Why a warm camp. The history of the warm stan district

The name of our district is perhaps one of the most mysterious place names in Moscow. It was worn in the old days by a former village near Moscow, more precisely, a group of settlements with a center in the village of Troitskoye.

On the geographical map of 1763, which bears the colorful name "Plan of the reigning City of Moscow with an indication of lying revenge on Thirty Verst in the District", one of the best examples of Russian cartography of the middle of the 18th century, the cartographer used a lowercase, small letter in the word "stans", since in that for a while the term camp was both understandable for him and used in oral speech precisely as a common noun - unlike us, modern Muscovites ...

The word warm - everyone interprets it the same way - insulated, equipped for winter housing, heated

For an explanation of the word Stan, let's try to refer to the explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Dahl. There it has several meanings.

Stan: a place where travelers stopped for a rest, a temporary stay, and all the equipment is in place, with carts, cattle, tents or other lands; parking place and all device. Military, military camp, bivouac, camp.

Camp in the county, residence, stay of the station bailiff, and the very district of his department. The county is divided into 2-3 camps, police stations.

The camp and camp have now been replaced by a strange, distorted station: a village where horses were changed (there were no postal ones, but philistine, later pit horses), or a farm at a crossroads, a hut purposely set up for shelter, for resting and feeding horses.

Thus, etymologists and toponymists deduce several versions of the origin of the name. Here are the most common ones:

One of the hypotheses connects the emergence of the name of the villages of Upper and Lower Teply Stans with the Horde invasion. Waves of devastating raids by the Tatars more than once swept through this region near Moscow, and between Moscow and the Golden Horde, the Khan's Baskaks roamed, making a halt here.

The reference book "Names of Moscow streets" writes: ... There is an assumption that this name is connected with the distant past: here the army of one of the Tatar khans, marching on Moscow, spent the winter in insulated tents. According to another version, here were the settlements of the "Horde", otherwise "chislyaks", or "Delyuev", - hard-working people who lived here (i.e., peasants, taxed - taxed in favor of the state), who served visiting ambassadors of the Golden Horde, on This is where the ambassadors stopped at the entrance to the capital and at the exit from it.

Convincing documentary evidence in favor of these versions was not found in the Russian archives.

Now, as for another meaning of the word camp, the name of the administrative-territorial unit in the Russian state of the XIV-XVI centuries:

Among the modern Moscow geographical names - toponyms - only once is the word "stan" in the combination Teply Stan. However, three centuries ago in Russia, geographical names - stans - were much more common.

Then the term "stan" denoted the minimum cell of the administrative-territorial division. The entire territory of the country was subdivided into counties (in the 17th century there were more than 200 of them), and the counties were divided into camps and volosts. According to the documents of the pre-Petrine era, the concepts of "stan" and "volost" are equal in rights, but "stans" are found twice as often. The area of the camp of the XVII century. (or volosts) three to four times the size of the modern average district of Moscow.

In the 18th century, on the territory of modern Moscow (within the Moscow ring road), there were eight of them (the originality of the Russian transcription of the 17th century is preserved in the names): Vasiltsov; G o r e t o v; K o p o t e n c o y; Manat'in, Bykov, Korovin; R a t u e in; S e t u n s k o y; S o s e n s k o y; C h e r m n e v.

Judging by the fact that there is no administrative territorial unit with the name Teply Stan among them, this obviously has nothing to do with the origin of the Moscow toponym Teply Stan. Although, the area occupied by Teply Stans suggests a rather large administrative-territorial unit.

And finally, the third hypothesis, which seems the most plausible:

In the old days, the distance from Moscow to the villages of Upper and Lower Teply Stans was about 17 kilometers along the Kaluga road (in some sources it is called Borovskaya or Staraya Kashirskaya), that is, it was equal to one horse crossing. Consequently, travelers and riders had to stop here, dismount, feed the horses and let them rest. Thus, here is the last heated shelter at the exit from Moscow to Kaluga.

"But here is Teply Stan, Where the fire is warm,

Raise a burly camp They rush to help the queen ... ".

This is how the poet Semyon Kirsanov wrote about this village near Moscow in his poem "Kaluga Highway". According to legend, the Empress called Teply Stans really warm for the warm welcome she received here.

Retreating along the Kaluga Highway from the burned-out Moscow, Napoleon made a halt in Teply Stan. From here his last glance was cast on Moscow, which had not submitted to him, and on the mysterious and strong Russia that had not yielded to a solution.

Geography of the area

Teply Stan from a bird's eye view

This land has always abounded in ravines, gullies, deciduous forests in the interfluves and in some places pine forests - in valleys and gullies. On the territory of the district there is the highest place in Moscow: the Teplostan Upland, a spur of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, reaches 253 meters in the area of the Uzkoye estate and the beginning of Teply Stan Street. As for the level of the Moskva River, the Teplostanskaya Upland exceeds it by 130 meters.

Here, the upper reaches of four relatively large rivers are very close at once - Ochakovka (the source of Ramenka), Chertanovka, Bitsa and Sosenka. Samorodinka, Konkonsky ravine, Dubinkinskaya river, Gorodnya, Rumyanevsky stream, Setunka and Setun also begin close to this point. From here rivers flow in all directions. Setun first flows to the west, then turns to the north and east, bypassing the main massif of the Teplostan Upland from the west and north. Ochakovka and Nugget behave similarly. Pine first heads southwest, then begins to bypass the hill from the south. Gorodnya and Chertanovka all the time flow to the east. The upper reaches of the Ramenka, Chura and Kotlovka are also close. They flow down from the high Vorontsovsky hill. On the main hill of the Sparrow Hills (near Moscow State University), Kipyatka, Krovyanka, Rogachevka, Onuchin ravine and two more nameless watercourses flowing into Ramenka originate. The three listed points (together with two more less pronounced ones) form one line - the main watershed of the Teplostan Upland (a range of hills).

Forests, ravines, hills - all this remained, and the name of the village was preserved in the name of the new street, in the name of the metro station "Teply Stan", the entire living area, spread over the territory between the Moscow Ring Road, Leninsky Prospekt, Ostrovityanova Street and Profsoyuznaya and Teplostanskaya Upland.

In the plans of a hundred years ago, this place was designated as Teply Stans, because there were three villages - Upper Teply Stans - on the edge of the Nerakov ravine, Lower Teply Stans (on the site of the current village of Mamyri, which is located not far from Moscow along the Kaluga highway), assigned to the neighboring village "Novgorodsky, Uskovo identity" (modern Uzkoy) and Pochinok Teply Stan, former Vyselki, which bore the 2nd name - Kuznetsy - on top of the steep Kuznetsky ravine - later - Bolshoye Golubino. The villages surrounded the village of Troitskoye, with a church, a "votchinnikov yard" and huts of courtyard people. The Kaluga road ran between the village of Troitskoye with the upper reaches of the Sosenka River and the village of Golubino with the upper reaches of the Bitsa River (in the old days it was called a little differently - Abitsa). Until the middle of the XIX century. The first postal station from Moscow along the Old Kaluga road was located on the territory of Tyoply Stan.

In the early 1970s, when a wide canvas of the new Moscow highway was being laid, pushing aside a strip of the Old Kaluga Highway, where Profsoyuznaya Street ends, on its left side one could still find the remains of the courtyards of the old Teply Stan, whose residents moved across the road to new nine-story houses. This is all that remains of the once noisy villages, the postal station, the inn, taverns, shops. The last buildings of the village were demolished in 1971-74. Now a covered reservoir has been built here, supplying the most delicious drinking water in Moscow to Yasenevo, Teply Stan, Konkovo and other areas of the South-Western Administrative District. Nearby are the remains of once luxurious apple orchards.

Upper Teply Stans were located at the intersection of modern Profsoyuznaya and MKAD streets. The village of Troitskoye lay on the outskirts of the current village of Mosrentgen.

Trinity Church in the village of Mosrentgen

Now there is no manor house in Troitsky. But there is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a chain of ponds, and the remains of a regular park have been preserved. From the estate there were the main witnesses - oaks and lindens. And only the one-domed church of the Trinity convinces that once there were Teplye Stans here. This temple appeared more than three hundred years ago - at the end of the 17th century.

This is an octagon on a quadrangle, i.e. its lower part is quadrangular in plan, and the upper one is octagonal; a semicircular altar adjoins from the east, from the west - a small refectory and a bell tower, the first tier of which has survived to this day, and from the south - a vast reduced volume of the chapel.

The construction began in 1686 by the serving nobles Streshnevs, completed in 1696 by the subsequent owner, Avtonom Ivanov. In 1823, during the management of Ivan Nikiforovich Tyutchev, the father of the great Russian poet, whose name is inextricably linked with the name of the village, the ancient building was renovated, then details of classical architecture, pylons, appeared on the facade. At the same time, the second aisle was completed.

Location

The street where I spent my early childhood is called Tyoply Stan - this is the main street in the municipal district of Tyoply Stan in Moscow. It runs from west to east, starts at Profsoyuznaya Street (Teply Stan metro station), runs along the Troparevsky forest park and ends at Academician Varga Street. As of 2010, the area of the district is 750 hectares.
The highest place in Moscow is located on the territory of the Teply Stan district: the Teplostan Upland, a spur of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, reaches 253 meters in the area of the Uzkoye estate and the beginning of my Teply Stan street. As for the level of the Moskva River, the Teplostanskaya Upland exceeds it by 130 meters.

History reference

Teply Stan Street has, perhaps, one of the most mysterious place names in Moscow. It was named after the area in which it was located, and the Teply Stan region got its name from two villages that had the same names - Lower Teply Stans and Upper Teply Stans. The history of these places can be traced from the beginning of the 17th century. and is most closely connected with the history of the village of Troitskoye (now the village of Mosrentgen), located outside the modern Ring Road. In the old days, the distance from Moscow to the villages of Upper and Lower Teply Stans was about 17 kilometers along the Kaluga road (in some sources it is called Borovskaya or Staraya Kashirskaya), that is, it was equal to one horse crossing. Consequently, travelers and riders had to stop here, dismount, feed the horses and let them rest. Thus, here was the last heated shelter at the exit from Moscow to Kaluga.

Interesting Facts

There is reason to believe that the original toponym Tyoply Stan did not refer to a village, a village, but to an outpost near Moscow built on the Kaluga road or to a postal station, the first after leaving Moscow in the direction of Kaluga and existing until the middle of the 19th century.
"But here is Teply Stan, Where the fire is warm,
They hasten to raise a stout camp to help the queen ... ".
This is how the poet Semyon Kirsanov wrote about this village near Moscow in his poem "Kaluga Highway". According to legend, the Empress called Teply Stans really warm for the warm welcome she received here.
Retreating along the Kaluga Highway from the burned-out Moscow, Napoleon made a halt in Teply Stan. From here his last glance was cast on Moscow, which had not submitted to him, and on the mysterious and strong Russia that had not yielded to a solution.
Forests, ravines, hills - all this remained, and the name of the village was preserved in the name of the new street, district, in the name of the metro station "Teply Stan", the entire living area, spread over the territory between the Moscow Ring Road, Leninsky Prospekt, Ostrovityanova Street and Profsoyuznaya and Teplostanskaya Upland .
In the early 1970s, when a wide canvas of the new Moscow highway was being laid, pushing aside a strip of the Old Kaluga Highway, where Profsoyuznaya Street ends, on its left side one could still find the remains of the courtyards of the old Teply Stan, whose residents moved across the road to new nine-story houses. This is all that remains of the once noisy villages, the postal station, the inn, taverns, shops. The last buildings of the village were demolished in 1971-74. Now a covered reservoir has been built here, supplying the most delicious drinking water in Moscow to Yasenevo, Teply Stan, Konkovo and other areas of the South-Western Administrative District. Nearby are the remains of the once luxurious apple orchards.
At the intersection of modern Profsoyuznaya and MKAD streets, Upper Teply Stans were located. The village of Troitskoye lay on the outskirts of the current village of Mosrentgen.
Burnt out and depopulated in the Time of Troubles, "the wilderness of Voztsy, Teply Stan, and the village of Uzkoye" in 1628 (according to archival documents) were granted to the Moscow service nobleman Maxim Fedorovich Streshnev for participating in the liberation of Moscow from the regiments of the Polish prince Vladislav. Maxim Streshnev is a close relative of Empress Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
Part of the land, namely the Narrow and Lower Teply Stans, Streshnev managed to rewrite it as an estate, in other words, into hereditary possession, and they remained in the possession of his family until the 18th century, until they passed into the possession of the Golitsyn princes, since B.V. Golitsyn married E.I. Streshneva. And the other part - the village of Govorova - actually Upper Teply Stany and Troitskoye - at the beginning of the 17th century, went to F.G. Bashmakov and eventually ended up in the possession of Fyodor Shaklovity, the tsar’s okolnichiy and head of the Streltsy order, the favorite and well-known supporter of Princess Sofya Alekseevna, the domineering and tough-minded elder sister of Peter, who from the clerks elevated him to a duma nobleman and okolnichiy and entrusted him with management in 1682 Shooting order. Shaklovity was the support of the princess on the way to power and became her best adviser in international affairs. In 1687, Fyodor Shaklovity, along with other awards, received the Teplostan lands.
Shaklovity takes the side of Princess Sophia, becomes her ardent supporter. However, Fedor's attempt to raise archers against the Naryshkins and Peter I is unsuccessful. The famous "Case of Shaklovity" ends with the execution of an overly zealous assistant to a disgraced princess excommunicated from power.
From the end of the 17th century, the Teplostan land, or rather the village of Govorova (later on - the village of Troitskoye with the village of Upper Teply Stany) passes into the possession of Avtonom Ivanov, one of those senior duma clerks who took the side of young Peter and signed the ruler's removal from power. So Teplye Stans found a new owner.
Peter instructed the Autonomous to be in charge of three, exclusively responsible orders at once - Inozemsky, Reitarsky and Pushkarsky, on the activity of which the formation of a renewed Russian army depended. soon renamed Azov, commanded by a certain Pavlov. All expenses for the maintenance, uniforms and armament of the soldiers were borne by Autonomous. The regiment fought well near Poltava, showed itself well: in the Prut campaign, which, undoubtedly, was also Ivanov's merit. Autonomous Ivanov left a memory of himself on the Teplostan land. Upper Teply Stan, together with the court on Vagankovo, was inherited by the son Nikolai, who was married to Anna Ivanovna Tyutcheva. Nikolai Avtonomovich died early, the widow hastened to remarry, sharing the Ivanovo inheritance with her five daughters.
So the owner of the Upper Teply Stans with the village of Troitsky became the widow of the guard-captain Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova - the notorious Saltychikha. Having been widowed at the age of twenty-five, by the age of thirty-two she managed to literally drive 139 of the 600 serfs who belonged to her into the coffin - mainly women and girls. The villages of D.N. Saltykova were both in the Vologda and Kostroma provinces, but she preferred the “estate yard” in the village of Troitskoye to all her possessions. Its main victims were the peasants of the Upper Warm Stan. These are their nameless graves, hastily dug out, buried even more hastily, and surrounded the old Trinity Church. The peasants turned to her with complaints, but thanks to influential kinship and gifts, everything ended with the punishment and exile of the complainers. Only in the summer of 1762, two peasants, whose wives Saltychikha had killed, managed to file a complaint with Empress Catherine II herself.
Much later, the future heir to the estate, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, recalled how, on the eve of the war of 1812, his father took his eldest sons, Nikolai and Fyodor, to the Ivanovsky Monastery, showing them a small window hung with sackcloth, behind which the murderer Saltychikha spent more than twenty years in the basement.
In the course of the investigation in the case of Saltychikha, Verkhnye Teply Stany with the village of Troitskoye are allowed to go on sale "for debts".
The owner was Ivan Nikiforovich Tyutchev, the husband of Saltychikha's sister, a nobleman from Bryansk, an honorary guardian of the Moscow Orphanage, a real state councilor and a diligent owner of the acquired estate. After the conviction of Saltychikha, he becomes the guardian of her sons Fedor and Nikolai, and when the property is sold, he himself acts as a buyer and becomes the owner of the village of Troitsky and the village of Teply Stan. During his ownership of the estate, he manages to rebuild the “votchinnikov’s house”, and lay out a regular park with dug ponds, the remains of which are still guessed today, and gather many guests in Troitskoye, among whom there are several writers associated with the Tyutchev family.
Following that, Upper Teply Stan and Troitskoye passed into the possession of the grandfather of the great poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Second Major Nikolai Ivanovich Tyutchev (1720-1797). Among his direct ancestors are the reiter of the times of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the sons of the reiter - the stolnik Timothy and the lawyer Daniel, participants in the Crimean campaigns, who continued to serve under Peter I, the grandfather of Second Major Andrei Danilovich, dismissed under Catherine I from military service "with an appointment to the Military Collegium and for police matters.
During the French invasion, the Tyutchevs moved to Troitskoye near Moscow, and when Napoleon attacked Moscow, they were forced to leave for their Yaroslavl possessions. During the retreat of the Napoleonic troops from Moscow, the village of Troitskoye and Teplye Stans were devastated and burned. The estate was restored, and the poet's parents - Guards Lieutenant Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev remained to live in Troitskoye. The future poet was nine years old by that time.
The young poet spent spring and summer in Teply Stan, not far from the Trinity Church, where he had a great rest among the discreet beauty of central Russia.
After graduating from the university in 1821, on the day of his 18th birthday, having been awarded the title of "candidate of the Department of verbal sciences", the poet leaves for diplomatic service. He will return to Russia after more than twenty years. During this time, his family will part with Troitsky and Upper Teply Stan.
After the Tyutchevs, the mistress of the Upper Teply Stans was Voeikova, later Griboyedov's niece, Anastasia Ustinova (nee Rimskaya-Korsakova).
By the second half of the 19th century, an inn that still remembered Napoleon, two shops and two taverns remained here, and in twenty-three peasant households "sixty-five souls of men and sixty-one women," as the census said. In Troitsky, he lived in three courtyards of the local church and there was one "summer dacha" - the remains of the estate, which had time to change owners more than once.
Unlike the Upper, Lower Teply Stans, were transferred to the estate of the Streshnevs and were in their possession until the thirties of the XVIII century. At the beginning of the 18th century, together with Uzky, Nizhnye Teply Stans passed to the Golitsyns, and from 1812 to the Tolstoys. In the 20s of the 19th century, the village became the experimental site of Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Tolstoy, who planted cherry orchards of amazing beauty here.
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century did not bring industrial revival to Teplye Stans. There were no plants and factories here, as in most villages and villages of the South-West, with the exception of small brick factories scattered throughout the South-West. The surrounding areas retained their rural lifestyle and appearance even decades after the October Revolution. Moreover, with the advent of railways, the Kaluga tract lost its significance as a trading artery. The need for a post office was thus eliminated, and the number of villages began to decline. If before the death of V.P. Tolstoy there were seventy-four households in them, then ten years later, according to the census, the Lower Warm Stans had only eleven households with twenty-seven male and thirty-five female souls. In the Upper Teply Stans there were twenty-three households and one hundred and twenty-six inhabitants in them. In the village of Troitskoye, there were no peasants at all. Twenty clergymen and members of their families lived in it, huddled in three yards. But right there there were two shops, two taverns and an inn - a memory of the former busy highway. By the beginning of the nineties of the last century, the population of all Teply Stans did not exceed two hundred people.
The situation did not change until the 1960s, when the territory of Teply Stan entered the boundaries of Moscow and became one of the areas of mass development. The village of Troitskoye remained outside the Moscow Ring Road and formed the basis for the village of Mosrentgen, which arose around a factory built back in the 30s for the production of X-ray machines.
In the new district of Moscow, called "Teply Stan", industry also did not develop. Apparently, the authorities did not raise their hand to spoil the original rural flavor and nature untouched by "progress". Scientific institutions began to be transferred to the South-West from the center of the capital, and land was allotted here for the construction and development of newly created institutions.
The absence of factories and factories in this area has contributed to the fact that the Teply Stan area is still one of the greenest and most environmentally friendly in all of Moscow - largely due to the forest zone that protects our area from city noise.
In 1935, this area, which was in the possession of the Novodevichy Convent, turned into a forest park, which was located in the suburbs of the capital, until the city got here. But the city did not absorb the park, but only bordered it with residential areas.
In the early 1970s, along with the construction of "Teply Stan", the recreation area "Troparevo" began to take shape. At that time, there was no reservoir that currently exists. An artificial pond, for which a natural ravine served as a reservoir, was formed by building a dam. Now there is a boat station on it, holidays for the entire South-Western District, folk festivals, concerts of popular artists in a magnificent open-air amphitheater with 9,000 seats, successfully integrated into the landscape, meetings of veterans on Victory Day are held here. In the summer of 2003, the beach volleyball World Cup competitions were held here.
In addition to the Ochakovka River, which flows from its source near the Teply Stan metro station and crosses the park, receiving several tributaries flowing along numerous deeply incised beams, the pond is also fed by water from the Kholodny spring. This spring, located on the very outskirts of the forest, not far from the old Kaluga road, according to legend, was consecrated by Sergius of Radonezh himself. A chapel was built over the spring, which is now depicted on the emblem of Teply Stan. On hot days, and not only, residents of neighboring microdistricts line up for holy spring water.
By the 1990s, the Teply Stan district, with over 100,000 inhabitants, had become virtually "self-sufficient." There was almost everything here - the Avrora cinema, the famous Moscow stores Leipzig and Jadran, where during the years of Soviet shortages you could buy inexpensive imported goods, a large number of grocery and department stores, several markets, schools, kindergartens, clinics, libraries and even the Museum of Paleontology. It would seem - what more could you want?
In 1991, the entire territory of Troparevsky Park was divided into two parts. This happened in connection with the introduction of a new administrative-territorial division of the capital, in which the border between the Western and Southwestern administrative districts passed along Leninsky Prospekt. The western part of the park, located along the Moscow Ring Road, between the Vostryakovsky cemetery, Ozernaya Street and Leninsky Prospekt, retained its former name, and the eastern part, located between the 9th microdistrict (Bakulev St.), and the rest of Tyoply Stan, in 1998 received the status of the Tyoply Stan landscape reserve. In 2002, a Government Decree was developed to clean up and improve the park and rivers. It is noteworthy that this was the first project in the capital for the reconstruction and development of small forest parks and forest areas.
Meanwhile, the area grew, the number of Orthodox residents increased, and at the same time, the desire to build a church in Teply Stan grew.
The history of its creation was preceded by the tragic events that took place in January 1996 in Chechnya, which was engulfed in hostilities. A resident of Teply Stan, Archpriest Sergius (Zhigulin), who was in a republic engulfed in hostilities, was captured.
Being imprisoned, Father Sergius fervently prayed to St. Anastasia the Destroyer. This saint lived in an era of persecution of the Christian faith and secretly helped Christians who were languishing in captivity.
Father Sergius, who was in Chechen captivity, also believed that through the intercession of St. Anastasia he would be rescued from captivity. And through her prayers, after 160 days of captivity, Fr. Sergius was released. Once in his homeland, he took monasticism with the name Philip, and with his active participation, a community was created to build a temple in the name of Anastasia the Solver in Teply Stan.
Now the sacred services are performed by two priests and a deacon. There is a Sunday school at the church, where children get acquainted with the basics of Orthodoxy, learn the basics of the Church Slavonic language and the history of holiness.

Location
The street where I spent my early childhood is called Tyoply Stan - this is the main street in the municipal district of Tyoply Stan in Moscow. It runs from west to east, starts at Profsoyuznaya Street (Teply Stan metro station), runs along the Troparevsky forest park and ends at Academician Varga Street. As of 2010, the area of the district is 750 hectares.
The highest place in Moscow is located on the territory of the Teply Stan district: the Teplostan Upland, a spur of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, reaches 253 meters in the area of the Uzkoye estate and the beginning of my Teply Stan street. As for the level of the Moskva River, the Teplostanskaya Upland exceeds it by 130 meters.

History reference

Interesting Facts

The history of the Teply Stan district and the village of Mosrentgen

The word warm - everyone interprets it the same way - insulated, equipped for winter housing, heated

For an explanation of the word Stan, let's try to refer to the explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Dahl. There it has several meanings.

Camp in the county, residence, stay of the station bailiff, and the very district of his department. The county is divided into 2-3 camps, police stations.

Thus, etymologists and toponymists deduce several versions of the origin of the name. Here are the most common ones:

Convincing documentary evidence in favor of these versions was not found in the Russian archives.

Now, as for another meaning of the word camp, the name of the administrative-territorial unit in the Russian state of the XIV-XVI centuries:

And finally, the third hypothesis, which seems the most plausible:

"But here is Teply Stan, Where the fire is warm,

Raise a burly camp They rush to help the queen ... ".

Geography of the area

Teply Stan from a bird's eye view

Upper Teply Stans were located at the intersection of modern Profsoyuznaya and MKAD streets. The village of Troitskoye lay on the outskirts of the current village of Mosrentgen.

Trinity Church in the village of Mosrentgen

In 1907, the Trinity Church became the subject of a special study of Russian art historians F. F. Gornostaev and N. V. Nikitin. The acts of the commission prescribe to restore the lost turquoise background on the five-tiered iconostasis. Icons from it are handed over for restoration to the icon painter P.M. But perhaps the most interesting discovery of art critics was the fact that the royal doors of the Trinity Church, built by Tyutchev's parents, were either a repetition, or a direct copy of the royal doors of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, painted by V. L. Borovikovsky. It is possible that the Tyutchevs themselves turned to the famous Russian painter with an order - a curious detail in the chronicle of the poet's family, and perhaps in the work of Borovikovsky.

In the Soviet years, the temple, like many others, was closed. Before his return to the Russian Orthodox Church, it housed living quarters, a laboratory of the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The interior of the temple was badly damaged, the frescoes were lost. In 1992 the church was returned to believers and restored. At the same time, a three-tier hipped bell tower was completed, the interior of the temple was completely renovated, arches were built over the entrance gates, and the area around the temple was landscaped. Now it is a brick, plastered three-part axial church with the main Trinity throne, and the completed right St. Nicholas side-altar.

The original decoration in the spirit of the Moscow Baroque has been largely lost; the decoration of the building is in the Empire style. The northern facade of the church is decorated with a pilaster portico, above which a large semicircular window cuts through the wall.

Divine services in the Trinity Church resumed on October 14, 1993. The temple was consecrated again on June 30, 1996 by Bishop Gregory of Mozhaisk, vicar of the Moscow diocese. After the opening of the temple, repair and restoration work began in it.

First owners

It is believed that among the princely estates near Moscow, the local lands were highly valued. According to the historian of these places, Baron D.O. Schepping, the possessions were formed over many years through numerous purchases and exchanges of villages and wastelands, traced by him from the documents from the 17th century. So, in 1627, the villages of Govorovo and Zhukovo on the Nerakovo ravine, the wastelands of Popovka, Durakovo, Rudnevo, Oshcherino and Belyaevo were listed for Philip Grigorievich Bashmakov, and the Timonin wasteland in the estate for Prince Dmitry Obolensky.

Burnt out and depopulated in the Time of Troubles, "the wilderness of Voztsy, Teply Stan, and the village of Uzkoye" in 1628 (according to archival documents) were granted to the Moscow service nobleman Maxim Fedorovich Streshnev for participating in the liberation of Moscow from the regiments of the Polish prince Vladislav. Maxim Streshnev is a close relative of Empress Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

In the census book of 1646, Troitskoye is mentioned as a village, "that was the wasteland of Govorov." There was only one yard of the landowner in the village. Govorovo is then again mentioned as a wasteland, and the census finds "Zhukovo, Govorovo, too", a village with one yard, where 2 bobs lived. The particle "identity" in this case speaks not about several villages, as it might seem at first glance, but about the presence of several names for the village, which, as a rule, indicates its considerable age.

Part of the land, namely the Narrow and Lower Teply Stans, Streshnev managed to rewrite it as an estate, in other words, into hereditary possession, and they remained in the possession of his family until the 18th century, until they passed into the possession of the Golitsyn princes, since B.V. Golitsyn married E.I. Streshneva, and part - the village of Govorova - actually Upper Teply Stany and Troitskoye - at the beginning of the 17th century went to F.G. Bashmakov, and eventually ended up in the possession of Fyodor Shaklovity, the tsar’s okolnichi and the head of the Streltsy order, the favorite and well-known supporter of Princess Sofya Alekseevna, the domineering and tough-minded older sister of Peter, who from the clerks elevated him to a duma nobleman and okolnichi and time; Chila to him in 1682 was the management of the Streltsy order. Shaklovity was the support of the princess on the way to power and became her best adviser in international affairs. In 1687, Fyodor Shaklovity, along with other awards, received the Teplostan lands.

Shaklovity takes the side of Princess Sophia, becomes her ardent supporter. However, Fedor's attempt to raise archers against the Naryshkins and Peter I is unsuccessful. The famous "Case of Shaklovity" ends with the execution of an overly zealous assistant to a disgraced princess excommunicated from power.

Avtonom Ivanov

From the end of the 17th century, the Teplostan land, or rather the village of Govorova (later on - the village of Troitskoye with the village of Upper Teply Stany) passes into the possession of Avtonom Ivanov, one of those senior duma clerks who took the side of young Peter and signed the ruler's removal from power.

Autonomous Ivanov was the son of a Moscow parish priest. Even in the time of Sophia, he rose to one of the highest orders of the Local Order, which was in charge of land holdings, and in this position he received the title of a duma clerk. In the struggle for power between Sophia and Pyotr Alekseevich, the highly experienced clerk took the side of the latter, for which he was given a letter of commendation for "the patrimony of the thief, traitor and crusader Fedka Shaklovity." So Teplye Stans found a new owner.

Peter instructed the Autonomous to be in charge of three, exclusively responsible orders at once - Inozemsky, Reitarsky and Pushkarsky, on the activity of which the formation of a renewed Russian army depended. soon renamed Azov, commanded by a certain Pavlov. All expenses for the maintenance, uniforms and armament of the soldiers were borne by Autonomous. The regiment fought well near Poltava, showed itself well: in the Prut campaign, which, undoubtedly, was also Ivanov's merit. Autonomous Ivanov left a memory of himself on the Teplostan land. In 1696, as a patrimony, Avtonom completed the construction of the Trinity Church (hence the name of the village), begun by Shaklovity's predecessors, the Streshnevs, in 1686. Thus, the village, together with the "courtyard of the estate" and the courtyards of service people, turns into the village of Troitskoye. The riches of Avtonom Ivanov, which struck the imagination of the author of a biographical note in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, dissipated almost as quickly as they appeared

Upper Teply Stan, together with the court on Vagankovo, was inherited by the son Nikolai, who was married to Anna Ivanovna Tyutcheva. Nikolai Avtonomovich died early, the widow hastened to remarry, sharing the Ivanovo inheritance with her five daughters.

Saltychikha

So the owner of the Upper Teply Stans with the village of Troitsky became the widow of the guard-captain Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova - the notorious Saltychikha. Having been widowed at twenty-five, by the age of thirty-two she had managed to literally drive 139 of the 600 serfs who belonged to her into the coffin, mainly women and girls. The villages of D.N. Saltykova were both in the Vologda and Kostroma provinces, but she preferred the “estate yard” in the village of Troitskoye to all her possessions. Its main victims were the peasants of the Upper Warm Stan. These are their nameless graves, hastily dug out, buried even more hastily, and surrounded the old Trinity Church. The peasants turned to her with complaints, but thanks to influential kinship and gifts, everything ended with the punishment and exile of the complainers. Only in the summer of 1762, two peasants, whose wives Saltychikha had killed, managed to file a complaint with Empress Catherine II herself.

The investigation into the case of the "torturer and murderer" lasted six years and ended with the announcement of the death sentence for Darya Saltykova.

The liberal Catherine II, proud of the fact that there were no executions in Russia during her reign, replaced the initial death sentence with life in solitary confinement in a monastery. Before taking Saltychikha to a special underground prison prepared for her under the vaults of the church of the Moscow Ivanovsky Monastery (the current street of I. E. Zabelin), the criminal was put for one hour on a scaffold with an inscription on her chest: "Tormentor and murderer." From now on, Daria Saltykova-Ivanova was deprived of her entire fortune, nobility, the very right to be called the name of her father or husband, and even be considered a woman.

In 1778, Saltychikha was transferred to a dungeon, attached to the monastery church and having a window closed from the outside with a green curtain, through which those who wished could look at the criminal.

Saltychikha spent more than twenty years in her dungeon. She died in 1801 and was buried in the Donskoy Monastery along with members of the Saltykov family. Her dungeon, together with the church, was dismantled in 1860.

Much later, the future heir to the estate, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, recalled how, on the eve of the war of 1812, his father took his eldest sons, Nikolai and Fyodor, to the Ivanovsky Monastery, showing them a small window hung with sackcloth, behind which the murderer Saltychikha spent more than twenty years in the basement.

Passion Saltychikha.

In the course of the investigation into the Saltychikha case, Verkhnye Teplyye Stany with the village of Troitsky are allowed to go on sale "for debts".

The owner was Ivan Nikiforovich Tyutchev, the husband of Saltychikha's sister, a nobleman from Bryansk, an honorary guardian of the Moscow Orphanage, a real state councilor and a diligent owner of the acquired estate. After the conviction of Saltychikha, he becomes the guardian of her sons Fedor and Nikolai, and when the property is sold, he himself acts as a buyer and becomes the owner of the village of Troitsky and the village of Teply Stan. During his ownership of the estate, he manages to rebuild the “votchinnikov’s house”, and lay out a regular park with dug ponds, the remains of which are still guessed today, and gather many guests in Troitskoye, among whom there are several writers associated with the Tyutchev family.

Following that, Upper Teply Stan and Troitskoye passed into the possession of the grandfather of the great poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Second Major Nikolai Ivanovich Tyutchev (1720-1797). Among his direct ancestors are the reiter of the times of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the sons of the reiter - the stolnik Timothy and the lawyer Daniel, participants in the Crimean campaigns, who continued to serve under Peter I, the grandfather of Second Major Andrei Danilovich, dismissed under Catherine I from military service "with an appointment to the Military Collegium and for police matters.

Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev, the poet's grandfather, was honored to go down in history not only thanks to his great grandson, whose birth he did not even live to see. Second Major Tyutchev had reason to count on the gratitude of his contemporaries and descendants. While still in the rank of captain, this officer became famous for his affair with Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova, who at the very beginning of the 1750s paid favorable attention to him, kindling a "love passion" for him, as the unlucky major later wrote in a complaint addressed to the authorities. They were distant relatives (Daria's mother - nee Tyutcheva), their estates near Moscow were adjacent.

One day, while driving around the property, a 25-year-old widow heard shots in her forest. This surprised her, because, knowing her character, the neighbors would not have dared to do such a thing. The servants rushed to catch the poacher. It turned out to be a young nobleman, engineer Nikolai Tyutchev. Captain Tyutchev was engaged in land surveying and carried out a topographic survey of the area south of Moscow, along the Great Kaluga Road.

He was taken prisoner to the Saltychikha estate, which liked him. At first, she treated him like a simple peasant, but when she tried to dissolve her hands, Tyutchev, out of patience, knocked her down with a blow of his fist.

After that, Saltychikha's love for Tyutchev becomes even stronger, but Tyutchev did not like such a girlfriend much. A woman of heroic build, with a masculine voice, ardent temperament, rude and sadistically tough, Daria turned out to be unacceptable even for the frantic Nikolai Andreevich, and he decided to escape from Teply Stan. Saltychikha, anticipating the flight of her lover, redoubled her vigilance. When trying to escape, Tyutchev's grandfather was seized and thrown into a cold barn, from which one of the yard girls helped him get out.

We do not know how long this "romance" lasted, but it is reliably known that before the Great Lent of 1762, the captain left Darya Nikolaevna and wooed her neighbor on the estate, the maiden Pelageya Panyutina.

Daria Saltykova, having learned about her rival, decided to exterminate her. She tried to blow up the Moscow house of Panyutina, which was located behind the Prechistensky Gates, near Zemlyanoy Gorod, for which the groom Saltykova Alexei Savelyev bought five pounds of gunpowder on her behalf from the main office of artillery and fortification and made an improvised explosive device, which was supposed to be "tucked under the jammed house ", after which the house should have been set on fire, "so that this captain Tyutchev and that bride in that house would burn down."

After an unsuccessful attempt at an explosion, Saltykova learned that Panyutina and Tyutchev were going to the Bryansk district. Their path lay along the Great Kaluga Road, past her estates. An ambush was set up outside Teply Stan: the yard Saltychikhs, armed with rifles and clubs, were waiting for the bride and groom. Kind people warned the captain of the impending danger. He did not rely on fate and decided to seek protection from the authorities. A petition was filed in a court order and requested to ensure the safety of the convoy "on four sledges, with a cudgel."

The Tyutchevs fled from their native places, at night, along forest paths, deceiving the spies put up by Saltychikha around their village. The road of the fugitives lay in the estate of the bride Ovstug, where F.I. Tyutchev was born half a century later.

Tyutchevs

All this happened in early spring, and already at the beginning of summer an investigation began over Daria Saltykova, she was arrested, and the estate was confiscated.

And Captain Tyutchev in April 1762 became the husband of Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina. He was a poor man: he personally owned only 160 serf souls, moreover, scattered in six villages in three different districts of the Yaroslavl and Tula provinces. His wife Pelageya received 20 souls of serfs and her parents' house in the village of Ovstuge, Bryansk district, Oryol province, as a dowry. Near the house there was a modest church and a bell tower. The house was surrounded on all sides by a garden with centuries-old lindens and dense lilacs. The newlyweds settled in Ovstug and actively took care of the household. Nikolai Andreevich was a serviceable officer, he was elected leader of the Bryansk nobility, but his career was not particularly successful. He rose only to the rank of second major (according to other sources, he retired with the rank of colonel), but his economic success more than compensated for service failures. Tyutchev and his wife were constantly buying land and peasants and successfully litigated with neighbors over disputed plots of land. It should be emphasized that no evidence has come down to us of the outstanding agronomic achievements of the poet's grandfather, nor of his intensive trading turnover or risky speculation. On the other hand, the bills of sale for new land holdings are well preserved, and among the estates acquired by the Tyutchevs there is also the well-known village of Troitskoye near Moscow with the village of Upper Teply Stan.

A quarter of a century later, the Tyutchevs became very wealthy people and owned 2717 serf souls, and 1641 souls were bought in the name of Nikolai Andreevich, and Pelageya Denisovna acquired 1074 souls. A large manor house was built in Ovstuga and a regular park with ponds was laid out.

One of the most famous biographers of the poet is V.V. Kozhinov, referring to the legend of the Ovstug peasants, wrote that Fyodor Ivanovich's grandfather "allowed himself wild antics. He dressed up as an ataman of robbers and, with a gang of his mummers, also robbed merchants on a large trade road passing near Ovstug ...". Another modern biographer is Chagin G.V. disputed this statement and considered the legend itself absurd: "In this case, it is not far from the assertion that the whole fortune acquired by the poet's grandfather smelled of stolen money ...". In any case, second-major Tyutchev did not differ in religious piety, although he built not only the master's house in Ovstug, but also the stone Assumption Church (1776), in which he subsequently made rich contributions and spared no expense to decorate it. He probably had something to beg forgiveness from the Lord for.

Nikolai Andreevich had a large family - four sons and four daughters. The appearance of his eldest daughter Anastasia has preserved for us a portrait by the glorious painter Rokotov; the youngest daughter, Nadezhda, in her declining years was the closest friend of N.V. Gogol. And the eldest son Ivan, born in 1768, became the father of the greatest creator of world poetry.

The possessions of the Tyutchevs are so significant in terms of the number of souls belonging to them that in 1812 the widow of the second major equips four militias from Teply Stans. By that time, the grandson of Pelageya Denisovna Tyutcheva-Panyutina, the future poet, was nine years old. The poet's parents, the son of Pelageya Denisovna, guard lieutenant Ivan Nikolaevich, with his wife Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstaya, lived in the old family nest Ovstuga.

Ivan Nikolayevich Tyutchev, as if in contrast with his "violent" father, as family legends testify, "was distinguished by unusual complacency, gentleness, rare purity of morals and enjoyed universal respect."

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5, according to a new style) in 1803 in the village of Ovstug, where he spent his childhood, adolescence and the first years of his youth. Fedor was the second child in the family. His brother Nikolai was born two years earlier, and in 1806 the poet's sister Daria was born. The Tyutchevs had three more sons - Sergey, Dmitry and Vasily, but they died at a very early age. Undoubtedly, the passionate and refined nature of his mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstoy, played a very important role in the formation of the poet's personality (thus, F.I. Tyutchev was the sixth cousin of Leo Tolstoy). During the French invasion, the Tyutchevs moved to Troitskoye near Moscow, and when Napoleon attacked Moscow, they were forced to leave for their Yaroslavl possessions. During the retreat of the Napoleonic troops from Moscow, the village of Troitskoye and Teplye Stans were devastated and burned. The estate was restored, and the poet's parents - Guards Lieutenant Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev remained to live in Troitskoye. The future poet was nine years old by that time.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

"... The soul is ready, like Mary,

To cling to the feet of Christ forever."

Fedor Tyutchev was much more attached to Moscow and the Moscow region than to his homeland, Ovstug, which he visited a few times. "The places are not nice, although they are dear," he wrote about the Bryansk estate.

His youth, his student years are very closely connected with Moscow. In winter, he lived in a magnificent city estate in Armenian Lane. Empty after the death of the grandmother, Troitskoye lay only twelve versts from the Kaluga outpost - the first post station along the Old Kashirskaya road.

The young poet spent spring and summer in Teply Stan, not far from the Trinity Church, where he had a great rest among the discreet beauty of central Russia.

These poor villages

This meager nature

The land of native long-suffering,

The land of the Russian people! ..

They don't understand and they don't notice

The proud look of a foreigner

What shines through and secretly shines

In your humble nakedness.

Dejected by the burden of the godmother,

All of you, dear land,

In a slavish form, the King of Heaven

Went out blessing.

No wonder Tyutchev is called the singer of nature. And of course, he fell in love with her not in the living rooms of Munich and Paris, not in the foggy twilight of St. Petersburg, and not even in the patriarchal Moscow full of flowering gardens in the first half of the 19th century.

S.E. Raich

Among the interesting diary entries of the teacher Fyodor Tyutchev, who was S. Raich, there is this one: "... I remember those sweet hours when, in spring and summer, living in the suburbs, we, together with F. I., left home, stocked up on Horace, Virgil, or one of the native writers, and, sitting in a grove, on a hillock, delved into reading ... "

Semyon Yegorovich Amfiteatrov, who later became widely known as a journalist and poet-translator under the surname Raich, was an excellent teacher of Russian literature, a far from ordinary young man since 1813 was the teacher of the poet, who was then in his tenth year of life. Before entering the home teachers, Semyon Yegorovich was prophesied a great future in the spiritual field. Over the years, the Metropolitan of Kyiv Filaret, who is his own brother, could also provide patronage. But even from the time of his studies at the Sevsk Theological Seminary, the young man was passionately interested in poetry. And the future clergyman had to carefully hide this hobby.

The village of Troitskoye near Moscow in Teply Stany, where both of them spent the spring and summer of 1815 in poetry, then belonged to his grandfather, Nikolai Andreevich, who at that time was growing rich and buying up land. But out of old memory, he did not like Podmoskovnoe, but his grandson was delighted with a cozy house, a grove on a hill and transparent dug ponds, the remains of which have survived to this day. There, in Troitskoye, many of Tyutchev's youthful poems were born. We can say that the formation of a young poet took place here. This land inspired Tyutchev's poetry. Here, according to him, "the great holiday of wonderful youth" blossomed.

The composition of the Complete Works of the poet now includes 16 poems relating to that very early period of his work. Many of them are filled with imitation of great poets, including Horace, whom the young man "by the thirteenth year ... was already translating with remarkable success." In one of these poems, the poet, turning to a nobleman bathing in luxury, shames him that he does not pay attention to hungry widows and orphans, and promises him the most cruel heavenly and earthly punishments for this.

Pogodin

In 1818, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Trubetskoy invited Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin (1800-1875), a future historian, publicist, writer, who immediately joined the Znamenskoye society and later became the personal secretary of the prince, as a teacher to his children in the village of Znamenskoye. Pogodin then felt the need and earned extra money by giving private lessons in wealthy noble families. It is possible that Tyutchev also used the services of Pogodin, diligent in teaching.

Troitskoye was located seven miles from Znamensky. Fyodor Ivanovich visited the Znamenskaya estate more than once. He was well known there. Trubetskoy's guest Alexandra Nikolaevna Golitsyna (in Levashova's second marriage) was constantly flirting with him, "who, as she says, does not like Tyutchev, but she talks to him incessantly" (from Pogodin's diary). At the same time, Pogodin went and went to the estate to Tyutchev, sometimes taking with him the princesses, his students. The remains of the road along which friends went to each other are still visible among the oaks of the Yasenevsky forest ...

Many years later, after the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, in July 1873, Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin published one of the earliest verbal portraits of the young poet in the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper: “He appeared to me in my imagination, as I first came to him, to a university comrade, on a date during a vacation, on foot from the village of Znamenskoye near Moscow, on the Serpukhov road - to Troitskoye, on Kaluga, where he lived with his family ... A young boy with a blush all over his cheek, in a green frock coat, he lies, leaning on couch, and reading a book. What do you have? Wieland's Agathodemon."

Warm, friendly relations developed between the students (Pogodin was an older student), which they maintained throughout their lives. Then they met not only in Troitsky and in Znamensky, but also at the university, and in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and in the Moscow house of the Tyutchevs. For Tyutchev, this passion was all the more powerful because they were brought together by a commonality of views.

Most often at that time they saw each other in Troitskoye. Living in Znamenskoye, in 1820, Pogodin began to keep his diary, to which we owe the preservation of many interesting information about Tyutchev's life, because he himself never kept diaries, considering this occupation a waste of time. The women's part of the Znamensky society asked Mikhail Petrovich to keep a diary, which he successfully performed and kept for 54 years. "I went to the village to Tyutchev," he notes in his diary, "talked with him about literature ... about our poverty in writers ... about our obstacles to enlightenment." They were fond of reading. Most of the works of foreign authors were read in the original, after which they vividly discussed what they had read. Thus, friendship with Pogodin had a great influence on the growing mind of the young poet.

L.N. Tolstoy

The admirers of the poet were Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Nekrasov, Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Fet, A. Maikov, Dostoevsky and other writers of his circle.

Among Tyutchev's contemporaries, who already appreciated his first collection of poetry, was Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. "... Whatever the hour, I remember this majestic and simple and such a deeply real-smart old man," Tolstoy wrote. Tyutchev himself spoke enthusiastically about Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales. "... He especially appreciated some expression of the soldiers; and this sensitivity to the Russian language in him surprised me extremely," Lev Nikolayevich recalled many years later.

Lev Nikolayevich, after meeting Tyutchev, even began to look after the poet's daughter, Catherine, and Moscow was already full of rumors about their upcoming wedding. But the young people did not find a common language and mutual cooling gradually began.

In the late 1880s, Tolstoy, who invested a lot of strength and spiritual energy in teaching rural children to read and write, Russian literature, tried to compile a collection of Tyutchev's poems for children, bearing elements of "originality, beauty, strength of feeling, depth." Tolstoy put Tyutchev in first place among Russian poets after Pushkin.

Tyutchev's biographer is Aksakov.

In 1866, the wedding of Anna Tyutcheva, the daughter of Fyodor Ivanovich, who was the maid of honor of Anna Feodorovna, with Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov took place. In 1872-74, Aksakov chaired the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. He was a fiery preacher of everything Russian, who renounced all forms of Western culture. It is not surprising that he was so drawn to Tyutchev.

Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov literally six months after the death of his father-in-law wrote an excellent biography of him. By chance, one of the few copies that saw the light fell into the hands of I.S. Gagarin, a Munich friend of the poet and his failed neighbor on the Yasenevo estate. After some time, he sent Aksakov a voluminous package with autographs of both Tyutchev's poems and letters, and even a copy of one of his diplomatic dispatches. Attached here Gagarin and copies of several of his letters, testifying to the life of the poet of those times.

Tyutchev's creative heritage

D. P. Oznobishin, a poet whose poems will appear on the pages of Otechestvennye zapiski and the almanac Northern Lyra, published by him, and the future publisher of another almanac, Mnemosyne, can tell a lot about the hours spent in Upper Teply Stan. , a friend of Kuchelbeker and Griboyedov V. F. Odoevsky. A well-known musicologist, who collaborated in the Vestnik Evropy, he was one of the first to study and popularize ancient Russian music. Regular guests of the Tyutchevskaya Moscow region are future writers S. P. Shevyrev and N. V. Putyaga. The poet V. Zhukovsky, other poets and writers also visited here.

And a new, young tribe

Meanwhile, the sun bloomed

And us, friends, and our time

It has long been forgotten.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote these lines more than a century and a half ago, in 1829. He turned out to be only partly right: with inexorable consistency, generations of Muscovites have succeeded and will succeed each other, giving way to the "young tribe". However, the life, work, thoughts of our ancestors and the entire diverse past of Moscow are not forgotten - even despite the sad period of historical oblivion under the communist regime. Life, thank God, has convincingly proved: the better we know our history and culture, the wiser, richer and freer we become...

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was not only a great Russian poet, but also one of the most educated people of his time. The Tyutchev family was a typical noble family of its time, in which the fashionable French language coexisted with strict observance of domestic traditions.

“At home, Tyutchev was brought up in“ the fear of God ”and devotion to the throne,” wrote his great-grandson, K.V. Pigarev, in the monograph “The Life and Work of Tyutchev.” As an old man, he recalled how on Easter night his mother brought him, a child, to the window and together they waited for the first strike of the church bell. On the eve of big holidays, the Tyutchevs often served vigils at home, and on days of family celebrations prayers were sung. In the bedroom and in the nursery, the polished salaries of family icons shone and smelled of lamp oil. "

The first educator of the future poet, freedman Tatishchev Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov, was also a deeply religious person. "Competent, pious, he was highly respected by his masters," Aksakov, Tyutchev's biographer, wrote about Khlopov.

Despite such an upbringing, Tyutchev's lifestyle was exclusively European: he moved in society, reacted vividly to political events, did not like village life, and did not attach much importance to Orthodox rites. It was not fashionable then to be Orthodox among the nobility. It was even considered something archaic, backward. But "spoiled" by secular life, he nevertheless retained in himself a piece of Orthodox original Russia, truly Russian patriotism

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick,

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia.

And Tyutchev believed in Russia. In its own way, in a secular way ...

After the French bourgeois-democratic revolution, Tyutchev assessed these events, condemning them in the article "La Russie et la Revolution" ("Russia and the Revolution"). An adherent of the Solid Power, the poet was well aware of the danger of the "red" West, so he even wrote the word "revolution" with a capital letter. To save the European monarchy, he imagined the only force - an unshakable bulk, a sort of "ark of salvation" - Russia. His journalism was supplemented by an allegorical poem, where the poet's homeland is represented by a mighty cliff, and the revolutionary West is represented by rebellious waves.

Stay, you mighty rock!

Wait only an hour, another -

Tired of the thundering wave

Fight with your heel...

Tired of evil fun,

She will calm down again -

And without a howl, and without a fight

Under the giant heel

The wave will rise again...

Far from the concerns of landlords in his homeland, he is at the same time an opponent of serfdom.

Above this dark crowd

unawakened people

Will you rise when, Freedom,

Will your golden beam shine? ..

Your beam will shine and revive

And the dream will disperse the fogs ...

But old, rotten wounds

Scars of violence and insults,

Corruption of souls and emptiness,

What gnaws the mind and aches in the heart ...

Who will heal them, who will cover them? -

You, pure robe of Christ...

The further fate of the estate

After graduating from the university in 1821, on the day of his 18th birthday, having been awarded the title of "candidate of the Department of verbal sciences", the poet leaves for diplomatic service. He will return to Russia after more than twenty years. During this time, his family will part with Troitsky and Upper Teply Stan.

After the Tyutchevs, the mistress of the Upper Teply Stans was Voeikova, later Griboyedov's niece, Anastasia Ustinova (nee Rimskaya-Korsakova).

By the second half of the 19th century, an inn that still remembered Napoleon, two shops and two taverns remained here, and in twenty-three peasant households "sixty-five souls of men and sixty-one women," as the census said. In Troitsky, he lived in three courtyards of the local church and there was one "summer dacha" - the remains of the estate, which had time to change owners more than once.

Unlike the Upper, Lower Teply Stans, as already mentioned above, were transferred to the estate of the Streshnevs and were in their possession until the thirties of the XVIII century. At the beginning of the 18th century, together with Uzky, Nizhnye Teply Stans passed to the Golitsyns, and from 1812 to the Tolstoys. In the 20s of the 19th century, the village became the experimental site of Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Tolstoy, who planted cherry orchards of amazing beauty here.

The later history of Teply Stans is not marked by any significant events. The appearance of the railways deprived them of their former importance as a postal station. The number of people in the villages gradually decreased. If before the death of V.P. Tolstoy there were seventy-four households in them, then ten years later, according to the census, the Lower Warm Stans had only eleven households with twenty-seven male and thirty-five female souls. In the Upper Teply Stans there were twenty-three households and one hundred and twenty-six inhabitants in them. In the village of Troitskoye, there were no peasants at all. Twenty clergymen and members of their families lived in it, huddled in three yards. But right there there were two shops, two taverns and an inn - a memory of the former busy highway. By the beginning of the nineties of the last century, the population of all Teply Stans did not exceed two hundred people. No industrial enterprises appeared either in the villages themselves or in their vicinity.

Since 1960, Teply Stan has been within the boundaries of Moscow, being an area of mass development. In the early 1970s, new residents came here, at the same time the last wooden buildings were demolished.

Since then, the area has grown tremendously. By the beginning of the third millennium, more than 100 thousand people lived in it.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://testan.narod.ru/ were used.

Street name Teply Stan, formed in 1972, gave a second life to an interesting, valuable and memorable Russian geographical name.

I have an enlarged photocopy of a geographical map of 1763 with a colorful name "The plan of the reigning City of Moscow with the indication of lying revenge on Thirty miles in district", one of the best examples of domestic cartography of the mid-18th century. I often use this map with pleasure in my excursions into the past of the capital. The Kaluga road, shown on the map, passed in the place of interest to us near Moscow, just between the village of Troitskoye and the upper reaches of the Sosenka River - and the ancient Golubino and the upper reaches of the Bitsa River (in the old days it was called a little differently - Abitsa). Shown here are two settlements − Upper Warm countries and Lower Teply Stans. Note that the cartographer used a lowercase, small letter in the word "stans", since at that time the term mill for him it was both understandable and used in oral speech precisely as a common noun - in contrast to us, modern Muscovites.

With the riddle of the toponym Teply Stan- its origin and meaning - experts, unfortunately, have not yet coped. Among the versions about the etymology of the name Teply Stan There are four most common ones.

Supporters of the first hypothesis recall that in the old days the distance from Moscow to the villages of Upper Teply Stans and Lower Teply Stans was about 17 kilometers along the Kaluga road, that is, it was equal to one horse crossing. Consequently, travelers and riders had to stop here, dismount, feed the horses and let them rest. Having opened the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl, we will find there such meanings of the word mill and illustrations for them: “The camp is a place where travelers, road people, stopped for rest, temporary stay, and all the arrangements are in place, with carts, cattle, tents and other lands; parking place and all device. Become a camp in the field - a convoy, a camp. Camp in the outgoing field - ( willingly.) - gathering place and lodging for the night. Military, military camp - bivouac, camp. The first camp of the sovereigns was in Taninskaya - ( old.) - lodging and rest. Camp and camp - ( old.) - a station, a village where they changed horses (there were no postal ones, philistine, later - yam horses), or farmsteads at a crossroads, a hut purposely set up, for a shelter, ... a kind of inn, for resting and feeding horses. the word is Warm in the name of the village, the authors of this, and almost all other versions, interpret it as "equipped for winter housing, heated." It is noteworthy that until the middle of the 19th century, the first postal station after leaving Moscow in the direction of Kaluga was located in Teply Stan.

According to the second hypothesis, partly related to the first one, the toponym Teply Stan originally referred not to a village, a village, but to an outpost near Moscow, built on the Kaluga road for those sovereign people who were on guard duty in this place. I note in passing that so far no evidence of this hypothesis has been found in archival documents. As for another meaning of the word mill, the name of an administrative-territorial unit in the Russian state of the XIV-XVI centuries, then it is to the origin of the Moscow toponym Teply Stan, obviously not related.

The third and fourth hypotheses somehow connect the emergence of the name of the villages of Upper and Lower Teply Stans with the Horde invasion. Both of them were included in the reference book “Names of Moscow Streets”: “... There is an assumption that this name is associated with the distant past: here the army of one of the Tatar khans marching on Moscow spent the winter in insulated tents. According to another version, here were the settlements of the "Horde", which served the ambassadors of the Golden Horde, at this place the ambassadors stopped at the entrance to the capital and when leaving it. Convincing documentary evidence in favor of these versions was also not found in the Russian archives.

One should not complain about the excessive abundance of hypotheses about the origin of this or that toponym, as happened in the case of the name of the Tyoply Stan. Scientific search should not stop, new ideas, research, arguments are needed.

Nowadays Teply Stan- not only the name of a street in the south-west of the capital, a kind of chord highway in a huge "sleeping area", but also the name of the entire large residential area. It is spread over the territory between the Moscow Ring Road, Leninsky Prospekt, Ostrovityanova Street and Profsoyuznaya Street. Looking at the map of the south-west of the capital, it is sometimes difficult to even imagine that once there were only deciduous forests, pine groves, numerous ravines, beams, hills and there were three villages: Upper Teply Stans, Lower Teply Stans and Pochinok Teply Stan, former settlements, which had a second name - Kuznetsy. All of them, as it was then customary to say, "pulled" (that is, they belonged) to the village of Troitskoye - with the Trinity Church of the late 17th century, an old manor, ponds and a park. For the first time the name of the village Teplye Stans it was mentioned in the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita; it is believed that among the princely estates near Moscow, the local lands were highly valued.

Moscow local historians, for example, L. E. Kolodny and N. M. Moleva, engaged in the history of Teply Stan, conducted many successful investigations. They and their colleagues established that at different times the owners of the Teplostan estates were: Ivan Kalita and his heirs; Moscow service nobleman Maxim Streshnev (during his time in archival documents of the beginning of the 17th century, “the wasteland of Voztsy, Teply Stany, too” is mentioned); Steward Timofey Izmailov; the tsar's okolnichy and the head of the Streltsy order, the favorite of Tsarina Sofya Alekseevna Fyodor Shaklovity; Duma clerk, rich man Avton Ivanov; landowner Daria Saltykova, notorious for her cruel treatment of serfs; Griboyedov's niece Anastasia Ustinova (nee Rimskaya-Korsakova); Governor-General of Moscow Velyaminov-Zernov; the famous Moscow doctor Peter Ash and other famous characters in Russian history.

Owned the village of Troitsky with Teply Stany and Belyaev and the Tyutchev family of nobles. In his youth and during his student days, the future outstanding poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev spent the summer months in Teply Stan, where he had a great rest and passionately fell in love with the discreet beauty of central Russia. Among the interesting diary entries of the teacher Fyodor Tyutchev, who was S. Raich, there is this one: “... I remember those sweet hours when, in spring and summer, living in the suburbs, we are together with F.I. went out of the house, stocked up on Horace, Virgil, or one of the native writers, and, sitting in a grove, on a hillock, went deep into reading ..».

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote these lines more than a century and a half ago, in 1829. He turned out to be only partly right: with inexorable consistency, generations of Muscovites have succeeded and will succeed each other, giving way to the “young tribe”. However, the life, work, thoughts of our ancestors and all the diverse past of Moscow are not forgotten - even despite the recent seventy years of historical oblivion. Life has convincingly proved that the better we know our history and culture, the wiser, richer and freer we become.

geographical name Teply Stan in addition to the street, it passed, as it often happens, into a number of other officially existing proper names, in particular, into the name Teplostanskaya Upland, Metro stations "Teply Stan", municipal district "Teply Stan"(in the Southwestern administrative district of Moscow).

Teply Stan is the highest place in Moscow: this hill reaches 253 meters in the area of the former Uzkoye estate and the beginning of Teply Stan street. As for the level of the Moscow River, then the elevation exceeds it by 130 meters.

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