1. Read paragraphs 2-7 of these instructions, complete the task. Record the results in a workbook.

2. On the basis of the data presented in the task and Instructions for solving the problem, form the aggregated balance sheet of Voskhod OJSC for 2004 (Table 3), supplement the balance sheet with the missing data (supplemented by the student independently). Balance the items of the asset and liabilities of the balance sheet (Asset = Liability).

3. When performing paragraph 3 of the task, it is provided:

For specialty 060500 "Accounting, analysis and audit" - to build a forecast balance;

For the specialty 060400 "Finance and Credit" - to build a cash budget forecast, a forecast profit and loss statement, a forecast balance sheet with the obligatory use of a PC and the program "Financial Planning. Forecast balance. You should first familiarize yourself with the Control calculation presented in paragraph 3 of these guidelines. Necessary additional information about the functioning of the enterprise, presented in Table. 3.15., coordinate with the example being executed and the generated aggregated balance sheet.

4. Analyze the available information on the largest possible range of directions (Table 4).

6. The financial cycle and the duration of one turnover of the elements of working capital should be determined according to the data in Table. 6.

7. Supplement the following conclusions with the necessary information.

1. Let's analyze the dynamics of the profit of the enterprise JSC "Voskhod". To do this, we will compile a calculation table 2.

We calculate the gross profit as the difference between revenue and cost, calculate the absolute and relative changes in gross profit, enter the data obtained in table 2.p. 3

The dynamics of all indicators is positive, it is also worth noting the positive fact of gross profit growth.

Estimated share of the cost of real production in 2003 - share = 350000/477000 = 73.29%, in 2004 share = 370000/535800 = 69.05%. This indicates a decrease in the production cost intensity of Voskhod products or a qualitative increase in profits, rather than a quantitative one, which may indicate an increase in the efficiency of production management, the introduction of new equipment and technologies.

Table 2.4 Dynamic Profit Analysis

No. p / p	Indicators	2003, rub.	2004, rub.	Changes
				abs., rub.	rel., %
11	Revenue from product sales	477 500	535 800	58300	12,21
22	Cost of goods sold	350 000	370 000	20000	5,7
33	Gross profit	127500	165800	38300	30,04

2. Build an auxiliary table 3. and calculate:

Net working capital according to the formula: CHOK \u003d Dz + Z + NP + Gp-Kz, we will write the data on page 6.

Coverage ratio according to the formula: Кп, = ,

There is a positive trend in the dynamics of the liquidity ratio, which indicates the strengthening of the financial condition of the enterprise.

Table 3. Working capital analysis

No. p / p	Indicators	2003, rub.	2004, rub.	Changes
				abs., rub.	rel., %
1	Accounts receivable	80900	101250	20350	25,15
2	Stocks of raw materials and materials	18700	25000	6300	33,69
3	Unfinished production	24100	28600	4500	18,67
4	Finished products	58300	104200	45900	78,73
5	Accounts payable	19900	27050	7150	35,93
6	Net working capital	162100	232000	69900	43,12
7	Coverage ratio	8,14	8,58	0,44	5,4

3. Consider the conditions of the auxiliary table 4. In the case of Voskhod OJSC, there is a slowdown in the turnover of the enterprise's capital in OA, which negatively adds up to an increase in the amount of revenue.

2003 - 500 days

2004 - 540 days

E = *Pb = 535000/360*(540-500) = 59520,

Such an amount is additionally brought into circulation, if the capital in OA was turned over as in 2003 in 500 days, then it would be required to have OA by 59,520 less. The management of the enterprise needs to pay close attention to the management of the enterprise's remote control, increasing the turnover of products in 2004 compared to 2003, i.е. its slowdown, as well as a discrepancy with the turnover of the short circuit, which again negatively affects the financial condition of the enterprise.

Table 4. Analysis of working capital turnover

No. p / p	Turnover indicators	2003, days	2004, days	Changes in abs.
1	Stocks of raw materials and materials	44,88	49,15	4
2	Work in progress	23,93	23,94	0
3	Inventory of finished goods	59,97	101,38	41
4	Accounts receivable	60,99	68,03	7
5	accounts payable	40	44,3	4
6	Duration of cash flow	149,77	198,2	48,43

WORKBOOK FUNCTIONS

workbook car engine

The functions of the workbook in the educational process are as follows.

Educational. It is supposed to develop in students the necessary knowledge and skills.

Developing. The workbook contributes to the development of sustained attention in the lesson. Thanks to the workbook, the educational material is easier to perceive. The workbook can be a tool in the development of thinking through specially designed tasks and exercises of a creative nature.

Nurturing. Cultivate accuracy in taking notes.

Formative. The workbook forms the students' self-control skills, provided that the sheets of the workbook are systematically filled out.

Rationalizing. Rational organization of study time and study work of trainees. When working with sheets of a workbook, most of the students' time is spent on learning the meaning of the concepts being studied, describing technical objects and the principles of their work, technological processes, and the basics of production technology.

Controlling. The workbook can be used to control the knowledge and skills of students. The workbook sheet is a test of the second level of mastering concepts. At the same time, the teacher has the opportunity to exercise this control constantly, at certain stages of the lesson, since the educational material in the sheets of the workbook is divided into blocks

TYPES OF WORKBOOK

There are three types of workbook: information, control, mixed.

The information view of the workbook carries information only about the content of the educational material. The educational information in the workbook gives students an orientation in the content of the topic under consideration. This type of workbook is widely used in vocational schools, since for many subjects there is no educational material in any textbook or educational information is dispersed over several textbooks. As a result, the teacher is forced to construct educational information in a workbook.

The control workbook is used after studying the topic of the lesson. The teacher, using the sheets of the workbook, can not only establish the fact of knowledge or ignorance, but also determine on which operation the student makes a mistake, and eliminate it at the stage of concept formation.

The mixed view of the workbook includes information and control blocks. New educational material is included in the information block, tasks and tests are placed in the control block to control the acquired knowledge and skills, tasks for independent work.

Currently, workbooks used in vocational training are classified by type:

· exercise books, or training notebooks;

Notebooks on graphic modeling;

semiotic-semantic notebooks.

Notebooks for exercises are designed for independent work of students, they contribute to the formation of skills and abilities for solving typical problems and exercises. This type of workbooks can be widely used in teaching methods for general technical disciplines.

For the formation of professional knowledge and skills in the system of professional training of personnel, the second type of notebook can be widely used - notebooks on graphic modeling. The professional activity of draftsmen, cutters, electricians is unthinkable without design and graphic modeling. Workbook sheets with a system of special practical tasks will allow the future professional to develop imagination, memory, thinking and other cognitive processes.

Semiotic-semantic workbooks are based on a combination of drawings, diagrams, graphic models with semantic intellectual tasks of a creative level. Workbook sheets of this type can be developed to develop the diagnostic and design skills of a future specialist. To do this, it is necessary to design tasks and exercises in a special way based on the content basis of the professional activity of a specialist of a certain profile.

REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKBOOKS

There are certain requirements for the structure of the workbook. The workbook should have a preface explaining the appeal to students. The system of questions and tasks should be built in accordance with the structure and logic of the formation of the relevant technical concepts. Between tasks, subordination should be defined, relating to both the content of the subject and over-subject skills.

The task of the author is to lead the student from topic to topic, from solving simple problems to more complex tasks. The illustrations in the workbook must be working, i.e. teaching. They may ask questions that require explanation. You can add to the drawing or suggest your own version. Where possible and justified, it makes sense to offer to draw or supplement the diagram.

The compositional construction of the workbook depends on the author's intention, on the nature and content of the educational material, its volume, the nature of questions and tasks. However, in any case, sufficient space should be provided for students' answers, the possibility of correcting mistakes and inaccuracies. At the end of each topic inside the notebook, a series of control questions is desirable, which allows you to once again systematize the knowledge of students. The notebook ends with a conclusion that orients students to the content of the educational material that will be studied later.

To control the level of knowledge formation, the sheet of the workbook includes the content of tasks or problematic issues.

In order for the sheets of the workbook to be able to systematically form stable professional skills, they must meet the following requirements.

Completeness - the presence of tasks for the development of all the studied concepts, facts, methods of professional activity. Grouping a system of tasks, generalized methods of solving which are transferred to solving problems of a wide range of professional activities. Connectivity of all blocks of information on the sheets of the workbook. Increasing difficulty in solving problems and planned learning outcomes.

Goal orientation -- for each task, a place is defined on the sheets of the workbook. Target sufficiency - enough problems of fixing the solution methods, if they have the property of transfer to other subject areas. Psychological comfort of trainees when working with a workbook sheet. Students have the opportunity to form concepts at an individual pace of mastering the content of educational information, to carry out self-control and control of the activities of their friend.

138. Choose the ending for the sentence.

139. Connect the inscriptions with the corresponding elements of the picture with arrows.

140. Label toolbar buttons.

141. Complete the sentences.

142. Determine the result of the following actions (circle the appropriate pictures).

143. Determine what will happen as a result of executing the following sequence of actions in the graphical editor:

144. Choose endings for sentences.

145. Solve the crossword "Paint Graphic Editor Tools".

146. Ivan and Sasha cut out four Christmas trees of different sizes from white paper. In how many ways can the carved Christmas trees be painted silver and green, if the amount of paint is not limited, and each Christmas tree can be painted only one color?

There are 16 different color options for Christmas trees.
Let's denote the Christmas trees with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. A variant of their color in green
we will denote 0, and in silver 1.

147. Systematize the given information, dividing them according to the subjects to which they relate. To do this, enter the letters in the empty cells on the right: R - for information from the field of the Russian language, E - natural science, I - history, M - mathematics.

148. The objects around us (objects, phenomena, beings, and so on) can be systematized in various ways. Organize by completing the table.

Reference words: sun, car, pike, lynx, spoon, air, wind, turkey, wolf, elephant, cow, soil, computer, book, TV, mountain, river, lake, snow, mosquito, dragonfly, dress, rooster, sheep, carp, birch, aspen, man, camomile, rain, dew, butterfly, duck, orange, ostrich, tomato, hurricane, frog, house, fly, ant.

149. Based on the information contained in the third column of the table of the previous task, fill in the table.

150. The first column of the table lists objects grouped by class. Determine the basis for these classifications.

151. Marina Yablochkova did not like that every time the teacher calls her last name. When the teacher found out about this, she said: "Marina, if you make a new list of students, I will use it." Help Marina sort the list so that her last name comes first. Restore the teacher's list as well.

152. Sort the words alphabetically.

153. Find the necessary information in the textbook and complete the phrases.
a) Informationis information about the world around us.
b) Computer scienceis a science that studies all kinds of ways of transmitting, storing and processing information.
c) Computeris a universal machine for working with information.
d) Fileis named information stored in the computer's external memory.
e) Text editoris a special computer program designed to create texts.
f) Graphic editoris a special computer program designed to create and process images.

154. Write out the names of five European states in alphabetical order from a geographical atlas in a notebook. List the capital of each state.

155. Match the dates in the left column with the events in the right column.

156. Write down the number 389365402201 in words.

157. Each letter of the alphabet is assigned a pair of numbers: the first number is the column number, the second is the line number of the following code table:

158. Encrypt using the table from the previous task the following words:

159. The working area at your disposal is divided into square cells. The position of each cell is given by a pair of numbers: the first number is the column number, the second number is the row number, at the intersection of which the given cell is located.
Color in the cells whose position is given by the following pairs of numbers: (1; 10), (5; 8), (9; 10), (4; 10), (5; 10), (6; 10), (5; 5 ), (7; 10), (8; 10), (5; 1), (5; 9), (5; 7), (3; 10), (5; 6), (5; 4), (2; 10), (5; 2), (5; 3).

160. For schoolchildren, five meals a day are important: first breakfast - 20%, second breakfast - 15%; lunch - 40%; afternoon snack - 10%; dinner - 15% of the daily diet. At the same time, meals should be organized approximately at 7.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00 and 19.30. Present this information in tabular form.

161. Crows Dana, Nana, Lana and Zana are sitting on the fence. Dana sits in the middle between Nana and Lana. The distance between Nana and Dana is the same as between Lana and Zana. The distance between Dana and Zana is 4 meters. What is the distance between Nana and Zana?
To solve a problem, depict its condition using a diagram.

162. At noon, Vasya came to the playground, two hours after him - Masha, an hour and a half after her - Nikita. Vasya played for four hours, Masha for three hours, and Nikita for two hours. How long were the three children on the playground? To solve a problem, depict its condition using a diagram. For example, the time spent by each of the guys on the court can be represented by a horizontal rectangle.

163. Perform the calculations orally, in the most convenient way for you: 1) using the multiplication table; 2) selection; 3) expansion into convenient terms. Write the calculation method number in the box next to each example.

164. Perform calculations using the Calculator program.

165. Using the Calculator program, calculate the values ​​of the following arithmetic expressions:

166. Using the Calculator program, calculate the values ​​of the following arithmetic expressions:

167. Match the button images of the Calculator application with their purpose.

168. Solve the number crossword puzzle.

169. Perform the sequence of actions three times:

170. Follow the sequence of actions three times:

171. Perform the sequence of actions three times:

172. Do the following twice:

175. Fifth-graders Anya, Borya, Vasya, Grisha and Dina were in one group in a summer health camp. Each of them has one of the following hobbies: drawing, dancing, singing, tourism, football. The singer decided to make friends with a tourist. Dina was surprised to learn that the artist and tourist are brother and sister. Grisha is friends with an artist and a dancer. Vasya has no sisters. List the hobbies of each child.

176. Perform the calculations and arrange the letters in descending order of the corresponding answers. You will find out which of the Russian poets wrote the following lines about the Russian language:

177. Petya and Kolya play the following game: Petya conceives a rule for transforming textual information. Kolya can offer Petya any texts and find out the results of the transformation. Below are Kolya's questions and Petya's answers in several of these games. Try to guess what rule Petya has in mind in each game.

178. Today Petya and Kolya have a new game: Kolya conceives a rule for converting numerical information. Petya's task is to guess this rule. Below are Petya's questions and Kolya's answers in several of these games. Try to guess what rule Kolya has in mind in each game.

179. Tourists (father, mother and two twin brothers) must cross the river. They have a small boat at their disposal, accommodating only one adult or two children. How to organize the fastest crossing if both adults and children can row?
Draw up the crossing plan in the form of a table, using the following designations: O - father, M - mother, B1 and B2 - twin brothers.

180. Three merchants and three robbers approached the river at the same time. Everyone needed to cross to the opposite shore. There was a boat at the shore that could only accommodate two people. The merchants looked timidly at the robbers, as they knew that anything could happen during the crossing. If during the crossing on the shore the number of robbers and merchants is the same, then the robbers will not touch the merchants; if the number of robbers exceeds the number of merchants by at least one person, then the robbers will kill the merchants. The merchants faced a difficult task, but it was solved by them - everyone moved to the other side and there were no victims. How did the merchants and robbers manage to cross, and how many trips did the boat make? A trip should be considered as the movement of the boat in one direction.
Come up with designations and draw up a crossing plan in the table.

181. How to divide 8 liters of sunflower oil into two equal parts of 4 liters if, in addition to a full 8-liter can, there are two empty cans of 5 liters and 3 liters?

182. Grandmother fries delicious potato cakes using a special frying pan. This pan is so small that no more than two cakes can be baked on it at the same time. Each of the cakes must be baked for one minute on each side.
The pictures show how a grandmother cooks three cakes in 3 minutes. Describe the plan for making three cakes in 3 minutes in words.

What is the minimum time it takes grandma to cook five cakes? Depict the plan for preparing five cakes graphically.

183. The cook prepared a cake of three layers and laid it out on a green tray (1). But it turned out that all the dishes on the table were red. Help the chef transfer all the cakes to the red tray (3), using the yellow tray (2) as a guide. Please note that only one cake can be transferred at a time and a larger cake cannot be placed on a small cake.

184. Fill in the scheme "Information processing".

"Intersubject communications in biology lessons" - Offer this experience for testing to teachers from other schools. Summarize your experience on this topic. Intersubject communications. General biology. Physical geography. 6th grade. Conceptual. Results of municipal Olympiads. Actual. Preparatory stage. Theatrical performances. Motivation for teaching biology.

"10 Biology" - The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates is the first scientist who created a scientific medical school. The traditions of ancient authors were continued by Avicenna. 17th century I.V. Sechenov. The works of L. Pasteur and I. Mechnikov determined the emergence of immunology. Origins of biological science. He proved that blood flows in the arteries, not air, and only in living animals.

"Biology lessons" - stage 4 - selection of tasks for the formation of a meta-subject result. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL is used if there is time left in the lesson. Collaboration between teacher and students. I can .. I want to know .. Observes and draws independent conclusions. Searches and finds information in different sources.

"Biology manuals" - Frequency of occurrence: 1:500. Formation of students' ability to solve biological problems. Frequency of occurrence: 1:10000. M .: Higher School, 1984. Publishing house "Brothers Grinin", 1997. Electronic educational publication, Bustard, Physicon, 2006. Rebrova L.V., Prokhorova E.V. Active forms and methods of teaching biology. – M.: Enlightenment, 1997.

"Textbooks in biology" - Control and measuring materials. An important stage in the study of biology is the control of knowledge. And such a phrase sometimes means more than an official review in the press. Slides, microphotographs, drawings are made at a high artistic level. A modern textbook is a modern lesson. The textbook "General Biology" completes the line of N. I. Sonin.

"Themes in biology grade 8" - Lymphatic vessels. Organ of hearing. Blood. support and movement. The same muscles can perform both dynamic and static work. The meaning of the skeleton. vestibule cavities. Working mechanism. On the fibers are cells with hairs. Compound. Bone shapes. Skeleton bones. The structure of the human skeleton. Extensor.

There are 16 presentations in total in the topic

2.1. The concept of ESKD standards. If every engineer or draftsman performed and designed the drawings in his own way, without observing uniform rules, then such drawings would not be understandable to others. To avoid this, the state standards of the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD) have been adopted and are in force in the USSR.

ESKD standards are regulatory documents that establish uniform rules for the implementation and execution of design documents in all industries. Design documents include drawings of parts, assembly drawings, diagrams, some text documents, etc.

Standards are set not only for design documents, but also for certain types of products manufactured by our enterprises. State standards (GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises and individuals.

Each standard is assigned its own number with the simultaneous indication of the year of its registration.

The standards are revised from time to time. Changes in standards are associated with the development of industry and the improvement of engineering graphics.

For the first time in our country, standards for drawings were introduced in 1928 under the name "Drawings for all types of mechanical engineering." Later they were replaced by new ones.

2.2. Formats. The main text of the drawing. Drawings and other design documents for industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes.

For economical use of paper, ease of storing drawings and using them, the standard establishes certain sheet formats that are outlined with a thin line. At school, you will use a format whose sides are 297X210 mm. It is designated A4.

Each drawing must have a frame that limits its field (Fig. 18). The frame lines are solid thick main lines. They are carried out from above, to the right and from below at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line along which the sheets are cut. On the left side - at a distance of 20 mm from it. This strip is left for filing drawings.

Rice. 18. Making an A4 sheet

In the drawings, the main inscription is placed in the lower right corner (see Fig. 18). Its form, dimensions and content are established by the standard. On educational school drawings, you will perform the main inscription in the form of a rectangle with sides of 22X145 mm (Fig. 19, a). A sample of the completed title block is shown in Figure 19, b.

Rice. 19. The main inscription of the training drawing

Production drawings, performed on A4 sheets, are placed only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. In drawings of other formats, the title block can be placed along both the long and short sides.

As an exception, on A4 training drawings, the main inscription is allowed to be placed both along the long and along the short side of the sheet.

Before starting the drawing, the sheet is applied to the drawing board. To do this, attach it with one button, for example, in the upper left corner. Then a T-square is placed on the board and the upper edge of the sheet is placed parallel to its edge, as shown in Figure 20. Pressing a sheet of paper to the board, attach it with buttons, first in the lower right corner, and then in the other corners.

Rice. 20. Preparing the sheet for work

The frame and columns of the main inscription are made with a solid thick line.

What are the dimensions of an A4 sheet? At what distance from the outer frame should the drawing frame lines be drawn? Where is the title block placed on the drawing? Name its dimensions. Consider Figure 19 and list what information is indicated in it.

2.3. Lines. When making drawings, lines of various thicknesses and styles are used. Each of them has its own purpose.

Rice. 21. Drawing lines

Figure 21 shows an image of a part called a roller. As you can see, the detail drawing contains different lines. In order for the image to be clear to everyone, the state standard establishes the style of lines and indicates their main purpose for all drawings of industry and construction. In the lessons of technical and service labor, you have already used various lines. Let's remember them.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the thickness of lines of the same type should be the same for all images in a given drawing.

Information about the lines of the drawing is given on the first flyleaf.

1. What is the purpose of a solid thick main line?
2. What is a dashed line? Where is it used? What is the thickness of this line?
3. Where is a dash-dot thin line used in a drawing? What is its thickness?
4. In what cases is a solid thin line used in a drawing? How thick should it be?
5. Which line shows the fold line on the scan?

In Figure 23 you see a picture of the part. Various lines are marked on it with the numbers 1,2, etc. Make a table in your workbook according to this sample and fill it out.

Rice. 23. Task for exercises

Graphic Work No. 1

Prepare an A4 sheet of drawing paper. Draw the frame and columns of the title block according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Draw different lines, as shown in Figure 24. You can also choose a different arrangement of line groups on the sheet.

Rice. 24. Task for graphic work No. 1

The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.

2.4. Drawing fonts. Sizes of letters and numbers of the drawing font. All inscriptions on the drawings must be made in drawing font (Fig. 25). The style of letters and numbers of the drawing font is established by the standard. The standard defines the height and width of letters and numbers, the thickness of stroke lines, the spacing between letters, words, and lines.

Rice. 25. Inscriptions on drawings

An example of building one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.

Rice. 26. An example of building a letter

The font can be both slanted (about 75°) and non-slanted.

The standard specifies the following font sizes: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; ten; fourteen; twenty; 28; 40. The size (h) of the font is taken as the value determined by the height of uppercase (capital) letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The lower elements of the letters D, C, U and the upper element of the letter Y are performed due to the spaces between the lines.

The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is equal to 0.1h;. The width (g) of the letter is chosen to be 0.6h or 6d. The width of the letters A, D, Zh, M, F, X, C, SH, W, b, Y, Yu is 1 or 2d more than this value (including the lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters Г, 3, С is less than d.

The height of the lowercase letters roughly matches the height of the next smaller font size. Thus, the height of lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, of size 7 is 5, and so on. The width of most lowercase letters is 5d. The width of the letters a, m, c, b is 6d, the width of the letters w, t, f, w, u, s, u is 7d, and the letters h, c are 4d.

The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken equal to 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers -0.6h or 6d. The distance between the lower lines of the lines is taken equal to 1.7h or 17d.

The standard also establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than just considered.

The height of letters and numbers in pencil drawings must be at least 3.5 mm.

The outline of the Latin alphabet according to GOST is shown in Figure 27.

Rice. 27. Latin script

How to write in cursive font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions carefully. Indistinctly made inscriptions or carelessly applied figures of different numbers can be misunderstood when reading the drawing.

To learn how to write beautifully in a drawing font, first a grid is drawn for each letter (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only draw the top and bottom lines of the line.

Rice. 28. Examples of inscriptions in drawing font

The contours of the letters are outlined with thin lines. After making sure that the letters are written correctly, circle them with a soft pencil.

For the letters G, D, I, I, L, M, P, T, X, C, W, W, only two auxiliary lines can be drawn at a distance equal to their height A.

For letters B, C, E, N. R, U, H, b, Y, b. Between two horizontal lines, one more should be added in the middle, but with which their middle elements perform. And for the letters 3, O, F, Yu, four lines are drawn, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the fillets.

To quickly make inscriptions in a drawing font, various stencils are sometimes used. You will fill in the main inscription in font 3.5, the name of the drawing in font 7 or 5.

1. What is the font size?
2. What is the width of the capital letters?
3. What is the height of lowercase letters of size 14? What is their width?

1. Complete a few inscriptions in the workbook for the teacher's assignment. You can, for example, write your last name, first name, home address.
2. Fill in the main inscription on the sheet of graphic work No. 1 with the following text: drew (surname), checked (name of the teacher), school, class, drawing No. 1, the name of the work "Lines".

2.5. How to measure. To determine the size of the depicted product or any part of it, dimensions are applied to the drawing. Dimensions are divided into linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter or radius of the measured part of the product. The angular dimension characterizes the magnitude of the angle.

The linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the designation of the unit of measure is not applied. Angular dimensions are indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.

The total number of dimensions in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

The rules for sizing are set by the standard. Some of them you already know. Let's remind them.

1. Dimensions in the drawings are indicated by dimensional numbers and dimension lines. To do this, first draw extension lines perpendicular to the segment, the size of which is indicated (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour of the part, a dimension line parallel to it is drawn. The dimension line is limited on both sides by arrows. What should be the arrow is shown in Figure 29, b. The extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1...5 mm. Extension and dimension lines are drawn with a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, a dimension number is applied.

Rice. 29. Drawing linear dimensions

2. If there are several dimension lines parallel to each other in the drawing, then a smaller size is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, first the size 5 is applied, and then 26, so that the extension and dimension lines in the drawing do not intersect. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm.

3. To indicate the diameter, a special sign is applied in front of the dimension number - a circle crossed out with a line (Fig. 30). If the dimension number does not fit inside the circle, it is taken out of the circle, as shown in Figure 30, c and d. The same is done when applying the size of a straight segment (see Fig. 29, c).

Rice. 30. Applying the size of circles

4. To designate the radius, a capital Latin letter R is written in front of the dimension number (Fig. 31, a). The dimension line to indicate the radius is drawn, as a rule, from the center of the arc and ends with an arrow on one side, resting on the point of the circular arc.

Rice. 31. Dimensioning Arcs and Angle

5. When specifying the size of the corner, the dimension line is drawn in the form of an arc of a circle with the center at the apex of the corner (Fig. 31, b).

6. Before the dimension number indicating the side of the square element, a "square" sign is applied (Fig. 32). In this case, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the digits.

Rice. 32. Drawing the size of the square

7. If the dimension line is located vertically or obliquely, then the dimension numbers are arranged as shown in Figures 29, c; thirty; 31.

8. If the part has several identical elements, then it is recommended to put the size of only one of them on the drawing, indicating the quantity. For example, the entry in the drawing “3 holes. 0 10" means that the part has three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm.

9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated, as shown in Figure 29, c. Please note that in front of the dimension number indicating the thickness of the part, there is a small Latin letter 5.

10. It is allowed to indicate the length of the part in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in this case they write a Latin letter before the size number l.

Rice. 33. Drawing the size of the length of the part

1. In what units are linear dimensions expressed on engineering drawings?
2. How thick should extension and dimension lines be?
3. What distance is left between the image outline and the dimension lines? between dimension lines?
4. How are dimensional numbers applied on inclined dimension lines?
5. What signs and letters are applied before the size number when indicating the size of diameters and radii?

Rice. 34. Task for exercises

1. Redraw in a workbook, maintaining proportions, the image of the part given in Figure 34, increasing it by 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
2. Draw circles in the workbook with diameters of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Enter their dimensions. Draw circular arcs with radii of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and dimension.

2.6. Scales. In practice, you have to make images of very large parts, for example, parts of an aircraft, a ship, a car, and very small ones - parts of a clockwork, some instruments, etc. Images of large parts may not fit on sheets of a standard format. Small details that are barely visible to the naked eye cannot be drawn in full size with the available drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and small ones are increased compared to the actual dimensions.

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to the actual. The scale of the images and their designation in the drawings sets the standard.

Reduction scale-1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10 etc.
Natural size-1:1.
Magnification scale-2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1 etc.

The most desirable scale is 1:1. In this case, you do not need to recalculate the dimensions when rendering the image.

Scales are written as follows: M1:1; M1:2; M5:1, etc. If the scale is indicated on the drawing in the main inscription specially designed for this, then the letter M is not written before the scale designation.

It should be remembered that, no matter what scale the image is made, the dimensions in the drawing are applied to the actual ones, that is, those that the part should have in kind (Fig. 35).

The angular dimensions do not change when the image is reduced or enlarged.

1. What is the scale for?
2. What is called scale?
3. What scales of increase are known to you, established by the standard? What scale of reduction do you know?
4. What do the entries mean: М1:5; M1:1; M10:1?

Rice. 35. Drawing gasket, made in different scales

Graphic Work No. 2
Drawing "flat part"

Make drawings of the “Gasket” parts according to the existing halves of the images separated by the axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Apply dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (5 mm).

Do the work on an A4 sheet. Image scale 2:1.

Instructions for work. Figure 36 shows only half of the part image. You need to imagine how the part will look like in full, keeping in mind the symmetry, sketch its image on a separate sheet. Then you should proceed to the execution of the drawing.

A frame is drawn on an A4 sheet and space is allocated for the main inscription (22X145 mm). The center of the working field of the drawing is determined and the image is built from it.

First, axes of symmetry are drawn, a rectangle is built with thin lines, corresponding to the general shape of the part. After that, images of rectangular elements of the part are marked.

Rice. 36. Tasks for graphic work No. 2

Having determined the position of the centers of the circle and the semicircle, they are carried out. Apply the dimensions of the elements and overall, i.e., the largest in length and height, the dimensions of the part, indicate its thickness.

Outline the drawing with lines established by the standard: first - circles, then - horizontal and vertical lines. Fill in the main inscription and check the drawing.