. The Emancipation of Labor Group*. Russian culture of the XIX century. and its contribution to world culture. A.I.Goncharov, I.S.Turgenev, N.A.Nekrasov, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.N.Ostrovsky, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, L.N.Tolstoy, V.G.Korolenko, A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, I.A. Bunin and other writers*. I.K.Aivazovsky, I.I.Shishkin, V.G.Perov, I.N.Kramskoy, K.E.Makovsky, A.I.Kuindzhi, V.V.Vereshchagin, I.E.Repin, V. D.Polenov, V.I.Surikov, V.M.Vasnetsov, M.A.Vrubel, I.I.Levitan, V.A.Serov and other painters*. Wanderers*. P.M. Tretyakov*. Development of musical and theatrical art*, architecture*. Russian travelers: P.P. Semenov-Tyanshansky, G.G. Potanin, N.M. Przhevalsky, V.V. Junker, M.V. Pevtsov, N.N. Miklukho-Maclay, V.I. .E.Grum-Grzhimailo, P.K.Kozlov. The heyday of Russian science in the 2nd half of the 19th century * The Russian Empire at the turn of the century: its place in the world. Territory, population of Russia by the beginning of the 20th century. Urbanization. Economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. and its features. Foreign capital in Russia. Russian monopoly capitalism. Economic modernization. Reforms by S.Yu. Witte. industrialization. Political development of Russia. Nicholas I. V.K. Pleve. P.D. Svyatopol-Mirsky. SV Zubatov and "Zubatovism". The social structure of Russian society, its features. Bourgeoisie, proletariat, nobility, peasantry at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Officialdom. Clergy. Intelligentsia. Elite. Maecenas. Labor movement and peasant unrest at the beginning of the 20th century. Formation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. "Socialization" of the earth. V.M. Chernov. II Congress of the RSDLP (1903) and the emergence of the Bolshevik and Menshevik parties. V.I.Lenin, L.Martov. Land movement. Constitutionalists - P.N.Milyukov, V.I.Vernadsky, A.A.Kornilov. Liberal populism (N.K. Mikhailovsky and others). "Legal Marxism" (P.B. Struve, N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov and others). "Union of Liberation" - 1904 Russia's foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Russo-Japanese War. The folding of the Entente and the Quadruple Alliance. The First Russian Revolution: Causes, Character, Course, Stages, Results, Significance. Changes in the political system of the Russian Empire. Formation of political parties in Russia, features of the Russian multi-party system. Socialist-Revolutionaries. Cadets. P.N.Milyukov. Octobrists. A.I. Guchkov. Monarchist parties.. G.Gapon. Manifesto October 17, 1905 Duma Monarchy (1905-1917). I, II, III, IV State Dumas. P.A. Stolypin. Agrarian and other reforms of Stolypin, their significance. Farm. Cut. Cooperation. Economic development of Russia in 1907-1917. Foreign policy of Nicholas II. Russia in World War I. A.A. Brusilov. Annexation. Expansion. Satellite. The attitude of the people and parties to the war. G.E. Rasputin and "Rasputinism". The spiritual state of Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century. "Silver Age" of Russian culture. Russia in 1917-1921 February (1917) revolution and the establishment of dual power. Provisional government. Petrograd Soviet. Domestic and foreign policy of the Provisional Government. April, June, July 1917 - three crises of the Provisional Government and three attempts by the Bolsheviks to take power. coalition governments. L.G. Kornilov. October Revolution of 1917: Bolsheviks take power. L. Trotsky. L. Kamenev. G. Zinoviev. II Congress of Soviets. Decree on Peace, Decree on Land, their evaluation. The formation of Soviet power. Formation of a one-party state. Nationalization. Expropriation. The defeat of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. VChK. Brest peace, its assessment. Establishment of Soviet power in Russia. "War Communism". Civil war in Russia: course, results, assessment. "Whites". A.M. Kaledin. A.I. Denikin. A.I.Dutov. G.S. Semenov. A.V. Kolchak. Causes of the defeat of the white movement. "Reds". Creation of the Red Army. "Red Terror". Liquidation of the Romanov family. N.I. Makhno. Soviet Russia in the 20-30s. Mass anti-Bolshevik demonstrations. Lessons from Kronstadt. New economic policy - goals, meaning, results. The political meaning of the NEP. Completion of the formation of a one-party political system. The leading role of the RCP(b) in the structure of state power. Formation of the USSR, background, course, meaning. Lenin's principles of national policy. Autonomy. Federation. Intra-party struggle in 1923-1927. The rise of I.V. Stalin. Authoritarianism. The foreign policy of Soviet Russia: the creation of the Comintern (1919), the search for a way out of international isolation. Genoa Conference 1922, special relationship with Germany. Spiritual life: achievements and losses. Fight against illiteracy. Construction of the Soviet school. Development of science. Bolsheviks and the intelligentsia. "Smenovehovstvo". Bolsheviks and the Church. The beginning of a "new" art. Stalin's modernization of Russia (1927-1938): the formation of a totalitarian system in the USSR. The formation of the economic model of Stalinism. Industrialization of the USSR, its goals, sources, implementation, results. The first Soviet five-year plans. The collectivization of the peasantry, the "great turning point" (1929), dispossession. Results of forced development. The political system of Stalinism. The concepts of "totalitarianism", "totalitarian system". The party is the core of the totalitarian system. Ideologization of public life. The system of mass organizations - trade unions, Komsomol, public organizations. Intraparty struggle. A. Rykov. N. Bukharin. Political processes of the 20-30s. Repression. GULAG. resistance to Stalinism. M. Ryutin. Social system: new hierarchy. The working class: the policy of "carrot and stick". Peasantry: collective-farm modification of serfdom. Nomenclature. Soviet intelligentsia. Foreign policy: change of orientation, course towards the creation of an anti-fascist front. Munich Agreement (1938). Far East policy of the USSR. Spiritual life of Soviet society in the 20-30s. Ideological attack on culture. Science in the grip of ideology. Successes of Soviet science. From freedom of creativity to creative unions. socialist realism. Soviet cinema, music, fine arts. "Cultural Revolution". Adoption of a new Constitution (1936). The USSR is "the country of victorious socialism". USSR in World War II. The world and the USSR on the eve of World War II. Soviet-German relations on the eve of World War II. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939) and the secret protocol on the division of "spheres of influence" in Eastern Europe. Strengthening the defense capability of the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the failure of the "blitzkrieg". The national character of the war. The historical significance of the battle near Moscow. A radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War. Rear: "Everything for the front, everything for victory." Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. W. Churchill, F. D. Roosevelt. End of the Great Patriotic War. Anti-fascist national liberation movement. Capitulation of Germany. Yalta and Potsdam conferences and their decisions. G.K.Zhukov, A.Vasilevsky, I.S.Konev and other Soviet military leaders. Results, lessons, consequences of the Great Patriotic War. The price of victory. End of World War II (Sept. 1945). USSR in the post-war period (1945-1964). Apogee of Stalinism: the USSR in 1945-1953. Recovery of the economy of the USSR. Development of industry and agriculture. Conversion. Deficit economy. Disproportion. Reparations. Strengthening totalitarianism, a new round of repression. Struggle against national movements in the annexed territories. Restoration of the Iron Curtain. Fight against cosmopolitanism. The development of Soviet culture. Tightening foreign policy. "Cold War". Export of the Stalinist model of socialism and the creation of a world socialist system. Start of the arms race. The collapse of the world colonial system. USSR in 1953-1964: the first attempts of de-Stalinization and reformation of society. The evolution of the political system: the struggle between democratic and totalitarian tendencies. XX Congress of the CPSU, criticism of the "cult of personality" of Stalin. Reorganization of state bodies, party and public organizations. Rehabilitation of the repressed. An attempt at socio-economic reforms in the 1950s and 1960s: inconsistency and fragmentation. Voluntarism. "Thaw" in the spiritual life. Overcoming Stalinism in culture and art. Development of science, education. New foreign policy strategy: peaceful coexistence. The USSR and the "socialist camp": crises in relations (Poland, Hungary). Caribbean crisis - the threshold of World War III. Crisis of the system: the USSR in the middle. 60s - ser. 80s Conservation of the political regime. Strengthening the position of the party-state nomenklatura. Neo-Stalinism of the Brezhnev period. Strengthening the role of the party and security agencies. The economy of "developed socialism". Economic reforms of the 60s. in the USSR: essence, goals, results. Agrarian reform of 1965 and its results. NTP in the USSR. Weak social policy. The growth of crisis phenomena in the economy and the social sphere in the late 70s - early 80s. Further ideologization of the country's public life in the middle. 60s - ser. 80s The concept of "developed socialism" (1967). Constitution of the USSR 1977 Contradictions in the development of artistic culture. dissidence. Germs of "anti-system". Foreign policy is a course towards detente. Regional conflicts of the 70s - 80s. and the participation of the USSR in them. Crisis in relations with the socialist countries. The crisis of the socialist system, its collapse in the 80s. Features of the development of the USSR in the 2nd half of the 80s - early. 90s Perestroika in the USSR (1985-1991). Reform of the political system: goals, stages, results. "Personnel Revolution". Development of elements of democracy in the party and in production. Formation of a multi-party system. Publicity. Attempts to reform the CPSU. August (1991) political crisis and its consequences. Economic reforms: traditions and innovation. acceleration strategy. The economic reform of 1987 - the expansion of the independence of enterprises, the development of diversity, integration into the world market, etc. An attempt to deepen the economic reform in 1990. The "500 days" program. Politics of "glasnost": achievements and costs. Emancipation of consciousness. Foreign policy: "new political thinking". The collapse of the socialist system. The transition from a bipolar to a unipolar world. Russia at the end of the 20th century Development of the political system. The collapse of the USSR. CIS education. October (1993) ) political crisis. Adoption of the new Constitution of Russia in 1993. Separation of powers. On the way to the rule of law and civil society. The development of Russian statehood in the 90s. The main directions of Russia's foreign policy in the 90s. Relations Russia-West, Russia-East, Russia-CIS. Near abroad, development of relations in the post-Soviet space. Russian society and the modern world. Economic strategy of Russia: transition to the market. New phenomena in culture.

BASIC INFORMATION AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF THE COURSE "NATIVE HISTORY"

Barsenkov A.S., Vdovin A.I. History of Russia 1938-2002. M., 2003 Vernadsky G.V. Inscription of Russian history. St. Petersburg, 2000. Geller M., Nekrich A. History of Russia / Utopia in power / .-M., 1996-1998. In 4 vols. *Danilov A.A. National history. Textbook for high schools. M.: Project, 2003 Zhukovsky S.T., Zhukovsky I.G. Russia in the history of world civilization. IX-XX centuries - M., 2000. Zuev M.N. Russian history. Textbook for high schools. - M., 2003 * History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century / ed. A.N. Sakharova.-M., 2004.-3 vols. * History of Russia. Textbook for independent work of students. Issue. 1,.-Irkutsk: ISTU, 2003 * Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history course. M., 2003 *The latest history of the Fatherland XX century. In 2 vols. // Ed. Kiseleva A.F., Shagina E.I. Moscow: Vlados, 2002 Domestic history: 1917-2001 // Ed. Uznarodova S. M., 2002 * Pipes R. Russia under the Bolsheviks. M., 1998. * Pipes R. Russia under the old regime. M., 1994. *Pipes R. Russian Revolution. M., 1994.-2 vol. Platonov S. Course of lectures on Russian history.-M., 1998. *Russia in world history //Ed. V.S. Porokhni. M.: Logos, 2003 Russia and the world. Educational book on history.-M., 1994.-2 hours * Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations.-Tula, 2000. Solovyov S.M. History of Russia from ancient times in 18 kn.-M.: Thought, 2004. * Shmurlo E. History of Russia.-M., 1997. * Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 1. Formation of the Russian centralized state (IX-XV centuries). - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2004. * Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 2. Moscow kingdom (XVI-XVII centuries). - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2004. * Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 3. Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries). - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2004. * Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 4. Russia in the XX century - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2004.

LECTURE COURSE ON RUSSIAN HISTORY

1. History as a science and its place in the system of human knowledge. 2. The history of Russia is an integral part of world history. Features of the Russian historical process. 3. Ethno-cultural and socio-political processes of the formation of Russian statehood (IX-XII centuries). 4. Socio-political changes in the Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries. Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence. 5. The formation of a single Russian state (XIV-XV centuries). The specifics of Russian statehood. 6. Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries: the choice of a historical path. 7. Formation of Russian absolutism (late 17th - 18th centuries). 8. The evolution of the Russian autocracy in the XVIII-XIX centuries. 9. Public thought and features of the social movement in Russia
19th century 10. Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries: economic modernization and development of parliamentarism. 11. Russia at a historical turning point: a revolutionary explosion in the country (1st quarter of the 20th century) 12. Bolshevization of Russia (1917-1921): the formation of a one-party system, economic experiments, new foreign policy and national doctrines. 13. Foreign policy of the USSR: peace and war (1920 - mid-1980s). 14. Soviet state and society (20-80s of the XX century). 15. Economy of the USSR (20-80s of the XX century). 16. Post-Soviet Russia in the modern world. 17. Topical issues of modern Russian politics.

SEMINAR PROGRAM
WITH TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
AND LIST OF LITERATURE

WORKSHOP 1

INTRODUCTORY

Acquaintance with the principles of university education. Brief information about the history of ISTU, the faculty, the place of the humanities in the system of higher education and engineering training of specialists. Information about the work of the department of history at ISTU, about the system of students' work on history.

WORKSHOP 2

THE PLACE OF HISTORY IN THE SYSTEM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

History as a science and its place in the education system. Methods and sources of the study of history. Basic concepts of the historical process. Domestic historical science in the past and present.

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Eurasianism, passionarity, formational approach to the study of history, civilizational approach to the study of history, civilization, ethnic system, ethnos, Zabelin I.E., Ilovaisky D.I., Karamzin N.M., Klyuchevsky V.O., Platonov S. F., Soloviev S.M., Tatishchev V.N.

The teachings of V.N. Vernadsky about the noosphere and biosphere of the Earth. Theory L.N. Gumilyov about the birth, flourishing and death of peoples. The main types of civilizations. Society and man in the works of N. Trubetskoy, L. Karsavin, G. V. Florovsky. ON THE. Berdyaev about Russia. O. Spengler and A. Toynbee about history. Historical and cultural significance of "History from ancient times" by S.M. Solovyov. History and modernity in the works of N.M. Karamzin. Slavophiles about Russia as a link between the West and the East. The 18th century is the century of the transformation of knowledge about Russia into Russian historical science. Soviet historical science.

LITERATURE

Actual problems of the theory of history. Round table//Questions of history.-1994.-N 6. Aleksandrov V.A. Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky//Klyuchevsky V.0. Historical portraits.-M.: Pravda, 1991. Akhiezer A.S. Russia: criticism of historical experience. Ch.1-3.-M., 1991. Balandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and Civilizations. M., 1988. Blok M. Apology of history. M., 1986. Braudel M. Material civilization, economy and capitalism in the XV-XVII centuries. T.1-3.-M., 1988-1992. Vernadsky G. Russian historiography. – M.: Agraf, 2000. Danilevsky N.Ya. Russia and Europe. M., 1991 Ionov I.N. Russian civilization and the origins of its crisis.-M., 1994. Historiography of the history of Russia until 1917. In 2 books. - M.: Vlados, 2003. History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the nineteenth century. Edited by B.V. Lichman. Yekaterinburg: USTU, 1994. (Lecture 1). Kovalchenko N. Theoretical and methodological problems of historical research//New and recent history.-1995.-N 1. Collingwood R.J. Story idea. M., 1980. Lux L. Eurasianism//Questions of philosophy.-1993.-N 6. Methodology of history: Uch. allowance. Minsk, 1996. Pavlenko N.N. Historical science in the past and present//History of the USSR.-1991.-N 4. Panfilova T. Formational and civilizational approaches: opportunities and limitations//Social sciences and modernity.- 1993.-N 3. Popper K. Open society and its enemies. M., 1992. Portraits of historians - time and fate. M., 2003 Russia between Europe and Asia: Eurasian temptation. M., 1993. Rumyantseva M.F. Theory of history. - M: Aspect-Press, 2002. Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations. M., 2004 Semennikova L.I. Civilizations in the history of mankind. Bryansk, 1998 Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times in 18 kn.-Kn.1. (Foreword). M.: Thought, 1988. Clash of Civilizations//Free Thought.-1993.-N 17.18. Toynbee A. Comprehension of history. M., 2004 Philosophical Dictionary (K. Jaspers, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee). - M., 1989. Khachaturyan V.M. History of world civilizations. M., 2001 Khvostova K.V. To the question of historical knowledge//New and recent history.-1993.-N 3. What does history teach?//Motherland.-1994.-N 6. Shakhanov A.N. Solovyov and Klyuchevsky//Questions of history.-2000.-N3. Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1994. Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations. M.: Vlados, 1997.-350 p.

WORKSHOP 3

KIEVAN RUSSIA (IX-XI centuries)

Ethnic portrait of the Slavs and the problem of their origin. Formation of ancient Russian statehood. Kievan Rus and its neighbors. Features of the socio-economic development of Russia. The adoption of Christianity and its significance.

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Varangians, veche, governor, clergy, hierarch, prince, peasants, Norman theory, "The Tale of Bygone Years", Orthodoxy, "Russian Truth", Russia, Rus, Slavs, pantheon of gods, boyars, temple, chronicle, Cyrillic, Glagolitic, folklore , lives of saints, birch bark letters, Rurik, Rurikovichi

CHRONOLOGY

VI-VII centuries - the appearance of the Slavs on the Dnieper 862 - 1169 - Kievan Rus 879 - 912 - the reign of Oleg 912 - 945 - the reign of Igor 945 - 972 - the reign of Svyatoslav and Olga 980 - 1015 - the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich the Red Sun 988 - the introduction of Christianity in Russia -1017, 1019-1054 - reign of Yaroslav the Wise 1097 - Lubech Congress of Princes 1113-1125 - reign of V. Monomakh

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

The first Rurikovichs. Theories of the origin of Russia. Features of the development of the Eastern Slavs. Slavs and paganism. Military campaigns of Kievan Rus. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" as a historical source. The adoption of Christianity and the development of the culture of Kievan Rus. Diplomacy and international relations of Kievan Rus. "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise - a cultural monument of the Old Russian state. Olga the Wise in the history of Kievan Rus. Vladimir the Red Sun and the Russian land.

LITERATURE

Anokhin N.L. A New Hypothesis of the Origin of the State in Russia//Voprosy istorii.-2000.-N3. Bychkov A.A. Mysteries of Ancient Russia. - M.: Veche, 2000. Vernadsky G.V. Ancient Russia. Tver, 1996 Vernadsky G.V. Kievan Rus. Tver, 1996 Danilevsky I.N. Ancient Russia through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (IX-XII centuries). - M.: Aspect-Press, 2001. Dumin S.V., Turilov A.A. Where did the Russian land come from // History of the Fatherland: people, ideas, solutions. M., 1991. Egorov V. Russia and its southern neighbors in the X-XIII centuries / / Domestic History. -1994.-N6. Ivanov K. Where is the homeland of the Russians located?//Motherland.-1995.-N 11. History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the nineteenth century. Under. ed. B.V. Lichman. Yekaterinburg: USTU, 1994. (Lectures 3-4). How Russia was baptized. M., 1988. Kartashev A.V. Essays on the history of the Russian church. M.: Nauka, 1991.-V.1. Klyuchevsky V.O. Course of Russian history: Works in 9 vols.-M.: Thought, 1989.-V.1-2. Kozlov Yu.F. From Prince Rurik to Emperor Nicholas II.-Saransk., 1992. Lyubavsky M.K. Historical geography of Russia in connection with colonization. St. Petersburg, 2000 Lyubavsky M. Lectures on ancient Russian history until the end of the 16th century. - St. Petersburg,

2000.

Novoseltsev A.P. Formation of the ancient Russian state and its first ruler//Questions of history.-1991.-N 2.3. Putilov B.N. Ancient Russia in faces: Gods, heroes, people. - St. Petersburg, 1999. Pushkareva N.L. Women of Ancient Russia. Russian people: terminology, research, analysis. - M .: Kuchkovo field, 2001. Rybakov B.A. The world of history. Initial centuries.-M .: Young Guard, 1987 Rybakov B.A. The paganism of the ancient Slavs. M., 1981 Sedov V. Russian Khaganate of the IX century.// Domestic History.-1998.-N4. Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations.-M.: Interpraks, 1994. (Topic 2, lecture 1). Skrynnikov R. Wars of ancient Russia//Questions of history.-1995.-N 11, 12. Solovyov S.M. History of Russia from ancient times in 18 books.-M.: Thought, 1988.-Book 1. Sukharev Y. Kievan Rus and nomads//Military History Journal.-1994.-N3. Troitsky N.A. Lectures on Russian history. - Saratov: Publishing house "Slovo", 1994. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 1. Formation of the Russian centralized state (IX-XV centuries).-Irkutsk: ISTU.-Introduction, Ch.I, §1-5; Chapter III, §5. Yakovenko I.G. Orthodoxy and the historical fate of Russia//Social sciences and modernity.-1994.-N 2.

WORKSHOP 4-5

FORMATION OF A SINGLE RUSSIAN STATE
(XI II - the beginning of XV I in.)

Russian lands in the period of feudal fragmentation. Types of civilizational development of Russian lands. Foreign Relations of Russia: Western Neighbors and the Tatar-Mongolian Penetration. Interaction with the Mongols is a fateful factor in Russian history. The rise of Moscow and its role in the collection of Russian lands. Completion of the formation of a unified Russian state under Ivan III and Vasily III.

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Baskak, Velikaya Yasa, volostel, patrimony, nobility, Golden Horde, Moscow, feeding, kurultai, localism, metropolitan, patriarch, monastery, Russia, rent, governor, estate, townspeople, orders, "Russian Renaissance", settlement, service people , feudalism, label, Horde yoke, Sudebnik, tribute, M. Vorotynsky, Yu. I, Vasily II, Ivan III, Vasily III

CHRONOLOGY

1147 - the first annalistic mention of Moscow 1223 - the battle on the Kalka. The defeat of the Russians from the Tatar-Mongols 1237 - the beginning of the Batu invasion of Russia 1240 - the Neva battle: the defeat of the Swedes on the Neva 1242 - "Battle on the Ice": the troops of A. Nevsky defeated the crusaders 1328-1340 - the reign of Ivan Kalita 1340-1353 - the princesses of Simeon the Proud 1353- 1359 - reign of Ivan II the Red 1359-1389 - reign of Dmitry Donskoy 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo 1389 - 1425 - reign of Vasily I1425-1462 - reign of Vasily II the Dark 1462-1505 - the reign of Ivan III in 1480 - "standing on the Ugra River" - the overthrow of the Horde dependence in 1497 - the beginning of the legal registration of serfdom (St. George's Day)

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Ivan III - "Sovereign of All Russia". History of Moscow as a church capital. Ivan Kalita is the first collector of Russian lands. Crusaders and Russia. Socio-economic development of the Russian state in the XIII-XV centuries. The heyday of medieval Russian culture (Russian "revival"). Dmitry Donskoy - the leader of the national self-defense of Russia. External relations of Muscovite Russia in the 13th-15th centuries. The beginning of serfdom in Russia (Sudebnik 1497). Russian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Another Russia. Lord Veliky Novgorod and its collapse (XIV-XV centuries). Vladimir-Suzdal Rus in the XII-XIV centuries. Influence of the Mongol-Tatar factor on the choice of the path of development of northeastern Russia. Reasons for the rise of Moscow and the Moscow principality. Sergius of Radonezh - the spiritual symbol of the Moscow state. Russian Orthodox monastery: legend and reality. Battle of Kulikovo in the history and culture of our Motherland. Military affairs in Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Architecture of Moscow Russia. Foreigners about ancient Moscow and the Muscovites (XIV-XVI centuries). North-Eastern Russia and the Horde (XIII-XV centuries): problems of mutual influence. Russian commanders of the XIII-XVI centuries. (optionally).

LITERATURE

Alekseev Yu.G. Sovereign of All Russia: Ivan III.-Novosibirsk: Science, 1991. Alekseev Yu.G. Under the banner of Moscow: the struggle for the unity of Russia. M., 1992. Andreev A.R. The first sovereign of all Russia Ivan Vasilyevich III. Documentary biography. M.: White wolf, 2000. Berdinsky V.A. National history. Textbook for high schools. - M., 2004. Berdinsky V.A. peasant civilization. M., 2001 Borisov N. Ivan Kalita//Motherland.-1993.-N10. Great statesmen of Russia. M., 1996. Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Round table//Motherland.-1993.-N 3. Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Russia. M., 2001 Vernadsky G.V. Medieval Russia. M., 1997 Gorsky A. Moscow, Tver and the Horde in 1300-1339 / / Questions of History. -1995.-N4. Gorsky A.A. Russia and Horde. M., 2001 Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. M., 1991. Gumilyov L.N. From Russia to Russia. M., 1992. Danilevsky I.N. Russian lands through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (XII-XIV centuries). - M.: Aspect-Press, 2000. Isaev I.A. History of the state and law of Russia. M., 1993. History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the nineteenth century. Edited by B.V. Lichman. Yekaterinburg: USTU, 1994. (Lectures 5, 6). Kargalov V. Commanders of the X-XVI centuries - M., 1989. Klyuchevsky V.O. Works in 9 vols.-M.: Thought, 1989.-V.2. Kobrin V.B. Power and property in medieval Russia. M., 1985. Korzhikhina T.P., Senin A.S. History of Russian statehood. M., 1996 Kulpin E. Socio-economic crisis of the 15th century. and the formation of Russian civilization//Social sciences and modernity.-1995.-N 1. Kuchkin V.A. Dmitry Donskoy//Questions of History.-1995.-N5/6. Lyubavsky M.K. Historical geography of Russia in connection with colonization. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. Milov L.V. Great Russian plowman and features of the Russian historical process. M., 1998.-572 p. Pavlov-Silvansky N.P. Feudalism in Russia. M., 1988. Pipes R. Russia under the old regime. Moscow: Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1993. Platonov S.R. Textbook of Russian history. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1994. Pushkarev S.G. Review of Russian history. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1991. Motherland.-1997.-N3/4. (dedicated to the relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde) Russian Orthodoxy: Milestones of History. Moscow: Politizdat, 1989. Ryazanovsky V.A. On the issue of the influence of Mongolian culture and Mongolian law on Russian culture and law//Questions of history.-1993.-N 7. Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations. M.: Interpraks, 1994. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 1. Formation of the Russian centralized state (IX-XV centuries). Irkutsk: ISTU. -Gl.II, §1-6; Chapter III, §1-4.

WORKSHOP 6-7

RUSSIA IN THE XVI-XVII centuries.

Domestic and foreign policy of Ivan IV the Terrible, its features and stages. Troubled times in Russian history. Socio-political and economic development of the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries. Formation of serfdom in Russia. "Rebellious Age". New phenomena in public life (election of the tsar, Code of 1649, church schism, territorial acquisitions, the beginning of Western influence on Russia).

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Corvee, Boyar Duma, "rebellious age", Great Russia, Duma ranks, Western influence, Zemsky Sobor, serfdom, Schism, schismatics, oprichnina, Time of Troubles, estate, estate-representative monarchy, Zemshchina, Old Believers, Old Believers, Cathedral Code of 1649 ., non-possessors, Osiflyans, Stoglav, black-haired peasants, fair, tax, Sudebnik, quitrent, heresy, Elected Rada, despotic power, reserved summers, fixed summers, Pereyaslav Rada, Avvakum, A. Adashev, V.V. Golitsyn, Sophia. A. Kurbsky, Maxim Grek, F. Morozova, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, F. M. Rtishchev, Stroganovs, Sylvester, M. Skuratov, Shuisky, B. Godunov, Metropolitan Philip, S. Razin, B. Khmelnitsky, I. Fedorov, A. Fioravanti.

CHRONOLOGY

1505-1533 - the reign of Vasily III1533-1584 - the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible1547 - the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom1550 - the adoption of the Sudebnik1551 - the Stoglavy Cathedral1558-1583 - the Livonian War1565 - the introduction of the oprichnina - the reign of Boris Godunov 1598-1013 - Interdynasty. Time of Troubles in Russia 1613-1645 - reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov 1645-1676 - reign of Alexei Mikhailovich 1649 - adoption of the Council Code 1653-1656 - church reform of Patriarch Nikon 1654 - annexation of Little Russia to Russia by the Pereyaslav Rada 1676-1682 - reign of Fedor Alekseevich

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible Features of the economic development of Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries. Dynastic crisis in Russia at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. "Time of Troubles" - the first civil war in Russia. Russian imposture, its historical consequences. Zemsky Sobor in 1613 Election of a new Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The Cathedral Code of 1649 is a code of feudal law. Church schism and its historical consequences. Russia and Siberia in the 17th century. Folk performances in the 17th century. Russian culture and education in the 17th century. Historical portraits of prominent figures of the era (optional)

Typography in Russia. Ivan Fedorov. Life of Russian society in the XVI - XVII centuries. Ermak's campaign in Siberia Russian Old Believers Theory "Moscow - the Third Rome" and the establishment of autocracy in Russia. Foreign policy of Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries. Accession of Little Russia to Russia. B. Khmelnitsky Beginning of Western influence on Russia Stages of formation of serfdom in Russia.

LITERATURE

Andreev I. On the betrayal of the one who changed // Motherland.-1997.-N 1. Andreev I. Peals of Troubles//Knowledge-power.-1994.-N 2. Andreev I. Imposture and impostors in Russia//Knowledge-power.- 1995.-N 8 Bushuev S.V. Mironov G.E. History of the Russian state (historical and bibliographic essays). M .: Book Chamber, 1991.-Kn.1. Valishevsky K. Ivan the Terrible. M.: IKPA, 1989. Valishevsky K. The First Romanovs. M., 1989. All the monarchs of the world. Russia. Encyclopedia. – M.: Veche, 1999. Danilov A.A. National history. Textbook for high schools. - M: Project, 2003. Dvornichenko A.Yu. Kashchenko S.G., Florinsky L.F. National history. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. Noble family: from the history of the noble families of Russia. - St. Petersburg, 2000. Entertaining stories from Russian history. XVI-XVII centuries - M., 2000. History of the Fatherland in faces. M.: Prince. chamber, 1993. History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the 19th century - Yekaterinburg: USTU, 1994. - Lectures 7, 8. History of Russia. Russia in world civilization. A course of lectures, ed. A.A.Radugina.-M.: Center, 1997. Klyuchevsky V.O. historical portraits. M., 1991. Klyuchevsky V.O. Legends of foreigners about the Muscovite state. M., 1991. Kobrin V.B. Power and property in medieval Russia. M., 1985. Kobrin V.B. Ivan the Terrible. M., 1989. Kobrin V.B. Troubles//Motherland.-1991.-N 3. Kovalenko G.M. The sad benefit of troubled times. Troubles in Russia at the end of the 16th century.//Rodina.-1999.-N4. Kovalenko G.M. Troubles in Russia through the eyes of an English condottiere//Voprosy istorii.-1999.-N1. Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. M.: Book, 1990. Kostomarov N.I. Time of Troubles in the Muscovite State at the Beginning of the 17th Century. M., 1994. Obolonsky A. Crossroads of Russian history: a missed chance // Social sciences and modernity.-1992.-N 3. Pavlov-Silvansky N.P. Feudalism in Russia. M., 1988. Pipes R. Russia under the old regime. M., 1993. Preobrazhensky A.A. The first Romanovs on the Russian throne. - M., 2000 Skrynnikov R.G. Russia at the beginning of the 17th century "Trouble". M.: Thought, 1988. Skrynnikov R.G. Boris Godunov. SPb., 2002 Tercentenary of the House of Romanov 1613-1913.-M.: Sovremennik, 1990. Usenko O. Imposture in Russia: norm or pathology//Rodina.-1995.-N 1. Chernov V.P. Russia: ethno-geopolitical basis of statehood. M., 1999. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 2. Moscow kingdom (XVI-XVII centuries). Irkutsk: IRGTU, 2000.

WORKSHOP 8-9

STATEMENT OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN RUSSIA

(XVIII - 1st half. X I 10th century)

Reforms of Peter I. The formation of a new state ideology and its further development in the 2nd half. XVIII - 1st half. 19th century The time of "enlightened absolutism". Changing the social structure of Russian society. Features and main trends in the socio-economic development of Russia in the XVIII - 1st half. 19th century Features of the formation of Russian absolutism. The evolution of Russian society and the state. Social thought and culture of Russia in the XVIII - 1st half. 19th century

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Absolutism, Arakcheevism, Bironovism, bourgeoisie, bureaucracy, military settlements, free cultivators, the Eastern question, the All-Russian market, the guards, the "General Regulations", Decembrism, foreign campaigns of the Russian army, Westernism, Cadets, Cossacks, conservatism, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, laurel, liberalism, manufacture, mercantilism, Unspoken Committee, Indispensable Council, taxable estates, poll tax, enlightened absolutism, "Holy Union", Senate, Synod, Slavophilism, estates, "Table of Ranks", unification, "Honest Mirror of Youth", "conditions ", Biron, Aksakovs I.S. and K.S., A.A. Arakcheev, Bellingshausen F.F., A.Kh. Benkendorf, V. Bering, A.I. Herzen, Granovsky T.N., E.R. I. Kutuzov. F. Lefort, M. V. Lomonosov, A. D. Menshikov, P. Ya. Chaadaev, K. V. Nesselrode, N. I. Novikov, G. A. Potemkin, V. V. Rastrelli, M. M. Speransky, A.V. Suvorov, S.S. Uvarov, Ushakov F.F., Khomyakov A.S., B.P. Sheremetev

CHRONOLOGY

1682-1725 - the reign of Peter I (In 1682-1689 - triarchy with Sophia and Ivan V, in 1689-1698 - dual power with Ivan V). 1700-1721 - Northern War 1703 - foundation of St. Petersburg Catherine I1727-1730 - reign of Peter II Alekseevich, grandson of Peter I1730-1740 - reign of Anna Ioannovna1740-1741 - reign of Ivan VI Antonovich1741-1761 - reign of Elizabeth Petrovna1761-1762 - reign of Peter III Fedorovich1762-1796 - reign of Catherine II 1772, 1793, 1795 - partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, Austria 1785 - Letter of commendation to the nobility 1796-1801 - reign of Paul I Petrovich 1801- 1825 - reign of Alexander I 1812 - Patriotic War 1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising 1825- 1855 - reign Nicholas I

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Creation of a new army and navy under Peter I. The new capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. Socio-economic transformations under Peter I. State and administrative reforms of Peter I. Companions of Peter I. New phenomena in the development of national culture of the 18th century. "Table of Ranks" of Peter I - the beginning of the formalization of the bureaucracy as a special social group in Russia. Palace coups of the 18th century. "Charter to the nobility". Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev. Elizabethan era. Foreign policy of Russia in the XVIII century. M.V. Lomonosov. N.I. Novikov and Russian enlighteners. G. Potemkin. "Enlightened absolutism" and reformism 2nd floor. 18th century Emperor Paul I (1796-1801). Decembrism and Russian society. Polish question in the 1st half. 19th century AI Herzen - the founder of "Russian socialism". Russia and the Caucasus in the 1st half. 19th century Russian policy in the Caucasus. The main directions of social thought in Russia ser. XIX century: conservative, liberal, revolutionary - democratic. Westernism and Slavophilism in Russia. The main directions and results of Russia's foreign policy 1 half. 19th century Russia under Alexander I. M.M. Speransky. Patriotic war of 1812, its heroes and generals. A.V. Suvorov. E.R. Dashkova. Achievements of domestic science and education in the XVIII century. P. Chaadaev and his assessment of Russia's place in world history. History of Russian America. Russian travelers XVIII - 1st floor. 19th century Russian award system. Russia under Nicholas I. "Golden Age" of Russian culture.

LITERATURE

Agafonov O. Cossack troops of the Russian Empire. M., 1995. Alshits D.N. Beginning of autocracy in Russia. L., 1988. Andreev A. History of power in Russia. - M .: White Wolf, 1999. Anisimov E.V. Time of Peter's reforms. L.: Lenizdat, 1989. Anisimov E.V. Women on the Russian throne. - St. Petersburg, 1998. Balyazin V.N. The most famous awards of Russia. - M.: Veche, 2000. Bantysh-Kamensky D.M. Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. Ch.1.-M., 1991. Borzakovsky P.K. Empress Catherine II the Great.-M., 1991. Brikner A.G. History of Catherine in 3 volumes - M., 1996. Brikner A.G. History of Peter I in 2 vols.-M.: Terra, 1996. Buganov V.I. Russian nobility//Questions of history.-1994.-N1. Bushuev S.V. History of Russian Goverment. Historical and bibliographic essays.-M.: Book. Chamber, 1991.-Book 2. Your name will come to life in descendants: Memories of the Decembrists in Siberia. - Irkutsk, 1986. Valishevsky K.V. Daughter of Peter the Great. M., 1990. Valishevsky K.V. Peter the Great. M., 1990. Valloton A. Alexander I.-M.: Progress, 1991. Vernadsky G. Two faces of the Decembrists//Free thought.-1993.-N15. Villebois. Stories about the Russian court of the 18th century. Whittaker Cynthia H. Count Sergei Semenovich Uvarov and his time / Per. from English. - St. Petersburg, 2000. Gordin A.Ya. The rebellion of the reformers. M., 1989. Dashkova E.R. Notes 1743-1780.-M., 1985. Decembrists: a biographical guide. M., 1988. Zaichkin I.A. Pochkaev I.N. Russian history from Catherine the Great to Alexander II.-M.: Thought, 1994. Entertaining stories from Russian history. 19th century M., 2000. Entertaining stories from Russian history. 18th century M., 2000. Ilyina T.V. Russian art of the 18th century. M., 2001 Iskanderov A. Russian monarchy, reforms and revolution//Questions of history.-1999.-N1,3. Kappler Andreas. Russia is a multinational empire. Emergence. Story. Decay. M., 2000. Kozlov V.T. Facets of Russian statehood. M., 1992. Kornilov A.A. The course of Russian history of the 19th century - M., 1993. Leontovich V.V. History of liberalism in Russia (1762-1914).-M.: Russian way, 1995. Lopatin V.S. Potemkin and Suvorov. M.: Nauka, 1992. Mironenko S.V. Pages of the secret history of autocracy: 1st floor. XIX century - M., 1990. Molchanov N.P. Diplomacy of Peter the Great. M., 1989. Muravieva L.I. The development of capitalism in Russia and its features / / Questions of the history of the CPSU.-1990.-N10. Murashev G.A. Titles, ranks, awards. - St. Petersburg: Polygon, 2000. Nechkina M.N. Decembrists. M., 1976. Obolensky G.L. Emperor Pavel I. - M .: Russian Word, 2000. Liberation movement in Russia. Round table // Domestic history. -1999.-N1. Liberation Movement and Social Thought in Russia in the 19th Century - M., 1991. Domestic History 1917-2001 / Ed. S.Uznarodova. - M.: Gardariki, 2003. Pavlenko N.I. Menshikov.-M.: Thought, 1990. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M.: Thought, 1990. Pavlenko N.I. Chicks of Petrov's nest. M.: Thought, 1990. Pantin I.N., Plimak E.P., Khoros V.T. Revolutionary tradition in Russia. 1783-1883.-M., 1985. Presnyakov A.E. Russian autocrats. M.: Book, 1990. Pylyaev M.I. Old Moscow. M., 1989. Pylyaev M.I. Old Pterburg.-M., 1989. Rakhshmir P.Yu. The evolution of conservatism in modern and contemporary times//New and recent history.-1990.-N1. Russia 1st floor. 19th century through the eyes of foreigners.-L., 1991. Russia in world history / Under the general. ed. V.S. Porokhni. - M.: Logos, 2003. Russian conservatism of the XIX century: Ideology and practice / Ed. V.Ya.Grosula. - M .: Progress-Tradition, 2000. Russian society of the 40-50s. XIX century-M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1991 Sirotkin V. The ruler is weak and crafty//Science and life.-1990.-N12. With a sword and a torch: palace coups in Russia. 1725-1825: Collection of documents and materials. M.: Sovremennik, 1991. Solovyov B.I. Russian nobility and its prominent representatives. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. Tarle E.V. Selected works. - Rostov / D: Phoenix, 1994. - V.1. Napoleon's invasion of Russia; T.3. Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia. The foreign policy of Peter I. Ulyanov N. Alexander I - emperor, actor, man//Motherland.-1992.-N6-7. Ustinov V.I. Mighty Great Russian / Potemkin / // Military History Journal.-1991.-N12. Utopian socialism in Russia. Reader. M., 1985. Khorkova E.P. History of entrepreneurship and patronage in Russia: Textbook for universities. M., 1998. Hosking Jeffrey. Russia: people and empire. Smolensk: Rusich, 2000 Chibiryaev. The great Russian reformer M.M. Speransky.-M., 1989. Chulkov G.N. Emperors: psychological portraits: Paul I, Alexander I, Alexander III.-M., 1991. Shlyapnikova E.A. Grigory Potemkin//Questions of history.-1998.-N7. Eidelman N.Ya. Edge of the Ages: Political Struggle in Russia - the end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century. SPb, 1992. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 3. Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries). Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001. Yukht A.I. Monetary reform of Peter I//Questions of history.-1994.-N3. and Motherland.-1994.-N1 Yakovkina N.N. History of Russian culture XIX century. St. Petersburg, 2000. Yachmenikhin K.M. Arakcheev//Questions of history.-1991.-N12.

WORKSHOP 10

BOURGEOIS MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA (2nd half. XIX in.)

The formation of an industrial society in the West and the socio-political doctrines of the 19th century. Prerequisites for the bourgeois modernization of Russia. The reforms of Alexander II are an attempt to move towards a bourgeois society and state. Social movements in Russia 2nd floor. 19th century

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Anarchism, Blanquism, temporarily liable peasants, zemstvo, industrial society, modernization, Marxism, philanthropist, Narodnaya Volya, populism, nihilism, obshina, philistines, Emancipation of Labor, Wanderers, Petrashevists, Russian terrorism, propaganda, socialism, social democracy , "nechaevshchina", Arseniev K.N., Bakunin M.A., Valuev P.A., Zamyatnin D.N., Kavelin K.D., Katkov M.N.. Koshelev A.I., Kropotkin P. A., Lavrov P.L., Loris-Melikov M.T., Mamontov S.I., Milyutin N.A., Mikhailovsky N.K., Nakhimov P.S.. Plekhanov G.V. Pobedonostsev K.P., Pozen M.P., Rostovtsev Ya.I., Samarin Yu.F., Struve P.B., Tkachev P.N.. Tolstoy D.A., Chicherin B.N.

CHRONOLOGY

1853 - 1856 - Crimean War 1855 - 1881 - reign of Alexander II 1861 - peasant reform. The abolition of serfdom 1864 - zemstvo and judicial reforms 1870 - city reform 1874 - the introduction of universal military service 1881 - 1894 - the reign of Alexander III 1883 - the creation of the "Emancipation of Labor" group by G.V. Plekhanov

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Peasant reform of 1861: projects, preparation, implementation. Zemstvo reform and Zemstvo in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Judicial reform of Alexander II and its significance. Administrative and economic reforms of Alexander II. The fate of the reformers in Russia (D. Zamyatnin, N. and D. Milyutins, etc.) Russia's foreign policy in the 2nd half. 19th century The final solution of the "Eastern" question. "Counter-reforms" of Alexander III. Socialist idea and Russian populism in the 70-90s. in Russia. Marxism and social democracy in Europe and Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Labor movement in Russia 2nd floor. 19th century The main features, features and figures of Russian liberalism. The program of post-reform Russian liberalism KK Arsenyev. Liberal Populists in Russia. M. Bakunin and Russian anarchism. P. Lavrov and propaganda. P. Tkachev and Russian "Blanquism". M.T. Loris-Melikov and his "Constitution". The development of industry and the labor question in Russia in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Entrepreneurship and patronage in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century K. Pobedonostsev. GV Plekhanov Russian travelers of the 19th century. A.F. Koni and other well-known Russian lawyers. Problems of the Russian village in the post-reform period. Culture, science and education in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century

LITERATURE

Abramov V.F. Zemstvo, public education and enlightenment//Questions of history.-1998.-N8. Alekseeva G.D. Populism in Russia in the 19th century: Ideological evolution. M., 1990. Anikin A.V. Path of searches: socio-economic ideas in Russia before Marxism. M., 1990. Berdyaev N.A. The origins and meaning of Russian communism. M., 1990. Bogdanovich A.V. The last three autocrats. M., 1991. Burtsev V. In pursuit of provocateurs. M., 1989. In search of their own path: Russia between Europe and Asia: Reader on the history of Russian public thought of the XIX - XX centuries. – M.: Logos, 2000. Valuev P.A. Diaries. T.1,2.-M., 1961. Vinogradov N.B. World politics of the 60-80s of the XIX century: events and people. L., 1991. Dolbilov L.D. Alexander II and the abolition of serfdom//Questions of history.-1988.-N10. Dumova N.G. Liberal in Russia: the tragedy of incompatibility. Historical portrait of P.N.Milyukov. Ch.1.-M., 1993. Zayonchkovsky P.A. Implementation of the peasant reform of 1861-M., 1958. Zayonchkovsky P.A. Russian autocracy at the end of the 19th century (political reaction of the 80s - early 90s). M., 1970 Zakharova L.G. Russia at the turning point: autocracy and reforms 1861-1874//History of the Fatherland. M., 1991.-Kn. 1. Intelligentsia. Power. People: An Anthology. M., 1993. Kozmin B.P. From the history of revolutionary thought in Russia. M., 1961. Peasant reform in Russia in 1861: Collection of legislative acts. M., 1984. Kropotkin P.A. Notes of a revolutionary. M., 1988. Kuchumova L.M. Rural community in Russia (second half of the 19th century). M., 1992.

Leontovich V.V. History of liberalism in Russia (1762-1914).-M.: Russian way, 1995. Litvak B.G. The coup of 1861 in Russia: why the reformist alternative was not realized. M., 1991. Lyashenko L.M. Revolutionary Populists. M., 1989. Milyutin D.A. Diary 1-4. M., 1947-1950. Muravieva L.I. The development of capitalism in Russia and its features//Issues of the history of the CPSU.-1990.-N10.

Liberation movement and public thought in Russia in the 19th century - M., 1991. Osipova M. After the Crimean War (military reform of the 60-70s of the XIX century) / / Military History Journal. -1992.-N2 Pirumova N .M. Alexander Herzen - revolutionary, thinker, man. M.: Thought, 1989. Pirumova N.M. Bakunin. M., 1970 Pirumova N.M. Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin. M., 1972. Plekhanov G.V. Philosophical and literary heritage. T.1,2.-M., 1973-1974. Pronyakin D.N. Anarchism: historical trends and lessons of history. L., 1990. Revolutionaries and liberals in Russia. M., 1990. Rimsky S.V. Church Reform of Alexander II//Questions of History.-1996.-N4. Sekirinsky S.S., Shelokhaev V.V. Liberalism in Russia: Essays on History. M., 1995 Soboleva E.V. Organization of science in post-reform Russia. L., 1983. Tvardovskaya V.A. The ideology of the post-reform autocracy. M., 1978. Trifonov Yu. Impatience. The story of Andrei Zhelyabov.-M., 1973. Troitsky N.A. Madness of the brave. Russian revolutionaries and the punitive policy of tsarism. 1866-1882. M., 1978

Filippova T.A. Wisdom without reflection (conservatism in the political life of Russia)//Centaur.-1993.-N6. Higerovich R. Life for others//Women of the Russian Revolution. M., 1968. Cherkasov P.P. History of Imperial Russia from Peter I to Nicholas II.-M.: International relations, 1994. Chulkov G.N. Emperors: psychological portraits: Paul I, Alexander I, Alexander III.-M.: Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1991. Shakhmatov B.N. P.N. Tkachev. Sketches for a creative portrait. M., 1991. Shelokhaev V.V., Sekirinsky S.S. Liberalism in Russia: essays on history (mid-XIX - early XX centuries).-M.: Monuments of historical thought, 1995. Sheshin A.B. Revolutionary and liberation movement in Russia (stages and goals)//Voprosy istorii.-1999.-N9. Shubina E.V. Philosophical and sociological views of V.I. Zasulich.-L., 1990. Eidelman N.Ya. Herzen against autocracy. M., 1973. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 3. Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries). Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001

WORKSHOP 11

RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE END XIX - BEGINNING XX in.

Features of Russian capitalism. The objective need for the industrial modernization of Russia. Russian reforms of the late XIX - early XX century. in the context of global development (S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin) The first Russian revolution and the formation of Russian parliamentarism. Political parties of Russia: genesis, classification, program, tactics.

CHRONOLOGY

1894-1917 - reign of Nicholas I 1897 - monetary reform by S.Yu. Witte (introduction of the gold content of the ruble). The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire 1898, 1903 - registration of the Social Democratic Party 1902 - registration of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party 1904-1905 - Russian-Japanese War 1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday" 1905, October 17 - Manifesto of the tsarist government, proclaiming the basic principles of bourgeois constitutionalism 1905 - registration of the parties of the Cadets and Octobrists 1906 - First State Duma of Russia 1906, November 9 - Decree on the freedom of peasants to leave the community 1907 - Second State Duma 1907 - registration of the Entente bloc 1907 - 1912 - Third State Duma 1912 - 1917 - Fourth State Duma

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Excise tax, Bolsheviks, bourgeois-democratic revolution, bourgeoisie, wine monopoly, State Duma, Gaponism, "gold standard", zemstvo movement, Zubatovism, industrialization Witte, imperialism, "Milestones", empire, investments, Cadets, constitution, concession, curia, "legal Marxism", lumpen-proletariat, Mensheviks, Manifesto of October 17, 1905, multistructural economy, monopoly, monarchist, Octobrists, opposition, proletariat, revisionism, revolutionary situation, syndicate, "Silver Age", social democrats. socialist revolutionaries (Socialist-Revolutionaries), Third of June Monarchy, trust, Pale of Settlement, "Black Hundred", Berdyaev N.A., Bulygin A.G., Witte S.Yu., Gapon G.A., Guchkov A.I., Diaghilev S., Izvolsky A.P., Kokovtsov V.N., Kuropatkin A.N., Lenin V.I., Lvov G.E., Milyukov P.N., Martov Yu.O., Pleve V.K. ., Sazonov S.D., Stolypin P.A., Struve P.B., Chernov V.S.

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

State structure of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The social structure of Russian society in the time of Nikolaev. Reforms of Stolypin P.A.: plans and accomplishments. Industrialization Witte S.Yu. The role of foreign capital in Russian industry at the turn of the century. Rural population of Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries. Intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century. Socialist-Revolutionary Party and its leaders. Social Democrats in Russia. Liberal parties and their leaders. conservative parties. Foreign policy of Russia at the turn of the century. The First Russian Revolution: Causes, Course, Results. Manifesto October 17, 1905 State Dumas in Russia. The national question in Russia at the turn of the century. "Milestones" in Russian history. Features of the economic development of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Russian culture at the turn of the century.

LITERATURE

Avrekh A.Ya. Stolypin and the fate of reforms in Russia. M., 1991. Avrekh A.Ya. Tsarism on the eve of the overthrow. M., 1989. Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov tells ... M., 1993. Alekseeva G.D. Populism in Russia in the 20th century: ideological evolution.-M., 1990. Ananyich B.V., Ganelin R.Sh. Sergei Yulievich Witte//Questions of history.-1990.-N8. Berdyaev N.A. New Middle Ages: reflections on the fate of Russia and Europe. M., 1991. Berdyaev N.A. Self-knowledge. Experience of philosophical autobiography. M., 1991. Bok M.P. Memories of my father P.A. Stolypin.-M., 1992. Bokhanov A.N. The big bourgeoisie of Russia (end of the 19th century - 1914). Brazol B.L. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II, 1994-1917: In figures and facts. M., 1991. In search of a way: the Russian intelligentsia and the fate of Russia. M., 1992. Milestones. Intelligentsia in Russia. 1909-1910 - M., 1991 Witte S.Yu. Selected memories. M., 1991. Gavrilov Yu. Zubatovshchina, or Police Socialism//Spark.-1989.-N5. Gapon G.A. Story of my life. M., 1991. Glagolev A. Formation of the economic concept of P.A. Stolypin / / Questions of Economics.-1990.-N10. Diaries of Emperor Nicholas II.-M., 1991. Dumova N.G. Liberal in Russia: the tragedy of incompatibility. Historical portrait of P.N.Milyukov. Ch.1.-M., 1993. Dumova N.G. Moscow patrons. M., 1992. Dyakin V.S. Money for agriculture: Choosing the economic path of Russia. 1892-1914//History of the USSR.-1991.-N6. Dyakin V.S. Autocracy, the bourgeoisie and the nobility in 1902-1907 - L., 1978. Eroshkin N.P. History of state institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia. M., 1983. Zhukhrai B.M. Secrets of the tsarist secret police: adventurers and provocateurs. M., 1991. Ignatiev B.V. S.Yu. Witte is a diplomat. M., 1989. From the depths. Collection of articles about the Russian revolution. M., 1990. Izmestieva T.F. Russia in the system of the European market: the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries - M., 1991. Kazarezov V.V. P.A. Stolypin: history and modernity.-Novosibirsk, 1991. Kasvinov M. Twenty-three steps down. M., 1987. Kiselev I.N., Karelin A.P. Political parties in Russia in 1905-1907. (quantitative analysis)//History of the USSR.-1990.-N4. Kovalchenko I.D. Stolypin agrarian reform//History of the USSR.-1991.-N2. Kokovtsov V.N. From my past. Memoirs 1903-1909 in 2 kn.-M., 1992. Kolerov M., Plotnikov N. "John the Baptist of all our revivals." The fate of P.B. Struve//Knowledge is power.-1991.-N12. Korupaev A.E. Essays on the history of the Russian intelligentsia. Ch.1,2.-M., 1994-1995. Levanov B.V. Program principles of the party of socialist-revolutionaries//Questions of the history of the CPSU.-1991.-N6. Leikina-Svirskaya V.R. Russian intelligentsia in 1900-1917. -M., 1981. Leontovich V.V. History of liberalism in Russia (1762-1914).-M., 1995. Makeev Ya.I., Shleifman N. Hidden agents in the Russian revolutionary movement: the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in 1902-1914//Questions of history.-1989.-N9 . Milyukov P.N. Memories. M., 1991. World at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries: development trends, contradictions, revolutions.-M., 1991. Non-proletarian parties in Russia: A lesson in history / ed. Mintsa M.I.-M., 1984. Nikolaevsky B. The story of one traitor. Terrorists and political police. M., 1991. Pipes R. Russian Revolution. T.1,2.-M., 1995. Political parties of Russia in the first third of the XX century. M., 1996. Program documents of the political parties of Russia in the pre-October period. Tutorial. M., 1991. Russell B. The practice and theory of Bolshevism. M., 1991. Revolutionaries and liberals of Russia. M., 1990. Rozanov V. The historical role of Stolypin//Our contemporary.-1991.-N3. Russia at the beginning of the 20th century / ed. A.N. Yakovleva. M., 2003 Rumyantsev M. Stolypin agrarian reform: preconditions, tasks, results//Questions of Economics.-1990.-N10. Russian idea. Works of Russian thinkers. M., 1992. Savinkov B. Memoirs of a terrorist. M., 1991. Sekirinsky S., Filippova T. Genealogy of Russian freedom. M., 1993. Soloviev Yu.V. Autocracy and the nobility in 1902-1907 - M., 1981. Soloviev Yu.V. Autocracy and the nobility in 1906-1914 - M., 1990. Stepanov S.A. Black Hundred in Russia (1905-1914).-M., 1992. Stolypin P.A. We need a great Russia. M., 1991. Stolypin P.A. Complete collection of speeches in the State Duma and the State Council. 1906-1911.-M., 1999. Shulgin V.V. days. 1920. Notes. M., 1989. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 4. Russia in the XX century - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001.

WORKSHOP 12-13

RUSSIA IN 1914-1921: THE CHOICE OF THE HISTORICAL PATH

The First World War and the national crisis in Russia. February Revolution of 1917: Civilizational Choice of the Country. Bolshevism and October 1917. The radical breakdown of Russian society in 1917-1921: civil war, economic experiments, the formation of a one-party political system, new foreign policy and national doctrines.

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Entente, Antonovshchina. annexation, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, White Guard, "White and Red", dual power, "Bezobrazovskaya clique, Provisional Government, Cheka, Second Congress of Soviets, Supreme Council of National Economy, Military Revolutionary Committee, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, War Communism, Treaty of Versailles, Civil War, Genoa Conference. Declaration of Rights Peoples of Russia, Declaration of the Working and Exploited People, GOELRO, Decree on Peace, Decree on Land, dictatorship of the proletariat, declaration, democracy, discussion about trade unions, ideology, intervention, internationalism, VLKSM, intelligentsia, committees, contributions, commune, Kornilovshchina, Kronstadt rebellion , confiscation, "Red Terror", nationalization, Red Army, Red Guard, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, "Left Communism", world war, marginal, People's Commissariat, one-party state, pauper, "permanent revolution", food detachment, food requisitioning, RVS, "working opposition", republic, workers' control, SNK, Soviets, separate peace, Constituent Assembly, expropriation, emigration, Directory, hegemony, Volunteer army I, A.V.Antonov-Ovseenko, M.V.Alekseev, A.A.Brusilov, N.Valentinov, Parvus, P.N.Vrangel, A.I.Denikin, N.N.Dukhonin, Yu.O. Martov, V.I. Lenin, Yu.Larin, L.D. Trotsky, A.I. Rykov, L.I. Kamenev, G.E. Zinoviev, A.I. Milyukov, M.V. Rodzianko, L.G. Kornilov, A.F. Kerensky, G.M. Semenov, B. Savinkov, A.V. Kaledin, V.Obolensky-Osinsky, E.Preobrazhensky, F.F.Raskolnikov, Ya.M.Sverdlov, N.N.Yudenich, A.G.Shlyapnikov, N.S.Chkheidze, G.V.Chicherin, F. F. Yusupov

CHRONOLOGY

1914 - 1918 - World War I 1914, August 19 - 1918, March 3 - Russia's participation in the First World War 1917, February 27 - February Revolution in Russia 1917, March 2 - formation of the Provisional Government, abdication of Nicholas II from the throne 1917, October 24-25 - armed uprising in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks took power 1918, January - dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks 1918-1920 - active phase of the Civil War 1921, March - transition to the NEP

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

World War I and Russian Society (1914-1918). Ideology of Bolshevism. RSDLP(b) party, its organization and financing. Liberalism in Russia (1914-1918). Social Revolutionaries in Russia (1914-1918). From February to October: Myths and Reality (1917). The October Revolution of 1917 and its mythologization. Constituent Assembly and its fate in Russia. Political portraits (L.Martov, V.I.Lenin, L.Trotsky, N.Bukharin, A.I.Rykov, L.Kamenev, G.Zinoviev, A.I.Guchkov, P.N.Milyukov, M.V. .Rodzianko, A.I.Denikin, L.G.Kornilov, A.F.Kerensky, G.M.Semenov, B.Savinkov, A.V.Kolchak and others) N.Sukhanov and his notes on the Russian revolution. V. Shulgin and his "Days". Russian emigration in the 1st third of the 20th century. White movement in Russia. The fate of non-proletarian parties in Russia in the 20th century. February Revolution of 1917 in Russia and democratization of the country. Revolution and culture (1917-1921). "War Communism" in Russia. Civil war in Russia: causes, course, historical consequences. Formation of the Soviet statehood (1917 -1921). The birth of the Soviet nomenklatura. Bolsheviks in the struggle for power (February-October 1917). Brest-Litovsk. The Russian Revolution and Foreign Powers. Red terror. Intelligentsia in 1917-1921 Russian village in 1917-1921 The role of Germany in Russian history 1914-1921 From the history of the Cheka.

LITERATURE

Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov tells... M., 1993. Antonov-Ovseenko V.A. In the seventeenth year. Kyiv, 1991. Arutyunov A. The phenomenon of Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). M., 1992. Archive of the Russian Revolution: in 22 vols.-M., 1991. Akhiezer A.S. Sociocultural foundations and the meaning of Bolshevism. - M., 2003. White business. Selected works in 16 books. M., 1991-1998. Bugai N.F. Extraordinary organs of Soviet power: revolutionary committees, 1918-1921.-M., 1990. Buldakov V. Red turmoil. M., 1997. Burmistrova T.Yu., Gusakova V.S. The national question in the programs and tactics of political parties in Russia in 1905-1917. Volkogonov D. Lenin. M., 1996 VChK-GPU: documents and materials. M., 1995. Gaida F.A. February 1917: revolution, power, bourgeoisie//Voprosy istorii.-1996.-N3. Gimpelson E.G. Formation of the Soviet political system: 1917-1923 - M., 1995. Golinkov D.L. The collapse of the anti-Soviet underground in the USSR. Book 1,2. Golovin N.N. Military efforts of Russia in the world war. - M.: Kuchkovo field, 2001. Civil war in Russia: a crossroads of opinions. M., 1993. Gul R. Dzerzhinsky. Beginning of terror. M., 1991. Denikin A.I. Essays on Russian Troubles. The struggle of General Kornilov. August 1917 - April 1918.-M., 1991. Denikin A.I. The path of the Russian officer. M., 1991. Denikin. Yudenich. Wrangell. M., 1991. Drama of Russian History: Bolsheviks and Revolution / Ed. A.N. Yakovleva. - M., 2003. Dronov S.V. Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak//Questions of history.-1991.-N1. Zhuravlev V.V. Decrees of Soviet power 1918-1920 as a historical source. M., 1989. Star and swastika: Bolsheviks and Russian fascism. M., 1994. Ivanov N.T. On the other side of the barricades: political portraits of the leaders of the white movement. Ingerflom Cl. Failed Citizen. Russian roots of Leninism. M., 1993. Ioffe G.Z. Revolution and the Romanov family. M., 1992. Ioffe G.Z. Year 17: Lenin, Kerinsky, Kornilov. M., 1995. Historical silhouettes. M., 1991. Kavtaradze A.G. Military specialists in the service of the Republic of Soviets 1917-1920.-M., 1988. Carr E. Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin, 1917-1929.-M., 1990. Kerensky A.F. Russia at a historical turn: Memoirs. M, 1993. Keegan D. The First World War. M., 2002 Kiselev A.F. Trade Unions and the Soviet State: (Discussions 1917-1920). M., 1991. Komin V.V. Nestor Makhno: myths and reality. M., 1990. Red Book of the Cheka. T.1,2.-M., 1989. Krasnov P.N. on the home fronts. M., 2003 Martov L. History of Russian Social Democracy. M., 1922. Mau V.A. Reforms and dogmas 1914-1929: essays on the formation of the economic system of Soviet totalitarianism. M., 1993. Melgunov S.P. Red terror in Russia. 1918-1923.-M., 1990. Milyukov P. Revolution through the eyes of its leaders. M., 1991. Milyukov P.N. History of the second Russian revolution. - M .: ROSSPEN, 2001 .. O "Konar T. Chicherin and Soviet foreign policy. -1918-1930. M., 1991. October 1917: the greatest event of the century or a social catastrophe? M., 1991. October Revolution. People M., 1992. Pipes R. Russia under the Bolsheviks M., 1998 Pessoni S. Psychology of Destruction, or Evaluation of Lenin's Personality from the Perspective of Freudism//People's Deputy.-1991.-N16.Political history of Russia in parties and persons. M., 1994. Potsepuev V. Lenin. M.: Algorithm-eksmo, 2003. Pyatetsky L.M. From February to October 1917 ... M., 1994. Rabinovich A. The Bolsheviks come to power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. M., 1989. Raskolnikov F.F. Kronstadt and Peter in 1917. M., 1990. Russell B. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism. M., 1991. Savinkov B. Memories of a Terrorist. M., 2003 Slasser R. Stalin in 1917: The Man Who Missed the Revolution, M., 1989. Sukhanov N. N. Note on the Revolution: In 3 vols., 7 books-M., 1991-1993. Trotsky L.D. My life, M., 1990. Trotsky L.D. Portraits of revolutionaries. M., 1995. Trotsky L.D. Revolution betrayed. M., 1990. Utkin A.I. The forgotten tragedy of Russia in the First World War. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2000. Utkin A.I. World War I. - M., 2002. Felshtinsky Yu.G. Brest peace. M., 1993. Froyanov I. October 1917 - M., 2002. Kharitonov V.L. The February Revolution in Russia /an attempt at a multidimensional approach/ // Questions of History.-1993.-N11-12. Chernov V.M. Before the Storm: Memoirs. M., 1993. Shambarov V. Belogvardeyshchina. M., 2003 Shkarenkov L.K. The agony of white emigration.-M., 1986. Shulgin V.V. days. 1920 M., 1990. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 4. Russia in the XX century - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001. Enker B. The beginning of the formation of the cult of Lenin / / Domestic History. -1992. - N5.

WORKSHOP 14-15-16

SOCIALISM IN THE USSR: THEORY AND PRACTICE (1921-1991)

Formation of a one-party political system in the USSR. The strengthening of Stalin's personal power and the formation of a totalitarian regime (1920s - mid-1950s). Formation of new principles of Soviet foreign policy. II World War and the creation of the world socialist system. Cold War. Economic development of Soviet Russia. NEP. Discussions in the 1920s on economic issues. Fundamental transformations in the economy in the 1930s. Attempts to implement reforms in the postwar years. "Developed socialism". Stagnation and stagnation. Soviet state and society. Stalin's personality cult and its debunking. "Thaw" Khrushchev. National, religious and cultural policy of the Soviet state. NTR and NTP in the USSR.

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

Autonomy, autonomization, anti-Hitler coalition, blitzkrieg, VDNH, voluntarism, Second Front, state capitalism, Gulag, genocide, GPU-OGPU. twenty-five thousand people, dissidence, denationalization, denazification, deportation, decentralization, "iron curtain", industrialization, collective farm, collectivization, cultural revolution, Comintern, Crimean (Yalta) conference, kulaks, personality cult, cosmopolitanism, a radical change in the Great Patriotic War, crisis, cosmonautics, lend-lease, League of Nations, "Leningrad case", Mannerheim line, mentality, militarization, UN, "braking mechanism", "new opposition", authoritarianism, nomenklatura, ATS, Nuremberg Trials, Popular Front, scientific and technological progress, scientific and technological revolution, Nazism , nationalism, NATO, NEP, NKVD, Khrushchev's "thaw", post-industrial society, pact, occupation, Proletkult, five-year plan, propaganda, prerogative, priority, political processes. Potsdam conference, "workers' opposition", CMEA, dispossession, ratification, reparations, repressions, repatriation, "developed socialism", special settlers, Stalinism, socialist realism, RAPP, socialization, Stakhanov movement, satellite, socialist camp, totalitarianism, Trotskyism, shadow economy, Third reich, unitary, "appeasement of the aggressor", urbanization, fascism, federation, "cold war", expansion, elite, extensive, terror, Yu.V. Andropov, N.I. Bukharin, L.I. Brezhnev, L.P. Beria, S.M. Budyonny, G. Yagoda, N.A. Bulganin, K.E. Voroshilov, A.Ya.Vyshinsky, A.A.Gromyko, Yu.A.Gagarin, L.B.Krasin, F.E.Dzerzhinsky, N.I.Ezhov, G.K.Zhukov, A.A. Zhdanov, S. Bandera, A. Kollontai, V. V. Kuibyshev, S. M. Kirov, L. M. Kaganovich, A. V. Lunacharsky, M. M. Litvinov, V. R. Menzhinsky, A.Hitler, G.M.Malenkov, V.M.Molotov, A.I.Mikoyan, G.K.Ordzhonikidze, N.V.Podgorny, F.D.Roosevelt, I.V.Stalin, M.A. Suslov, M.P. Tomsky, M.V. Tukhachevsky, M.V. Frunze, N.S. Khrushchev, A.N. Kosygin, W. Churchill.

CHRONOLOGY

1922 - I.V. Stalin was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) 1922 - 1991 - the existence of the state of the USSR 1924, January - the death of V.I. Lenin 1920-1930s - the course towards building socialism in the USSR (b), the course towards the industrialization of the country 1927 - XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the course towards the collectivization of the country 1928 - 1932 - the first Soviet five-year plan 1929 - the course towards the mass collectivization of peasant farms 1934 - the assassination of S.M. Kirov, the beginning of mass Stalinist repressions 1939 , September 1 - 1945, September 2 - World War II 1939 - 1940 - Soviet-Finnish war 1941, June 22 - 1945, May 8 - Great Patriotic War 1953, March - death of I.V. Stalin 1953 - 1964 - N.S. Khrushchev - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU 1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU, condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin 1964-1982 - L.I. Brezhnev - First, since 1966 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Social and political origins of totalitarianism. Totalitarianism as a phenomenon of the XX century: general and special. Features of the formation of the totalitarian system in the USSR. Formation of Stalin's personality cult: background and evolution. "The cult of personality" in the history of Soviet society. Terror in the USSR Political processes in the USSR. resistance to Stalinism. Stalinism in the USSR and fascism in Germany: general and special. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s Soviet-German relations in the 1920s-1930s. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocols. World War II: Causes, Results, Lessons. The Great Patriotic War - new approaches. Soviet - Finnish war. Anti-Hitler coalition: problems, difficulties, achievements. Accession of the Western territories to the USSR in 1939-1941. Socialism in Europe: the implementation of Soviet foreign policy. "Cold War" and the USSR: Soviet foreign policy in the second half of the 20th century: main directions, stages, features, actors. The USSR in local wars in the second half of the 20th century. The social structure of Soviet society. NEP: causes, content, results. USSR in the late 1920s - 1930s: a course towards the construction of socialism in one country. Industrialization in the USSR (1927-1936) Collectivization in the USSR (1929-1936) Cultural Revolution in the USSR (1920-1930s) Economy in the USSR in 1945-1985 Formation of the USSR (1922). Lenin's principles of national policy in action (1922-1991). Spiritual world of the USSR. Religion in the USSR. Russian intelligentsia and Bolshevism. Dissidence in the USSR. The working class in the USSR (30-90s). Peasantry in the USSR (30-90s). Intelligentsia in the USSR (30-90s). Science in the USSR (20-80s). NTP in the USSR: problems and achievements. Culture in the USSR (20-80s). Soviet mentality. "Thaw" Khrushchev. The debunking of Stalin's personality cult and attempts to carry out economic and political reforms "Developed socialism" L.I. Brezhnev. Deepening of the crisis in the USSR in the 1970s-1980s. Political portraits (J. Stalin, A. V. Lunacharsky, M. M. Litvtnov, L. P. Beria, V. M. Molotov, S. M. Kirov, N. S. Khrushchev, L. I. Brezhnev and others .) Soviet Constitutions (1924, 1936, 1977). Women in Soviet history. Russian heraldry of the XX century.

LITERATURE

1939: the lessons of history. M., 1990. Avtorkhanov A. The Empire of the Kremlin. Vilnius, 1990. Adzhubey A.I. Those ten years. M., 1989. Aksyutin Yu.V. XX Congress of the CPSU: innovations and dogmas. M., 1991. Alekseev L.M. History of dissent in the USSR. Vilnius; Moscow, 1992. Antonov-Ovseenko A.V. Portrait of a tyrant: about I.V. Stalin.-M., 1994. Arend. X. The origins of totalitarianism. M., 1996. Trotsky's archive: Communist opposition in the USSR 1923-1927: In 4 books.-M., 1990. Bazhanov B. Memories of Stalin's former secretary. M., 1990. Barsenkov A.S., Vdovin A.I. Russian history. 1938-2002. - M: Aspect-Press, 2003. Berezhkov V.M. Pages of diplomatic history. M., 1984. Beria: The end of a career. M., 1991. Borisov A.Yu. USSR and USA: Allies during the war years 1941-1945.-M., 1983. Borisov A.Yu. Lessons from the second front, or whether Europe could share the fate of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. M., 1989. Boffa J. History of the Soviet Union. M., 1990.-2 vol. Brezhnev L.I. Biographical sketch. M., 1976. Bullock A. Hitler and Stalin: the life of the great dictators. In 2 vols. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2000. Burlatsky F.M. Leaders and advisers. M., 1990. Bukharin N.I. Selected works. L., 1988. Valentinov N. (Volsky) The New Economic Policy of the Party and the Crisis of the Party after Lenin's Death. M., 1991. Gross D.V. From stagnation to collapse. M., 1991. Vasetsky N.A. G.E. Zinoviev: pages of political biography. M., 1989. Vasetsky N.A. Trotsky. The experience of political biography. M., 1992. Verbitskaya O.M. Russian peasantry: from Stalin to Khrushchev: ser. 40 - early 60s-M., 1992. Viktorov B.A. Without the stamp "Secret". M., 1989. Returned names.-Kn. 1,2.-M. 1989. Volkogonov D.A. Lenin. Historical portrait in 2 kn.-M., 1994. Volkogonov D.A. Triumph and tragedy: I.V. Stalin. Political portrait. Ch.1,2.-M., 1989. Voslensky M.S. Nomenclature. The ruling class of the Soviet Union. M., 1991. World War II: two views. M., 1995. Geller M., Nekrich A. Utopia in power: History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the present day. In 5 kn.-M., 1995. Goland Yu.M. Crises that destroyed the NEP. Currency regulation during the NEP period. M., 1998. Gordon L.A., Klopov E.V. What was it? Reflections on the background of what happened to us in the 30s and 40s. M., 1989. Gurov A. Red mafia. M., 1995. Djilas M. The face of totalitarianism. M., 1992. It gravitates to this day. M., 1989. Deutscher I. Trotsky in exile. M., 1991 Emelyanov Yu.V. Notes on Bukharin. Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections. M., 1990. Zagladin V. Totalitarianism and democracy: the conflict of the century//Centaur.-1992.-May/June, July/August, September/October. Zamkova V.I. Fifty Years of Victory. Myths and reality. M., 1995. Zamkova V.I. Stalinism. Stalin's model of totalitarianism M., 1995. Zevelev L.I. The origins of communism. M., 1995. Zevelev L.I. Origins of Stalinism. M., 1990. Zemskov V.N. Statistics of repressions 1934-1953//History of the USSR.-1991.-N1. Zubkov E.Yu. Society and reforms. 1945-1964.-M., 1993. Zubkov E.Yu. Post-war Soviet society: politics and everyday life. 1945-1953. - M.: Rosspan, 1999. Ivnitsky N.A. Collectivization and dispossession (early 1930s). M., 1994. Historians answer questions. M., 1990. Kara-Murza S. Eastmat and the East-West problem. - M.: Eksmo, 2002. Kara-Murza S. Soviet civilization. In 2 vols. - M .: Algorithm, 2002 Carr E. History of Soviet Russia. M., 1990. Carr E. Russian Revolution: from Lenin to Stalin, 1917-1929.-M., 1990. Kiselev G.S. The tragedy of society and man. An attempt to comprehend the experience of Soviet history. M., 1992. Kolganov A.I. Path to socialism: tragedy and feat. M., 1990. Cohen S. Bukharin. M., 1988. Kremlev S. Russia and Germany: together or apart. M., 2004 Kuhn M. Bukharin: his friends and enemies. Lelchuk V., Ilyin A., Kosheleva L. Industrialization of the USSR: strategy and practice. M., 1983. Lukin Yu.F. From the history of resistance to totalitarianism in the USSR. M., 1992. Makarenko V.P. Bureaucracy and Stalinism. Rostov-on-Don, 1989. Mau V.A. Reforms and dogmas 1914-1929: Essays on the formation of the economic system of Soviet totalitarianism. M., 1993. Medvedev R.A. political portraits. Stavropol, 1990. Medvedev R.A. Khrushchev: a political biography. M., 1990. Melnikov D.E., Chernaya L.B. Criminal No. 1. The Nazi regime and its Fuhrer. M., 1991. The mechanism of inhibition: origins, action, ways to overcome. M., 1988. The population of Russia in the XX century: Historical essays: In 3 vols. Institute of Russian History. - M .: Rosspek, 2000. Vol. 1 .: 1900-1939. - M., 2000. - 459 p. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: materials for a biography. M., 1989. The latest history of the Fatherland. XX century. In 2 vols. / Ed. A.F. Kiseleva, E.M. Shagina. - M.: Vlados, 2002. NEP: a view from the outside. M., 1991. Subject to disclosure: USSR - Germany, 1939-1941. Documents and materials. M., 1991. O "Konar T. Chicherin and Soviet foreign policy. -1918-1930. M., 1991. Orlov A. The secret history of Stalin's crimes. M., 1991. From Munich to Tokyo Bay: a view from the West on the tragic pages of the history of World War II. M., 1992. From thaw to stagnation. M., 1990. Pavlyuchenkov LA Krestyansky Brest, or Prehistory of the Bolshevik NEP. M., 1996. Pipes R. Russia under the Bolsheviks. M., 1998. Plimak E. Lenin's political testament: Origins, essence, fulfillment. M., 1989. Immersion in a quagmire / Anatomy of stagnation. Collection. M., 1991. Polyak G.B. Post-war restoration of the national economy. M., 1986. Polyakov Yu.A. New economic policy. M., 1982. V.A. kisses. Foreign policy of the USSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War. M., 1985. V.A. kisses. History of Russia of the XX century: (Main problems): Proc. allowance for university students. M.: VLADOS, 1997. Preobrazhensky E.A., Bukharin N.I. Ways of development: discussions of the 20s. L., 1990 Rehabilitation: political processes of the 30-50s-M., 1991. Rogovin V. Was there an alternative? "Trotskyism": a look through the years. M., 1992. NEP Russia / Ed. A.N. Yakovleva. - M., 2003 Rose N. Churchill. Fast paced life. M.: Ast, 2003 Roosevelt. Churchill. R.-na D., 1998 Rykov A.I. Selected works. M., 1990. Ryutin M. I will not kneel. M., 1992. Light and shadows of the great decade: NS Khrushchev and his time. L., 1989. Semiryaga M.I. Secrets of Stalinist diplomacy. 1933-1941.-M., 1992. Senin A.S. Alexei Ivanovich Rykov//Questions of history.-1988.-N9. Sivokhina T.A., Zezina M.R. The apogee of the regime of personal power. "Thaw". Turn to neo-Stalinism: (Social and political life in the USSR in the mid-40s-60s). M., 1993. Sinyavsky A. Fundamentals of Soviet civilization. - M.: Agraf, 2001. Sirotkin V. Foreign gold of Russia. M., 1999 One hundred and forty conversations with Molotov. From the diary of F. Chuev.-M., 1991. Pages of the history of Soviet society: facts, problems, people. M., 1989. Suvorov V. Den M. Suvorov V. Icebreaker. Trotsky L.D. On the history of the Russian revolution. M., 1990. Trotsky L.D. Stalin. M., 1990. Trotsky L.D. October lessons. L., 1991. Trukan G.A. The path to totalitarianism: 1917-1929-M., 1994. Williams C. Adenauer, father of the new Germany. M.: Ast, 2002 Utkin A.I. The Second World War. - M., 2003. Formation of the command-administrative system of the 20-30s. M., 1992. Khanin G.I. Dynamics of economic development of the USSR. Novosibirsk, 1991. Khlevnyuk O.V. 1937: Stalin, the NKVD and Soviet society. M., 1992. Hosking J. History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991.-M., 1994. Khrushchev N.S. Union pensioner. Tsakunov I.I. In the labyrinth of doctrine: From the experience of developing the country's economic course in the 1920s. M., 1994. Tsipko A.S. Violence of lies, or how a ghost got lost: on the origins of Stalinism.-M., 1990. Chekists. M., 1987. Cherevko K. Hammer and sickle against the samurai sword. M., 2004 The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repressions: Per. from fr. / Courtois S., Werth N., J.-L. Panne and others / - M., 1999. Cherushev N. 1937: the Red Army elite on Calvary. M., 2004 Churchill W. The Second World War: in 3 kn.-M., 1991 Shambarov V. State and Revolution. - M., 2002. Shubin A.V. From "stagnation" to reforms: the USSR in 1917-1985. - M., 2001. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 4. Russia in the 20th century Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001. Yurovsky L.N. The monetary policy of the Soviet government. M., 1996. Yakupov Nazim. The tragedy of the generals. M., 1992.

WORKSHOP 17

RUSSIA POST-SOVIET

Soviet Union in 1985-1991 "New thinking", restructuring, acceleration. M.S.Gorbachev. The main directions of reforming the economy, politics, national and social relations in the 1990s. Constitution of 1993 Russia's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation (1990s).

TERMS AND PERSONALITIES

"Asian dragons", glasnost, geopolitics, civil society, hyperinflation, denomination, democratization, loans-for-shares auction, inauguration, impeachment, internationalization, integration, monetarism, confession, legitimate, "new thinking", oligarch, perestroika, rule of law, pluralism, populism , privatization, coup, political technologies, priority, referendum, separation of powers, separatism, CIS, sovereignty, federal, self-financing, state of emergency, extremism, charisma

CHRONOLOGY

1985, March - election of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev in 1990, June - adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR in 1991, June - election of the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin in 1991, August - August putsch in 1992, February 1 - Declaration The Russian Federation and the United States on the termination of the state of the "cold war" 1993, December 12 - the adoption of the new Constitution of Russia. Elections to the State Duma and the Federation Council, 1998, January 1 - denomination of the ruble 2000 - election of V.V. Putin as President of Russia

TOPICS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

The fate of socialism at the end of the 20th century. Foreign policy of Russia in the 90s. XX century: main directions and results. Interethnic relations in Russia in the 1990s: problems and prospects. Russia and CIS. Law and law in Russia in the 1990s. The fate of Russian reformers (1990s) The impact of global trends on post-Soviet Russia. The new industrial revolution of the late 20th century: good or bad for mankind? Demographic problems at the end of the 20th century: Russia and the world. Socio-economic development of Russia in the 1990s. The position of women in the modern world and Russia. Formation of a multi-party system in Russia in the 1990s Market economy, its fate in modern Russia. August 1991 and October 1993 in the history of modern Russia. The main lessons of the history of Russia.

LITERATURE

Arin O.A. Strategic Contours of East Asia: Russia: Not a Step Forward. - M., 2002. Babaev B.D. Shooting of the White House. Eyewitness Accounts: An Inside View. Ivanovo, 1994. Belousov G., Lebedev V. Partocracy and coup. M., 1992. Bobkov F.D. KGB and power. M., 1995. Boldin V.I. The collapse of the pedestal. Strokes to the portrait of M.S. Gorbachev. M., 1995. Buzgalin A.V., Kolganov A.I. Bloody October in Moscow. Chronicle, evidence, analysis of the events of September 21 - October 4, 1993 - M., 1994. Burlatsky F.M. New thinking: dialogues and discussions about the technological revolution and our reforms. M., 1989 World history of modern times. Reference manual. Minsk, 1998. Gaidar E.T. Days of defeat and victory. M., 1997. Gilbo E.V., Kutenev A.P. The choice of Russia and its consequences. M., 1994. Gorbachev M.S. August coup (causes and consequences). M., 1991. Gorbachev M.S. Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world. M., 1987 Danilov A.A. National history. Textbook for high schools. M.: Project, 2003 Devyatov A. China and Russia in the XXI century. - M.: Algorithm, 2002. Yeltsin B.N. President's Notes. M., 1996. Zyuganov G.A. Russia and the modern world. M., 1995. Izosimov Yu.Yu. Reference manual on the national history of the modern period (1985-1997).- M., 1998. History of modern Russia: 1985-1994.-M.: Terra, 1995. Andreas Kappler. Russia is a multinational empire. Emergence. Story. Decay. M., 2000. Kara-Murza S. A short course in the manipulation of consciousness. M., 2002 Karelsky E.M. Power, democracy, perestroika. M., 1990. Kennedy Paul. Entering the XXI century. M., 1997. Korzhakov A. Boris Yeltsin: From dawn to dusk. M., 1997. Kostikov V. Romance with the President. M., 1997. Chiesa J. Transition to Democracy. M., 1993 Medvedev V.T. The man behind. M., 1994. Nemtsov B. Provincial. M., 1997. Poptsov O. Chronicle of the time of "Tsar Boris". M., 1996. Putsch. Chronicle of troubled days. M., 1991. Russia in world history / ed. Porokhni V.S.M.: Logos, 2003 Sogrin V. Political history of modern Russia. M., 1994. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. Modern history 1918-1999.-M.: Enlightenment, 2000. Utkin A.I. The challenge of the West and the response of Russia. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. Utkin A.I. World order of the 21st century. - M .: Eksmo, 2002. Fedorov B.G. Why reforms did not take place in Russia. - M.: Collection "Top Secret", 1999. Froyanov I. Immersion in the abyss. M.: Eksmo, 2002 Chekalin A.I. It's darkest before dawn: Russia (USSR) - West: ideological and economic battles of civilizations on the eve of 2000 - M., 1999. Shmelev A. , Popov G. At the turning point: economic restructuring in the USSR. M., 1989 Shchuplov A. Who is khu.-M., 1999. Electronic textbook on the history of Russia. Part 4. Russia in the XX century - Irkutsk: ISTU, 2001.

PLANS OF SEMINAR LESSONS (OPTION 2)

TOPIC 1. CIVILIZATIONAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY

The concept of "civilization". Main types of civilizations: West and East. The future of civilizations. Features of the Russian civilization. factors of its identity.

TOPIC 2. EASTERN SLAVES IN VI–IX centuries
(at the teacher's discretion)

Ethnic portrait of the Slavs: appearance, economy, life, customs, traditions. Pagan beliefs of the Slavs. Remnants of paganism in the popular mind. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs and the problems of mutual influence.

TOPIC 3. KYIV RUSSIA IX-XII centuries

Formation of the ancient Russian state and discussions about its origin. Power, society, man in the ancient Russian state. Introduction of Christianity in Russia.

TOPIC 4. TATARO-MONGOLS AND RUSSIA XIII-XV centuries

Foreign invasions into Russia in the XIII-XIV centuries. The influence of the Mongols on Russia:

a) economic development; b) on the socio-political system of the Russian principalities; c) on the spiritual life and culture of Russia.

The struggle of the Russian people for independence.

TOPIC 5. FORMATION OF THE MOSCOW STATE
( XIV-XVI centuries)

Centers for the unification of Russia: the problem of leadership. Reasons for the rise of Moscow. The activities of the Moscow princes. Formation of a single state. Political and social system of Muscovite Rus. The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the formation of a unified Moscow state and the life of society.

TOPIC 6. THE ERA OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE

Ivan the Terrible is a man and a politician. Alternatives in the policy of centralization: Elected Rada and Oprichnina. Class-representative institutions in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries.

TOPIC 7. TIME OF TROUBLES IN RUSSIA (1598-1613)

Time of Troubles: causes and stages. B. Godunov: government activities. Alternatives for the development of Russia during the Time of Troubles. Results of the Time of Troubles.

TOPIC 8. PETER THE GREAT: FOR AND AGAINST

Russia on the eve of Peter's reforms. Foreign policy activities of Peter I and the national interests of Russia. The content of the reforms of Peter I. Evaluation of the reforms of Peter I by contemporaries and descendants. Court of History.

TOPIC 9.10. REFORM AND REFORMERS XIX CENTURIES (4 HOURS).

Peasant question in Russia: stages of solution. The abolition of serfdom in Russia. The problem of the Russian village in post-reform Russia. Attempts to liberalize the autocratic system from Catherine II to Alexander I. Reforms of the 60-70s: successes and contradictions of liberal reforms. Significance of bourgeois reforms for the development of Russia.

TOPIC 11. RUSSIA AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY ( XIX - XX centuries)

Formation of an industrial society in Russia: achievements and problems. The first Russian revolution and the change in the political system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin.

TOPIC 12. REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS IN RUSSIA IN 1917

World War I and the national crisis in Russia. Provisional government in power: reasons for the collapse of the liberal alternative. October 1917: social catastrophe or greatest event?

TOPIC 13. CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA

Causes of the Civil War. Bolsheviks in the Civil War: program and practice. Anti-Bolshevik Movement: Main Currents, Leaders, Causes of Defeat. Results of the Civil War.

TOPIC 14. THE SOVIET STATE BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS (1918 - 1939).

Economic experiences of the Bolsheviks: basic ideas and practice. Formation of the administrative-command system. The formation of a totalitarian regime in the USSR.

SUBJECT 15 . THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: NEW APPROACHES

The world is on the way to World War II. "White spots" in the history of the Great Patriotic War. Reasons for the victory of the USSR in the war.

TOPIC 16. SOVIET STATE AND SOCIETY (1945 - 1985)

Post-war order of the world. Attempts to liberalize Soviet society. Khrushchev thaw (1959-1964). On the way to the global crisis (USSR in 1964-1985).

TOPIC 17. POST-SOVIET RUSSIA (1985-2000)

Perestroika: from attempts to "improve" the system to change the model of social development. The collapse of the USSR. Formation of a liberal model of Russia's development: plans, stages, results. Russia and the World at the End of the 20th Century.

The choice of seminar questions (their emphasis, correction of the wording and content) is determined by the teacher depending on the work plan at each faculty.

THE THEME PLAN OF ISCIPLINA

Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
Lecture 5
Lecture 6
Lecture 7
Lecture 8
Lecture 9
Lecture 10
Lecture 11
Lecture 12
Lecture 13
Lecture 14
Lecture 15
Lecture 16
Lecture 17

Seminar 1
Seminar 2
Seminar 3
Seminar 4-5
Seminar 6-7
Seminar 8-9
Seminar 10
Seminar 11
Seminar 12-13
Seminar 14-15-16
Seminar 17

Depending on the curriculum of each faculty (different number of hours for lectures and seminars), the teacher chooses the appropriate schedule.

EXAM QUESTIONS ON RUSSIAN HISTORY

History, its role in the system of human knowledge. Ideas about the historical process. The main types of civilizations, their characteristics. Features of the Russian historical process. Russian historical school. Slavs in antiquity, their origin. Kievan Rus: the formation of statehood. existing points of view. Socio-economic and cultural development of Kievan Rus. Beliefs of the Slavs. The Adoption of Christianity: Historical Significance and Consequences. Features of the process of Christianization. Causes and historical consequences of feudal fragmentation. Features of the development of the southwestern, northern and northeastern lands of Russia in the XII - XIV centuries. The struggle of the Russian people against foreign invasions in the XII-XIV centuries. Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence (main points of view). The formation of a single Russian state and its features (XIV-XVI centuries). The role of Moscow in this process. The role of Ivan IV the Terrible in shaping the policy of autocracy and expanding the state territory. The crisis of Russian statehood - Time of Troubles: causes, essence, consequences (late 16th - early 17th centuries). Stages of the formation of serfdom in Russia. "Cathedral Code" of 1649. "Rebellious Age": new phenomena in the public life of Russia in the 17th century. Socio-economic transformations in the era of Peter I. Military-administrative reforms and foreign policy activities in the era of Peter I. Influence of Peter's reforms on the development of Russia. Evaluation of reforms. Foreign and domestic policy of Catherine II. Transformations of the 1st quarter of the 19th century: plans and accomplishments (M.M. Speransky and Alexander I). Social movements in Russia in the 20-50s. 19th century Peasant reform of 1861 in Russia, its influence on the course of historical development. Reforms of the 60-70s 19th century Historical consequences of the reform policy. Socio-economic development of Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century and features of Russian capitalism. Russia's foreign policy in the 19th century. Russian liberalism: formation, features, leaders, program, evolution, fate. Ideological struggle in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century (conservatism, liberalism, revolutionary democratism). Socialist idea and Russian populism in the 70-90s. 19th century Marxism and social democracy in Europe and Russia (the last third of the 19th century) Russian culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Features of the formation of the social structure of Russian society (late XIX - early XX centuries). The policy of modernization of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. (S. Witte, P. Stolypin). Causes and results of the first Russian revolution. Formation of a multi-party system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The formation of Russian parliamentarism. State Dumas in Russia (1906-1917). I World War - as a manifestation of the crisis of the world civilization of the XIX century. Its influence on Russia. February Revolution of 1917: Russia's civilizational choice. Difficulties and contradictions of the democratic process. October 1917 Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks. Civil war in Russia: causes, course, historical consequences. Bolshevization of Russia (1917-1921): the formation of a one-party system, economic experiments, a new foreign policy doctrine. NEP: causes, content, results. Education of the USSR. Lenin's principles of national policy in action (1922-1991). Features of the formation of the totalitarian system in the USSR. USSR in the late 1920s - 1930s: a course towards the construction of socialism in one country. Formation of Stalin's personality cult, background and evolution. resistance to Stalinism. Soviet foreign policy in the 20-30s. World War II: Causes, Lessons, Results. The Great Patriotic War - new approaches. The post-war world and the USSR (1945-1985): the formation of the world socialist system, the "cold" war, the iron curtain, the nuclear arms race. The debunking of Stalin's personality cult. "Thaw" Khrushchev. Attempts of economic and political reforms (mid-1950s - mid-1960s) "Developed socialism". Deepening of the economic and socio-economic crisis in the USSR in the 1970-1980s. Soviet Union in 1985-1991 "New thinking", restructuring, acceleration. M.S.Gorbachev. Causes of the collapse of the USSR (1991). New guidelines for national policy The main directions of reforming the economy, politics, social and national relations in Russia in the 1990s. Constitution of 1993. Foreign policy of Russia in the new geopolitical situation (1990s).

WORKING WITH THE ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK

One of the ways to study the course "Patriotic History" is to work with an electronic textbook on the history of Russia. It consists of 4 sections and is prepared in accordance with the requirements of the State Standard for Higher Professional Education in the discipline "National History". The textbook contains structured textual, graphic and multimedia information from the 9th century to the present. The textbook is presented on two CDs.

The objectives of studying the electronic course are:

acquisition and systematization of the received educational information on the subject; using the potential of the subject to form the skills of free search for information, its selection and analysis; acquisition of skills and abilities of research activity; formation and consolidation of computer skills.

The student in detail and consistently gets acquainted with 4 parts of the electronic textbook: Part 1. - Formation of the Russian centralized state (IX-XV centuries). Part 2. - Moscow kingdom (XVI-XVII centuries). Part 3. - Russian Empire (XIX-XX centuries). Part 4. - Russia in the XX century.

Questions for the electronic textbook (part 1.)

Formation of ancient Russian statehood, the role of the Slavs and Varangians in this process. Christianization of Russia: course, consequences, causes, features. The problem of princely power in Russia. Feudal fragmentation in Russia: causes and historical consequences. Types of civilizational development of Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation. Mongol-Tatars and Russia. Russian centralized state, stages of its formation and features. Rise of Moscow. Russian Orthodox Church in the X-XV centuries. The role of a historical personality in the development of the Russian state.

Questions for the electronic textbook (part 2.)

Civilizational development of the West and East in the Middle Ages. Formation of the policy of autocracy in the XVI-XVII centuries. The era of Ivan IV the Terrible. The crisis of Russian statehood of the late XVI - early. 17th century (Trouble): causes, course of consequences. The main trends in the development of Russia in the XVI century. Boris Godunov. Transformations of the first Romanovs. Ordin-Nashchokin A.L., Golitsyn V.V. Formation of a class-representative monarchy in Russia. Legislative activity of Alexei Mikhailovich. Accession of Little Russia and Siberia to Russia. Results of the 17th century in Russia.

Questions for the electronic textbook (part 3.)

Russia under Peter I: transformations and prospects. The era of palace coups in Russia. The formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia. "Enlightened absolutism" in Europe and Russia. Foreign policy of Russia in the XVIII century. Changes in the first quarter of the 19th century in Russia. Decembrist movement. Foreign policy of Russia in the XIX century. Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Great reforms of Alexander II. Revolutionary movement in Russia 2nd half. 19th century The internal policy of the autocracy in the 80-90s. 19th century Features of the socio-economic development of Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century

Questions for the electronic textbook (part 4.)

Europe and the world at the beginning of the 20th century. Modernization of Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries. (according to part 3 and 4). The first Russian revolution in Russia. Stolypin's reforms in Russia. Foreign policy of Russia in the reign of Nicholas II. February Revolution in Russia. Political struggle in Russia in 1917 Civil war in Russia. Socialist transformations in Russia (1917-1937). Formation of the regime of personal power of I.V. Stalin. Foreign policy of Soviet Russia. The Great Patriotic War. The political development of the USSR in the 2nd half. 20th century Economic and social development of the USSR in 1945-1985. Foreign policy of the USSR in 1945-1985. MS Gorbachev and the transformation of Russia. Formation of the new Russia (90s of the XX century).

By agreement with the teacher, the student can only work with an electronic textbook according to the following manual: Methodological instructions for studying an electronic textbook for the course "National History" / Uvarova O.A., Chalykh M.G. - Irkutsk: Publishing house of ISTU. - 2002. - 16 p. 2nd edition - 2005 The student can also work with the electronic textbook as an additional teaching aid. In this case, see the section "Knowledge Quality Control".

KNOWLEDGE QUALITY CONTROL

Attending lectures (presence of text) 17 x 2 b. = 34 b. Speech at the seminar - at least 5 x 10 p. Max = 50 b. Work with a computer textbook (at least 12 questions, questions must be selected from all 4 parts) 12 x 2 b. = 24 b. Testing (final) = 15 b. Preparation on topics for independent work:

a) outline plan - up to 1 page = 3 b. b) compiling a historical background on the topic - up to 1 page = 3 b. c) compiling crossword puzzles and other game tasks - 1 option = 7 b.

Control work at seminars on individual cards (including the textbook) - 2 x 7 b. = 14 b.

Admission to the exam - 125 b. Satisfactory assessment of knowledge - 130 b. Good assessment of knowledge - 140 b. Excellent assessment of knowledge - 150 b. Exam marks: Excellent - 25 b. Good - 15 b.

Introduction 3State Educational Standard for National History 4Course program of National History in accordance with
with State Standard and taking into account school knowledge (marked *) 6Basic information and methodological support
course "National History" 16 Lecture course on National History 17 Seminar program with assignments
for independent work and a list of references 18 Plans of seminars (Vanina I.Yu., Salnikova E.S.,
Sokolovskaya T.A.) 53Thematic plan of the discipline 57Examination questions on Russian history 58Working with an electronic textbook 60Knowledge quality control 63

Annotation: Mongol invasion and the loss of independence of Russia. - Rise of Moscow. - The question of the role of the Golden Horde in the fate of Russia.

• the Mongols did not encroach on the territorial and political autonomy of the Russian principalities, and did not include them directly in the Golden Horde. Russian lands and climate were unsuitable for a nomadic economy;
• The main form of dependence of the Russian people (as well as most of the conquered peoples) was the regular payment of tribute and recognition of the supremacy of the Horde Khan, who confirmed the Russian princes on their thrones, and transferred the right to a great reign to the great (i.e. supreme) prince - i.e. the right to govern all Russian lands and collect tribute from them. Another form of dependence is the supply of soldiers to the All-Mongolian army during military campaigns (Iran, China). I.e main goal the Mongol was - the pumping out of financial and human resources from the subject territory;
• the Mongols did not create special laws for the dependent Russian lands, their own legal norms (sudniks) operated here;
• the Mongol-Tatars did not create a new, their own dynasty in Russia, did not have a permanent governor, the control of the territory of the Russian principalities was in the hands of the Russian princes themselves (who received a label from the Mongols);
• the Mongols did not touch the spiritual basis of the Russian people - Orthodoxy. At first, the pagan, and then the Muslim Golden Horde did not force them to change their faith. In their capital, Sarai, where many Russian people lived, the Mongols established an Orthodox diocese, and the Orthodox clergy were freed from paying tribute [2.1, p.85].

These are some of the features of the control of the Mongols subject to the territory, which are more like a compromise between unequal parties. These features to some extent explain the reasons for such a long preservation of relations of dependence of Russia on the Mongols.

In this regard, of particular interest is the figure of Alexander Nevsky, who laid principles of interaction with the Golden Horde. History entrusted him with a difficult task - to determine the foreign policy line of the Russian princes in the new historical conditions. One danger - the Catholic expansion of the West - was repulsed (for which the Russian Orthodox Church later elevated him to the rank of saints), and the other - more powerful - carried threats of a different nature. The role of A. Nevsky was assessed ambiguously by both contemporaries and descendants: from humiliating humility and subjugation to the Mongols to the conscious conclusion of a direct political and military alliance by Russia and the Golden Horde, as L.N. Gumilyov (From Russia to Russia. M., 1997). Be that as it may, it is obvious that A. Nevsky determined the strategy of relations with the Mongols for decades to come and, being a sober pragmatist, a diplomat preferred to resolve relations with the Horde at the negotiating table. He perceived the trials as inevitable, realizing that over time, circumstances would change in favor of Russia, as Egorov V.L. notes (Alexander Nevsky and Genghisides / / Domestic History. 1997. No. 2.).

The invasion of Khan Batu was accompanied by the ruin of Russia, the reduction of stone construction, the decline of trade, and the simplification of many crafts. Of the 79 cities of Russia, 49 were devastated during the Batu invasion, 14 of them were never revived. Heavy tribute depleted the strength of farmers and artisans, the number of various indirect taxes in favor of the Horde reached 14. People were driven into slavery, into wars. The backlog of Russian lands from the more developed countries of Western Europe intensified.

Rise of Moscow. It is an undeniable fact that it was in the depths of fragmented Russia, during the period of Mongol domination at the beginning of the 14th century, that Moscow was born as a political center, which later united the Russian lands into a single state. Before the Mongol invasion, it was only a small settlement on the border of the Vladimir principality. Let us recall the historical circumstances that contributed to the rise of Moscow.

These are the main views on the role and place of the Mongol conquest in the history of Russia.

Thus, the Rostov-Suzdal land became the center of formation in the future of the Russian state itself. Due to feudal fragmentation, it was relatively easily conquered by the Mongols. The policy of Alexander Nevsky fully corresponded to the then prevailing realities, and the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo contributed to the consolidation of North-Eastern Russia. The role of the Golden Horde in the fate of Russia is still debatable.

Abstract topics:

1. Historical personalities: Ivan Kalita, Alexander Nevsky, Baty, Tokhtamysh, Dmitry Donskoy.
2. Mongol military traditions.
3. Kulikovo battle.
4. Features of the relationship between the Russian principalities and the Mongols.
5. Views of N.M. Karamzin and V.O. Klyuchevsky on the role and place of the Mongol conquest in the history of Russia.
6. Relations between the Church and the Horde.
7. The struggle of Moscow and Tver for superiority in the Russian lands.
8. Relations between Moscow and the Horde.
9. The collapse of the Golden Horde and its consequences.
10. The history of the formation of the Kazan Khanate.

Map 5. Eastern Russia in the 15th century

The problem of the role of the Mongols in Russian history has been discussed by many historians over the past two centuries, but no agreement has been reached. Of the historians of the older generation, N.M. Karamzin, N.I. Kostomarov and F.I. Leontovich. Karamzin is the author of the phrase: " Moscow owes its greatness to the khans"; he also noted the suppression of political freedoms and the exasperation of morals, which he considered the result of the Mongol oppression. Kostomarov emphasized the role of the khan's labels in strengthening the power of the Moscow Grand Duke within his state. Leontovich conducted a special study of the Oirat (Kalmyk) codes of laws in order to demonstrate the influence of the Mongolian rights to Russian... On the contrary, S. M. Solovyov denied the importance of the Mongol influence on the internal development of Russia and in his "History of Russia" practically ignored the Mongol element, except for its destructive aspects - raids and wars. Although he briefly mentioned the dependence of the Russian princes on the Khan labels and tax collection, Solovyov expressed the opinion that "the we have no reason to recognize any significant influence (Mongols)on the (Russian)internal administration, since we do not see any trace of him". A former student of Solovyov and his successor at the Department of Russian History of Moscow University, V.O. Klyuchevsky made small general remarks about the importance of the policy of the khans in the unification of Russia, but in other respects paid little attention to the Mongols. Among historians of Russian law and the state, Solovyov's ideas were followed by M A. Dyakonov, although he expressed his views more cautiously M. F. Vladimirsky-Budanov allowed only a slight influence of Mongolian law on Russian On the other hand, V. I. Sergeevich followed the argumentation of Kostomarov, as well as, to a certain extent, P .N. Milyukov.

A quarter of a century ago, the role of the Mongols in Russian history was once again reviewed by the philologist Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy; he came to the conclusion that the origins of the Muscovite state cannot be properly understood without taking into account the political and moral principles on which the Mongol Empire was built. E. Khara-Davan, the author of a deep biography of Genghis Khan, made Trubetskoy's point of view even more categorical. On the other hand, V.A. Ryazanovsky and B.D. Grekov returned to Solovyov's position. V.A. Ryazanovsky, like Leontovich, thoroughly researched Mongolian law, but minimized its significance for Russia. Grekov formulated his point of view as follows: " The Russian state, headed by Moscow, was created not with the help of the Tatars, but in the process of the hard struggle of the Russian people against the yoke of the Golden Hordes". Obviously, we have here a slightly different aspect of this problem. Logically, one can deny any positive influence of the Mongol institutions on the Russians and, nevertheless, recognize the significance of the Mongol impact on the development of Russia, even if it was purely negative.

The problem of Mongol influence on Russia is, of course, multicomponent. We are confronted here with a complex of important problems rather than just one issue. First of all, we must consider the immediate effect of the Mongol invasion - the real destruction of cities and populations; then the consequences of the conscious policy of the Mongol rulers for various aspects of Russian life. In addition, certain important changes in Russia were the unforeseen results of one or another turn in Mongolian politics. Thus, the inability of the khans to stop the Polish and Lithuanian offensives, of course, was a factor in the division of Eastern and Western Russia. Further, the influence of the Mongol model on Muscovy gave its full effect only after the liberation of the latter from the Mongols. This can be called the delayed action effect. Moreover, in some respects, direct Tatar influence on Russian life increased rather than decreased after the liberation of Russia. It was after the fall of the Golden Horde that a host of Tatars went to the service of the Moscow rulers. And finally, the Tatar threat did not disappear with the liberation from the Golden Horde under Ivan III. For nearly three centuries, Russia was forced every year to send a significant part of its army to the southern and southeastern borders; this was reflected in the entire political and social system of Muscovy.

A convenient way to measure the degree of Mongol influence on Russia is to compare the Russian state and society of the pre-Mongolian period and the post-Mongolian era, and, in particular, the comparison of the spirit and institutions of Muscovite Rus and Kievan Rus.

Recall that the political life of the Russian Federation of the Kiev period was based on freedom. The three elements of power - monarchical, aristocratic and democratic - balanced each other, and the people had a voice in government throughout the country. Even in the Suzdal land, where the monarchical element was the strongest, and the boyars and the city assembly, or veche, had the right to speak in business. The typical prince of the Kievan period, even the Grand Duke of Suzdal, was simply the head of the executive branch of the government, not an autocrat.

The picture completely changed after the Mongol period. First of all, in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, instead of a pan-Russian federation, all of whose members had similar constitutions, we find a sharp division between Eastern Russia (Muscovy) and Western Russia (included in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth); in addition, on the southern outskirts of each of the two parts of Russia, military states of a new type appeared - Cossack settlements. They represented an ancient Russian democratic tradition, although now it took on a specific form, the form of military brotherhoods. The aristocratic element of power in Western Russia was not only preserved, but even strengthened under the influence of Poland and became the basis of the political life of Western Russia (Ukraine and Belarus). In Eastern Russia, however, the monarchist element was maintained and developed to a high level. To say, however, that the Moscow kingdom simply followed the tradition of Andrei Bogolyubsky and some other Suzdal princes would be to underestimate the significance of the change. With all their monarchical tendencies, the Suzdal princes never managed to become the absolute rulers of their land.

The power of the Muscovite tsar, both ideological and actual, was immeasurably greater than the power of his Suzdal predecessors. Although the sixteenth century saw the growth of monarchical institutions throughout the European continent, nowhere did this process go as quickly and so deeply as in Eastern Russia. When the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian baron Sigismund von Herberstein, arrived in Moscow in 1517, he felt that he was in a different world in a political sense. He noted that Grand Duke Vasily III surpassed all other monarchs in terms of power over his subjects. The Englishman Gilles Fletcher, who visited Moscow seventy years after Herberstein, came to the conclusion that " the state and the form of its government are purely tyrannical, since in everything it proceeds from the interests of the prince, while in a completely frank and barbaric manner " .

No less sharp is the contrast between the pre- and post-Mongolian periods in the field of social relations. The very foundations of Muscovite society were not the same as in the Kievan period.

The society of Kievan Rus can, with certain reservations, be called a free society. Slaves existed, but they were considered a separate group, not part of the nation. The situation was similar to the situation in ancient Greece: slavery coexisted with the freedom of most of society. The government functioned on the basis of the cooperation of free social classes: boyars, townspeople and "people" in rural areas. True, there was a group of peasants, the so-called smerdy, which was in the sphere of special princely jurisdiction, but even they were free. There was also a group of semi-free (so-called purchases), whose position eventually became similar to that of slaves, but whose enslavement was the result of debt, that is, the unregulated interaction of economic forces, and not government action.

In the Muscovy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, we find a completely new conception of society and its relation to the state. All classes of the nation, from the highest to the lowest, excluding slaves, were attached to the public service. Oddly enough, slaves were the only group exempt from government regulation. Kirill Zaitsev aptly called this Moscow system of universal state service serf charter(compulsory service law). Both the former appanage princes and the boyars now became the permanent servants of the tsar, as did the lower strata, such as boyar children and nobles(couriers). Attempts to resist the new order on the part of the princes and boyars were crushed by Tsar Ivan IV during the reign of terror oprichnina. Through the institute of military estates the kings controlled both the land holdings of the service people and the army. The need to provide labor for the estates led to the establishment of serfdom, at first only temporary (1581). This serfdom of the peasants was made permanent and legalized by the Code (Code of Laws) in 1649. It is under the articles of this Code that urban residents ( townspeople) were eventually organized into numerous closed communities, all members of which were bound by mutual responsibility for the payment of taxes and the performance of special duties imposed on them. Both free peasants on state lands, and serfs, as well as townspeople, were considered the lower class of royal subjects, free from military or court service, but obliged to pay heavy taxes and, in some cases, perform compulsory work ( tax). Thus, there is a difference between service people(people who carry out "service" in the literal sense of military or court service) and heavy people(by people bearing the tax). "Service" - (in the above sense) became in the end a characteristic of a person of noble birth, and "tax" - a commoner. This distinction became the main feature of the social order of Muscovy in the seventeenth century and took on even sharper forms in the St. Petersburg Empire of the eighteenth century.

From this brief comparative analysis of the characteristic features of the state and society of Kievan and Muscovite Rus, it becomes clear that the abyss between these two regimes was truly bottomless. It is clear that such a change could not have taken place overnight. Indeed, the process of transforming a free society into a society of compulsory service began during the Mongol period and continued until the middle of the seventeenth century.

The question we now need to discuss is the role of the Mongols in this process. To find this out, we must briefly review the changes that took place in the Russian national economy, politics, and social organization during the Mongol period.

The Mongols came to Russia not as colonizers, but as conquerors. Having suppressed resistance by force, they turned the Russian principalities into vassal units that paid tribute to the Golden Horde (this is how the feudal state founded by Batukhan began to be called from the beginning of the 40s). In addition to Russia, the Golden Horde included Western Siberia, Northern Khorezm, Volga Bulgaria, the North Caucasus, Crimea, the steppes from the Volga to the Danube

The Horde yoke was expressed primarily in political dependence - the recognition of the suzerainty of the Mongol khans over Russia. Russian princes had to be approved for reigning in the Horde and Mongolia (Karakorum), receiving a label from the Mongol khans - a special khan's charter for reigning. One of the main vassal obligations of the Russian principalities was the payment of tribute to the khan ("Horde output") - a tenth of the income from the population of the principality.

In Russia, as in other conquered countries, the Mongolian administrative system operated - the Basque institution, and later from the 14th century. the transfer of its main functions to the princes (the so-called "remote" form of government). Since that time, the assimilation process, openness to the East, began to intensify. The Horde moved to Russia, a significant part of the tax-farmers and Baskaks settled on Russian lands, forming villages and settlements. So, the grandchildren of one of the "main" Vladimir Baskaks, Amyrkhan, became the founders of famous surnames - the Baskakovs, the Zubovs, and the great-grandson Pafnuty - the abbot of the Borovsky monastery, canonized in 1540. The direct heirs of the khans and princes of the Great and Nogai Hordes, Crimean, Kazan, The Siberian and Astrakhan khanates laid the foundation for the well-known in Russia surnames Godunovs, Saburovs, Dashkovs, Kutuzovs, Davydovs, Apraksins, Uvarovs, Yusupovs, Urusovs, Kochubeevs, Rastopchins, Karamzins, Bibikovs, Chirikovs, Boltins, Turgenevs, Tenishevs and others. Surnames of Turkic-Mongolian origin are marked by characteristic features - images of an eastern warrior on a white horse armed with a bow.

The Mongol invasion caused great damage to the economy and culture of Russia. Many of the destroyed cities, villages and villages never revived, and many fell into decay and eked out a miserable existence. The conquerors exported not only material values, livestock, agricultural products. The population suffered a great loss. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed, many maimed. One of the forms of tribute was full when the Tatars drove the civilian population to Saray, as well as deep into Asia to the Karakorum and even China. First of all, craftsmen and craftsmen were taken to work for the khan's court, for the Horde army, etc. They stole women, children and teenagers. In general, the general losses of Russia were such that it was thrown back in its development two centuries ago, i.e. to the state of the 11th century. This can partly explain our subsequent economic and technical lagging behind the West. And the Mongolian factor had a huge impact on the formation of political, legal, economic and cultural relations in the 13th - 15th centuries, which also partly explains our proximity to the eastern (traditional) type of development.

Eastern influence was manifested in the administrative-territorial division, the hierarchy of rulers (titula- tion), the institution of co-government, the formation of centralization in management.

In the XIII century. the conquered Russian principalities were considered by the Genghisides-Juchids as a "Russian ulus" and, in accordance with the traditional nomadic administrative structure, the territory of the ulus was distributed among decimal districts (tumens). So, on the territory of the Chernigov principality at the end of the XIII century. there were 14 themes (tumens), Vladimir - 15, and at the end of the XIV century. - 17 topics. Chronicles (Lavrentievskaya and others) contain information about small units of administrative-territorial division - thousands, hundreds, tens. They were established by the Mongols not so much as "military districts", but primarily as taxable units.

The Basque Institute and later the transfer of its main functions to the princes testified to the attempts to spread the Horde principles of management organization. The Golden Horde consistently implemented a "remote" type of power and control, and this left a special imprint on Russia (in the technology of power, fiscal forms, centralization of control, etc.). Those principalities that wanted to succeed were especially active in borrowing.

Princely power in Tver and Moscow often took on those forms that were most focused on interaction with the Mongolian authorities. In the context of the struggle for hegemony, the one who best, more organically than others could adapt to the order in the Horde and receive help from the troops as an ulusnik won the upper hand. The Moscow princes more than once relied on the Horde and the Tatar princes in solving their internal problems.

During the period of the Horde yoke, a crushing blow was dealt to the city's democratic institutions. Veche as a political institution disappears, princely power (especially the power of the great princes) is strengthened, the principle of one-man command wins.

Power in Russia was increasingly based on violence. In the Sudebnik of Ivan III (1497), the death penalty was imposed for incitement to rebellion, theft of church property, arson and other crimes. Torture was included in the criminal procedure of Muscovite Russia in the Horde period.

The strengthening of eastern influence in Russian society was especially observed in the era of Ivan IV. The victory of the oprichnina led to the growth of servile self-awareness, violence and cruelty. Before Ivan IV, the Golden Horde khans were called tsars in Russia, now it has become the title of the Moscow sovereign. It was the subordination of the Tatar states of the Volga and Siberia that was interpreted in Russia as the beginning of Ivan IV's acquisition of royal dignity: "And our white tsar is the tsar over the tsars, the Hordes all worshiped him." In the formation of the status of the "White Tsar" of the Muscovite state and its correlation with the rank of the surrounding rulers, ideological and mental levels were manifested. At the throne receptions under the tsar there were three crowns - Moscow, Kazan and Astrakhan. In the 16th-17th centuries, Tatar princes often attended audiences, standing on both sides of the throne, supporting the king by the elbows, embodying the power of the sovereign, who had persons of royal blood at his court. Grigory Kotoshikhin, a writer of the 17th century, who was well acquainted with the institutions and traditions of Russia of that time, also considered the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan to be the historical foundation of the Muscovite kingdom.

The Turkic-Mongolian influence was manifested in military affairs (organization of the army, tactics of campaigns, reconnaissance, battles, weapons), at the economic level - the organization of the tax system using borrowed forms.

The contingent of service people from the Horde was very qualified, because they were the best specialists in equestrian formation and maneuver warfare. Armed forces of the Muscovite state of the XV-XVI centuries. consisted of five large divisions: the central (large regiment), the division of the right hand, the division of the left hand, the vanguard (advanced regiment), the rearguard (guard regiment). Like the Mongols, the division of the right hand in the army of the Muscovite state was considered more important than the division of the left hand. The system of universal conscription introduced by the Mongols was used.

The tribute-tax remained the main source of income for the grand dukes, and the plow was the main unit of taxation. The widespread system of yasak exploitation was not only preserved, but adopted by the Russian authorities and later served as the basic principle of relations with the peoples of Siberia.

The Turkic-Mongolian influence also manifested itself in the etiquette of Russian diplomatic relations in the 15th-17th centuries. Both in the Mongolian and in the Moscow diplomatic ceremonial, great attention was paid to mutual gifts, it was forbidden for any of the foreign ambassadors to be armed during an audience with the ruler. The ambassador is a guest of the ruler, and the ruler had to supply him and his retinue with food, drink, provide lodging for the night, free movement and security.

The Tatar language has long served as one of the languages ​​of diplomatic correspondence and oral translation in Russia's communication with neighboring Turkic-Muslim states. It is characteristic that the Moscow princes and tsars, who maintained intensive contacts with Muslim states, until the 18th century. corresponded with them in the Horde protocol traditions using the style and formulas of the ceremonial office work of the Golden Horde.

Diplomas of Russian tsars in the 17th century. and the beginning of the 18th century. The rulers of the countries of Islam were decorated with the image not of a double-headed eagle, as the coat of arms of Russia, but of a special heraldic sign - the tughra, practically borrowed from the letters of the Crimean khans and Ottoman sultans.

Researchers draw attention to the similarity of the Russian tughra, first of all, to the Crimean one, to the use in it of the traditions of tuff graphics of the Crimean and Ottoman masters-khattats (calligraphers) and the Arabic theological formula common to Muslims ("By the Grace of the Lord of the Worlds").

All this testified not only to the desire of the rulers of Russia to communicate with Muslim sovereigns in the most understandable and aesthetically close way for the addressees, but also to the organic, habitual use of Muslim symbols, which was not perceived as something alien.

Tughra of the first Romanovs was not only well known to the rulers of Bakhchisaray and Istanbul, the Shahs of Iran and the padishahs of the Mughal Empire in India, the khans of Azerbaijan, Khiva and Bukhara, the Altyn-khans of Mongolia and the rulers of the North Caucasus, but also adorned the documents of Russian merchants who traveled to the East.

The Russian tughra may well be elevated to the level of a symbol of fruitful interaction between Russian, Turkish and Crimean Tatar cultures, Christian and Muslim civilizations of the Black Sea region.

Cultural and ethno-confessional interactions were of particular importance. Russia has never been the territory of any one ethnic group, one culture.

The first communities of Turkic-speaking Muslims appeared among the North Dagestan and Lower Volga Khazars in the 8th-9th centuries. In 922, the Volga-Kama Bulgars officially adopted Islam. In 988 Kievan Rus adopted Christianity. In the Xl-XIII centuries. Russian Orthodox civilization is being formed, and the Volga-Kama Bulgaria becomes a major center of the Turkic-Islamic civilization, from the 14th century. - Golden Horde.

The adoption of Islam by the Golden Horde Khan Berke in 1252, the reign of Khan Uzbek (1312-1342), who declared Islam the state religion, the reign of Tokhtamysh (1381-1398) and Edigey (1398-1415) were the most notable milestones in the ethno-cultural consolidation of the Turkic peoples over vast areas from Dagestan to Udmurtia, from the Dnieper to the Irtysh. The formation of the Great Russian ethnic group and the Volga-Kama Tatars is also associated with the Golden Horde period. In the basin of the Volga and Kama, an extensive field of cultural and confessional interaction was formed. The complex interaction of ethnic cultures and civilizations here has led to the fact that the Volga-Ural region, in terms of the diversity of forms of cultural traditions, has no equal either in Russia or in Europe. Through the Islamic Volga region, such details of the Russian national costume as a sundress, a women's headscarf, an armyak, a dressing gown, shoes, etc. came to Russia.

And the folk Christianity of North-Eastern Russia, the Muscovite state, acquired more distinct oriental features that distinguished it from the Christianity of Little and White Russia, which did not break ties with the European Christian world.

The interaction of the Russian and Turkic ethnic groups throughout the history of these peoples was so long and intense that it left deep traces in all areas of material and spiritual culture.

Introduction

Three points of view

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Mongol-Tatar rule in Russia lasted about two and a half centuries (1238-1480). This is a long, even huge, period of time, which brought with it significant changes, as well as further consequences for the country as a whole.

But still, to begin with, I would like to delve into the reasons for the defeat of our country before the eastern conquerors. What are they?

Feudal fragmentation of the state (at the time of the invasion, the state consisted of several large principalities that were in competition with each other, which did not have a common army capable of repelling a blow from the conquerors);

· High level of military organization of the Mongolo-Tatars;

· Lack of a unified control center of the Russian army;

· Initially, the wrong choice of the place of battle, tk. the terrain was completely favorable for the Mongol-Tatars.

The question of how the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars influenced Russia and its further development is one of the debatable ones. Based on the above reasons, various opinions are expressed about the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, its further influence on the development of the Russian state. The study of this page of the past of our country has a long history, starting from the contemporaries of this event and ending with our time. Conventionally, for several decades, three points of view have been distinguished:

1. the point of view, according to which the significant and predominantly positive influence of the conquerors on Russia is recognized. The main plus that supporters of this point of view highlight is the creation of a single Russian state. The founder of this opinion is N.M. Karamzin.

2. the point of view, according to which the impact is recognized as insignificant. Supporters of this point of view are S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and some others.

3. the point of view according to which the influence of the Mongol-Tatar invasion is assessed as noticeable, but unlike the first point of view, is negative. Also, supporters of this point of view emphasize the point that this influence is not decisive for the further development of the country.

In the future, we will try to consider some points of view and draw conclusions based on them.

Unfortunately, few sources of that time have been preserved, so the view and opinion of various researchers is subjective, relatively incomplete, since the annals of a single period of time were mainly used, which are also united by the general view of their chroniclers, but this is precisely what contributes to the possibility of their analysis and summing up to some general conclusion.

Three points of view

So, let's consider the first point of view, which reflects the significant and positive impact of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on Russia.

“humiliated humanity itself in our ancestors and left deep, indelible marks for several centuries, irrigated with the blood and tears of many generations”. The basis of the created N.M. Karamzin's teachings are various Russian chronicles, as well as Western European sources in the person of Plano Carpini, Rubruk, Marco Polo.

A similar point of view was also held by N.I. Kostomarov, who in the article “The Beginning of Autocracy in Ancient Russia”, opposes S.M. Solovyov (his point of view will be discussed below), thus the point of view of N. I. Kostomarov partially coincides with the point of view of N. M. Karamzin. N. I. Kostomarov claims that “in North-Eastern Russia, no step has been taken to destroy the specific veche system before the Tatars” and only in Tatar “In slavery, Russia found its unity, which it did not think of during the period of freedom”. In general, according to the author, the invasion and subsequent conquest was the impetus for the transfer of power into the hands of a single Moscow prince.

Another historian who adhered to the first point of view was F.I. Leontovich. In his opinion, the Mongol-Tatars brought many different political and social innovations to Russia, such as localism, serfdom, etc. Thus, the historian concludes that the "Council Code of 1649" resembles the "Great Yasa" of Genghis Khan.

It is especially necessary to single out and pay attention to the views of the “Eurasians”. Here's what they've been reduced to in a nutshell:

· the conquest of the Mongol-Tatars was a historically necessary and progressive phenomenon;

· there was a silence about the predatory nature of the invasion and their destruction inflicted on various aspects of the life of Russia;

Exaggeration of the level of culture, statehood and military affairs of the Mongol-Tatar Khanate, their idealization took place;

· consideration of the history of the Russian people as one of the "Mongolian uluses" deprived of independent historical existence;

· the announcement of the Russians as a “Turanian people”, which was close to the Mongols and Turks, thereby showing that the Russians were the opposite of the Western Europeans, and therefore it led to the “preaching of the eternal conflict” between East and West;

· all the achievements of the Russian nation in the field of culture, statehood were associated directly with the Mongols, their beneficial influence.

Thus, we can conclude that the opinion of the "Eurasians" about the positive influence of the Mongol-Tatars on the further development of Russia was simply brought to the point of absurdity. They saw the advantages of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on all aspects of the life of the Russian people.

Some ideas of the "Eurasians" were also reflected in the works of L.N. Gumilyov, based on them, we can conclude that the author believes that the Mongol-Tatar invasion marked the beginning of a new ethno- and cultural genesis "the clash of different fields of attitude always gives rise to a violent reaction - the death of excess passionaries, bearers of different traditions, the emergence of conflicts within."

It is worth paying attention to the fact that a number of historians hold a positive point of view regarding the Mongolian culture, since it contributed and made it possible to isolate the Russian, Orthodox culture from the Western one, which was close to the Russian people, but was changed, since it was based on Catholicism . This point of view, in particular, was held by the Slavophiles.

The above opinions belonged to the point of view, which we conditionally designated as the first. Now consider the following view of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The point of view, designated as the second, whose supporters consider the influence of the Mongol-Tatars on Russia to be insignificant.

One of the most famous supporters of this point of view is the Russian historian S.M. Solovyov. It is characterized by an almost complete denial of the role of the Mongol-Tatars in the history of Russia. In several of his works. He believes that one of the reasons for the lack of influence is that the Mongols were located, lived far from the Russian principalities. Their main concern was the collection of tribute, and the lack of interest in the relations that developed between the principalities and princes in particular. The underestimation of these events can also be seen in the fact that S.M. Solovyov devotes very little space to this event in his writings.

K.D. Kavelin, in his review, objects to S. M. Solovyov, citing a number of reasons. One of the accents is made just on insufficient attention to this issue: “Citizen Solovyov speaks of tribal relations, then of state relations, which at first fought with them and, finally, they were replaced. But in what relation they were with each other, where did state relations come from in our life, following the rank and file, does not explain or explains too unsatisfactorily. But at the same time, it is worth noting that K.D. Kavelin largely adheres to the same point of view as S.M. Solovyov. K.D. Kavelin says that the Tatars did not make a special contribution to the development of the civilizational process of the Russian nation, and also did not damage it. However, K.D. Kavelin also expresses a point of view, which is more associated with the first, about the fact that Tatar rule "strengthened the power of the Grand Duke and thereby recreated the visible center of the political development of Russia".

I.N. Boltin also makes a remark about the fact that the Mongol-Tatars did not influence the peoples they conquered, while contrasting them with the Romans. A similar point of view is shared by V.I. Kelsiev, who protests to the supporters of the first point of view, speaking about the exaggeration of the role of foreign, especially the Mongol-Tatar influence on Russia.

Another supporter of the second point of view is V.O. Klyuchevsky, yes, he is also of the opinion that it was the Mongol-Tatars who influenced the formation of a centralized Russian state, which is an aspect of the first, but he tends to underestimate the Mongol-Tatar invasion. IN. Klyuchevsky does not pay attention to the fact that after the conquest the Russian principalities found themselves in new conditions of their existence. Thus, he emphasizes that the Horde khans do not impose their orders on Russia.

There are also scientists who express in their writings the idea of ​​the superficiality of the Mongol-Tatar influence. The supporters of this view include N. Rozhkov, S.F. Platonov.

We remain unlit by the third point of view, which refers to the negative impact of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on Russia and its further history as a whole.

Opinion of M.S. Gasteva also refers to the third view of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and its further influence on Russia. M.S. Gastev believes that the Mongol yoke is one of the reasons that influenced the further slowdown in Russia's development. He characterizes him as “a time of the greatest disorder, the greatest misfortune for our fatherland, one of those times that weigh on a person, suffocate him.” It is also worth noting that M.S. Gastev does not believe that the rule of the Mongol-Tatars contributed to the eradication of civil strife, that the successes of the Russian people in agriculture were very small, and that constant raids simply changed and interfered with the usual and familiar way of life. Drawing a conclusion, M.S. Gastev says: “What benefit did the Tatars bring to us? It seems none. Autocracy itself, taken by many as the fruit of their dominion, is not the fruit of their dominion.

Now I would like to draw attention to the view of A.N. Nasonov. Most researchers, on the issue we are considering, believe that his opinion belongs to the second point of view, but I would like to object and attribute it to the third. Since, according to his opinion, the Mongols tried in every possible way to prevent the formation of a single state in Russia, trying to increase its fragmentation. Thus, he vividly expresses his negativity in relation to what kind of influence the Mongol-Tatars had on Russia. However, some of those who study this issue believe that A.N. Nasonov considers the influence insignificant, based on the foregoing, we express disagreement on this matter.

Academician H. Fren believed that the Mongol-Tatar invasion was the gravest disaster for the Russian people. V.G. Belinsky called the Tatar yoke the "fettering beginning" of the Russian people, which delayed its development. N.G. Chernyshevsky expresses the opinion that this invasion played a negative role in the development of Russia, but the Russian people literally saved European civilization from destruction. A. I. Herzen adheres to a similar point of view, considering the Mongol-Tatars the main brake on the further development of Russia. A.S. Pushkin spoke out on this, also stating that it contributed to the slowdown in the development of Russia compared to Western Europe: “Russia was assigned a high destiny, its boundless expanses swallowed up the forces of the Mongols and stopped their invasion on the very edge of Europe ... The emerging enlightenment was saved by a torn and dying Russia”

Opinion B.D. Grekova also tends to the third point of view. He points out that the policy of the Mongol khans not only did not contribute to the formation of a single centralized state, but rather, on the contrary, it happened against their will and contrary to expectations: “Tatar domination had a negative and regressive character for the Russian people. It contributed to the growth of feudal oppression and delayed the economic and cultural development of the country.

K.V. is also inclined to a similar opinion. Bazelevich and V.N. Bochkarev. Their works also contain an assessment of the Mongol invasion as a terrible disaster that delayed "economic and cultural development of the country".

Conclusion

The Mongol-Tatar invasion and the yoke of the Golden Horde that followed it played a huge role in the further history of our country. The rule of the nomads lasted two and a half centuries and, of course, it could not pass without a trace. In addition to the deaths of a large number of people, the devastation of lands, this tragedy affected many aspects of society.

The significance of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is well reflected in the various points of view of scientists, writers, historians, and critics. They consider it from different angles, citing all sorts of arguments in their favor. It is worth noting that each thesis has two opposing points of view. What are the main theses and views on them can be identified?

The Mongol-Tatar invasion contributed to the eradication of feudal fragmentation and the unification of the Russian principalities around one center, but this is one view. There are supporters of the opposite opinion, who believe that the Mongol-Tatar yoke, on the contrary, interrupted the desire of pre-Mongolian Russia to eliminate feudal fragmentation and unify the country, intensifying princely civil strife, thereby slowing down the process of unification.

The Mongol-Tatar conquest retarded economic development, and also caused irreparable damage to the cultural and historical monuments of the country.

It is initially wrong to talk about the insignificance of the invasion of the eastern nomads, because the yoke, which lasted 250 years, could not go unnoticed and pass absolutely without a trace for the history of the state.

Directly three points of view, into which it is conventionally customary to divide researchers on this issue, intersect with each other. Each point of view is closely intertwined with the other, there is no such view and a scientist whose opinion would be clear and not ambiguous. The fact that they are divided into three directions simply shows a greater commitment to a particular point of view.

One could now make several assumptions about what and how it would have been if Russia had not suffered this terrible misfortune. It can be assumed that the current backwardness, in comparison with European countries, has its own response from that ancient past, but history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood. The main thing is that Russia emerged from under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatar yoke as a single state, which, thanks to him, our country united around the center, which is still such.

List of used literature

1. Boltin, I.N., Notes on the History of Ancient and Present Russia in Leclerc, composed by Major General Ivan Boltin [Text] / I.N. Boltin. - [B. m.] : Typ. Gor. school.

2. Gumilyov, L.N. , Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe / Gumilyov L.N. - M.: Thought., 1989. - 766 p.

3. Karamzin, N.M., History of the Russian state / N.M. Karamzin. - M .: Alpha book. – 2009.

4. Nasonov, A.N., Mongols and Russia / A.N. Nasonov. - M.-L., 1970.

5. Handbook on the history of the fatherland: for applicants to universities / [ed. collegium A. S. Orlov Shchetinov, Yu. A Polunov, A. Yu.]. - M. : Prostor, 1995.

6. Solovyov, S.M., History of Russia / S.M. Solovyov. - M .: AST, - 2001.