Read an extract from a historical source and briefly answer questions C1-C3. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of the history of the corresponding period.

From a historical source.

"Sovereign!

We, workers and residents of the city of St. Petersburg of various classes, our wives, and children, and helpless old parents, have come to you, sovereign, to seek truth and protection. We are impoverished, we are oppressed, we are burdened with overwork, we are abused, we are not recognized as people, we are treated like slaves who must endure their bitter fate and be silent ... The limit of patience has come. For us, that terrible moment has come when death is better than the continuation of unbearable torment.

And so we quit our job and told our owners that we would not start working until they fulfilled our requirements ...

Sovereign, there are many thousands of us here, and all these are people only in appearance, only in appearance - in reality, for us, as well as for the entire Russian people, they do not recognize a single human right, not even the right to speak, think, assemble, to discuss needs, to take measures to improve our situation...

Russia is too big, her needs are too diverse and numerous, for officials alone to be able to manage her. Popular representation is necessary, it is necessary that the people help themselves and govern themselves...

Let everyone be free in the right to vote - and for this they ordered that the elections to the Constituent Assembly take place under the condition of universal, secret and equal voting ...

But one measure still cannot heal our wounds. Others are also needed, and we tell you directly and openly, as a father, about them, sovereign, on behalf of the entire working class of Russia.

Required:

I. Measures against the ignorance and lawlessness of the Russian people.

1) Immediate release and return of all those who suffered for political and religious beliefs, for strikes and peasant unrest.

2) Immediate declaration of freedom and inviolability of the person, freedom of speech, press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience in matters of religion...

4) Responsibility of ministers to the people and guarantees of the legitimacy of government

5) Equality before the law of all without exception.

6) Separation of church and state.

II. Measures against the poverty of the people.

1) Abolition of indirect taxes and their replacement by direct progressive income tax

2) The abolition of redemption payments, cheap credit and the gradual transfer of land to the people ...

4) Termination of the war by the will of the people.

III. Measures against the oppression of capital over labor...

3) Freedom of consumer-industrial and professional workers' unions - immediately.

4) 8-hour working day and normalization of overtime work ... "

What was the name of this document and to whom specifically was it addressed? When was this document created? What event in national history was he associated with?

Sovereign!

We, workers and residents of St. Petersburg of various classes, our wives, and children, and helpless old parents, have come to you, sovereign, to seek truth and protection. We are impoverished, we are oppressed, we are burdened with overwork, we are abused, we are not recognized as people, we are treated like slaves who must endure their bitter fate and remain silent. We have endured, but we are being pushed further and further into the maelstrom of poverty, lack of rights and ignorance, we are being strangled by despotism and arbitrariness, and we are suffocating. No more strength, my lord. There is a limit to patience. For us, that terrible moment has come when death is better than the continuation of unbearable torments.

And so we quit our job and told our hosts that we would not start working until they fulfilled our requirements. We did not ask for much, we only wanted that, without which there is no life, but hard labor, eternal torment. Our first request was that our hosts discuss our needs with us. But we were denied this - we were denied the right to speak about our needs, finding that the law does not recognize such a right for us. Our requests also turned out to be illegal: to reduce the number of working hours to 8 per day; set the price for our work together with us and with our consent, consider our misunderstandings with the lower administration of the factories; to increase wages for laborers and women for their work to 1 rub. in a day; cancel overtime; treat us attentively and without offense; arrange workshops so that they can work, and not find death there from terrible drafts, rain and snow.

Everything turned out, in the opinion of our owners and the factory administration, to be illegal, our every request is a crime, and our desire to improve our situation is impudence, insulting to them.

Sovereign, there are many thousands of us here, and all these are people only in appearance, only in appearance - in reality, for us, as well as for the entire Russian people, not a single human right is recognized, and even the right to speak, think, assemble, to discuss needs, to take measures to improve our situation. We were enslaved, and enslaved under the auspices of your officials, with their help, with their assistance. Any one of us who dares to raise his voice B in defense of the interests of the working class and the people is thrown into prison, sent into exile. Punished as if for a crime, for a kind heart, for a sympathetic soul. To take pity on a downtrodden, disenfranchised, exhausted person means to commit a grave crime. The entire working people and peasants are handed over to the tyranny of a bureaucratic government, consisting of embezzlers of public funds and robbers, which not only does not care about the interests of the people, but tramples on these interests. The bureaucratic government has brought the country to complete ruin, brought upon it a shameful war, and is leading Russia further and further to ruin. We, the workers and the people, have no say in the expenditure of the huge taxes levied on us. We do not even know where and for what the money collected from the impoverished people goes. The people are deprived of the opportunity to express their desires, demands, to participate in the establishment of taxes and spending them. Workers are deprived of the opportunity to organize themselves into unions to protect their interests.

Sovereign! Is this in accordance with the divine laws, by whose grace you reign? And is it possible to live under such laws? Wouldn't it be better to die - to die for all of us, the working people of all Russia? Let the capitalists live and enjoy themselves - exploiters of the working class and officials - embezzlers of public funds and robbers of the Russian people. This is what stands before us, sovereign, and it is this that has gathered us to the groans of your palace. Here we are looking for the last salvation. Do not refuse to help your people, bring them out of the grave of lawlessness, poverty and ignorance, give them the opportunity to decide their own destiny, throw off the unbearable oppression of officials from them. Break down the wall between you and your people, and let him rule the country you have with you. After all, you are put on the happiness of the people, and officials snatch this happiness from our hands, it does not reach us, we receive only grief and humiliation. Look without anger, carefully at our requests, they are directed not to evil, but to good both for us and for you, sovereign! Not impudence in us speaks. but the consciousness of the need to get out of an unbearable situation for all. Russia is too big, her needs are too varied and numerous, for officials alone to manage her. Popular representation is necessary, it is necessary that the people themselves help themselves and govern themselves. After all, he only knows his true needs. Do not push away his help, they ordered immediately, immediately to call on representatives of the Russian land from all classes, from all estates, representatives and from the workers. Let there be a capitalist, and a worker, and an official, and a priest, and a doctor, and a teacher—let everyone, whoever they may be, elect their representatives. Let everyone be equal and free in the right to vote, and for this they ordered that elections to the Constituent Assembly take place under the condition of universal, secret and equal voting.

This is our most important request, everything is based on it and on it, it is the main and only plaster for our sick wounds, without which these wounds will ooze strongly and quickly move us to death.

But one measure still cannot heal our wounds. Others are needed, and we tell you directly and openly, as a father, about them, sir, on behalf of the entire working class of Russia.

Required.

I. Measures against the ignorance and lawlessness of the Russian people.

1) Immediate release and return of all those who suffered for political and religious beliefs, for strikes and peasant unrest.

2) Immediate declaration of freedom and inviolability of the person, freedom of speech, press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience in matters of religion.

3) General and compulsory public education at the expense of the state.

4) The responsibility of ministers to the people and the guarantee of the legitimacy of government.

5) Equality pepper law of all without exception.

6) Separation of church and state.

II. Measures against the poverty of the people.

1) The abolition of indirect taxes and their replacement by a direct progressive income tax.

2) Cancellation of redemption payments, cheap credit and gradual transfer of land to the people.

3) The execution of orders from the military naval department should be in Russia, and not abroad.

4) Termination of the war by the will of the people.

III. Measures against the oppression of capital over labor.

1) Abolition of the institution of factory inspectors.

2) Establishment at plants and factories of permanent commissions elected by the workers, which, together with the administration, would sort out all the claims of individual workers. The dismissal of a worker cannot take place except by the decision of this commission.

3) Freedom of consumer-industrial and professional workers' unions—immediately.

4) 8-hour working day and normalization of overtime work.

5) Freedom for the struggle of labor against capital—immediately.

6) Normal wages - immediately.

7) The indispensable participation of representatives of the working classes in the elaboration of a draft law on state insurance of workers—immediately.

Here, sir, are our main needs, with which we have come to you only if they are satisfied, it is possible to liberate our Motherland from slavery and poverty, perhaps its prosperity, it is possible for the workers to organize to protect their interests from the brazen exploitation of the capitalists and the bureaucratic government that robs and strangles the people . Command and swear to fulfill them, and you will make Russia both happy and glorious, and your name will be imprinted in the hearts of ours and our descendants for all eternity; and if you don’t command, if you don’t answer our prayer, we will die here, on this square, in front of your palace. We have nowhere else to go and no reason to. We have only two paths: either to freedom and happiness, or to the grave. Let our life be a sacrifice for the suffering Russia. We do not regret this sacrifice, we willingly make it.

Priest George Gapon

On January 9, 1905, Nikolai Holstein-Gottorpsky shot a peaceful procession of the people with a petition to him in the capital of the empire.

Here is her text:

Sovereign!

We, workers and residents of the city of St. Petersburg, of various classes, our wives, children and helpless old parents, have come to you, sovereign, to seek truth and protection.

We are impoverished, we are oppressed, we are burdened with overwork, we are abused, we are not recognized as people, we are treated like slaves who must endure their bitter fate and remain silent.

We have endured, but we are being pushed further and further into the maelstrom of poverty, lack of rights and ignorance, we are being strangled by despotism and arbitrariness, and we are suffocating. No more strength, sir! There is a limit to patience. For us, that terrible moment has come when death is better than the continuation of unbearable torments.

And so we quit our job and told our hosts that we would not start working until they fulfilled our requirements. We asked for little, we wanted only that, without which there is no life, but hard labor, eternal torment.

Our first request was that our hosts discuss our needs with us. But we were denied this. We were denied the right to speak about our needs, finding that the law does not recognize such a right for us. Our requests also turned out to be illegal: to reduce the number of working hours to 8 per day; set the price for our work together with us and with our consent, consider our misunderstandings with the lower administration of the factories; to increase wages for unskilled workers and women to one ruble per day, to abolish overtime work; treat us attentively and without offense; arrange workshops so that they can work, and not find death there from terrible drafts, rain and snow.

Everything turned out, in the opinion of our owners and the factory administration, to be illegal, our every request is a crime, and our desire to improve our situation is impudence, insulting to them.

Sovereign, there are many thousands of us here, and all these are people only in appearance, only in appearance, but in reality, for us, as well as for the entire Russian people, they do not recognize a single human right, not even the right to speak, think, gather, discuss needs, to take measures to improve our situation.

We were enslaved and enslaved under the auspices of your officials, with their help, with their assistance. Any one of us who dares to raise his voice in defense of the interests of the working class and the people is thrown into prison, sent into exile. Punished as if for a crime, for a kind heart, for a sympathetic soul. To take pity on a downtrodden, disenfranchised, exhausted person means to commit a serious crime.

The entire working people and peasants are handed over to the mercy of a bureaucratic government, consisting of embezzlers of public funds and robbers, which not only does not care about the interests of the people, but tramples on these interests. The bureaucratic government has brought the country to complete ruin, brought upon it a shameful war, and is leading Russia further and further to ruin. We, the workers and the people, have no say in the expenditure of the huge taxes levied on us. We do not even know where and for what the money collected from the impoverished people goes. The people are deprived of the opportunity to express their desires, demands, to participate in the establishment of taxes and spending them. Workers are deprived of the opportunity to organize themselves into unions to protect their interests.

Sovereign! Is this in accordance with the divine laws, by whose grace you reign? And is it possible to live under such laws? Wouldn't it be better to die, to die for all of us, the working people of all Russia? Let the capitalists-exploiters of the working class and the bureaucrats-stealers and robbers of the Russian people live and enjoy.

This is what stands before us, sovereign, and it is this that has gathered us to the walls of your palace. Here we are looking for the last salvation. Do not refuse to help your people, bring them out of the grave of lawlessness, poverty and ignorance, give them the opportunity to decide their own destiny, throw off the unbearable oppression of officials from them. Break down the wall between you and your people and let them rule the country with you. After all, you are put on the happiness of the people, and officials snatch this happiness from our hands, it does not reach us, we receive only grief and humiliation.

Look without anger, carefully at our requests, they are directed not to evil, but to good, both for us and for you, sovereign. It is not impudence that speaks in us, but the consciousness of the need to get out of a situation that is unbearable for all. Russia is too big, her needs are too varied and numerous, for officials alone to manage her. [People's] representation is necessary, it is necessary that the people themselves help themselves and govern themselves. After all, he only knows his true needs. Do not push away his help, accept it, led immediately, immediately to call on representatives of the Russian land from all classes, from all estates, representatives and workers. Let there be a capitalist, and a worker, and an official, and a priest, and a doctor, and a teacher—let everyone, whoever they are, elect their representatives. Let everyone be equal and free in the right to vote, and for this they ordered that elections to the constituent assembly take place under the condition of universal, secret and equal voting.

But one measure still cannot heal all our wounds. Others are needed, and we tell you directly and openly, as a father, about them, sir, on behalf of the entire working class of Russia.

Required:

I. Measures against the ignorance and lawlessness of the Russian people.

1) Immediate release and return of all those who suffered for political and religious beliefs, for strikes and peasant unrest.

2) Immediate declaration of freedom and inviolability of the person, freedom of speech, press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience in matters of religion.

3) General and compulsory public education at the expense of the state.

4) The responsibility of ministers to the people and the guarantee of the legitimacy of government.

5) Equality before the law of all without exception.

6) Separation of church and state.

II. Measures against the poverty of the people.

1) The abolition of indirect taxes and their replacement with a progressive income tax.

2) Cancellation of redemption payments, cheap credit and gradual transfer of land to the people.

Here, sir, are our main needs with which we have come to you. Only if they are satisfied is it possible to liberate our country from slavery and poverty, to prosper, it is possible for the workers to organize to protect their interests from the arrogant exploitation of the capitalists and the bureaucratic government that robs and strangles the people.

Command and swear to fulfill them and you will make Russia both happy and glorious, and your name will be imprinted in the hearts of our and our descendants for all eternity. But if you don’t command, if you don’t answer our prayer, we will die here, on this square, in front of your palace. We have nowhere else to go and no reason to. We have only two paths: either to freedom and happiness, or to the grave ... let our life be a sacrifice for suffering Russia. We do not feel sorry for this sacrifice, we willingly make it!

The answer to the people was execution. Then the First Russian Revolution began.