Noun- this is a part of speech denoting an object, this is all that you can ask: who is this? or: what is it? a student - a student; a motor - engine; knowledge - knowledge.

The suffixes -itу, -ment, -ship are noun indicators, along with some other, most common living noun suffixes ( live suffix- one that today retains the ability to form new words, entering into new combinations with other word stems) in English:
suffix - ness:good- ness, dark- ness, ugli- ness
suffix - ment: improve- ment, employ- ment, pay- ment
suffix - ation:found- ation, examin- atlon, delegate- ation
suffix - er(or,ar):work- er, teach- er, direct- or,begg- ar
suffix - ity:activ- ity, sincer- ity
suffix - hood:child- hood
suffix - dom:free- dom
suffix - ship:friend- ship

But since many suffixes are similar to suffixes of other parts of speech, most often it is possible to determine what part of speech a given word is only by the service words (articles, prepositions and particles) in front of it.

The main features of the noun are the article and the preposition:
a desk - desk to the desk - to the desk
on the desk- on the desk
over the desk - above the desk, etc.

Syntactic signs of a noun manifest themselves primarily in the breadth of the syntactic functioning of the words of this part of speech. A noun can play the role of a subject, a nominal part of a predicate, an addition, a definition, and act as various circumstances. Of these functions, the most characteristic of the noun are the functions of the subject and object, because in other cases of syntactic use, along with the noun, other parts of speech are also widely used. On the other hand, although other parts of speech can also act in the functions of the subject and object in English, the noun, in contrast to them, is used regularly in this capacity.

Concerning syntactic compatibility with words of other categories, the noun is characterized by the fact that it is easily connected with the verb both in a personal form, acting as a subject or object, and in an impersonal one, where, in addition to the function of the object, it appears in cases of the so-called Accusative with the Infinitive (objective / accusative case with an infinitive) (for example, I saw the boy run - I saw the boy run).

It is just as easy to combine a noun with an adjective, since, on the one hand, an object has a sign, and, on the other hand, a sign is usually characteristic of some object. Thus, the object and the sign are really connected with each other. In English, in conjunctions of a noun with an adjective, the adjective obeys the noun, acting in relation to it as a definition, because the concept of objectivity is more important than the concept of quality, since it is the object that is the carrier of the attribute, and not vice versa. However, there are no morphological means (for example, suffixes) for expressing the connection between an adjective and a noun in English.

Nouns can be classified in different ways, depending on what feature is used as the basis for classification.

By the nature of the lexical meaning, nouns are divided into common nouns and proper ones.
Common nouns express general concepts, designate entire classes of objects (including substances, abstract concepts, etc.): house, tree, man, cat, water, iron, love, greatness, etc.
Proper nouns express single concepts denoting individual, one-of-a-kind, objects. These include:

Proper nouns differ from common nouns in a number of grammatical features: used in their main meaning, they cannot change in numbers and, except in special cases, do not carry an article.
Proper nouns often include stable phrases, for example: the United States of America - the United States of America; Regent Street - Regent Street (lit. "Ruler" street); Hudson Bay - Hudson Bay, etc.

By structure, nouns in English are divided into simple, derivative and compound. To simple include such nouns in which separate parts are not distinguished - the root and the suffix - and which are inseparable whole words: man, house, face, hook, joy. Many of the simple nouns are similar in form to verbs:
clip - paper clip; to clip be, fastening be
box - box; to box - class be in a box
list - list; to list - compiling be list

Some simple (but polysyllabic, of course) nouns differ from the corresponding verbs in stress:
subject ["sʌbʤɪkt] - subject, subject; to subject - subdue, conquer
object ["ɔbʤɪkt] - object, thing; to object - object, protest
insult ["ɪnsʌlt] - insult; insult [ɪn" sʌlt] - insult, offend

Derived nouns- those in which separate parts of the word stand out - the root and the suffix: teach- er, white- ness, child- hood, friend- ship, dict- ation.

Compound noun usually formed from two words - from two nouns, or from an adjective and a noun - and, as a rule, has one stress falling on the first word:
an ink-pot [ən "ɪŋkpɔt] - inkwell
a letter-box [ə "letəˏbɔx] - mailbox
a milkman [ə "mɪlkmən] - milk carrier
a blackboard [ə "blækbɔ: d] - blackboard
a hothouse [ə "hɔthaʊs] - greenhouse

Some compound nouns are formed from two nouns connected by prepositions:
a son-in-law - son-in-law
an editor-in-chief - editor-in-chief
a man-of-war - warship

In preparing the article, materials were used

1. Barkhudarov, L.S., Shteling D.A. English grammar. - M .: Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 1960. (p. 29)
2. Big school encyclopedia. Humanities / Compiled by Koshel, P.A. - M.: Olma-Press, 2002. (p. 380)
3. Gruzinskaya, I.A., Cherkasskaya, E.B. English Grammar for Senior Secondary School. - 15th ed. M .: Educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1955. (pp. 11-12)
4. Novitskaya, T.M. Fundamentals of grammar and word formation of the English language. - M .: State Publishing House "Soviet Science", 1957. (pp. 12-13)
5. Smirnitsky, A.I. Morphology of the English language, ed. Passek V.V. - M .: Publishing House of Literature in Foreign Languages, 1959. (pp. 108-109)

The noun "mother" is the subject. An article before a noun (in English, German, Romance languages). For example, mother (mother, concrete noun) Þ motherhood (motherhood, abstract).

Note. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns. From the point of view of biology, this is part of wildlife, but the noun microbe is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a microbe - there is a microbe here).

Abstract nouns cannot be seen, heard, touched, smelled or tasted; recognize through the senses. An independent part of speech, which systematizes words denoting animated beings and objects, is called a noun. The meaning of the objectivity of a noun is expressed using independent categories of gender, case, number, criteria of inanimateness or animation.

My father is a doctor. The noun "doctor" is a predicate. Abstract nouns - they name those objects or phenomena that cannot be materially tangible by a person: care, friendship, love.

All nouns (excluding those that are in the primary form in the plural: scissors, hours) belong to one of the three existing genders - feminine, masculine and neuter. A way of forming words (nouns) from other words or phrases. The transition of other parts of speech into the category of adjectives. The repetition of the same combinations of sounds.

2) Proper names are capitalized (Tula, Alps). Eugene Onegin”, painting “Morning in the Forest”, ship “Vasily Surikov”). In accordance with the user agreement, the administration is not responsible for the content of materials posted by users. This also applies to verbal names with the meaning of action: sales, watering, shooting, emissions.

In most cases, in sentences, nouns act as object and subject. In rare cases, they may be other members of the sentence. Collective nouns - call objects that have lexical analogues similar to themselves, as well as those that systematize several concepts into one whole: sheet, pen, students.

An abbreviation made up of the alphabetic names of the initial letters of the words that form the original phrase. The abbreviation is letter-z in u k about in a i (mixed). See truncation at 1st value. 1. Indent to the right at the beginning of the line (red line). In some languages, the case with the original meaning, with the meaning of separation or removal.

The author's narration in a literary and artistic work, i.e. those parts of the latter that do not contain the speech of the characters. Not a prose writer. No, I am in touch with the muses (Mayakovsky). This morning she took money out of my pocket before going to the bakery, and attacked this little book, pulled it out.

Noun types

Some pronouns and ordinal numbers also turn into adjectives. Words that a speaker of a given language not only understands, but also uses, actively uses. The semantic division of a sentence, proceeding from the analysis of the specific content contained in it. The issues of the actual division of the sentence are currently receiving great attention in Soviet linguistics (see, for example: Raspopov, I.P. Actual division of the sentence).

"What are abstract nouns"

Put emphasis on the first syllable. 2. A peculiar pronunciation that is characteristic of a speaker who does not speak his native language and consists in the involuntary replacement of the sounds of a foreign language with the sounds of his native language. Put stress, as well as the stress sign in the word, pronounce the word with an underlined stress. 2. The system of stresses in a particular language or in a group of related languages.

Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image. 2. A stylistic device of intentionally breaking logical connections for the purposes of comedy, irony, etc., for example, a combination in the form of an enumeration of logically heterogeneous concepts. A set of graphic characters (letters) arranged in the order accepted for a given language (or languages). Amphibole in oral speech is associated with the morphological division of the sentence.

In these cases, the ambiguity is eliminated by replacing the actual construction with a passive phrase. In these cases, the ambiguity can be eliminated by replacing the subordinate clause with participial construction. So, thanks to analogy, morphemes acquire one general form, diverging due to phonetic changes in their sound design.

Anaphora is widely used when constructing a period whose members (sentences included in the increase or decrease) begin with the same functional words. The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays (proverb). The remainder of the aorist in Russian is the conditional particle by (from byхъ - forms of the 2nd and 3rd person of the verb byti). Cf.: imperfect and perfect.

Assimilation of one sound to another in articulation and acoustic relations (cf .: dissimilation). Assimilation, as a result of which one sound is identified with another and two different sounds become the same. Assimilation in the synchronic sense is a strictly natural alternation of sounds, due to position. For example, exchange and in the words road, path, path.

The Russian language also considers such types of nouns as animate and inanimate. The same as common nouns (noun in the article). These suffixes will also help if you are not sure which noun you have in front of you. Dad bought me a notebook with paper in a line. The noun "paper" is a definition. Note. Proper nouns have a number of features.

An independent part of speech, which systematizes words denoting animated beings and objects, is called a noun. The meaning of the objectivity of a noun is expressed using independent categories of gender, case, number, criteria of inanimateness or animation.

In most cases, in sentences, nouns act as additions and subject. In rare cases, they may be other members of the sentence.

For example: I asked her to give me a letter. The noun "letter" is an object.

Mom goes to work. The noun "mother" is the subject.

Dad bought me a notebook with paper in a line. The noun "paper" is a definition.

She achieved her goal, despite the difficulties. The noun "difficulties" is a circumstance.

My father is a doctor. The noun "doctor" is a predicate.

Noun types

Depending on the grammatical and lexical features, all nouns are divided into the following types:

Common nouns - the name of objects, states or actions: bed, car, house.

Proper nouns are the names of objects that stand out from the group of homogeneous ones (geographical names and names): Vanya, Sveta, Marya Ivanovna, Paris, New York, Singapore, the Pacific Ocean.

Abstract nouns - they name those objects or phenomena that cannot be materially tangible by a person: care, friendship, love.

Collective nouns - call objects that have lexical analogues similar to themselves, as well as those that systematize several concepts into one whole: sheet, pen, students.

The Russian language also considers such types of nouns as animate and inanimate. Animate nouns call living beings (animals and people), inanimate nouns - objects of inanimate nature.
Genus categories.

All nouns (excluding those that are in the primary form in the plural: scissors, hours) belong to one of the three existing genders - feminine, masculine and neuter.

Singular means one item that stands out from a group of items. For example: sock, boy, table, cup. Plural - means an indefinite number among many similar items. For example: socks, boys, tables, cups.

Nouns refer to people, places, or things. In addition, there is a special class of nouns - abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns cannot be detected by the five senses: see, hear, smell, to taste or touch them.

Let's look at such a sentence, a statement by the American writer Alvin Brooks White.

A library is a good place to go when you feel unhappy, for there, in a book, you may find encouragement and comfort.

Encouragement and comfort - one of the nouns in this sentence, - are abstract. There are many other nouns in this sentence: library, place, book. You can see them, touch them, for example. But you can't do it with encouragement and comfort. Support and comfort have no color, shape, smell, size, sound, consistency - in general, those properties that can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled. Any noun beyond the reach of these five senses is abstract.

Do not confuse abstract and concrete nouns.

Concrete nouns are tangible with all our senses.

T-shirt is the best in adding zest to beauty.

T-shirt is an example of a specific noun. You can touch the shirt, smell it, check the material from which it is made. You can do this because it is available to all five of our senses.

For a clearer example of the difference between concrete and abstract nouns, we have compiled a table.

Table 1. English concrete and abstract nouns

A few more examples:

I love my husband.
In this sentence, the word love expresses action, and therefore acts as a verb.

Send them my love.
In this sentence, the word love is an abstract concept because it exists outside of the five senses.

Maria Could taste cilantro in the salsa.
In this sentence, the auxiliary verb "could" illustrates an action. After all, Maria can physically try salsa.

Abstract forms of nouns are very common and are an important part of communication. In many cases, these types of nouns are formed by adding a suffix or changing the root of a word. Child is a specific noun, and childhood- abstract.

As a rule, abstract nouns have the following suffixes:

Tion
-ism
-ity
-ment
-ness
-age
-ance
-ence
-ship
-ability
-acy

Typical mistakes of English-speaking bloggers

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding a suffix -ness: happy / happiness, sad / sadness, kind / kindness, cheerful / cheerfulness.

However, a large group of adjectives has various nouns that do not need to be added - ness or another suffix. A common stylistic error is adding -ness to adjectives that already have the corresponding noun forms.
For example, the adjective humble is the corresponding noun humility , but many native English speakers do not know about it and write humbleness.

Politicians Need More humbleness.

Here are some additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that are often confused by journalists and bloggers.

Table 2. English abstract nouns and adjectives

angry / angry	angry / angry
anxious / anxiety	agitated / agitated
brave / bravery	courageous / audacity
curiosity / curiosity	curious / curiosity
generosity / generosity	generous / generosity
imaginative / imagination	figurative / imagination
intelligence / intelligence	smart / mind
jealous / jealousy	jealous / jealousy
loyal / loyal	devoted / devotion
mature / maturity	mature / maturity
peculiarity / peculiarity	special / feature
sane / sanity	sensible / mind
sensitive / sensitivity	sensitive / sensitivity
strength / strength	strong / strength
stupidity / stupidity	stupid / stupidity
tolerance / tolerance	tolerant / tolerance
warm / warm	warm / warm
wise / wisdom	wise / wisdom

Declension - 1. Changing the word by case

2. The class of words united by the common inflection

3. An abstract pattern according to which the words of this class change.

To first declension includes masculine nouns. with zero inflection in im.p. unit (table, horse, edge, knife, sha-lash, ball, comrade) and nouns of environments. and husband. with inflections in im.p. unit |o| (spelling o, -ё and e) (window, gun, field) and |e| (being). Co. second declension includes nouns with inflection im.p. unit |a| (spelling a and ya) (pipe, earth, cold, cloud) and nouns with the same inflection related to male. (man, headman, hare, domina, judge) and to the common river. (orphan, glutton, crybaby). To third declension includes nouns female. with zero inflection in im.p. unit and with a basis for a paired soft consonant or a hissing (fabric, bed, mouse, night, rye, power). The third declension according to the system of case inflections also includes nouns sred.r. on me with flexion in im.p. unit |a| (spelling i) (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, frying pan [obsolete], tribe, stirrup, seed, crown), nouns med. children muzh.b. way. The declension of nouns is connected with the morphological category of gender, but is not consistently determined by it. In Icl. includes nouns husband. and sred.r. and do not include female nouns; in IIcl. includes nouns female, male. and total.r. and do not include nouns medium; in class III. includes mostly female nouns, as well as twelve words of medium. and one word muzh.r. The first two declensions in relation to gender are characterized as follows:

I class - non-feminine (i.e. male and secondary),

II fold - non-medium (i.e. male and female);

III fold - predominantly female.

A special place, outside the three main declensions, is occupied by nouns with the same inflections as those of adjectives (most of them are substantiated adjectives and participles): sick, riding, leader, forester; bakery, lobby, dining room; ice cream, animal, future. Their paradigms coincide with particular singular paradigms. adjectives adjectival declination. Nouns are proper names, coinciding with the forms of possessive adjectives in ov or in (Kuznetsov, Revyakin; Petrova, Ilyina; Bolshevo, Tushino), decline according to mixed declension of adjectives: the paradigms of such words coincide with the particular paradigms of possessive adjectives. Invariable nouns of foreign origin (jury, ken guru, stew, cinema, coffee, coat, radio, highway) refer to zero declination.

19. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of SP in Russian grammar 1980. Qualitative adjectives. Conditionality of semantic and grammatical boundaries between the categories of adjectives.

Adjective- a significant part of speech, denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object, representing this meaning in inflectional grammatical categories of gender, number and case.

Difficulty in defining the word as an adjective:

1) The process of substantiation: what Russian does not like fast driving(the word "person" is omitted)

2) The process of adjectivation, in other words, the difficulties associated with separating an adjective from a noun: everyone noticed his defiant behavior

If it is necessary to distinguish between an adjective and a participle, you need to pay attention to the environment of the problematic word and remember that the process of adjectivation is accompanied by the destruction of the participial turnover, and the LZ can also change.

You also need to pay attention to false adjectivation, for example, it cannot be considered that the adjectives ‘incurable’, ‘invincible’, ‘indispensable’ were formed after the adjectivization of participles, because they were formed from perfective verbs. Such participles are formed from imperfective verbs.

Adjectives of the first type act as an agreed definition, the second type - as an inconsistent one.

Lexico-grammatical categories- groups of words distinguished within a particular part of speech and opposed to each other in semantics, as well as usually in formal grammatical and word-formation indicators - inflections, word-formation affixes, features of grammatical compatibility.

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives (according to Russian grammar'80)

Basis of classification 1: character itselfabout called sign

Basis of classification 2: character designations sign (we rely on this classification

Quality adjectives are direct names of signs, properties, qualities of objects that are directly perceived by the senses (names of colors: White black; external qualities: soft, warm, wide; character property: kind, determined, cunning; grade: lasting). They have degrees of comparison.

Few adjectives express an absolute attribute that is constant ( lame, deaf, barefoot, bald, married, on foot).

Quality adjectives:

1) Form degrees of comparison;

2) Most have short and long forms;

3) Can motivate adverbs in -o or –e;

4) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree;

5) Can motivate abstract nouns ( proud - pride, beautiful - beauty);

6) Can enter into systemic relationships (antonymous pairs): big - small, heavy - light.

Semantic and relative boundary between relative and qualitative adjectives

1) The ability of relative adjectives to develop qualitative meanings ( heart drops –> heart friend, gold watch –> golden character). The development of a qualitative meaning in a relative adjective does not always lead to the ability to form a form of a comparative degree. In the author's speech, this ability is noted more often: there is no word stronger than mine(Christmas).

2) Qualitative meanings develop in possessive adjectives ( wolf tail -\u003e wolf appetite, girlish braid -\u003e girlish memory).

3) Qualitative meanings can also develop in ordinal adjectives ( I say it for the tenth time, I repeat it for the hundredth time, first class, from third parties, on the sidelines).

4) Pronominal adjectives, acquiring a qualitative meaning, enter into synonymous relations with qualitative adjectives ( some ~ unimportant, every ~ different, some ~ small).