In a word, consonants can take different positions. In some positions, consonants are opposed to each other in terms of sonority-deafness and hardness-softness; such positions are called strong. The positions of the consonant before vowels and before sonorants are strong in voicing-deafness (i.e., voiced and deaf consonants always differ here): d am - t am, b silt - P silt, h loy - With loy, d relay - t rel. Consonant positions before vowels (except [e]) are also strong in hardness-softness: m al - m yal, l uk - l yuk, b yt - b it, in ol - in ate(but before [e] both soft and hard consonants are possible: ser - sir; meter(unit of measure; pronounced with soft [m"]) -meter(teacher, master; pronounced with [m] solid).
Positions in which consonants are not opposed in terms of voiced-deafness and hardness-softness are called weak. Thus, the position of a consonant at the end of a word is weak in terms of voicedness-deafness: voiced and deaf consonants are pronounced the same here - deafly (cf. one hundred to and one hundred G, pr t and pru d). Before voiced consonants, all consonants that are paired in voiced-deafness are pronounced as voiced (cf. h here and With do: in both words, in the position before the voiced [d "] the voiced [з"] is pronounced), and before the deaf ones - as deaf (cf. true b ka and sha P ka: in both words, in the position before the deaf [k], the deaf [p] is pronounced).
Position in front of soft lips and teeth, as well as in front of
In the same word, but in its different forms, consonants can alternate with each other - depending on what position they are in: voiced consonants before vowels alternate with voiceless ones in the position of the end of the word, voiceless ones alternate with voiced ones in position before voiced , hard ones alternate with soft ones in position before soft consonants. Such alternations of sounds are called positional. They do not violate the morphological integrity of the word and are not reflected in writing. Compare: true b a-true b (pronounced [true P]), mow t b-skew b a(pronounced [ka h"ba]), tra in a-tra in ka(pronounced [tra f kъ]), more[ m b]a–o bo[ m"b]e, [ d"in"] e - [dv] mind.
Some alternations characterize not the modern phonetic system, but its state in the past; such alternations are called historical. They are assigned to certain morphological forms and are reflected in writing in the form of different letters. Compare: sve t it - light h u, boo d it - boo and u, stere G and - erase and et and under. Such alternations are not determined by the position of the sound: and before<и>, and before<у>both [t "], [d"], [g "], and [h], [g] are possible (compare: shine - sharpen, guard - wake etc.). (For more on historical alternations, see below, § 94–97.)
Loss of consonants.
In some positions during pronunciation, consonants are dropped out. As a rule, no sounds are pronounced d and t in combinations zdn and stn , for example: right zdn ik, u stn th. In addition, in some words, a consonant sound falls out when other consonants collide, for example: sun, se RDC e , scha st liv, hello sun wuy(compare: sun, heart, happiness, congratulations, where are the sounds l, d, t, v are pronounced).
To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, you need to select related words or word forms where these combinations of consonants would be separated by a vowel or would be at the end of the word, for example: mustache t ny - mustache t a - mustache t (genus case).
Exercise 72. Orally answer these questions.
1) What additional work of the language creates the softness of consonant sounds: d - d", l - l", s - z", d - d", x - x", b - b", m - m "? 2) What consonant sounds of the Russian language are only solid? 3) Which consonants are only soft? 4) After which consonants in Russian words there can be no sound s ? After which - the sound and ?
73 . Read; indicate soft consonants and explain how their softness is indicated in writing.
The louder the hubbub about you,
The more haughty be quiet.
Don't complete someone else's lies
Shame of explanation. (B. Pasternak)
74 . Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain why in some cases the softness of the consonant is indicated by the letter ь, and in others it is not indicated.
1) Ve ... vi lilacs closed the whole house. 2) Kits of white flowers stood out against the dark greenery. 3) Ma...chiki were looking for people for fishing. 4) An agronomist ... made a report on a bean ... with pests of gardens and orchards. 5) In...my pi...ma and put them in...po...polybox. 6) The tables were covered with white scat...s. 7) At the meeting they talked about ko ... be and young ... spring. 8) The hunters tracked down a big bear. 9) Ra ... ve ra ... she had a mustache here ... ba? 10) There were nails in the box. 11) Se ... d went in shoals. 12) But ... the air was fresh.
75 . Change these words so that the highlighted consonants soften, and write. Orally explain why between soft consonants is written b .
letter m o - in writing m e; struggle b ah, grind b a, prisons m a, scythe b ah, please b ah, cutting b ah, tes m ah, sur m a , finger m a , finger b ah, seat b ah, take it m y, Kuz m a, eight m oh.
76 . Write down and underline the adjacent soft consonants. Orally explain why there is no b .
Worm, branchy, bears, bony, unless, if, death, forgive, forgive, regions, jaws, tales, canes, honors, in a dream, shipyards, nails, thoughts, executions, illnesses, greengrocer, lamplighter, bricklayer, night, kidney , daughter, stove, finish, take into account, read, subtract.
77 . Read expressively; indicate what sounds stand for the underlined letters.
E sli boy
l Yu bit Labor,
in the book eh chik,
about such
write here:
good and th boy.
(V.V. Mayakovsky.)
78. Establish according to the program and textbooks of elementary school, with which cases of designation of softness of consonants students of grades I and II get acquainted.
79. Indicate which words have unpronounceable consonants; change, where possible, the indicated words so that these consonants are pronounced.
1) The sun flooded all the surroundings with bright light. 2) The guys felt happy in the fresh air. 3) Giant pine trees made a dull noise with their tops. 4) The nature of the area suddenly changed dramatically. 5) Late in the evening we were returning home. 6) There was a ladder by the window. 7) Someone whipped me with a branch. 8) A breeze swept from the forest - a messenger of a thunderstorm.
vowels
The pronunciation of vowels in the flow of speech varies depending on: 1) the relationship to the stressed syllable (vowels in the stressed syllable, in the first pre-stressed and in the remaining unstressed syllables); 2) from the position in the word (a vowel at the beginning of a word or at the end of a word); 3) the quality of the consonant with which the vowel is combined (in combination with soft or hard consonants, labial or non-labial, nasal or non-nasal), and some other conditions.
In the words [shaft] and [vada] - water, the sound [a] is pronounced in the first syllable, but it is not the same: it is stressed in the first word, and therefore it is pronounced with greater longitude and more distinctly. In the words [mal] and [m'a l] - crumpled vowels are stressed, but they are not the same, since in the word [m'a l] the vowel ['a] comes after the soft consonant sound [m'] and gets more forward articulation. Given the dependence of the quality of vowels on phonetic conditions, linguists have identified strong and weak positions of vowels in the Russian language.
strong position vowels are stressed: [small], [mol], [mul], [m'e l], [soap], [m'i l]. Stressed vowels are characterized by unimpaired pronunciation and the most distinct distinction. However, the stressed vowels change somewhat under the influence of the preceding consonants. Especially noticeable changes occur after soft consonants; cf.: [shesh't'] and [s'e s't']. Therefore, in combinations “soft consonant + vowel”, shades of vowel sounds (phonemes) or a minor type of vowel sounds (phonemes) appear. Without significant changes caused by the influence of neighboring sounds, i.e. in their main form, vowels are pronounced at the beginning of a word before a hard consonant under stress (island, arch, echo, ear, lawsuit) or as an independent word (sounds s, union a , preposition y, etc.).
Weak position occupy vowels in unstressed syllables, where vowels are weakened (reduced). There are two weak positions of unstressed vowels: the first and the second. The first position is observed in the first pre-stressed syllable (water, spring, transition, etc.) and in the absolute beginning of a word (garden, apricot, echo sounder, etc.). In other unstressed positions, vowels take a second, weak position (piglet, chair, etc.). In the first position, the vowel reduction is weaker than in the second, and therefore there are more vowels in the first position than in the second. The quality of vowel sounds in weak positions also depends on the quality of the preceding consonant - whether it is hard or soft. The upper vowels change less than others in weak positions: [i], [s], [y].
Consonants change in the flow of speech. Their change is caused by the position of the consonant in the word. A strong position is occupied by all consonants before vowels. It is in these phonetic conditions that the largest number of consonants is distinguished: house - tom - scrap - com - catfish; year - cat - move, etc. In strong positions, consonants can change their quality under the influence of subsequent vowels. So, labial vowels round off (labialize) the preceding consonant: in the words there and that, the consonant [t] is not pronounced the same (in the second word it is rounded). Consonants before the vowel [a] differ most and least of all: there - ladies, small - crushed, garden - glad - children, etc. The position before the vowel [a] is called an absolutely strong position. In addition to the absolute strong position, there are strong positions for individual consonant digits. Strong positions for noisy consonants, paired in voicing-deafness, are: 1) position before vowels itching - court, heat - ball, guest - bone, etc., 2) position before sonorant consonants and before consonants [c], [ в'] (followed by a vowel) - rude - croup, evil - layer, bend (verb) - whip, beast - check. Noisy consonants occupy a weak position in terms of sonority-deafness 1) at the end of the word - code [cat] - cat [cat], meadow [bow] - bow [bow]; 2) before voiced and deaf consonants - wedding [wedding b] - pasture [paz'd'b a], buckle [p r'ashk] - pawn [p'eshk] etc. In these positions, voiced and voiceless consonants are not opposed: at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, a noisy voiceless is pronounced, and before voiced consonants - a noisy voiced one. The category of hardness-softness is more characteristic, defining in Russian phonetics. Hardness-softness oppositions are the largest correlative series, it covers 30 consonant phonemes: r '] yuk, [m] al - [m '] yal, [n] os - [n '] ёs; 2) position at the end of the word: plo [t] - plo [t '], tro [n] - tro [n ']. The consonants occupy a weak position in terms of hardness-softness: 1) before the front vowels - hay, blue, hand (cf. hand; in native Russian words, consonants before soft: [p '] ate, [b '] ate, [m '] era, [in '] era, [t '] body, [z '] deer); 2) before consonants - shepherd - graze [pas't'i], tackle - remove [s'n'a t'] 3) before the phoneme: [p'j] yu, [b'j] yu, se [m 'j ]i, pla[t'j ]e, etc. Unpaired solid phonemes sound solid in all positions. Unpaired soft in all positions sound only like soft consonants.
§ten. Positional changes in vowelsThe alternation of vowels depends primarily on their position in relation to the stressed syllable. In it, vowels sound most distinct, so the position of the vowel in the stressed syllable is called strong . In a strong position, the following vowels are distinguished: [a] - [lady], [o] - [house], [e] - [em] (letter name), [s] - [smoke], [and] - [im] , [y] - [mind].
In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced less distinctly, shorter, so the position of the vowel in an unstressed syllable is called weak position. Compare the pronunciation of root vowels in words run, run, run out. In the first case, the vowel [e] is in a strong position, in a stressed syllable, so it is heard clearly. It cannot be confused with any other. In words run away and run out vowels in the root are in a weak position, tk. the stress shifted to other syllables. We can no longer say that in this case we hear the vowel [e], because its sound weakens, decreases in duration, and its pronunciation approaches [and]. And in the word run out the vowel is pronounced even shorter, losing its main features. This positional change of vowels is called reduction .
^ Reduction is a weakening of the pronunciation of a vowel associated with a change in its length and sound quality in a weak position. All vowels in unstressed syllables undergo reduction, but the degree of reduction and its nature are different for different vowels. Distinguish reduction quantitative and qualitative .
At quantitative reduction vowels, although they are not pronounced so clearly, losing part of the longitude (i.e. changing quantitatively), but do not lose their main quality, do not become completely obscure: Pat t - pat tí - Pat tevó th; land tsa - land tsó – land tsevó th; etcy bend - prs jó k - yoú etcs bend. High vowels [i], [s], [y] are subjected to quantitative reduction. In any position, they are pronounced quite recognizably.
At qualitative reduction the very nature of the sound of vowels changes: they lose their main quality, becoming almost unrecognizable. Yes, in words get sick and enemies there are no vowels [o] and [a] occurring in a strong position ([bol`], [vrak]). Instead, they pronounce a sound similar to a weakened [a], and therefore, it needs its own designation - [] (a-tent). In the word price a vowel sound in a weak position is similar to [s] and [e] at the same time. In transcription, it is denoted [s e] ([s] with an overtone [e]). If we compare the words painful,be at enmity, price, it turns out that the vowels in the roots, being far enough from the stressed syllables, become quite short, indistinguishable. In transcription, such a vowel is designated [ъ] (ep). (By the way, changes in weak positions depend not only on the distance from the stressed syllable, but also on the position of the vowel after a hard or soft consonant. So, in the same position as hurt, enemies, in the word watch a sound is pronounced, the middle between [and] and [e] - [and e], and in the word hourly- sound denoted by [b] (er)).
Thus, depending on the position of the vowel in relation to the stressed syllable, 2 types of qualitative reduction are distinguished: they are called the 1st degree of reduction (or 1st weak position) and the 2nd degree of reduction (2nd weak position).
1st degree of reduction vowels in the following positions are exposed:
a) 1st prestressed syllable: [pl`á] (fields), [trva] (grass), [nʻi e so] (nickle), [shy e stop`] (sixth);
b) 1st open syllable, regardless of the distance from the stressed syllable: [d`in] (one), [d`inok`y`] (lonely), [s e tash] (floor), [s e tzhy]́ (floors);
c) adjacent identical vowels (the so-called "gaping" of vowels): [зl`et`] (blush), [ngrot] (to the garden).
2nd degree of reduction vowels are exposed in other cases:
a) 2nd, 3rd, etc. prestressed syllable: [karndash] (pencil), [karndshy] (pencils), [s'd'ina] (gray hair), [t`l`i e background] (telephone);
b) all stressed syllables: [mam] (mother), [lozh'ch`k] (spoon), [sea] (sea), [fight] (fight).
The designation in phonetic transcription of vowels undergoing qualitative reduction can be schematically represented as follows:
Recall that the vowels [and], [s], [y] are not subject to qualitative reduction, therefore, in phonetic transcription, they will be denoted in any position [and], [s], [y]: [l`is`itsʹ] (fox), [k`irp`ich`i] (bricks), [s`in`y`] (blue), [roar] (lever arm), [roar and e jock] (lever), [bald`] (bald), [corn] (corn).
Questions and tasks
What determines the positional alternation of vowels?
What is reduction? What is it connected with?
Name the types of reduction. What is the difference?
What vowels are subject to quantitative reduction?
What is the essence of qualitative reduction?
What is the reason for the existence of two degrees of qualitative reduction?
How do vowels of the 1st degree of reduction change and are indicated? vowels of the 2nd degree of reduction?
Change the words or select cognates for them so that the vowels that are in a strong position are first in the 1st weak position, and then in the 2nd weak position: house, six, king, stretches, whole, dark.
Determine the positions of the vowels. Transcribe the words. Divide them into syllables: watery, carefree, gear, phenomenon, frozen, holiday, language, happiness, station, forget-me-not.
What phonetic phenomenon underlies the appearance of homophones: company - campaign, shine - devote, awl - awl, caress - rinse, cleanliness - frequency? Transcribe the words.
Read the words. Make them alphabetical: [l`ú l`k], [y`i uh ntá p`], [r`i uh shé n`i`b], [b`i uh p`ó sk], [y`i uh w`:ó ], [divided uh d`í t`], [tsy uh oń h'k], [pdr Ms.́ t`]. Is there only one variant of the letter notation in all cases?
Transcribe text 1 . Specify the cases of quantitative and qualitative reduction. Give a complete description of the vowel sounds in the underlined words.
(N. Nosov)
§eleven. Positional changes in consonants
Positional alternations of consonants are associated with the position of the sound in the word, as well as with the influence of sounds on each other. As with vowels, there are strong and weak positions for consonants too. However, consonants can coincide or differ in sound in two ways: by sonority-deafness and by hardness-softness. The position in which paired consonants differ is called strong.
Usually, strong positions in terms of voiced-deafness and hardness-softness do not coincide, however, in the position before a vowel, consonants differ in both ways. This position is called absolutely strong . The following consonants can be distinguished in it: [d] - [house] (house), [d`] - [id`om] (let's go), [t] - [current] (current), [t`] - [t`ok] (tech), [h] - [umbrella] (umbrella), [з`] - [з`ornъ] (grains), [s] – [som] (som), [s`] - [s`ol] (villages), [b] - [cheerful] (cheerfully), [b`] - [b`odr] (hips), [p] - [sweat] (sweat), [n`] - [n`otr] (Peter), [in] - [ox] (ox), [v`] - [v`ol] (led), [f] - [background] (background), [f`] - [f`odr] (Fyodor), [g] - [goal] (Goal), [g`] - [g`en`y`] (genius), [k] - [cat] (cat), [k`] - [tk`ot] (weaves), [m] - [mol] (Youth), [m`] - [m`ol] (a piece of chalk), [n] - [nose] (nose), [n`]- [n`os] (carried), [r] - [rof] (ditch), [r`] - [r`of] (roar), [l] – [lot] (lot), [l`] - [l`ot] (ice), [x] - [hot] (move), [х`] - [х`andry`] (cunning), [f] - [zhok] (burned), [w`:] - [w`: from] (burns), [w] - [shock] (wOK), [w`:] - [w`: ok`i] (cheeks), [h`] - [h`olk] (bang), [c] - [tsokat] (clatter), [th`] - [th`ok] (yogi).
In addition to an absolutely strong position, there are strong positions for different groups of paired consonants. So, for noisy consonants, paired in sonority-deafness, the following positions are also strong:
before a sonorant consonant: [s`l`it`] - [z`l`it`] (drain - piss off), [ask`it] - [throw`it] (asks - quits), [cm`i e y`as`] - [zm`i e y`as`] (laughing - laughing), [whip] - [bend] (whip - bend);
before [in], [in`]: [dvr`etz] - [tvr`etz] (palace - creator), [sv`er`] - [sv`er`] (beast - check).
at the end of the word: [kon] (kon)- [con`] (horse), [m`el] (a piece of chalk)- [m`el`] (stranded), [throne] (throne)– [throne`] (touch);
before a hard consonant: [l'ink] (Linka)- [l`in`k] (molt), [bridge] (bridge), [proz`b] (request). For dental consonants - also in front of soft labials, which is associated with the variability allowed by orthoepic norms: [s`m`at`] - [sm`at`] (crumple), [t`v`ordy`] - [tv`ordy`] (solid);
for [l] and [l`] - all positions are strong: [mal`v] (mallow)- [mlva] (rumor), [plz`aʹ] (crawling)- [n`i e l`z`a] (it is forbidden).
Stun due to the fact that in Russian a voiced consonant cannot be pronounced at the end of a word: [gr`ip] (flu or mushroom) , [l`es] ( forest or climbed), [stock] ( stock or stack), [wear] ( knife or burden– R.p. plural), [p`at`] ( five or span) etc. When a word changes, when the corresponding consonant falls into a strong position, it becomes clear whether there is a positional alternation in this word: [g`ip] - [g`iby] (mushroom - mushrooms)- [n] // [b], [l`es] - [l`ezu] (climb - climb)- [s] // [s], [stock] - [stha] (stack - stacks) - [k] // [g], etc.
Assimilation - this is the likening of sounds to each other within the same phonetic word. Assimilation occurs as a result of the fact that the articulation of one of the adjacent consonants extends to the other. The interaction of sounds, as a result of which they become the same, is called complete assimilation ([zh:at`] - squeeze, [b`i e s: on] - without sleep, [uch`its: b] - to study). Usually, as a result of such assimilation, so-called long sounds are formed.
The interaction of sounds, as a result of which they become similar only according to some one articulatory feature, is called incomplete (or partial) assimilation : [loshk] (a spoon)- assimilation by deafness, [kos`t`] (bone)- softness assimilation.
There are the following types of assimilation:
a) assimilation by softness [h], [s], [n] before [d`], [t`], [n`]: [tail`t`ik] (tail), [pl`ez`n`y`y] (more useful), [in`d`i`y] (India), [kan`t`ik] (edging);
b) assimilation by softness [n] before [h`], [w`:]: [n`an`ch`it`] (to babysit), [gon`sh`:ik] (racer);
c) assimilation by hardness: [y`i e nvarsk`y`] (January)(cf. [y`i e nvar`] (January)), [s`t`i e pnoy`] (steppe)(cf. [s`t`ep`] (steppe)).
In general, in case of difficulties associated with the presence or absence of assimilation in hardness-softness, it is best to refer to the relevant reference literature, for example, the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
by place and method of education . With such assimilation, the articulation of the previous consonant adjusts to the articulation of the next one: [sh: yt`] (sew), [h:ad`i] (behind), [ryts:b] (rummage)- complete assimilation; [h`sh`:etn] (in vain), [best`] (best)- partial assimilation.
Questions and tasks
What causes positional alternations of consonants?
Why are there different strong positions for different consonant clusters?
What is an absolutely strong position for consonants?
Name the strong positions according to sonority-deafness.
Name the main strengths in terms of hardness-softness.
Why are all voiced-deafness positions strong for sonorant consonants? Why for [h`], [w`:], [zh`:], [d`], [q] all positions in terms of hardness-softness are strong?
What is the stun associated with? Give your examples.
From the listed consonants, indicate those that can be at the absolute end of the word: [th`], [w], [g], [m], [m`], [h], [h`], [t], [t`], [s], [s`], [ d], [d`], [g], [g`], [k], [k`]. Justify your answer with examples.
In one of the school textbooks on the Russian language, the following rule is given: “At the end of the word, voiced and deaf paired consonants are pronounced equally deaf.” Rate this statement. How can it be corrected?
What is assimilation? Describe assimilation by loudness-deafness, by hardness-softness, by place and method of formation. Give your examples of different types of assimilation.
Read the text. Specify: a) consonants in an absolutely strong position; b) consonants in a strong position in voiced-deafness, c) consonants in a strong position in hardness-softness:
Is it possible to find out the meaning of these words in transcription out of context: [cat], [poppy], [voice], [tinder], [l`es`t`], [in`i uh s`t`í ], [sy`est]? What options are available? What phonetic phenomenon creates homophones in this case?
Transcribe the words. Identify all cases of assimilation: rain, rare, guess, pilot, burn, get naughty, hand over, plant, grow, homeland, here, pick up, fairy tale, illness, coddle, sandy, instill, remove, shortchange, cog, man, breast, childhood, general.
Transcribe the text. Look for cases of assimilation. Describe the syllables and sounds in the underlined words:
Feeling that beautyher begins to fade and wanting to somehow prolong its summer, Birch dyed yellowcolor - the most fashionable in autumnage .
And then everyone saw that her autumn had come ... (F.Krivin)
If the sound is pronounced and heard distinctly, it can be meaningful, then it is in a strong position. A strong position for vowel phonemes is their position under stress. It is in this position that five vowel phonemes are distinguished: lt; and gt;, lt; egt;, lt; ogt;, lt; agt;, lt; For example: salt - [o], rivers - [e], crushed - [a].
Stressed vowels are affected by preceding and following consonants, and therefore strong vowel phonemes appear in their different allophones. Such an impact is expressed in various kinds of shifts of vowels in the zone of formation or in the acquisition by vowels of tension, of a closed nature.
The vowel [m] is an allophone of the phoneme lt; and gt;, and not an independent phoneme of the Russian literary language. This position[s] is determined by:
- between [and] and [s] there is no other difference, except for the anterior-non-anterior formation zone, which depends on the softness-hardness of the preceding consonant;
- and [s] cannot act in the same phonetic position: [and] appears only after a soft, and [s] - only after a hard consonant;
- in cases where the initial sound [and] is in a position after a solid consonant, [s] is pronounced in its place: [and] searches - [detective], [and / zby - [v-s] zbu, [and] go - according to [d-s] gom.
Let's compare the weak vowel phonemes lt;ogt;, lt;egt;, lt;agt; in the first pre-stressed syllable: glass [stkkan], home [dkmdy], nickel [p'ietak \, spring [v'iesndy]. The comparison shows that the weak vowel phoneme lt;agt; is realized in the allophone [l] after a hard consonant and in the allophone [ne] after a soft consonant. Thus, the vowels [l] and [u3] are allophones of one weak vowel phoneme.
Weak vowel phonemes lt;цgt; and lt;ygt; in the first prestressed syllable they are realized in the same allophones as the strong phonemes lt;цgt; and lt;уgt;. For example: lt; ygt ;: [player], [wine], [dive "at '], [syrdk], [s'in'et ']; lt; ygt ;: [fell], [trigger], [l 'ubdy], [kur "ypG], [l'ub'yt '].
In other unstressed syllables, weak vowel phonemes lt;оgt;, lt;еgt;, lt;аgt; are realized in allophones [b] after hard and [b] after soft consonants. For example: in the second pre-stressed syllable: urban [grktska], gardener [sjdkvdt], timber truck [l'sAvds], rebellion [m't'iezha], translation [p'r'ievdt]. In a stressed syllable: I gave out [vydl], the city [gdrat], I will stretch [vyt'nu], I will take out [take out].
In other unstressed syllables, the phonemes lt; and gt; and lt;ygt; the same as under stress.
The procedure for determining the main variant of the vowel phoneme:
- determine what position the vowel occupies in the word;
- if the position is weak, then it is necessary to choose such a related word or its form in which the vowel will be in a strong position, i.e. under stress. For example: [dragd] - [ddrak], on [v'ietra] - [v'bt'r], [strkna] - [countries].
