Presentation on the topic "Starry sky" in astronomy in powerpoint format. Beautifully illustrated and filled with interesting facts about the stars and constellations. Presentation authors: Roman Erofeev and Vladimir Boryushkin, 11th grade students.
Fragments from the presentation
On a cloudless and moonless night, far from populated areas, about 3,000 stars can be distinguished. The entire celestial sphere contains about 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye.
The most famous group of stars in the northern hemisphere is Bucket Ursa Major.
Astronomers of antiquity divided the starry sky into constellations. Most of the constellations named in the time of Hipparchus and Ptolemy have the names of animals or heroes of myths.
Thousands of years ago, bright stars were conditionally connected into figures that were called constellations.
In 1603, Johann Bayer began to designate the bright stars of each constellation with the letters of the Greek alphabet (α alpha), (β beta), (γ gamma), (ε delta) and so on, in descending order of their brightness. These designations are still in use today.
A constellation is a section of the celestial sphere, the boundaries of which are determined by a special decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). In total, there are 88 constellations in the celestial sphere.
The brightest stars have their own names.
The constellation Ursa Major can serve as a good helper for remembering the brightest stars in the Northern Hemisphere.
From the bucket of the Big Dipper it is easy to determine the northern direction.
Before the invention of the compass, the stars were the main landmarks: it was through them that the ancient sailors and travelers found the right direction. Astronavigation (orientation by the stars) has retained its importance in our age of satellites and atomic energy. It is necessary for navigators and astronauts, captains and pilots. Navigation is called the 25 brightest stars, with the help of which they determine the location of the ship.
PTOLEMEUS Claudius (c. 90 - c. 160), ancient Greek scientist, the last major astronomer of antiquity. He built special astronomical instruments: astrolabe, armilary sphere, triquetra. Described the position of 1022 stars. Ptolemy's system is set forth in his main work "Almagest" ("The Great Mathematical Construction of Astronomy in Books XIII") - an encyclopedia of astronomical knowledge of the ancients. Astronomers of antiquity divided the starry sky into constellations. Most of the constellations named in the time of Hipparchus and Ptolemy have the names of animals or heroes of myths. Hipparchus (c. 180 or 190 - 125 BC), ancient Greek astronomer, one of the founders of astronomy. He compiled a star catalog of 850 stars, recorded their brightness using the scale of stellar magnitudes he introduced. He divided all the stars into 28 constellations.
Thousands of years ago, bright stars were conditionally connected into figures that were called the constellations of the Constellation "Ophiuchus" and "Serpent" from the Flamsteed atlas.
Images of constellations from the ancient atlas of Hevelius "Taurus" "Whale" "Cassiopeia"
Before the invention of the compass, the stars were the main landmarks: it was through them that ancient travelers and sailors found the right direction. Astronavigation (orientation by the stars) has retained its importance in our age of satellites and atomic energy. It is necessary for navigators and astronauts, captains and pilots. The 25 brightest stars are called navigation stars, with the help of which the location of the ship is determined.
It is interesting that: Only in 58 constellations the brightest stars are called α (alpha). In 13 constellations, the brightest stars are β (beta), and in some others, other letters of the Greek alphabet. The largest constellation is Hydra (1303 square degrees). The smallest constellation is the Southern Cross (68 square degrees). The constellation Ursa Major (1280 square degrees) has the largest size visible in the northern hemisphere. The largest number of stars brighter than the second magnitude contains the constellation Orion - 5 stars. The largest number of stars brighter than the fourth magnitude contains the constellation Ursa Major - 19 stars.
Astronomers of antiquity divided the starry sky into constellations.
Most of the constellations named in the time of Hipparchus and
Ptolemy, has the names of animals or heroes of myths.
Hipparchus (c. 180 or 190 - 125 BC),
ancient Greek astronomer
one of the founders of astronomy.
Compiled a star catalog of 850 stars,
fixed their brightness with
the magnitude scale he introduced.
He divided all the stars into 28 constellations.
PTOLEMEUS Claudius (c. 90 - c. 160),
ancient Greek scholar
the last major astronomer of antiquity.
Built special astronomical
instruments: astrolabe, armilary sphere,
triquetra. Described the position of 1022 stars.
Ptolemy's system is outlined in his main
work "Almagest" ("The Great Mathematical
construction of astronomy in the XIII books") -
encyclopedia of ancient astronomical knowledge.
into figures called constellations
For a long time, a constellation was understood as a group of stars
The constellations "Ophiuchus" and "Serpent" from the Flamsteed atlas. Claudius Ptolemy
In the work "Almagest"
("Great
mathematical
construction
astronomy in XIII
books, II century. n. e.)
ancient Greek
astronomer Claudius
Ptolemy mentions
48 constellations. it
Big Dipper
and Ursa Minor
dragon, swan,
Eagle, Taurus, Libra and
others Constellation
Big
Bears. Seven
bright stars of this
constellations
constitute
Big bucket,
two extreme
the stars of this
figures a and h
can be found
polar star.
Most
favorable
terms
visibility in March
– April. Fragment of the atlas of A. Cellarius with
constellations constellation images
from the ancient atlas of Hevelius
"Taurus"
"Cassiopeia"
"Whale" Constellation Cassiopeia.
Atlas engraving
Yana Hevelia
Constellation Cassiopeia
in view
Belarusians Now a constellation is understood as a section of the celestial sphere,
the boundaries of which are determined by a special decision
International Astronomical Union (IAU).
In total, there are 88 constellations in the celestial sphere. In 1603, Johann Bayer began to designate bright stars
each constellation in the letters of the Greek alphabet:
α (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma), δ (delta) and so on,
in descending order of their brilliance.
These designations are still in use today. The apparent annual path of the Sun passes through thirteen constellations, starting from
vernal equinox points:
Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Ophiuchus, Sagittarius,
Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces.
According to ancient tradition, only twelve of them are called zodiacal.
The constellation Ophiuchus is not considered a zodiac constellation.
Zodiac constellations. Book of symbols.
The brightest stars have their own names. Before the invention of the compass, the stars were the main landmarks: it was by them thatancient travelers and sailors found the right direction.
Astronavigation (orientation by the stars) has retained its importance in our
age of space and atomic energy.
It is necessary for navigators and astronauts, captains and pilots.
The 25 brightest stars are called navigational,
which determine the location of the ship. The most famous group of stars in the northern hemisphere is
bucket of Ursa Major In the northern part of the sky
you can find polar
star. It seems that all of her
revolves around her. On the
actually around his
axis rotates the earth with
west to east, and the whole
the firmament revolves in
backwards from
east to west. Polar
star for this
the terrain remains almost
motionless and on one and
the same height above
horizon. It's obvious that
daily movement of stars
(luminaries) - observed
apparent phenomenon
rotation of the firmament
- reflects reality
rotation of the globe
around the axis.
per diem
arcs of luminaries
in polar
areas
and do not form any gravitationally bound group NORTH HEMISPHERE
This is what it looks like
star atlas
northern
hemisphere
celestial sphere
The main points, lines and planes of the celestial sphere.
Basic points, lines and planes of the celestial sphere
- celestial sphere;- sheer (vertical line);
- zenith, nadir;
- true (mathematical) horizon;
- vertical circle (vertical of the star);
- axis of the world, south pole, north pole of the world;
- circle of declination, daily parallel;
- celestial meridian, points of north, south, west, east;
- midday line;
- ecdyptic The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere, arbitrarily
large radius, in the center of which is the observer.
To the celestial sphere
stars are projected
Sun, moon, planets.
Properties of the celestial sphere:
center of the celestial sphere
is chosen arbitrarily.
For every observer
own center, and observers
there may be many.
angle measurements on
sphere do not depend on its
radius. The stars that make up the bucket of Ursa Major,
located very far apart in space
and do not form any associated group
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
this The plumb line intersects the surface of the celestial sphere at two points:
in the upper Z - zenith and in the lower Z" - nadir. The plane passing through the center of the celestial sphere and
perpendicular to the plumb line is called
mathematical (true) horizon.
planes of mathematics
horizon and sky
meridians intersect
direct NS, called
midday line (in this
direction discard
shadow objects illuminated
Sun at noon).
Dot
Dot
NN
- dot
- dot
north.
north.
Point S is the point of the south. The axis of visible rotation of the celestial sphere is called the axis of the world.
The axis of the world crosses the celestial sphere at points P and P" - the poles of the world.
Celestial sphere
The view of the starry sky depends on the latitude of the place of observation.Only half of the celestial sphere is visible at the Earth's poles.
At the Earth's equator, you can see all the constellations throughout the year.
At mid-latitudes, some of the stars are non-setting, some are non-rising,
the rest rise and set every day. The celestial equator is called a great circle,
perpendicular to the axis of the world.
Celestial equator
intersects
mathematical
horizon in dots
east E and west W. Great circle of the celestial sphere passing through the zenith, the north pole
world, the nadir and the south pole of the world is called the celestial meridian
planes of mathematics
horizon and sky
meridians intersect
direct NS, called
midday line (in this
direction discard
shadow objects illuminated
Sun at noon).
Dot
Dot
NN
- dot
- dot
north.
north.
Point S is the point of the south. The position of the luminaries in the celestial sphere is determined
equatorial coordinates
Declination circle - great circle
celestial sphere, passing
through the poles of the world and the observed
light.
Daily parallel - small circle
celestial sphere, passing
through the poles of the world and the luminary.
Sun declination (δ) - angular
distance from the celestial plane
equator, measured along a circle
declination.
Right Ascension (α) - Angular
distance counted from a point
spring equinox along
celestial equator to the side,
opposite to daily
rotation of the celestial sphere.
Equatorial coordinate system The ecliptic is the apparent annual path of the center of the solar disk across the celestial sphere.
The movement of the Sun along the ecliptic is caused by the annual movement of the Earth around the Sun.
The center of the solar disk crosses the celestial equator twice a year - in March and September.
Mutual position of the celestial equator and ecliptic
Ecliptic
Apparent annual pathsun
among the stars is called
ecliptic.
In the plane of the ecliptic
lies the way
Earth around the Sun, i.e.
her orbit. She's tilted
to the celestial equator
angle 23° 26" and intersects
its in the points of spring
(taurus, about
March 21) and autumn
(scales, circa September 23)
equinoxes.
Key Findings
Constellation - a section of the sky with a characteristicobserved grouping of stars and other
astronomical
objects allocated for convenience
orientation and observation of stars.
Magnitude scale proposed
Hipparchus, allows you to distinguish stars by
to its brilliance.
The observed daily motion of stars is
a reflection of the actual rotation of the earth
around its axis.
Celestial sphere - imaginary sphere
arbitrary radius centered at the selected
point in space.
The apparent annual path of the Sun among the stars
called the ecliptic.
Lesson 1-2
Topic of the lessons: From the history of astronomy.Celestial sphere. Starry sky.
Lesson Objectives:
- To acquaint students with the history of the development of the science of astronomy; to characterize the main sections of science; introduce basic concepts: the celestial sphere, the axis of the world, the equator, the ecliptic, etc.
- Continue the development of students' views on the universe
Equipment: presentation " From the history of astronomy.Celestial sphere. Starry sky"; disk
During the classes
Org.moment.
Learning new material
Astronomy- the science of the Universe that studies the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and systems.
A) From the history of astronomy
1. Aristotle in the IV century. BC e. He believed that the Earth is in the center of the world, and the Sun, Moon, stars are attached to transparent crystal spheres and revolve around it. Observing the eclipses of the Moon, he concluded that the Earth has a spherical shape. The earthly world, according to Aristotle, consists of earth, air, water and fire. The heavenly world consists of a special substance - plenea some sort of ether.
2. In the II century. n. e. The Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy, based on the ideas of Aristotle and other scientists, created the geocentric system of the world.
According to Ptolemy's theory, the number of celestial spheres is 55. The geocentric system of the world could not explain the movement of the planets and a number of other observed phenomena.
3. N. Copernicus in 1543 published the book “On the Revolution of the Celestial Circles”, in which he showed that the movement of celestial bodies can be easily explained on the basis of the heliocentric system of the world, according to which the Sun is at the center of the world. Copernicus and his students made calculations of the future positions of celestial bodies, which turned out to be quite accurate.
The teaching of Copernicus was rejected by the Catholic Church, which saw it as a contradiction with the Bible, which stated that man is at the center of the universe.
4. Giordano Bruno added a number of new ideas to the teachings of Copernicus. According to Bruno, there are many systems similar to the solar system in the Universe. Planets revolve around the stars. Stars are born and die, so life in the universe is endless.
Giordano Bruno was declared a heretic, hid for several years, the Inquisition deceived him into Italy. Giordano Bruno was demanded to renounce his views, but he continued to insist on the justice of his ideas and on February 17, 1600 was executed in Rome. This execution not only did not stop the spread of Bruno's ideas, but, on the contrary, aroused great public interest in them.
5. In 1557, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe discovered errors in Copernicus' calculations. In 1577 he calculated the positions of comets. His results also contradicted Ptolemy's theory, according to which comets appear in the empty space between the Moon and the Earth.
Tycho Brahe created a planetary system, compiled a large catalog of fixed stars. To help in the calculations, he invited Johannes Kepler, set him the task of determining the trajectory of the planets.
6. After the death of Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler continued to work on the analysis of the vast number of observations that Brahe had left him.
7. November 10, 1619 in Bavaria, Rene Descartes decided to create analytical geometry and use mathematical methods in philosophy. He expressed the main principle of his philosophy with the following well-known aphorism: "I think, therefore I exist."
Any ideas expressed, according to Descartes, are true if they are clear and definite. He viewed the entire universe as a mechanism. God created matter and endowed it with movement, after that the world began to develop according to the laws of mechanics. From a world consisting of material particles, Descartes created the Copernican Universe as we observe it. So, by the middle of the XVI century. The universe went from closed to open, mostly empty, in which particles move and collide, and between two collisions move at a constant speed.
8. In 1632, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei published the book "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world - Ptolemaic and Copernican."
In this book, the heliocentric system of Copernicus clearly defeated the geocentric system of Ptolemy. Galileo himself was a supporter of the heliocentric system, since his observations of the Sun, Moon, Venus and Jupiter using the telescope he created showed the presence of satellites in Jupiter, the existence of phases in Venus like those of the moon, and that the Sun rotates around its axis. All his observations showed that the Earth does not have special advantages, but behaves in the same way as other planets.
Galileo was summoned to the court of the Inquisition, where, under pain of torture and execution, he renounced "heresy", strict supervision was established over him, and he could no longer engage in research. (In 1982, Pope John Paul acknowledged the error of the church and dropped all charges against Galileo.)
9. The final triumph of the heliocentric system came after I. Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation. Based on this law, it was possible to derive Kepler's laws, to give an accurate description of the motion of celestial bodies.
10. But, despite the harmony and reasonableness of Newton's theory, there was a phenomenon that confirmed doubts about the daily rotation of the Earth. If the Earth rotated, then the position of the stars would have to change. However, there seemed to be no change. The first experimental proof of the motion of the Earth around the Sun was made in 1725 by the English astronomer James Bradley. He discovered the displacement of the stars. The stars are shifted from the middle position by 20" in the direction of the Earth's velocity vector (the phenomenon of light aberration).
In 1837 the Russian astronomer V.Ya. Struve measured the annual parallax of the star Vega, which made it possible to determine the speed of the Earth's rotation.
At present, no one doubts the fact of the Earth's rotation around its own axis and its rotation around the Sun. Based on these facts, many phenomena occurring on Earth are explained.
11. The most active development of astronomy falls on the twentieth century. This was facilitated by the creation of optical and radio telescopes with high resolution, as well as the possibility of research from artificial Earth satellites, which made it possible to conduct observations outside the atmosphere.
It was in the twentieth century. the world of galaxies was discovered. The study of the spectra of galaxies allowed E. Hubble (1929) to detect the general expansion of the Universe, predicted by A.A. Friedman (1922) based on A. Einstein's theory of gravity. New types of cosmic bodies were discovered: radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, etc.
The foundations of the theory of the evolution of stars and the cosmogony of the solar system were also developed. The greatest achievement of astrophysics of the twentieth century. became relativistic cosmology - the theory of the evolution of the universe as a whole.
Otto Yulievich Schmidt(1891 - 1956) - Russian scientist, statesman, one of the organizers of the development of the Northern Sea Route.
He was the organizer and leader of many expeditions to the North Pole, in particular, expeditions on the "Sedov" (1929 - 1930), "Sibiryakov" (1932), "Chelyuskin" (1933 - 1934), an air expedition to organize the drifting station "SP-1 » (1937).
Developed cosmogonic hypothesisthe formation of the bodies of the solar system as a result of condensation of the near-solar gas-dust cloud. Works on higher algebra (group theory).
In 1935 O.Yu. Schmidt was elected an academician, from 1935 to 1942. was Vice President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
In 1937 he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1932 - 1939 was the head of the Glavsevmorput. The great merit of O.Yu. Schmidt was the creation of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the founder and chief editor of which he was from 1924 to 1942.
Fred Hoyle (Hoyle) (b. 1915) - English astrophysicist.
Proceedings on stellar and planetary cosmogony, the theory of the internal structure and evolution of stars, cosmology.
B) Sections of astronomy
- Astrometry The science of measuring space and time.
- Theoretical astronomy-gives methods for determining the orbits of celestial bodies from their apparent positions, and methods for calculating ephemeris from known elements of their orbits.
- Celestial mechanics- studies the laws of motion of celestial bodies under the influence of universal gravitational forces, determines the masses and shape of celestial bodies and the stability of their systems.
- Astrophysics - studies the structure, physical properties and chemical composition of celestial objects.
- stellar astronomy- studies the patterns of spatial distribution and movement of stars, stellar systems and interstellar matter.
- Cosmogony - considers the origin and evolution of celestial bodies
- Cosmology - studies the general laws of the structure and development of the universe.
B) starry sky
On a dark night, we can see about 2500 stars in the sky, which differ in brightness and color. They seem to be attached to the celestial sphere and together with it revolve around the Earth. To navigate among them, the sky was divided into 88 constellations. In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus divided the stars according to their brightness into stellar magnitudes, he attributed the brightest to the stars of the first magnitude, and the weakest, barely visible to the naked eye, to the stars of the sixth magnitude.
A special place among the constellations is occupied by 12 zodiacs, through which the annual path of the Sun passes - the ecliptic.
constellations is a set of bright stars connected into figures named after the characters of ancient myths and legends, animals or objects.
The stars of the constellations are designated by the letters of the Greek alphabet.
α is the brightest star in the constellation; β - less bright; γ - less brightthan β; δ, ε, ζ, etc.
In some constellations, the brightest stars have their own names, for example, Vega (α-star in the constellation Lyra), Deneb (α-star in the constellation Cygnus).
D) Basic concepts
Celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere of arbitrarily large radius, in the center of which is the eye of the observer.
Axis PP 1 apparent rotation of the celestial sphere is called axis of the world.
The plane passing through the center of the celestial sphere and perpendicular to the axis of the world is calledcelestial equator.
The circle along which the Sun rotates is deviated from the celestial equator by 23.5 ° and is called ecliptic.
right ascension- the angle measured along the celestial equator in the direction opposite to the daily rotation of the celestial sphere, denoted by the Greek letter α. The right ascension is counted from the point of the celestial sphere on the day of the vernal equinox (γ), where the center of the Sun is on March 21.
The great circle of the celestial sphere passing through the poles of the world and the observed luminary is calleddeclination circle.
The angular distance of the luminary from the plane of the equator, measured along the circle of declination, is calleddeclination of the luminaryand is denoted by the letter δ.
parallaxcalled the displacement of stars closer to the Earth relative to more distant ones.
Parallax called the angle π, under which the radius of the earth's orbit is visible.
1. The observer is located in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Star 1 - non-setting; 2 and 3 - setting and rising; 4 - non-ascending.
2. The observer is at the north pole of the Earth. Stars 1-3 not setting; 4 and 5 - non-ascending. All stars move in planes parallel to the horizon; the plane of the horizon coincides with the plane of the celestial equator; the plumb line coincides with the axis of the world.
3. The observer is at the equator. All stars are rising and setting in planes perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; the axis of the world lies in the plane of the horizon. For a day, an observer could see all the heavenly bodies.
Climax the phenomenon of the passage of luminaries through the celestial meridian is called. In the upper climax, the angular height of the luminary above the horizon is maximum, in the lower culmination, it is minimal.
true noon- the moment of the upper culmination of the center of the Sun. True midnight is the moment of the lower culmination of the center of the Sun.
At true noon, the shadow of a vertical object falls along the noon line.
In a given area, the stars culminate at the same height above the horizon.
The sun and moon change the height of the climax.
During its annual movement along the ecliptic, the Sun crosses the celestial equator twice a year (March 21 and September 23).
Disc browsing "All the secrets of space part 4" - (2,3)
At home: abstract, reports "Determination of distances in astronomy"
