One of the features of the Russian language is the presence of endings in words. The ending is the part of the word that comes after the root and suffixes. Changing the endings for a logical link of words in a sentence corresponds to the rules of the Russian language, the rules of which answer the question of how to determine the ending. In a short example of a sentence of three words, when the ending changes in two of them, the changed meaning is clearly visible: the present tense has become past, the singular has become plural: "I read a book" - "I read books." The endings of the verb and noun have changed, changing the sentence itself.
Verb endings: how to determine them
Being one of the main members of the sentence, the verb can change, "adjusting" to other words. And here the concept of how to determine the end of the verb comes to the fore. It depends on the conjugation. There are two conjugations in Russian: I and II. In verbs of I conjugation, the words end in -y, -yu, -em, -et, -eat, -ut, -yut, -et. Let's take the verb "think" and conjugate it: I think, we think, I think, I think, I think, I think. And only 11 verbs are included in the exception. They just need to be remembered in order to correctly determine the endings: drive, hold, breathe, hear, look, see, hate, offend, twirl, depend, endure.
If verbs have endings -u, -u, -it, -ish, -im, -at, -yat, -ite, then they belong to the II conjugation. For example, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking. Determining the ending of a verb is easy if the ending is stressed. In other cases, the verb has to be conjugated. But not all verbs correspond to I and II conjugation. There are different conjugated verbs: run, want and glimpse. The endings of these verbs are suitable for both I and II conjugation: run - run - run, but run - run - run; WANT - WANT, BUT WANT - WANT - WANT. If the verb is imperative, the ending is always the same as in the II conjugation: -ITE. You need to remember the verbs - put - ride - go: with endings in the imperative mood, they look like this: put - put - go.
Determining the ending of a noun
Knowing the declensions, you can answer the question of how to determine the ending of a noun. In the nominative case, the ending is not in doubt. Difficulties may arise when, in order to link words in a sentence, this noun must be changed in gender, number and case, i.e., decline it. In principle, nouns are declined according to the rules. But, for example, a masculine noun in the nominative plural may not have the same ending as rule 1 says: instead of “I” or “Y”, the ending will be “A” or “I”. Example: forest - forests; address - addresses; poplar - poplars.
There is a group of words that have several variants of endings in the plural of the nominative case. As a rule, these are professionalism words that have become literary: you can write and say “designers and constructors”, “instructors and instructors”, etc. And in the genitive plural, some nouns receive a zero ending, -OV, -EB or -EY . These words are: boots (from felt boots), tangerines (from tangerines), nails (from nails).
In order not to be mistaken in how to correctly determine the endings of a few more words, you need to remember that they are divergent and you just need to remember them. All of them are of the middle gender ending in -MYA: burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame and tribe. These nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular are pumped into -I, and in the instrumental case they have an ending, like the nouns of the second declension: -EM.
The Russian language is by far the richest, most beautiful and at the same time very complex. Its grammar and spelling include many rules and at the same time exceptions to them. Even words and sentences are made up of separate parts that are inextricably linked to each other. For example, many schoolchildren face the following question: what is the end? And, of course, it is sad that not everyone can answer it.
What is a word ending?
The ending in Russian is called a changeable morpheme, which is at the end of a word. It expresses number, gender, person and case. It is also considered an indispensable part of the word, because the ending makes sentences coherent, filling them with meaning.
Why do we need an ending in Russian?
- Gender, number and case - in participles, some numerals and pronouns.
- Case - for pronouns and numerals, however, not for everyone.
- Person and number are for verbs that are in the future or present tense.
- Number and gender are for verbs in the past tense.
2. The ending makes the sentence coherent.
How is this morpheme defined?
In writing at school, the ending, like any other part of the word, has its own designation. After the student has identified it, he circles it with a square.
What could be the ending
In general, words belonging to any part of speech, except for invariable ones, have this morpheme. A clear example of this is the adverb. The ending can be represented in different ways: by one or several sounds, and sometimes it can even be zero, that is, have no sounds. But one should not think that this means the absence of this part of the word, because such an ending is almost no different from the usual one. Most often it occurs in masculine or feminine nouns, respectively, the second and third declension.
How to highlight the ending in a word
At the lessons of the Russian language there are such exercises, the essence of which is to highlight morphemes. First you need to decline the word in several cases, and that part of it that will change is the ending. After you have determined what belongs to the desired morpheme, you need to select this area. This is done as follows: usually with a pencil all the necessary letters are circled in a square. In the case when you simply draw the same geometric figure after the word.
Russian is the greatest language in the world, but many foreigners have a lot of problems learning it. A lot of rules and exceptions, a lot of vocabulary elements of speech and incomprehensible Russian phraseological units can piss anyone off. However, despite all this, speech is not only a set of letters, it allows people to communicate with each other. That is why each component of the word is very important, which is why it is impossible to take and just exclude one of them. Therefore, answering the question of what an ending is, we can safely say that this is one of the significant parts that serves to create coherent phrases and sentences.
In most concepts, the morpheme is considered as an abstract language unit. The concrete realization of a morpheme in a text is called morph or (more often) morph.
At the same time, morphs representing the same morpheme may have a different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.
The variation of the expression plan of the morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N. V. Pertsov) to conclude that the morpheme is not a sign, but a class of signs.
So, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term“ morpheme ”is often used in the sense morph and that "sometimes such indistinction in word usage permeates even published scholarly texts." N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the overwhelming majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morphe or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is being discussed.”
Morpheme classification
Roots and affixes
Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) and affixal (affixes) .
Root- the main significant part of the word. The root is an obligatory part of any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root like the Russian “you-well-be (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word both accompanied by affixes and independently.
Affix- an auxiliary part of the word, attached to the root and serving for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot form a word on their own - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not single, occurring only in any one word.
Classification of affixes
Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. There are two types of affixes most common in the languages of the world - prefixes, located before the root, and postfixes located after the root. The traditional name for the prefixes of the Russian language is prefixes. The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys the lexical meaning, and sometimes also expresses the grammatical meaning (for example, the aspect of verbs).
Depending on the expressed meaning, postfixes are divided into suffixes(having a derivational, that is, derivational meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a relationship with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-changing affixes. The traditional name for inflections of the Russian language is graduation, since they are mostly located at the very end of words.
There are languages (Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. Some other languages - such as the Swahili Bantu family, (Central Africa) - use prefixes and almost no postfixes. In Indo-European languages, to which the Russian language belongs, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear preponderance towards the latter.
In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:
- interfixes- service morphemes that do not have their own meaning, but serve to connect roots in compound words (for example, forehead- about-shaking);
- confixes- combinations of a prefix with a postfix, which always act together, surrounding the root (as, for example, in the German word ge-lob- t - "praised");
- infixes- affixes inserted into the middle of the root; serve to express a new grammatical meaning; found in many Austronesian languages (for example, in Tagalog: sumulat"to write", cf. sulat"letter");
- transfixes- affixes, which, breaking the root, consisting of only consonants, break themselves and serve as a “layer” of vowels among consonants, determining the grammatical meaning of the word (found in Semitic languages, in particular, in Arabic). There are very few vowels in Arabic, there are only 3 of them, since the language is consonantal:
Literature
- A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics
- Modern Russian language (edited by V. A. Beloshapkova)
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what "Ending" is in other dictionaries:
END, end, cf. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the show to end. 2. The final part of a literary work. The end of the novel in the next book of the magazine. Ending to be... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Cm … Synonym dictionary
The ending- the final part of the work published in the issue (number, volume) of the serial edition, published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this edition. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text ... ... Publishing Dictionary
the ending- ENDING, completion, completion, end, final FINAL, final, last, book. definitive TO END / END, to complete / to complete, to end / to end, to end / to end, to end / to end, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
In the verse, see clause...
Same as flex... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
END, I, cf. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of what n. Prosperous about. story. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case about. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
the ending- radio channel The physical location of the antenna of the radio equipment (ITU R F.1399). Telecommunication topics, basic concepts Radio channel synonyms EN radio termination ... Technical Translator's Handbook
THE ENDING- (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, both in Latin and Greek... Terms of botanical nomenclature
the ending- wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end of the continuation, modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approach / removal (not) ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names
I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second and third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.
A null ending is an ending that occurs on a number of modified words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Zero endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as are the "ordinary" endings for the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Compare:
- Table: zero ending for masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator I.p.
- Table a: the ending a for inanimate masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator R.p.
- Horse: zero ending for feminine nouns 3 dec. - this is the indicator I.p. or V.p.
- horses and:the ending and feminine nouns have 3 cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.
Attention:
In different forms of one word, the stem will be the same. In our examples, these are the basics: table and horse.
It is a gross mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only invariable words, for example, adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow a, above at, left a.
Each part of speech has its own ending, which is unique to it. For verbs they are personal, for adjectives and participles they are generic, for nouns they are case. Variable words in one of the forms may have zero endings.
The ending is a variable part of the word, it helps to determine which morphological structural unit you have to deal with. In such morphological entities as adverbs, gerunds, pronouns from the category of personal, service ones have no endings. This is because they are immutable.
Verb endings
At the end of the verb, tense, person and number are determined. The word "write" is considered. The ending -ut indicates that the verb is present (future tense), third person, plural.
The variable part will tell you what number and case the noun is in. Adjectives with participles have gone further, their endings point to:
- Number
- case
Ending adjectives
There was, for example, the word "clear". Its ending -y is masculine. Let the base remain the same, but the ending will change to -th, there will be the word “clear”. This adjective has become feminine. And only the ending has changed.
Adjectives have their constant landmarks, knowing about which, it is impossible to make a mistake. It looks like this. The endings involved in the analysis are:
This means that the word is an adjective in the singular, masculine, in the nominative case. This can be done with feminine and neuter adjectives.
These are the tricks that the most changeable part of words does.
There are such identification marks for endings, by which you can immediately tell what kind of part of speech is in front of us.
The ending nouns
Identification marks of parts of speech
Nouns have the following endings:
- Masculine - th, ь
- Feminine - a, i, b
- Middle gender - oh, e
- Plural - and, s
Nouns change in cases, have characteristic endings and are divided into three declensions. The first includes both feminine and masculine with the endings -a, i. To the second, only the masculine gender of nouns ending in a consonant, and the neuter gender in -o and -e. the third declension has only the feminine gender with the stem in -ь.
By defining grammatical meanings, endings can serve to form new words. Thanks to them, different forms of the same word appear. In addition, they link words in phrases and sentences.
