compound A complex sentence is called, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating unions.

The connection according to the method of composition gives the parts of the compound sentence a certain syntactic independence, but this independence is relative.

The parts of a sentence that make up a compound sentence can be of the same type (two-part, one-part) or of a different type (one part of a complex sentence is a two-part sentence, the other is one-part). For example: Foam hissed and water splashed through the air.(M. G.); It was better for me to leave my horse at the edge of the forest and hide on foot, but it was a pity to part with him.(L.); I would put a samovar for you, but I don’t have tea(T.).

Compound sentences can be polynomial, i.e. consist of several parts, for example: The poplars swayed resoundingly, and the windows gleamed from behind them, and the castle threw gloomy glances at everyone.(Kor.).

In compound sentences, relationships are most often expressed connecting, adversative and divisive (cf. the functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, compound sentences can express comparative, connecting, explanatory relations with various additional shades of meaning.

Connective relationships. In compound sentences expressing connecting relationships, unions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole. and yes, neither(recurring) also, also(the last two with a connotation of meaning).

and most often expressed temporaryse relations. To express these relations, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in the complex, intonation, union, and additional lexical means are used.

In some cases it is expressed simultaneity two or more actions, phenomena, events. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of verbs-predicates (often imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And here in the misty skysangbirds and eastgot rich(L.).

The value of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often a circumstance) in parts of a compound sentence, for example: Around the sandhoops were lying around without any order and empty barrels were sticking out(Grig.).

Another type of temporary relationship in a compound sentence - subsequence actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspect-temporal verb forms in the composed parts of the sentence. For example: The last reflections of the evening dawnwent outquite, and dark nightwent downto the ground(Ars.).

A shade of value can be attached to the value of the time sequence consequences, for example: ... At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait(L. T.).

A special intonation is inherent in compound sentences that express a quick change of events or an unexpected result (the first part in them may be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo(Cupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness(Kor.).

Compound sentences with conjunction and can express causal relations that are clearly revealed in those cases when in the second part of the compound sentence after the union and adverbs follow therefore, therefore, therefore and others with a touch of accession. For example: The judge's lips were under the very nose,and thereforehis nose could sniff his upper lip as much as he liked(W.).

Union and can also express relationships similar to adversarial, for example: Everyone knew herandno one noticed(P.).

Connecting union Yes used in compound sentences expressing temporaryse relations. This creates a shade of connecting connection, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo cuckooed loudly in the distance,Yeslike a crazy jackdaw screaming(N.).

Recurring union no no gives meaning to compound sentences negative enumeration and mutual exclusion, for example: Neithershe won't hurt anyoneneitherno one will touch her(S.-SH.).

Unions also and too add the second part of a compound sentence connecting value shade, for example: The strange old man spoke very slowly, the sound of his voicealsoamazed me(T.).

Opposite relationship. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ( but, but, yes, but, but etc.) express the relationship opposition or comparisons, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences affects their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.

Widely used in complex sentences with indicated union meanings a, for example: Still the earth looks sadaspring air breathes(Tyutch.); Learning is lightaignorance - darkness(last).

The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the union but, for example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand,buthis eyes were closed(P.); The sun has setbutit's still light in the forest(T.).

Close in meaning to the union but union however (however), for example: The gunfight is silentbutcannonballs and bombs keep flying(S.-Ts.).

Adversarial alliance Yes gives the utterance a touch of colloquial speech, is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up,Yeslaziness overcame(T.); good porridge,Yessmall bowl(pogov.).

Union but, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional shade of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your hollow whip,butin the courtyards of the inns you ate plenty of oats(N.).

Unions and that, not that, and not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in opposition in compound sentences, in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of not doing what is said in the first part. For example: ... It will be for you to roll, but look, don't talk,not thatI'll beat you(P.); shut upotherwiseI will shoot you... like a partridge(Ch.).

Union same, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: Birches blossomed, oakssamestanding naked(Ch.).

Separation relationships. Compound sentences with divisive conjunctions ( or, either, whether ... whether, then ... then etc.) indicate the alternation of events, their successive change, incompatibility, etc.

Union or (il), expressing mutual exclusion relations, can be single or repeated, for example: Only occasionally a shy deer will run through the desert,orherd of horses playful silence gave outrage(L.); OrI don't understand,ordon't you want to understand me(Ch.).

The same separation relations are expressed using the union or, for example: Orweave,orspin,orsing songs(pogov.).

Double alliances whether... whether, whether... or give the statement a shade of enumeration, for example: Badlywhetheryou had at Plushkin,or, just, out of your desire, do you walk through the forests and tear up passers-by?(T.).

Recurring union then ... then indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their successive change, for example: Thatfell like a mistthensuddenly a slanting heavy rain was allowed(L. T.).

Unions either ... or, not that ... not that introduce a shade of presumption into the statement, for example: Not thatIt was an early morning,not thatit was already evening(Fad.).

Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a compound sentence for joining relation expressions, in which the content of the second part of the complex sentence is an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.

The meaning of joining with a defining shade expresses the union and combined with a demonstrative pronoun this is at the beginning of the second part of a compound sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally,and this is somethingdid not like Anna Pavlovna(L. T.).

Connective-connective meaning, as mentioned above, have unions also and too.

The adjunctive value can be expressed using the union a, for example: You are bored, you do not find a place for yourself,aboredom and idleness are contagious(Ch.).

Union yes and expresses adjunctive relations with a hint of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and straight,yes andthere was power in his voice(L.).

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence with two or more predicative stems, and simple sentences as part of a complex one form a semantic and intonational whole.

The main types of complex sentences.

Complex sentences are divided into allied and non-union.

Allied sentences, in turn, are divided into compound and complex.

Thus, there are three main types of complex sentences:

compound, compound, and unionless.

Compound sentence (CSP) simple sentences are linked together by coordinating conjunctions and intonation. In SSP, simple sentences are equal.	Night fell and the lights were lit in the houses.
Complex sentence (CSP) simple sentences are linked by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. In NGN, one simple clause (subordinate) depends on another (main).	When night fell, the lights were lit in the houses.
Unionless proposal (BSP) simple sentences are connected without conjunctions, by intonation.	Night fell and the lights came on in the houses.

Compound sentence.

Compound sentences are:

Punctuation marks in compound sentences.

Note: Sometimes a dash is placed between parts of a compound sentence before the union AND if the sentence has a sharp opposition or a quick change of events.

Here is the north, catching up the clouds, He breathed, howled - and now the winter sorceress herself is coming (A.S. Pushkin).

Complex sentence.

SPP features:

The structure of the NGN:

Conjunctions and allied words in a complex sentence:

A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses.

According to the nature of the subordination of several subordinate clauses, they are divided into three types:
- subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination;
- subordinate clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
- subordinate clauses with sequential subordination.

Relative clauses with homogeneous subordination. Peculiarities : 2) answer the same question; 3) are interconnected by coordinating unions or unionless. Example : He was glad that the holiday was a success, that the guests were happy, that they were having fun with might and main. Explanations : 1) all three subordinate clauses belong to the main clause He rejoiced: He rejoiced (what?) that the holiday was a success. He was glad (what?) that the guests were happy. He was glad (what?) that they were having fun with might and main. 2) all subordinate clauses answer the same question what? 3) they are connected with the main sentence by the same union what. These are the same type of subordinate clauses.

Relative clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination Peculiarities : 1) refer to the same main sentence; BUT! 2) answer different questions - that is, they are subordinate clauses of different types. Example : If you look at the moon through a telescope, you can see that it has a very peculiar surface. Explanations : 1) both subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause can see; BUT! 2) the first subordinate clause answers the question under what condition? Second - to the question what? That is, they answer different questions. These are different types of subordinate clauses, although they refer to the same main clause.

Relative clauses with sequential subordination Peculiarities : 1) one subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause; 2) this subordinate clause, in turn, is subject to the next subordinate clause - thus, the first subordinate clause is the main one for the next one. Example : The boy stood under a canopy and watched the streams run to a puddle that grew before his eyes. Explanation : Go to main offer The boy stood under a canopy and looked only one adjective applies: how streams run to a puddle. And the following subordinate clause ( that grew before my eyes) is no longer connected with the main one, it refers to the previous subordinate clause, which is the main sentence for it: Streams run to a puddle (what?), which grew before our eyes.

NOTE: often there are complex sentences with combined subordination: homogeneous + parallel, homogeneous + serial, serial + parallel, etc. Therefore, when parsing the offer, be careful.

Punctuation marks in NGN.

What is a Compound Sentence?

Compound sentence is a complex sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating unions. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L.. Tolstoa). The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned (Sholokhov). The connection between the parts of a compound sentence is also carried out by other grammatical and lexical means (See complex sentence). The Germans will leave, and the entire territory occupied by them will pass into the hands of the Red Army (N. Ostrovsky) (incomplete intonation of the first part)

the ratio of the forms of verbs of the perfect form, conveying the relation of following; the order of the parts corresponding to the order of the steps in question). Lisa was frightened by the strangely aged look of Vera Nikandrovna, and she did not dare to object (Fedin) (the interconnection of the parts and the semantic lack of independence of the second part are emphasized by the use of the pronoun she in it). The hallway smelled of fresh apples and hung wolf and fox skins (L. Tolstoy) (parts of a complex sentence are combined by a common secondary member of the hallway). It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room (L. Tolstoy) (both parts are united by a common subordinate clause). The older boy's name was Petya, and the younger one was Pavlik (Kataev) (incompleteness of the second part). The snow is still whitening in the fields, and the waters are already rustling in the spring (Tyutchev) (the interdependence of the parts is expressed using the words more ... and already). There can be relations between the parts of a compound sentence:

1) connecting (with the meaning of simultaneity, sequence, cause and effect, etc.). Dark rainy clouds were moving in from the east, and moisture was sipping from there (Chekhov). Pierre went in to the children, and the laughter and screams intensified even more (L. Tolstoi). That day I was a little unwell, and therefore I did not wait for supper and went to bed (Arseniev);

2) separating (with the meaning of incompatibility, alternation, mutual exclusion). That dim sun shines, then a black cloud hangs (Ne-krasov). Either you get dressed now, or I will leave alone (Pismsky);

3) adversative (with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency). Everyone looked after him, but no one smiled (Turgenev). He is a clumsy, disheveled, ragged man, and his face is almost beautiful (Gorky);

4) comparative. The rooms were stuffy, and the streets were swirling with dust (Chekhov). Cannons rust in arsenals, but shakos shine (Simonov);

5) connecting e. Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally, and Anna Pavlovna (L. Tolstoy) did not like this. Lisa's decision removed a stone from his heart, and the whole house immediately came to life, as if from the world sent down (Fedin).

In the process of communication, a person forms his thoughts into simple or complex syntactic constructions. Not the last place among them is occupied by a compound sentence.

The examples and theoretical information presented below will help you understand the construction and punctuation of syntaxes of this type.

A complex syntactic construction, consisting of two or more simple components equal in meaning, united by means of coordinating conjunctions, is called a SSP, or a compound sentence.

Let's look at examples: “The doctor told jokes, but the conversation still didn't go well. The crowd flowed like a river in front of them, but, finally, it thinned out, and the last congratulators left ”(According to Maupassant).

The first of the presented designs consists of two parts, the second - of three. They are connected by unions and, but .

It is impossible to ask a question from one predicative construction to another.

Take note! It is necessary to distinguish between compound sentences and non-union, expressing a sequence of actions or their comparison:
“Sparrows chirped under the windows, the darkness dissolved, the whole district was illuminated by the morning sun. The night has long since come and he hasn't gone to bed."
Although their components are equal, there are no unions between them that necessarily connect parts of a compound sentence.

Unions within the SSP

Simple sentences that form compound sentences connect the coordinating conjunctions of the following groups:

• and, and ... and, too, yes (in the meaning of and), neither ... nor, also, not only ... but also, like ... and - connecting;
• but, yes (in the meaning of but), but, on the other hand, however, but on the other hand, however - adversative;
• or, either, not that ... not that, then ... that, or ... or - dividing;
• i.e., explanatory.

Accordingly, compound sentences are combined into three groups, namely:

• with connecting unions;
• explanatory;
• separating;
• opposing.

Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Constructions with connecting unions

A compound sentence of this type can be gleaned from literature and colloquial speech: “ Kolomeichenko invites me to sit on the hay, and a long conversation about boibaks begins ”(According to V. Orlov). "Friends hurried home, I followed them too."

“The water murmured merrily in the stream, and a bird unknown to me sang somewhere nearby.” “Not only adults went out to harvest, but the children did not fall behind them.” "And Ivanov couldn't come to the meeting, and his partner got sick." "You will harvest, and you will winter."

“I can’t see the light of the sun, nor is there room for my roots” (I. Krylov). “Mom received her nephew cordially, he also tried to give her every attention.”

The most common are compound sentences containing constructions with the union and. The semantic connection of the parts that form the SSP of this type is not the same. They can express:

• Temporary relationship. At the same time, the phenomena that they talk about occur either simultaneously or sequentially: “Somewhere in the distance, muffled chords were heard, and a hoarse male voice was heard. This invisible wall suddenly parted, and long-restrained sounds gushed out from behind it with terrifying force ”(A. Kuprin).
• Cause-and-effect relationships: “Grandfather always looked after his health, and therefore even old age did not deprive him of vigor and a clear mind. Indistinct chatter and noise ran through the whole crowd, and after that the words were clearly heard: "Stolen." ().

Constructions with separating unions

Consider some examples of syntactic constructions of this type: “A bird will take off, or an elk will blow in the distance. Either I don't understand, or you don't want to understand me. “The thunder rumbled, or the cannon struck. Clouds will come in, then the sun will suddenly come out.

Separative SSPs with repeated or, less often, single unions are called phenomena that, according to the speaker, are not able to occur at the same moment.

Either one of them excludes the other, or they follow in succession.

Take note! Compound sentences and complicated by homogeneous members are simple with the union or, as well as and, but are often confused. To avoid mistakes, you should look at the number of grammatical bases.
Compare:
“For a second, a stone will appear in the bushes, or an animal will jump out of the grass, and the steppe will flash again.”
“Meanwhile, the devil crept slowly towards the moon and already stretched out his hand to grab it, but suddenly pulled it back, as if burned, dangled with his foot and ran from the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand back” (N. Gogol).

Adverse SSP

Consider examples with the union but, but, but, yes, which are most often found in the modern language: “Angelica’s eyes are weepy, but he didn’t notice anything” (According to V. Shishkov). He began to work, and lazy, domestic thoughts wandered in his head for a long time ”(A. Chekhov).

“The pie was not baked, but the compote was a success. I wanted to call my parents, but the phone disappeared somewhere. As we can see, the phenomena referred to in these SSPs are opposed to each other.

SSPs with an adversative meaning can only contain particles and all that perform the function of unions in them: “Separation did not help to forget, only the pain worsened. The back of the head ached a lot, but the legs almost let go.

Constructions with explanatory unions

In this form, the SSP is used only, namely, that is. In colloquial speech, such constructions are rare. The scope of their application is book styles: "The time was good, that is, no one could enter." "The weather is terrible, namely the rain pours incessantly."

Features of punctuation marks

The SSP of any group usually contains a comma separating its components.

However, if there is a common secondary member, or subordinate clause, in front of them, then it should not be put: “During a blizzard, the wolf does not leave the den and the lynx does not hunt.” “When the sun rose, everything around sparkled with colors and the water turned silver.”

An exception will be cases when we have a sentence with a repeating union: “Laden carts slowly crawled along the road, and light riders rushed by, and the peasants were slowly going nowhere.”

Take note! If parts of the SSP are nominative, interrogative or impersonal constructions with predicates similar in meaning, then they are not separated by a comma:
"Tour of the city and lunch at a diner." “How much sand has flowed and what is the current date?” "Don't be late and don't miss class."

It is also necessary to mention those cases when in SSP a comma is replaced by a colon or a dash.

A dash is placed if:

1. The second sentence is unexpectedly opposed to the first.
2. The second predicative construction contains an instant attachment to the previous one.

A colon is placed between the components of the BSC if:

1. They already have commas inside.
2. They have many members.
3. They are not very closely related in meaning.

To illustrate a special type of compound sentence, consider examples from fiction:

“I didn’t have time to go out the door - and now, at least gouge out my eye!” (N. Gogol)

“I was ready to leave with every cart, to leave with every gentleman of respectable appearance who hired a cab; but no one, resolutely no one, invited me, as if they had forgotten me ”().

“He stopped, squatted down, but as soon as she approached him with hesitant steps, he, jumping up like a devil jumping out of a box, flew to the opposite end of the living room” (G. Maupassant).

Useful video

Summing up

As you can see, sentences with coordinating conjunctions not only differ in typical variety, but also do not have standard punctuation. We hope that the material presented in the article will be useful in solving theoretical and practical problems related to the BSC.

Plan

1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSC by potential quantitative composition: compound sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).

2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions.

2.1. BSC with connecting unions of an open and closed structure.

2.2. NGN with separating unions.

2.3. NGN with opposing unions.

2.4. NGN with connecting unions.

2.5. NGN with explanatory conjunctions.

2.6. Gradational SSP.

3. Punctuation marks in the SSP.

Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them, they are not members of the sentence.

The classification of compound sentences in Russian linguistics has not changed significantly. Starting with the grammar of N.I. In Greek, all descriptions of the SSP were built according to the same principle: by the nature of the semantic relations between the components and in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions, connecting, dividing and adversative sentences were distinguished. Only the description of semantic groups within these classes changed and became more detailed. In addition, two more classes of compound sentences were added to the traditionally distinguished three classes in the 50s of the 20th century: explanatory sentences, in which parts are connected by relations of explanation or clarification (the unions are specific exponents of these relations that is, namely and other allied means functionally close to them), and connecting sentences in which the second part contains an "additional message" about the content of the first part.

The most consistent and consistent classification of the BSC based on structural and semantic features was given by Vera Arsenievna Beloshapkova. She considers the potential quantitative composition to be the main structural feature of the BSC.

All SSPs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.

Parts of compound sentences open structures represent an open series, they are built of the same type. Means of communication - proper connecting and separating unions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird was screaming... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed softly Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white stirred in the bushes(Korolenko). There can be more than two predicative units (PU) in the open structure BSC: That a long bough will suddenly hook her by the neck, then gold earrings will be pulled out of the ears by force; then in the fragile snow, a wet shoe will get stuck from a sweet little foot; then she drops her handkerchief...(P.).

In offers closed the structure of the part is a closed series, it is always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent, connected. The second part in them closes the row and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together a wealth separates them; He wanted to say something to him but the fat man is already gone(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating unions: but, but, however, yes and; not only but and etc.

By conjunctions and by meaning, compound sentences are divided into six groups.

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONNECTIVE UNIONS.

List of connecting unions (single and repeated): and, yes, also, also, also; like... so and, yes... yes, and... and.

Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure. They are called self-connecting and non-proper-connecting BSCs (according to another terminology: homogeneous composition and heterogeneous composition).

2.1.1. SSP open structure (self-connecting; homogeneous composition)

Such BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs. Unions AND (AND ... AND), NI ... NI, YES (YES ... YES).

In such SSPs, predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report on:

a) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [viburnum not grows between them] neither [grass not turns green] (I. Turgenev); And [the wind rushed about swift through the weeds], and[sheaves sparks raced through the mists]... (A. Blok). [Only willow gi shout], Yes[cuckoo vying with each other count down someone unlived years](M. Sholokhov). As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the SSP are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Kalina does not grow between them. The grass is not green.

b) about their succession one after another, the sequence: [Fallen two three large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] (I. Goncharov [Door across the street in a brightly lit shop slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified by the words then, then, after.

Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.

Such SSPs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause (in this case, a comma is not put between the parts of the SSP):

away dark and groves are strict(I. Bunin): union And connected impersonal one-part PE Dark and two-part Groves are strict. Determinant (common member of the BSC) away clearly shows that homogeneous facts are enumerated.

(When the sun came up), [the dew dried up]and [grass turns green] Subordinate clause When the sun came up refers immediately to both PUs connected by connecting relations, therefore, a comma is not placed before the union AND.

The simultaneity and sequence of the enumerated facts is often emphasized by means of the correspondence of the aspectual-temporal forms of predicates in different PUs (as a rule, predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of rockets] and [in a frenzied patter flooded machine guns] (Sedykh). In both parts of the SSP, the verbs are predicates of the perfect form. Common member of the sentence (time circumstance) at the same moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the setting of a comma between PEs.

2.1.2. SSP of a closed structure (improperly connecting; heterogeneous composition)

The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating unions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words specifying meanings. They consist only from two PEs. The relations between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is related in meaning to another, especially if there are concretizing words.

stands out six types improperly connecting BSC.

1. Sentences with meaning consequences - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, quick change of events. They often use words that concretize the meaning therefore, hence, hence, consequently(concretizers - words and phrases that are connected to the union and clarify its meaning). The second part reports on the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[that's why] mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore you can't live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Manage to create the appropriate conditions, and you will lengthen the life of plants(conditional-effect relations: If you manage to create conditions, then lengthen ...). The artist lifted the bow, and everything fell silent instantly.

2. SSP with spreading meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (stand at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and this is it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PUs, there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the SSP: Introduced new charts, and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.

3. SSP with connective-adversative meaning with union And: parts contradict each other on the real content. Possible specifiers anyway, anyway, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt it and it didn't work..

4. SSP with identification value(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: People are very hungry, horses too needed a rest(Arseniev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice also amazed me(Turgenev).

5. NGN with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. In the role of concretizing words are in addition, moreover, besides, besides, besides and under.: Compare you to men, yeah more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).

6. NGN with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: The same yard, the same laughter, and only you miss a little(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on the chin(A.N. Tolstoy). The words only can serve as unions.