Since December 17, the exposition "Peter I. Time and Environment" has been presented in the Engineering Castle of the Russian Museum. The exhibition is located in the main St. George's Hall and is, perhaps, one of the most important events of the cultural and historical cycle "The Saga of the Romanovs".
For the first time in almost three decades, the Russian Museum presents such a large-scale project dedicated to Peter the Great and the people of his era: the entourage and family of the first emperor, hidden opponents and comrades-in-arms, statesmen and contemporaries not so well known to the general public.
The personality of the autocrat, as well as the era he created, are not unequivocally reflected either in the works of historians or in the memoirs of contemporaries. The time of Peter is the period of the formation of national culture, a turning point on the border of the 17th and 18th centuries. The ship of Russia decisively turned towards Europe, which became decisive for the development and formation of domestic art and painting. Secularism gradually supplanted traditionalism - religious plots and the conventionality of the image, they were replaced by new colors and interest in the personality, character of the model.
The exposition of the exhibition includes miniatures, engravings, costumes and decorative elements of the time of Peter the Great, archival materials and sculptures, as well as numerous portraits, since this genre became decisive for the beginning of the 18th century. Ivan Nikitin and Andrei Matveev - the first domestic portrait painters worked precisely in the era of Peter. The portrait was the greatest achievement of the art of the first quarter of the 18th century, it most sharply and clearly embodied a new vision of the value of the individual, the needs of a changing state. In the works of the masters of the portrait genre, the spirit of the “renewed era” is clearly seen.
Artists of the beginning of the century gradually overcome the primitivism of parsuna - a kind of portrait genre. Despite the static nature of the composition and the plane of the image, the statesmen, associates of Peter and his contemporaries, whom we can see on the canvases, are full of determination, purposefulness and individuality.
At the exhibition in the Russian Museum you can see real masterpieces of Russian art of the Petrine era. Among them are the famous images of Peter I by Nikitin, in which the personality of the first Russian emperor is visible without embellishment. Works by Western European masters who created portraits of members of the autocrat's family - Anna Petrovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, Tsarevich Alexei, on orders from the imperial court.
The exhibition "Peter I. Time and Environment" included canvases from the collections of the Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the State Hermitage and private collections, both domestic and foreign, and can surely become one of the most significant historical and cultural events of the year.
The exhibition was organized with the support of the Sistema Charitable Foundation
Illustrations for the text: Olga Tolstykh
Two book exhibitions are presented for readers at the Autocity Library at once. Anniversary 8.
In the hall of literature on art:
There is probably no more controversial figure in Russian history than Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov. This year marks the 340th anniversary of the birth of the last Russian Tsar "All Russia" from the Romanov dynasty (1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (1721), who decisively turned the country's development towards Europe. Even during his lifetime, contemporaries realized how Peter's activities did not fit into the framework of ideas about the royal person.
Appearance: Peter was distinguished by his great height of 2 m 04 cm, while his foot size was small, approximately 38. Contemporaries noted a disproportionately small head, relatively narrow shoulders. Contrary to numerous portraits, he cut his hair bald. He practically never wore armor and cuirass, as they liked to depict him in formal portraits.
Education: Peter was distinguished by an irrepressible thirst for something new in all spheres of human activity. Formally, Peter studied for four years. Studied writing, reading, arithmetic. Peter's education is the fruit of practical training and self-education. Until the end of his life, Peter Alekseevich had problems with literate writing. True, in the time of Peter there were no outstanding experts in spelling and punctuation. This is precisely the merit of Peter himself in the development of mass education among the nobility, merchants and other classes.
Hobby: If we take an approximate look at the innovations and reforms that Peter carried out, we can immediately determine that Peter did not separate hobbies from public affairs. He loved military affairs, shipbuilding and navigation, shooting from guns and launching fireworks, carving on a lathe, drawing maps. Among the favorite pastimes, there were also passion for the “green serpent”, playing cards, admiring painting, pulling out sick and healthy teeth from the courtiers ...
Character: Peter was distinguished by great willpower and the desire to subordinate space, people and natural forces to this will ... True, such claims are known in history. Let us recall the Persian king Cyrus, who carved the unruly sea. The character of Peter is a combination of personal egoism and service to the ideal, to the country. Moreover, service, selfless, regardless of the victims
Degree of comparison: Peter was a sovereign, with whom crowned bearers cannot stand comparison, neither before nor after him. Accordingly, the attitude towards the individual, deeds and deeds is diametrically opposed among historians, politicians, anarchists and monarchists. Here, the scale: from "antichrist" to "
345 years ago a great man was born!
“Peter is the whole of Russia; her flesh and spirit, character and genius,
the embodiment of all her virtues and vices. K. Valishevsky
This year marks a memorable date - 345th anniversary birthday Peter the Great(Peter Alekseevich Romanov) (May 30, 1672 - January 28, 1725), whose name is named College of Technology NArFU. College Library Presents Book Exhibition "Peter the Great and his time", dedicated to this date. The materials of the exhibition introduce the biography of the great ruler, the history of Russia during his life. All publications placed in the sections "The Mighty Ruler of Fate", "There Was an Eternal Worker on the Throne...", "Peter the Great in Arkhangelsk" will be available during the exhibition until the end of June. For example, from the section "Peter the Great in Arkhangelsk" the reader learns that Peter the Great's interest in the only Russian seaport of Arkhangelsk at that time arose simultaneously with the idea of building a fleet.
Peter I first arrived in Arkhangelsk July 28, 1693 year, Friday. For the tsar and his retinue on Moseev Island on the Dvina, a small wooden "shower room with a canopy" was placed. The tsar spent more than two months in Arkhangelsk, got acquainted with shipbuilding and commercial operations of merchants, then ordered the construction of the first state shipyard in Russia on Solombala Island. Over a century and a half, about 700 large and small ships were built here. On September 18, 1693, Peter the Great himself laid the foundation stone here for the merchant sea ship St. Pavel", and on his next visit to the city, May 20, 1694 year, cut the supports of the already built ship and launched it into the water. Then Peter made a sea voyage to the Solovetsky Monastery. For the third time, Peter I came to Arkhangelsk May 30, 1702 years, taking with him his son Alexei, a large retinue and five battalions of the guard. He settled in a house specially cut down for him on Markov Island opposite the Novodvinsk Fortress, which was under construction, in order to personally supervise the construction of fortifications. On August 6, the tsar at the head of the squadron departed for the Solovetsky Islands, and then to the pier of the village of Nyukhcha. From here, the guards, together with Peter, began the legendary transition to Lake Onega. The road cut in the forests and paved in the swamps, along which two frigates built in Arkhangelsk were dragged, was called the Sovereign. July 10, 1914 in memory of great merits in the development of Arkhangelsk and the region, not far from Gostiny Dvor, a monument to Peter I was erected by the outstanding Russian sculptor of the second half of the 19th century M.M. Antokolsky. The bronze sculpture was made in natural growth, and is perceived as a reliable portrait image and the personification of the power of the Russian state. On the edges of a five-meter pedestal of gray granite, four dates are carved - 1693, 1694, 1702 and 1911. The first three mean the years of Peter I's visit to Arkhangelsk, the last - the year the monument was created.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries and the assessment of historians, Emperor Peter I, like many smart, strong-willed, decisive, talented people who spare no effort in the name of a cherished goal, was strict not only to himself, but also to others. Sometimes he was cruel and ruthless, did not take into account the interests and lives of those who were weaker than him. Energetic, purposeful, greedy for new knowledge, Peter the Great, for all his inconsistency, went down in history as an emperor who managed to radically change the face of Russia and the course of history for many centuries.
21.05.2012
Exhibition "Peter I: the great reformer or the evil genius of Russian history"
“This monarch compared our fatherland with others,
taught to recognize that we are people;
in a word, whatever you look at in Russia,
everything has its beginning, and no matter what is done in the future,
from this source they will draw.
I. I. Neplyuev
Peter I (1672 - 1725) rightfully belongs to the galaxy of outstanding historical figures of world scale. Many studies and works of art are devoted to the transformations associated with his name. Historians and writers differently, sometimes directly opposite, assessed the personality of Peter I and the significance of his reforms. Already the contemporaries of Peter I were divided into two camps: supporters and opponents of his reforms. The dispute continued later. In the XVIII century. M. V. Lomonosov praised Peter, admired his activities. A little later, the historian Karamzin accused Peter of betraying the "truly Russian" principles of life, and called his reforms a "brilliant mistake."
At the end of the 17th century, when the young Tsar Peter I came to the Russian throne, our country was going through a turning point in its history. In Russia, unlike the main Western European countries, there were almost no large industrial enterprises capable of providing the country with weapons, fabrics, and agricultural implements. She had no access to the seas - neither the Black nor the Baltic, through which she could develop foreign trade. Russia did not have its own military fleet, which would guard its borders. The land army was built according to outdated principles and consisted mainly of noble militia. There was a fierce struggle for power between the old, well-born boyars and service people - the nobles. In the country there were continuous uprisings of peasants and urban lower classes, who fought against both the nobles and the boyars. Russia attracted the greedy eyes of neighboring states - Sweden, the Commonwealth, which were not averse to seizing and subjugating Russian lands. It was necessary to reorganize the army, build a navy, take possession of the sea coast, create a domestic industry, and rebuild the system of government. To radically break the old way of life, Russia needed an intelligent and talented leader, an outstanding person. This is what Peter I turned out to be.
The history of Russia before Peter the Great and after him knew many reforms. The main difference between the Petrine reforms was that they were comprehensive in nature, covering all aspects of the life of the people.
Here is what a contemporary of A.S. wrote about the significance of Peter. Pushkin, historian M.N. Pogodin in 1841, that is, almost a century and a half after the great reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century: “In the hands of (Peter) the ends of all our threads are connected in one knot. a figure that casts a long shadow over our entire past and even obscures our ancient history, which at the present moment still seems to hold its hand over us, and which, it seems, we will never lose sight of, no matter how far we go. we're into the future."
In the book Anisimov, E. V. Peter the Great: personality and reforms: ist. lit. / E. V. Anisimov. - Moscow: Peter, 2009. - 446, p. on the example of Peter's reforms, the eternal problem of Russian life is considered: does Russia need reforms, and if so, why does rivers of blood need to be shed for this?
Brikner, A. G. An Illustrated History of Peter the Great: Woodcuts: Pannemaker and Matte, Paris; Keseberg and Ertel, Leipzig; Kloss and Helm, Stuttgart; Zubchaninov, Rashevsky, Schliper and Winkler, Petersburg; capital letters and decorations by the artist Panov / A.G. Brikner. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 573, p. - a real encyclopedia of the time of Peter the Great, an unbiased look at Peter's reforms and their significance for the strengthening of Russian statehood. From the moment of its appearance, Brikner's book has become a prominent phenomenon in Russian and foreign public life. The events of one of the most interesting, controversial and intriguing epochs of Russian history are presented in it at the highest artistic level and at the same time impeccably from the point of view of the selection of factual material. The illustrative series of the publication was also carefully prepared: portraits of the emperor and his associates are given from the most reliable originals, views of cities, buildings, localities - from the originals of the 18th century, costumes and everyday scenes accurately reproduce the color of the stormy Petrine era.
Book Naumov, V.P. Everyday life of Peter the Great and his associates / V.P. Naumov. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2010. - 442, p. tells about how they worked, traveled, fought, had fun at assemblies and meetings of the blasphemous All-Drunken Cathedral, walked at weddings and saw off their last journey, members of the inner circle of Peter I, where they lived, how they cheated on their wives and loved children, what they were sick with, what games and entertainment brightened up leisure hours.
In the book Balyazin, VN Unofficial history of Russia. Peter the Great / V. N. Balyazin. - Moscow: OLMA Media group, 2007. - 190 p. tells about the main Peter's transformations within the country, about the foreign policy of Russia, the Northern War, about the radical changes in the life of Russian society at the beginning of the 18th century.
Among the considerable number of historical chronicles about Peter the Great and his era, there are not many books that would be read with such exciting interest by readers of all ages as the book The History of Peter the Great for Youth - Reprint. playback ed. 1875 - M.: Sovremennik, 1994. - 352 p.
The exhibition presents books and periodicals from the fund of the Tyumen Regional Scientific Library named after Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev:
1. Anisimov, E.V. Time of Peter's reforms: historical literature / E.V. Anisimov. - L.: Lenizdat, 1989. - 496 p.
2. Anisimov, E. V. Peter the Great: personality and reforms: ist. lit. / E. V. Anisimov. - Moscow: Peter, 2009. - 446, p.
3. Baganova, M. Russian history in gossip / M. Baganova. - Moscow: Astrel: Olympus, 2010. - 383 p.
4.Bagger, H. Reforms of Peter the Great: a review of research. Per. from dates / H. Bagger. - M. : Progress, 1985. - 198 p.
5. Balyazin, VN Unofficial history of Russia. Peter the Great / V. N. Balyazin. - Moscow: OLMA Media group, 2007. - 190 p.
6. Bobylev, V. S. Foreign policy of Russia in the era of Peter I: monograph / V.S. Bobylev. - M.: Publishing House of the University of Friendship, 1990. - 168 p.
7. Boroditskaya, S. E. The secret grandson of Peter the Great: a novel / S. E. Boroditskaya. - St. Petersburg. : Humanitarian Academy, 2000. - 382, p.
8. Brickner, A. G. An Illustrated History of Peter the Great: Woodcuts: Pannemaker and Matte, Paris; Keseberg and Ertel, Leipzig; Kloss and Helm, Stuttgart; Zubchaninov, Rashevsky, Schliper and Winkler, Petersburg; capital letters and decorations by the artist Panov / A.G. Brikner. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 573, p.
9. Brikner, A. G. Illustrated history of Peter I and Catherine II / A. G. Brikner; resp. ed. N. Dubeniuk. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2008. - 764, p.
10. Brikner, A. G. Emperor Peter I: his life and reign: biogr. individual / A. G. Brikner. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2009. - 494, p.
11. Brikner, A. G. History of Peter the Great / A. G. Brikner. - Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 607 p.
12. Burovsky, A. Peter the Great: the damned emperor / A. M. Burovsky. - Moscow: Yauza: Eksmo, 2008. - 347, p.
13. Demkina, M. N. The era of Peter I: ist. lit. / M. N. Demkina. - Moscow: World of Books, 2008. - 239 p. : ill., maps. - (Russian history).
14. Zhdanov, L. By the will of Peter the Great: (Old days of Siberia): Roman / L. Zhdanov. - M.: Sovremennik, 1997. - 320 p.
15. Zhivov, V. M. From the Church History of the Times of Peter the Great: Research and Materials / V. M. Zhivov. - M.: New lit. Review, 2004. - 355, p.
16. Legislation of Peter I: laws and legislative acts / Responsible. ed. A.A. Preobrazhensky, T.E. Novitskaya; [East essay by A.A. Preobrazhensky, p. 9-43]. - M. : Yurid. lit., 1997. - 878 p.
17. Ivanov, I. M. Peter the Great: his life and literary activity / I. M. Ivanov. - Electron. printed version. - Electron. text data. - Moscow: LitRes, . - 1 email opt. disc (CD-ROM). - (Life of remarkable people. Biographical library of F. Pavlenkov).
18. Empire of Peter the Great. 1700-1725 : [collection of thematic articles / comp.: G. Gritsenko]. - Moscow: OLMA Media Group, 2010. - 253, p.
19. History of Peter the Great for youth - Reprint. playback ed. 1875 - M.: Sovremennik, 1994. - 352 p.
20. Kashtanov, Yu. E. The era of Peter: morals. Customs. Events. People: for Wednesdays. school age / Yu. E. Kashtanov; artistic Yu. E. Kashtanov. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2000. - 63 p.
21. Knyazkov, S. From the past of the Russian land. The time of Peter the Great: a book to read on Russian history at school and at home. Reprint reproduction of the 1909 edition / S. Knyazkov. - M. : Planeta, 1991. - 709 p.
22.Leonov, V.P. Peter the Great and the Library of the Academy of Sciences [Text] / V.P. Leonov // Library Science. - 2010. - N 6. - S. 64-69.
23. Letin, S. A. Russian military suit. From Peter I to Peter III: scientific-popul. lit. / S. A. Letin, O. G. Leonov. - M.: Russian Knights, 2008. - 310, p.
24. Lishtenan, F.-D. "The battle for the glory of the human race": how Jean-Louis Bonnac glorified Peter / F. D. Lishtenan // Motherland. - 2009. - No. 7. - S. 65 - 69.
25. Medinsky, V. R. On the Russian threat and the secret plan of Peter I / V. R. Medinsky. - Moscow: Olma Media Group, 2010. - 220, p.
26. Molchanov, N. N. Diplomacy of Peter the Great: historical literature / N.N. Molchanov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Intern. relations, 1990. - 448 p.
27. Naumov, V.P. Everyday life of Peter the Great and his associates / V.P. Naumov. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2010. - 442, p.
28. Polevoy, N. A. Russian generals, or the Life and exploits of Russian generals from the time of Emperor Peter the Great to the reign of Emperor Nicholas I / N. A. Polevoy. - M. : TERRA, 1997. - 232 p.
29. Pushkin, A. S. Arap of Peter the Great [Electronic resource] / A. S. Pushkin. - Electron. printed version. - Electron. text data. - Moscow: LitRes, . - 1 email opt. disk (CD-ROM)
30. Pushkin, A. S. History of Peter [Electronic resource] / A. S. Pushkin. - Electron. printed version. - Electron. text data. - Moscow: LitRes, . - 1 email opt. disk (CD-ROM)
31. Resnyansky, S. I. Church and state reform of Peter I. Protestant model or Byzantine succession: monograph / S. I. Resnyansky. - Moscow: UNITI - DANA, 2009. - 253, p.
32. Semevsky, M.I. Secret investigation of Peter I: historical literature / M.I. Semevsky. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2001. - 640 s
33. Semenov, Yu. S. Death of Peter: ist. version / Yu. S. Semenov. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2007. - 464, p.
34. Serov, D. O. Administration of Peter I / D. O. Serov. - . - Moscow: OGI, 2008. - 290, p.
35. Sklyarenko, N. S. The Great Transformer: A Quiz for a History Lesson / N. S. Sklyarenko. - Read, study, play. - 2011. - No. 1. - P.80-82.
36. Shirokorad, A. B. Myths and realities of the Battle of Poltava / A. B. Shirokorad. - Moscow: ACT: AST MOSCOW; Vladimir: VKT, 2010. - 319 p.
The exhibition, held as part of the Romanov Saga project, is dedicated to the era that was decisive for the formation of the national culture of the New Age and associated with the emergence and development of the Russian school of painting. It was during the Petrine era that the flowering of creativity of the first Russian painters Ivan Nikitin and Andrei Matveev, as well as the outstanding masters of "Russian" Georg Gzel, Louis Caravaque, Johann Tannauer and other artists, took place.
The portrait genre was the most common in the painting of the Petrine era. Thanks to the activities of Russian and foreign masters, a diverse and developed iconography of the sovereign family, associates and associates of Peter the Great was developed. In none of the subsequent periods in the development of Russian art did a pictorial portrait testify to the time and its heroes with such strength and depth, without embellishment and idealization.
The exhibition includes genuine masterpieces of Russian art of that era (including "Peter the Great on his deathbed" and "Portrait of Baron S. G. Stroganov" by I. Nikitin, "Portrait of the daughters of Peter I Anna Petrovna and Elizaveta Petrovna" by L. Caravak, ) and other works from the collection of the Russian Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg and Moscow suburbs, as well as from foreign museums and private collections.
General partner of the exhibition - Charitable Foundation "Systema"
