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The meaning of the word Effect of the Right Ear spelling, lexical direct and figurative meanings and interpretations (concept) of the word from the dictionary Psychological Dictionary

Right Ear Effect- right ear (from lat. effectus -,) - when perceiving verbal information during dichotomous listening, in most cases, the incoming right ear is better perceived. the effect is due to the functional lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres, it is observed, the left hemisphere is dominant.
Author D. Kimura.
Literature.
Kimura D. Cerebral dominance and perception of Verbal Stimuli // Can. J. Psychol., 1961, No. 15.

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Currently, one of the most common methods for studying interhemispheric asymmetry of speech in healthy people of different ages and people with CNS pathology is the dichotic method. Using this method, it was possible to establish that when two stimuli different in content or sound are presented, one of which enters through the earphone into the left ear, and the other into the right ear, the effect of perception of information entering each ear turns out to be different.

The essence of this method is the simultaneous presentation of various acoustic signals to the right and left ears and the subsequent comparison of the effects of perception. For example, the subject is simultaneously offered several pairs of numbers: one number in one ear, the second in the other, at a speed of two pairs per second. After listening to three pairs of numbers, the subjects are asked to name them. It turned out that the subjects prefer to first call the numbers presented in one ear, and then in the other. If they were asked to name the numbers in the order in which they were presented, the number of correct answers decreased significantly. Based on this, an assumption was made about the separate functioning of the auditory canals.

As a result of numerous experiments, it was found that in conditions of competition between the right and left auditory canals, there is an advantage of the ear, the contralateral hemisphere, which dominates in the processing of the presented signals.

So, if auditory signals are simultaneously given to the left and right ear, then people with the right hemisphere dominant in speech will better perceive the signals given to the left ear, and people with the left hemisphere dominant in speech will better perceive the signals given to the right.

Since the vast majority of people are right-handed, their speech center is usually concentrated in the left hemisphere, they are characterized by the predominance of the right auditory canal. This phenomenon has a special name - right ear effect. The magnitude of the effect can vary from person to person. The degree of individual severity of the effect can be estimated using a special coefficient, which is calculated on the basis of differences in the accuracy of the reproduction of signals given to the left and right ear.

So, the basis of this effect is the separate functioning of the auditory canals. It is assumed that during dichotic listening, transmission along the direct path is inhibited. This means that in right-handed people, information from the left ear first comes along the cross path to the right hemisphere, and then, through special connecting paths (commissures) to the left, and part of it is lost.

Result) - when perceiving verbal information during dichotomous listening, in most cases, information coming through the right ear is better perceived. This effect is due to the functional lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres; therefore, it is observed only when the left hemisphere is dominant in speech.
Author D. Kimura.
Literature.
Kimura D. Cerebral dominance and perception of Verbal Stimuli // Can. J. Psychol., 1961, No. 15.

Psychological Dictionary. 2000 .

See what the "Right Ear Effect" is in other dictionaries:

right ear effect- consists in the fact that in left-handed people a greater volume and accuracy of reproduction of speech stimuli is achieved when they are presented to the right ear. Dictionary of practical psychologist. Moscow: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 ...

Air defense sound pickup. Russia, October 1941. Photo by RIA Novos ... Wikipedia

- (from lat. bini two and auris ear), the ability of humans and higher animals to determine the direction to the sound source. Due to the fact that the ears are located at a certain distance from one another and at different angles to the sound source, the sound comes to them with ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Latin bini pair, two and auris ear) the ability of humans and animals to determine in which direction the sounding body is from them, due to the presence of 2 sound receivers in their ears. Sound travels to the ear facing the source for more than... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (from lat. bini two and auris ear) the ability of humans and higher animals to determine the direction to the sound source. Due to the fact that the ears are located at some distance, the sound comes to them, differing in phase and intensity, which leads to a difference ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

binaural effect- the ability of man and higher animals to determine the direction to the source of sound. Due to the fact that the ears are located at some distance, the sound comes to them, differing in phase and intensity, which leads to a difference in the impulses entering ... ... Russian Index to English-Russian Dictionary of Musical Terminology

dichotic listening method- Etymology. Comes from the Greek. dicha two + tome section. Category. Method for analysis of echoic memory, selective attention and functional interhemispheric asymmetry. Specificity. It is characterized by the simultaneous presentation of various sound ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

A method designed to analyze selective attention and functional interhemispheric asymmetry. It is characterized by the simultaneous presentation of various sound stimuli in the right and left ear. Using this method, it was possible to show that ... ... Psychological Dictionary

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This article is about a non-academic line of research. Please edit the article so that it is clear both from its first sentences and from the subsequent text. Details in the article and on the talk page ... Wikipedia

Leonova E.A. 49С2

Attention disorders in local brain lesions

As is known from the course of general psychology, attention cannot be considered as an independent mental process, since it does not have its own content, product.

Attention characterizes the dynamics of any mental process; this is the factor that ensures selectivity, selectivity in the course of any mental activity, both simple and complex.

The problem of attention is one of the most difficult problems in psychology. There were different periods in the history of its study.

Relatively recently, the problem of attention was completely ignored by many psychological schools.

However, after this period, a purely practical need arose to study attention, which was associated with a number of important, purely practical tasks, such as the monitoring service for moving objects, the dispatch service, etc. The need arose again to study the problems that were already well known in psychology (properties, scope, levels of attention, etc.).

Interest in the problem of attention still continues to be very high, as evidenced by the large number of publications on this topic. However, there is still no unity in the theoretical understanding of the problem of attention. This is reflected both in the definition of attention as a mental phenomenon, and in the interpretation of various forms and levels of attention, etc. Previously, attention was interpreted as an exclusively sensory phenomenon (visual, auditory, tactile attention), i.e. as a factor that contributes to the selective flow of processes of receiving and processing various kinds of information (O. S. Woodworth, 1950, etc.).

Another interpretation of attention is presented in the works of S. L. Rubinshtein (1940 and others), where attention

is considered as a factor that ensures the selectivity of the course of all cognitive processes. Thus, the scope of attention expands to cognitive processes as a whole.

A. R. Luria (1975a) gives an even broader definition of attention - as a factor contributing to the selectivity of the flow of any mental processes, both cognitive and affective-volitional. From such an understanding of attention, it follows that there are several forms of attention, according to the processes in which it is realized. These forms include:

a) sensory attention (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.);

b) motor attention, manifested in motor processes, in their awareness and regulation;

c) emotional attention attracted by emotionally significant stimuli; it should be noted the special patterns of the flow of this form of attention, its close connection with memory, with the process of capturing information (processes of imprinting);

d) intellectual attention, which is manifested in intellectual activity (attention to the subject of deliberation, to intellectual operations, with the help of which the very process of thinking is realized).

These four forms of attention have been studied to varying degrees.

Sensory attention is one of the most extensively studied forms; all the main patterns of attention were obtained in the study of this particular form. Relatively well studied and motor attention - its role in the regulation of movements and actions, skills, automated acts. However, emotional and especially intellectual forms of attention have been studied much less. A neuropsychological study of various forms of attention disorders can provide important information for identifying both general patterns inherent in all forms of attention, and specific ones, characteristic only for one or another form.

As you know, there are two independent levels of attention: involuntary and voluntary. L. S. Vygotsky designates them as primary and secondary, believing that primary, involuntary attention is the one with which the child is born; secondary, voluntary attention is formed as all other mental functions develop and is primarily a socially mediated type of attention (L. S. Vygotsky, 1960).

It is known that voluntary attention in an adult is directed primarily by speech stimuli, that is, it is closely connected with the speech system. This is one of the most important provisions of the psychology of attention, which is included in the theory of "mental actions", in modern ideas about the formation of voluntary attention in a child (Ya. Ya. Galperin, 1959, 1976, etc.) and in ideas about the mechanisms of regulation of voluntary movements and actions (Ya. A. Bernshtein, 1947, 1966). Neuropsychology also refines and develops this section of the general psychology of attention with its research. Thus, the study of attention disorders (its different forms, levels) in patients with local brain lesions not only constitutes an independent branch of neuropsychology, but also opens up wide opportunities for developing general psychological aspects of the problem of attention. The neuropsychology of attention is a relatively young field of neuropsychology. More recently, it was believed that attention is not specifically associated with any specific brain structures and that its disorders (in the form of weakening, decrease in volume, impaired concentration, increased exhaustion, sharp fluctuations, etc.) are characteristic of any sick person, regardless of localization brain damage. In other words, it was believed that attention disorders had no local significance and their analysis could not be used in topical neuropsychological diagnostics. This point of view associated attention disorders (as well as memory disorders) only with general cerebral mechanisms, with the work of the brain as a whole.

However, neuropsychological research in recent years has shown that this view is unfair and that there are two distinct types of attention deficits.

The first type of attention disorders can be designated as modally nonspecific. These violations of attention extend to any of its forms and levels. The patient cannot focus on stimuli of any modality (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.), attention disorders manifest themselves in any mental activity. This kind of attention disorder is typical for patients with lesions of nonspecific median structures of the brain at different levels.

Modal-nonspecific attention disorders, with their general similarity, consisting in the absence of modal specificity of stimuli - objects of attention, reveal certain differences when different levels of the nonspecific brain system are affected.

With damage to the lower parts of nonspecific structures (the level of the medulla oblongata and midbrain), patients experience rapid exhaustion, a sharp narrowing of the amount of attention and a violation of its concentration. These symptoms of attention disorders are manifested in any kind of activity (sensory-motor, gnostic, intellectual).

The phenomenology of this form of attention disorders is well known from the literature, in particular from the descriptions of traumatic brain lesions (“Craniocerebral trauma ...”, 1998, etc.). So, when performing serial counting operations (for example, tasks for serial subtraction or serial addition), patients first give quick and correct answers, then the latent periods of answers increase sharply (by the type of exhaustion), errors appear and the task is abandoned. Sometimes a repeated "burst" of activity is possible, when the patient again begins to perform counting actions correctly. Observation shows that, in principle, counting activity is available to such patients. However, its long-term (several minutes) serial execution, which requires constant tension of voluntary attention, encounters great difficulties.

It should be noted that in patients with damage to the lower parts of nonspecific brain structures, involuntary forms of attention suffer to a greater extent. It is easier for such patients to concentrate on any task with increased interest in the results of its implementation. Thus, appealing to a professional interest or to the motivational basis of actions improves results. This indicates that in such patients the voluntary level of attention regulation is relatively preserved, while the primary involuntary forms of attention suffer much more. Consequently, the most important characteristic of this level of damage to non-specific structures is the ability to compensate for impaired attention by referring to higher semantic categories or by accompanying actions with loud speech - a method that enhances speech regulation of activity ("Frontal lobes ...", 1966, etc.).

This category of patients primarily includes patients with various brain injuries (since a concussion, as a rule, causes hemorrhage in the lower parts of the trunk), as well as with tumors in the posterior cranial fossa and with lesions of the cerebellum (since usually in these cases it turns out to be pressure on the brain stem structures). In general, this is a rather large group of patients admitted to neurological and neurosurgical clinics for treatment.

The next level of damage to nonspecific structures is the level of the diencephalic parts of the brain and the limbic system. It apparently consists of several independent sublevels. However, at present, the specificity of the lesion of each of them has not yet been studied in sufficient detail. With the defeat of these nonspecific structures, attention disorders, as a rule, manifest themselves in much more severe forms. Such patients often cannot concentrate on any activity at all, or their attention is extremely unstable. These difficulties are manifested in the performance of motor acts, and in solving arithmetic problems, and in the performance of verbal tasks. Attempts to raise the level of activity of these patients, as a rule, do not give a stable result. Compensation is either absent or lasts a very short time. In this case, another type of attention disorders is observed with reduced compensation opportunities due to weakening of the mechanisms of voluntary regulation of activity. This group of patients includes patients with tumors in the thalamus, hypothalamic structures, with lesions in the third ventricle, limbic cortex, hippocampus. This group is clinically heterogeneous: in some cases, in such patients, attention disorders are combined with impaired memory and consciousness (AR Luria, 1974a and others).

The third level of damage to nonspecific median brain structures is the level of the mediobasal parts of the frontal and temporal lobes. There are quite a few cases of such lesions, and they are relatively well studied. This group also includes patients with massive lesions of the frontal lobes of the brain. Attention disorders in this group of patients are to a certain extent opposite to those observed in patients with lesions of the lower parts of the brain stem.

In this group of patients, voluntary forms of attention predominantly suffer in various types of mental activity. At the same time, their involuntary forms of attention are pathologically enhanced. These are "frontal" (or "frontotemporal") patients who are characterized by "field" behavior. They are extremely reactive to all stimuli, as if they notice everything that is happening around them (turning around at any sound, entering into conversations between neighbors, etc.), but this is uncontrolled reactivity, reflecting the disinhibition of elementary forms of orienting activities.

In the clinical literature, it has been noted that in such patients, by calling on involuntary attention, actions can be elicited that cannot be obtained by directly addressing an arbitrary level of attention (i.e., by direct verbal instruction). So, for example, such patients cannot, according to verbal instructions, translate their gaze (to the right, to the left, etc.). However, they translate ero after a real moving visual object (such as a pencil). This symptom, which received the name "psychic gaze paralysis" in the clinic, reflects the extreme degree of violation of voluntary forms of control over one's own actions and the pathological strengthening of passive direct ("field") forms of regulation.

Such "subordination" of the immediate situation in patients with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain acquires a pathological character. In general, such patients are characterized by dissociation between sharply weakened voluntary and pathologically enhanced involuntary attention. Appeal to an arbitrary speech level of control does not have any compensating effect on them (“Frontal lobes ...”, 1966; “Functions of the frontal lobes ...”, 1982, etc.).

In addition to disturbances in attention, damage to different levels of the nonspecific system also causes disturbances in other mental processes, which will be discussed below (see Section IV).

The second type of attention disorders is referred to as modal-specific. These disturbances of attention are manifested only in one area (i.e., in relation to stimuli of one modality), for example, in the visual, auditory, tactile, or movement spheres, and are described by clinicians as phenomena of ignoring certain stimuli.

Modal-specific attention disorders have nothing to do with disorders of gnostic functions, that is, with disorders of perception. They cannot be regarded as intellectual defects or misunderstanding of the instructions. These are modality-specific difficulties in understanding the stimulus in certain situations. In what situations, then, can this symptom of impaired awareness of a stimulus of a certain modality be detected (i.e., modal-specific disturbances in attention)?

Clinical observations show that the phenomenon of unawareness of certain stimuli is observed mainly in the evaluation of analyzer functions by the method of presenting double stimuli, that is, with the simultaneous presentation of two visual, two auditory, or two tactile stimuli. visual inattention. In the visual sphere, this symptom was first discovered when studying the visual fields, when two stimuli were simultaneously presented to a patient who concentrated attention on a central point. The patient was asked to answer which of the stimuli he noticed. In the standard procedure for studying visual fields using the perimeter, the patient is presented with only one stimulus (left or right) and the safety of the left and right half of the visual fields separately (in degrees) is determined.

Already in such a situation, it was found that in addition to visual field disorders, patients sometimes experience other disorders in the form of “ignoring attention” to visual stimuli that are shown in one visual field - more often in the left (ignoring). However, this symptom is predominantly manifested with the simultaneous presentation of stimuli on the right and left. Then the patient quite distinctly prefers one side; he notices, for example, right rather than left stimuli better. It is important to note that if stimuli are presented separately only on the right or only on the left, then often there is no difference in their detection, which testifies against the gnostic nature of this defect (A. R. Luria, 1962; E. P. Kok, 1967; S. V Babenkova, 1971; T. A. Dobrokhotova et al., 1996a). Such inattention to stimuli presented on the one hand is associated with an increased load on the visual analyzer, with the need to distribute attention over a larger volume of visual stimuli, which reveals a potential weakness in attention to left or right stimuli. Similar disorders of visual attention can also be detected when the patient is asked to consider a plot picture with a large number of characters and details and speak about its content. In such cases, the symptom of ignoring one side of the image can be clearly manifested. Patients (right-handers) seem to "not notice" what is shown on the left in the picture (or in the upper left, in the lower left corner). If the general meaning of the pictures can be understood only by examining the upper or lower left corner of the picture, patients give incorrect answers. In the clinic of local brain lesions, visual inattention is usually found specifically to the left side of the visual space as a symptom of damage to the posterior sections of the right hemisphere. The symptom of ignoring visual stimuli often reflects a mild (or initial) stage of damage to the visual analyzer structures, and as the disease progresses, it can turn into gnostic disorders or unilateral visual field impairment (hemianopsia). It is associated with the specifics of the work of the right hemisphere as a whole, with its attitude to such a phenomenon as unawareness of one's own defects, or anosognosia.

Auditory inattention. If you present two different sounds or two different words to two ears at the same time and ask the patient to say exactly what he hears, it often turns out that the patient hears only those sounds (words) that are given in one ear, and to one degree or another ignores information coming into the other ear. The method of simultaneous presentation of sound stimuli in both ears (or the method of dichotic listening), proposed by D. Kimura (D. Kimura, 1961), turned out to be very adequate for studying a number of problems, and above all for assessing the lateral features of auditory attention and auditory-speech memory.

Healthy people (right-handers) have a certain asymmetry of auditory attention to verbal stimuli. On average, a normal person (right-handed) hears words 10-15% better with the right ear than with the left (D. Kimura, 1961, 1973, etc.) (Fig. 47). This phenomenon is called the "right ear effect".

Rice. 47. The number of correctly reproduced words presented by the method of dichotic listening to the right ear (dotted line) and the left ear (solid line) in a healthy subject. Results of a fivefold study. The asymmetry of auditory attention is manifested in a higher productivity of the reproduction of words presented to the right ear (“the effect of the right ear”). At the same time, the “edge factor” also acts - the best reproduction of the first and last elements of the series (according to N.K. Kiyashchenko et al., 1975)

In patients with local brain lesions, the degree of asymmetry increases sharply (up to 50-60% or more); sometimes sounds that are given from one side are not perceived at all, although the same sounds (words) presented separately to one right or one left ear are perceived relatively evenly. This symptom is called the symptom of gross ignoring of sounds coming from one side. Auditory inattention is associated primarily with damage to the auditory analyzer system. However, it can also be observed with a wider localization of lesions within the hemisphere (Fig. 48, A, B).

Tactile inattention. In the tactile sphere, attention disorders were described by G. Teuber, one of the greatest neurologists of the 20th century. His works devoted to the symptoms of lesions of the parietal lobes of the brain are widely known (Ya. L. Teuber, 1960, 1965, etc.). G. Teuber proposed a double tactile stimulation technique aimed at assessing tactile attention. The experiment consists in the fact that the experimenter simultaneously touches the same parts of the hands (left and right) with the same intensity. The patient is required to close his eyes and determine how many touches there were - one or two. The touch is applied locally by two equally sharp pre-

Rice. 48. Reproduction of words presented simultaneously to the left and right ear

in healthy (white bars) and in patients with damage to the left (A) hemisphere (black bars) and right (B) hemisphere (gray bars). Damage to the left hemisphere (A) leads to a violation of auditory attention to both the right and left ears; damage to the right hemisphere (B) is reflected only in the reproduction of words entering the left ear (i.e., in the "sick" hemisphere) (according to E. G. Simernitskaya, 1985)

metas (for example, the tips of two pencils, etc.). Touches on the hands of two hands at the same time are alternated with two touches on the same hand and one touch on one hand for control. Under these conditions, one can often see that the patient, as it were, "does not notice" touching one hand (more often the left), when two touches are given at the same time, which is a symptom of damage to the right hemisphere of the brain (mainly the right parietal lobe). If you touch separately only the left or only the right hand, then the phenomenon of ignoring the stimulus is not detected. This symptom indicates the existence of a special form of attention to tactile stimuli and the possibility of its isolated violation.

motor inattention

Motor inattention. Disorders of attention to motor acts are well known in the clinic of local brain lesions. They appear when the patient is asked to simultaneously perform movements with both hands. When performing two-handed motor tasks, patients usually first perform them correctly, then one hand slows down the movements and, as it were, “turns off”, and the patient continues to make movements with only one hand. To the question: "Are you doing the right thing?" - he replies: "Correct." When the task is repeated, the same hand (usually the left) is turned off again. The patient himself is still not aware of his mistakes. This ignoring of one's own motor errors reflects impaired attention in the motor sphere. The symptom of ignoring disappears if the patient is asked to do the same movements separately with the left and right hands.

Thus, the symptom of motor neglect is strictly one-sided. Disconnection of attention, unawareness of one's own defect occurs only when the motor analyzer is loaded, with an increase in the range of movements, as it happens in sensory areas with other brain lesions. Motor attention disorders are typical for patients with damage to the anterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres (usually the right) - premotor, prefrontal areas of the cortex, as well as deep structures of the brain, including the basal ganglia.

Psychophysiological research

Psychophysiological studies of modal-nonspecific disorders of voluntary and involuntary attention in patients with damage to different levels of nonspecific structures (by assessing changes in the EEG spectrum, etc.) have shown that involuntary attention is associated mainly with the work of the lower parts of the brainstem and midbrain, while arbitrary forms attention is undoubtedly a cortical function.

In patients with damage to the lower parts of the trunk and the phenomenology of disorders of predominantly involuntary forms of attention, the introduction of the signal value of stimuli with the help of instructions leads to an increase and inextinguishability of orienting reactions, as is also observed in the norm (Fig. 49, A, B), which indicates the preservation of mechanisms of voluntary (sensory) attention.

When the frontal (mainly medial) parts of the brain are affected, the introduction of the signal value of the stimulus does not affect the dynamics of activation processes, which correlates with gross violations of the voluntary.

The results of a psychophysiological study of intellectual attention, as well as data from a clinical neuropsychological study, testify to its connection primarily with the cortex of the frontal lobes of the brain.

Using the method of assessing the local spatial synchronization (PS index) of biopotentials in different areas of the brain, it was shown that in healthy subjects, voluntary intellectual attention accompanying the long-term performance of various tasks (for example, serial counting) leads to a completely distinct activation of the anterior parts of the brain, which is expressed in increasing the PS index in these areas (T.V. Slotintseva, 1974; E.Yu. Artemyeva, E.D. Khomskaya, 1975, etc.) (see Fig. 51, L, B). When evaluating correlations that unite different cortical structures (according to the method of M. N. Livanov), when performing counting operations, specifically active fields are revealed in both the anterior and posterior sections of the hemispheres (V. V. Lazarev et al., 1977).

When performing verbal tests (for example, when inventing words according to a certain rule), when it is required to perform a sound analysis of words, the level of activation of speech zones (middle sections of the left hemisphere) clearly increases in healthy subjects. At the same time, there is an increase in the PS index in the anterior parts of the brain. In general, any intellectual tasks always lead to a significant increase in the activity of the anterior parts of the brain, which indicates the important role of the frontal parts of the cortex in the implementation of intellectual activity. This ability to selectively increase the functional state in different areas of the brain, which is the physiological basis of intellectual attention,

Rice. 49. Change in the amplitude values ​​of various frequencies of the EEG spectrum during the action of indifferent and signal sound stimuli in a healthy subject (averaging the effect of the action of the first five stimuli): A - absolute values ​​of various frequencies of the EEG spectrum:

a - EEG frequency spectrum before indifferent sounds (1) and during their action (2), b - EEG frequency spectrum before signal sounds (1) and during their action (2); B - the same data, expressed as a percentage in relation to the background, taken as 100%. The abscissa shows the EEG frequencies detected by the Walter analyzer, the ordinate shows the amplitude values ​​of each frequency (in mm) of the analyzer's pen record. The dotted line is the action of indifferent sounds, the solid line is the action of signal sounds. The reaction of depression is maximum in the range of alpha frequencies. Parieto-occipital abduction on the left (according to O. P. Baranovskaya,

E. D. Khomskoy, 1966)

Rice. 50. Examples of changes in the EEG spectrum during the action of the first five indifferent and signal sound stimuli

in patients with damage to the mediobasal parts of the frontal lobes of the brain (I), with damage to other structures of the frontal lobes (II) and with extrafrontal hemispheric brain lesions (III). The designations are the same as in Fig. 49. Parieto-occipital assignment of the "healthy" hemisphere (according to E. D. Khomskaya, 1972)

Rice. 51. Values ​​of the index of local spatial synchronization (PS):

A - normal; B - in patients with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain in background EEG recordings and when performing tests for attention; a - frontal parts of the brain, b - parieto-occipital parts, c - left hemisphere, d - right hemisphere. 1 - background data; 2 - data when performing tests. The PS index, which changes in healthy subjects in the frontal regions and in the left hemisphere with attention, is almost reactive in patients with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain (according to T.V. Slotintseva, 1974)

is absent (or grossly impaired) in patients with damage to the frontal parts of the brain (Fig. 51, B) and is generally preserved in patients with a different localization of the lesion.

A psychophysiological study of modal-specific disorders of visual attention using the method of evoked potentials in patients with various brain lesions showed that they are based on changes in local non-specific activation processes in the cortical zones of the visual analyzer. When the cortical level of one or another analyzer is damaged, there is no phenomenon of local changes in activation processes in the corresponding cortical zones during stimulus perception, which is associated with the pathology of thalamocortical connections within this analyzer system (“Problems of neuropsychology ...”, 1977, etc.). Thus, the psychophysiological analysis of attention disturbances in patients with local brain lesions indicates various physiological mechanisms of voluntary and involuntary forms of attention and the participation of different brain structures in them.