Thermal networks are the basis of the public utilities of modern cities. It is on them that the quality and efficiency of the coolant depends, and hence the heat in apartment buildings. However, heat networks are the weakest link in the heat supply system. They require vigilant monitoring of parameters, as well as scheduled repairs and maintenance. Otherwise, utility accidents and leaks with heat loss become inevitable.

The essence of the work of the operator of heat networks

In any large city, heating networks are divided into main and distribution networks. They are monitored from a special dispatcher console, which is located in the heat supply organization.

It is the heating network operator (dispatcher) who monitors the smooth operation of the entire system, and also receives messages about malfunctions. His responsibilities include:

pressure control inside the pipes;

maintaining the desired thermal regime;

monitoring the temperature of the water coming back from consumers;

monitoring the operation of pumping stations;

monitoring the state of backup boilers and switching to them in the event of a major accident;

receiving reports from the public about accidents;

work with emergency crews and mechanics for network maintenance, issuing tasks for eliminating accidents;

keeping a log book and other operational documentation.

As you can see, the dispatcher on the heating network panel performs a fairly wide range of duties. He needs to carefully monitor all system parameters, quickly respond to any messages about problems.

Such work is organized in shifts (2/2 or 1/3). Dispatchers have the most work in the autumn-winter period, when most accidents and leaks occur. At this time, reports of repairs are received almost around the clock. However, even in the summer, the heating network operator has enough work to do - it is he who monitors the progress of hydraulic tests (pressure testing) of heating networks.

Requirements for the qualifications and skills of heat network operators

The main task of the operator (dispatcher) of heating networks is to monitor the parameters of the system. Therefore, it requires high care, responsibility and pedantry.

As practice shows, women most often work as operators of heating networks. The employer prefers to take them because of the better stress resistance and greater care during work.

Random people, as a rule, do not stay in such work for a long time, because you have to do many things at the same time, while regularly contacting an angry population.

One way or another, the heat network operator must know:

schemes of heating networks of the service area;

work schedule of heat consumers;

device of control and measuring equipment;

installation of steam-water heaters, make-up water treatment plants, etc.

The work of the dispatcher also includes keeping records, so knowledge of the rules for filling out forms and other documents, accuracy in accounting are prerequisites for successful work.

Where to learn to be an operator (dispatcher) of heating networks

Specialists in this area are trained from scratch in educational institutions of secondary vocational education. As a rule, these are colleges and technical schools of urban economy.

In this case, admission is possible both after the end of the 9th grade, and after the 11th grade of secondary school. The terms of study are 3 years with industrial practice.

Another option is professional retraining in the presence of a basic specialty. Such services are also provided by colleges and technical schools, as well as private training centers. However, experience in the public utilities sector is highly desirable.

Qualification categories of heat network operators for ETKS and their responsibilities

In the Unified Tariff and Qualification Handbook of Works and Professions of Workers (ETKS), only one category is indicated for heat network operators - third.

How much do operators (dispatchers) of heating networks receive

There are not as many dispatcher vacancies on the labor market as one would expect. Employers prefer to take proven workers with experience on a long-term basis.

The average salary in the provinces is 30 thousand rubles.

Pros and cons of the profession of a heat network operator

In list pluses you can note:

the possibility of rapid retraining;

official employment.

cons much more:

small salary;

weak demand in the labor market;

high responsibility;

little opportunity for career advancement.

APPROVE:

[Job title]

_______________________________

_______________________________

[Name of company]

_______________________________

_______________________/[FULL NAME.]/

"______" _______________ 20___

JOB DESCRIPTION

Heat network manager

1. General Provisions

1.1. This job description defines and regulates the powers, functional and job duties, rights and responsibilities of the heat network dispatcher [Name of organization in the genitive case] (hereinafter referred to as the Company).

1.2. The heat network manager is appointed to the position and dismissed from the position in accordance with the procedure established by the current labor legislation by order of the head of the Company.

1.3. The heat network manager belongs to the category of specialists and reports directly to [title of the immediate supervisor in the dative case] of the Company.

1.4. A person with a higher professional (technical) education, at least 2 years of experience in operational maintenance of heating networks and additional training according to the established program or secondary vocational (technical) education, with experience in operational maintenance of heating networks of at least 3 years and additional training according to the established program.

1.5. The heating network manager must know:

• organizational and administrative, regulatory, methodological documents on the operation of heating network equipment, energy supply to consumers, dispatching control of thermal networks;
• Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks of the Russian Federation;
• Rules for the installation of electrical installations;
• Rules for working with personnel in organizations of the electric power industry of the Russian Federation;
• Rules for the application and testing of protective equipment used in electrical installations, technical requirements for them;
• regulations and instructions for the investigation and recording of accidents and other technological violations, industrial accidents;
• the composition and procedure for maintaining operational documentation at the workplaces of operational personnel of heating networks;
• job and production instructions for operating personnel of heating networks;
• scheme of heating networks in normal, emergency, post-accident and repair modes;
• main electrical and thermal diagrams of boiler houses that are part of heating networks;
• schemes for connecting responsible energy consumers to boiler houses of thermal networks;
• design features, technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, features of the operating modes of the main equipment of heating networks;
• block diagrams for the construction of ASDU networks;
• advanced domestic and foreign experience in the field of operational management in thermal networks;
• fundamentals of economics and organization of production, labor and management in the energy sector;
• fundamentals of labor legislation;
• rules on labor protection and fire safety.

1.6. The manager of thermal networks in his activities is guided by:

• local acts and organizational and administrative documents of the Company;
• internal labor regulations;
• rules of labor protection and safety, ensuring industrial sanitation and fire protection;
• instructions, orders, decisions and instructions of the immediate supervisor;
• this job description.

1.7. During the period of temporary absence of the heat network dispatcher, his duties are assigned to [deputy position].

2. Job responsibilities

The heat network manager performs the following labor functions:

2.1. Carries out operational management of the operation of thermal networks.

2.2. Carries out the acceptance and delivery of shifts in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

2.3. Ensures the coordinated work of the operational personnel of boiler houses, areas of networks to maintain the reliability and efficiency of the operational scheme of networks, individual sections and objects of networks under various modes of their operation.

2.4. Controls the load at control points of networks, ensures timely unloading of overloaded boiler houses, heat points, pipelines, individual transformers (autotransformers).

2.5. Takes measures to identify the causes of violations of the normal operation of networks, determine the location and nature of damage, resume normal operation of networks and high-quality energy supply to consumers.

2.6. Accepts and systematizes applications for decommissioning of equipment and protection and automation devices, dispatch and technological control facilities (SDTU), transfers them to the management of the dispatch service or a higher dispatcher, informs about the results of the decisions made.

2.7. Reflects on the mnemonic diagram (tablet) changes in the operational scheme of networks.

2.8. Supervises the actions of subordinate operational personnel in the event of emergencies, takes measures to localize accidents, restore normal modes, and eliminate the consequences of disruptions in the normal operation of networks.

2.9. Receives from a higher-level dispatcher and transmits to the network management, the head of the operational dispatch service, subordinate operational personnel, energy consumers, emergency messages about a threat or an emergency, an unfavorable meteorological forecast and an upcoming power outage or restriction.

2.10. Ensures the adoption of the necessary measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies and natural disasters.

2.11. Takes part in the trainings held at the control room of the networks, classes in civil defense and working out actions in emergency situations, analysis of the actions of personnel after their completion.

2.12. Instructs persons undergoing training and duplication at the workplace of the network manager, and controls their actions.

2.13. Maintains operational and accounting documentation in accordance with the approved list.

2.14. Conducts classes with operational personnel of networks, visits control centers of districts of networks, boiler houses.

2.15. Carries out checks (when visiting control points):

• compliance with the requirements of the rules and instructions when switching;
• preparation of workplaces before performing work on the equipment;
• operational documentation.

2.16. Carries out the study of new equipment of networks, electrical and heat-using installations of energy consumers.

2.17. Participates in the work of commissions to test the knowledge of personnel, investigate the causes of accidents and accidents.

2.18. Undergoes training in a training center and other specialized organizations with subsequent testing of knowledge in accordance with approved plans and schedules.

2.19. Participates in the introduction of new software and hardware and the implementation of new tasks of the automated dispatch control system (ADCS).

In case of official necessity, the heat network dispatcher may be involved in the performance of his official duties overtime, in the manner prescribed by the provisions of federal labor legislation.

3. Rights

The heat network manager has the right to:

3.1. Request and receive the necessary materials and documents related to the activities of the Heat Network Manager.

3.2. Enter into relationships with departments of third-party institutions and organizations to resolve operational issues of production activities that are within the competence of the Heat Network Manager.

3.3. Represent the interests of the enterprise in third-party organizations on issues related to its professional activities.

4. Responsibility and performance evaluation

4.1. The heat network manager bears administrative, disciplinary and material (and in some cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation - and criminal) responsibility for:

4.1.1. Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of official instructions of the immediate supervisor.

4.1.2. Failure to perform or improper performance of their labor functions and assigned tasks.

4.1.3. Unlawful use of the granted official powers, as well as their use for personal purposes.

4.1.4. Inaccurate information about the status of the work entrusted to him.

4.1.5. Failure to take measures to suppress the identified violations of safety regulations, fire and other rules that pose a threat to the activities of the enterprise and its employees.

4.1.6. Failure to enforce labor discipline.

4.2. Evaluation of the work of the heat network manager is carried out:

4.2.1. The immediate supervisor - regularly, in the course of the daily implementation by the employee of his labor functions.

4.2.2. Attestation Commission of the enterprise - periodically, but at least once every two years based on the documented results of the work for the evaluation period.

4.3. The main criterion for evaluating the work of a heat network dispatcher is the quality, completeness and timeliness of his performance of the tasks provided for by this instruction.

5. Working conditions

5.1. The mode of operation of the heat network dispatcher is determined in accordance with the internal labor regulations established by the Company.

5.2. In connection with the production need, the heat network dispatcher is obliged to go on business trips (including local ones).

6. Right to sign

6.1. To ensure his activities, the heat network manager is granted the right to sign organizational and administrative documents on issues within his competence by this job description.

Acquainted with the instruction ___________ / ____________ / "__" _______ 20__

V.G. Semenov,
editor-in-chief of the magazine "Heat Supply News"

Introduction

Dispatcher - an employee who coordinates the work of other employees or organizations. The dispatcher does not directly manage the execution of work: in continuous production, this function is usually performed by duty personnel (for example, a shift engineer on duty). Since several dispatchers are involved in the processes of heat supply and heat consumption, their actions must be coordinated.

Several issues need to be resolved.

• Is economic dispatching possible in heat supply with real-time competition of heat supply entities.
• Is there a need for a chief dispatcher to whom all others report.
• Is it possible to specify the list of mandatory mutual dispatching commands.

Manager of a housing maintenance organization or housing association

This dispatcher is not required to know how the systems of heat, water, gas, and electricity are arranged. For heat supply, he must know the permissible parameters of the coolant at the entrance to the house, and if they are rejected, fix the violation of the regime and inform the heat supply organization with which the heat supply agreement has been concluded.

According to Article 543, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the subscriber is obliged to immediately inform the heat supply organization about accidents, malfunctions of metering devices and other violations arising from the use of thermal energy.

At the same time, the heat supply organization, in accordance with Article 546, paragraph 2.3, must warn the subscriber about limiting or stopping the supply of energy. In case of emergency restrictions, it is obliged to immediately notify the subscriber.

If a break in the supply of energy is allowed, then, according to Article 547, paragraph 2, the energy supply organization is liable for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of contractual obligations if it is at fault. In arbitration practice, one of the main evidence of guilt is the absence of a warning to the subscriber about restrictions or disconnection.

Thus, from the norms of the Civil Code, the need for interaction between dispatchers of housing maintenance and heat supply organizations in emergency situations is unambiguously clear. Failure to perform their functions can lead to violations of operating modes and damage on both sides. In this case, the guilty party is obliged to compensate for the real damage caused (Article 547, paragraph 1).

In regular situations, there is no need for interaction between dispatchers.

In developed countries, housing and communal services dispatchers, in our understanding, are generally absent. Heat supply organizations receive all the necessary information with the help of automated dispatching systems, and violations of heat supply modes are extremely rare.

In Russia, the functions of such dispatchers are performed by the most active citizens who write complaints and call the housing department.

Manager of an organization operating distributing heat networks

If this organization is a heat supply company and concludes heat supply contracts with consumers connected to its networks, then in relation to an organization that owns main heat networks, it is itself a consumer-subscriber. It is subject to the same norms of the Civil Code as in the previous case.

Repair plans can be coordinated, networks can be adjusted jointly, technical conditions for connection can be jointly issued, etc., but these tasks are not solved by dispatchers.

In the vast majority of cases, the general hydraulic regime of heat networks is carried out by the dispatcher of the organization that owns the main heat networks. The second organization controls only the parameters of the coolant on the branches and requires maintaining them within the regulatory limits.

At the same time, in difficult cases, for example, in the city of Petrozavodsk, most pumping stations belong to the city, and the general hydraulic regime is carried out by the dispatcher of a municipal enterprise that does not own the main heating networks. Those. both options are viable. The main thing is to conclude an agreement on coordination of actions.

If an organization operating distributing heat networks does not have its own heat sources operating for a common network, then there are no opportunities for economic dispatching for it - the tariff is determined by the REC, and the sales volume is determined by consumers. In the same case, when this organization acts as a heat network, providing services to another heat supply organization for the transport of thermal energy and heat carrier, the functions of its dispatcher are narrowed so much that he actually only coordinates the work of the enterprise's duty departments, without exercising technological regulation.

Thus, there must be a mandatory legitimate procedure for concluding an agreement, even in the context of a conflict for economic or political reasons. And the most important point in this agreement should be the technological subordination of one dispatcher to another. Such a section can be included in the heat supply agreement, and even now nothing prevents this by law - it is only a matter of the will of the parties.

Dispatcher of an enterprise that owns main heating networks

The role of the dispatcher increases in proportion to the size of the heat supply system, because the number of switchings increases, there are more heat sources and jumpers between them.

A feature of Russian heat supply systems is the ubiquitous dependent scheme for connecting heating through elevators without a separating heat exchanger.

These heating systems are the most technologically sophisticated in the world. Hydraulic and temperature conditions in the main heating networks directly determine the thermal comfort in each apartment without intermediate control loops.

The lack of automatic control in the connected buildings is partially compensated by periodic adjustment with the installation of non-adjustable throttle devices. Partial automation of subscriber inputs further complicates the task of high-quality control of parameters for consumers not equipped with automation systems, due to the mutual influence of consumers on hydraulic modes.

In complex systems, the mode is reached 1-2 months after the start of heating, and adjustment work continues throughout the heating season. Any switching is undesirable and is carried out only through the preliminary shutdown of sections of heating networks, i.e. with a temporary interruption of heat supply to consumers.

The manager in charge of the switching must ensure that the minimum pressure in the return pipeline is sufficient to prevent airing of the heating systems of the connected buildings, while the pressure in the cast-iron radiators must not exceed 6 kg / cm 2 to exclude from the gap. The pressure difference between the direct and return pipelines at the input of buildings cannot be less than 2 kg / cm 2 to ensure the circulation of the coolant using elevators.

It is impossible to carry out a quick changeover of the system, because throttling devices can be installed everywhere only in summer when heating networks are turned off, and so far unregulated washers are mainly used.

Typically, any major switchover will result in lower end-user drops and a deterioration in the performance of building heating systems. Residents usually start to react pretty quickly by opening the drains from the batteries into the sewers. Regimes worsen even more, and in severe frosts the consequences can be catastrophic. After reaching the threshold volume of draining, the situation becomes unmanageable.

If we take into account the limitations on the throughput of pipelines, the lack of planning in the development of networks, the habit of personnel to work on an isolated circuit from each source, in the near future it is not feasible to solve the problem of economic dispatching of heat networks in most cases due to technical reasons.

Is it possible for the operational management of heat network dispatchers by the duty personnel of the CHPP, energy system dispatchers or wholesale electricity market operators? To answer this question, you need to understand what exactly they can lead. Hydraulic mode? It is determined by the need to ensure the reliability of heat supply. The volume of supplies in the absence of the possibility of prompt replacement from other heat sources is determined by the consumer. The temperature regime remains, and in many regions, attempts to non-technological control of the water temperature in the heating supply pipeline continue to this day.

A decrease in the temperature of the heat carrier leads to unreasonable punishment of all consumers: both those who pay and those who do not pay, and forces them to build their own heat sources.

The biggest problems today are precisely those thermal power plants, which deliberately went to manipulate the temperature regimes. Consumers are disconnected, the cost of heat energy and tariffs are growing, which provokes further disconnection of consumers, and the system is falling apart.

A decrease in the temperature of the heat carrier actually increases the cost of heat supply due to a sharp increase in the flow rate of the heat carrier, make-up to compensate for drains, etc. The costs of society as a whole increase many times due to the need to increase the diameters of heating networks, the dimensions of heat exchangers and radiators, the costs of electric heating, treatment of people, etc.

The supreme manager for the heating network manager is the consumer. The main task of the dispatcher is to control the quality and reliability of heat supply, and to ensure this task, he must be able to issue operational orders to both the duty personnel of the heating network and the personnel of the CHPP and the power system.

In case of accidents, the task of the heat network dispatcher is to restore heat supply modes as soon as possible, until the consumer begins to intervene and independently regulate the heat consumption mode. Those. in this situation, he is also the main one.

Overseas experience

Most CHPPs operate according to the heat schedule without condensing generation. The operation parameters of all heat sources operating on a common network are set by the heat network manager. Services responsible for sales work with consumers, because operational shutdowns are extremely rare. In most cases, heat networks from the heat source to the consumer are owned by one owner, and there is no problem of coordinating the work of control rooms.

There are two models of economic dispatching.

Model No. 1 - on the example of Helsinki

The district heating system in Helsinki and the suburbs consists of three technologically separate systems owned by different owners. On the lintels connecting these systems, very powerful heat exchange points have been built, allowing heat energy to be transferred through heat exchangers in both directions.

Heat supply systems in the main elements (capacity of heat sources, diameters of main heat networks) have an almost double power reserve. Dispatchers of individual systems, depending on the prevailing conjuncture in the heat and electric energy market, make a decision to load their own heat sources, or purchase heat from outside.

Technically, the system is very reliable, but extremely expensive, especially for the consumer, who is forced to pay for the maintenance of excess capacity.

There is no unified intersystem dispatching control, because there are no tasks that it could solve.

Model No. 2 - all former socialist countries (without the CIS)

All consumers have individual automated heating points connected according to an independent scheme. The networks are very developed.

As a result of real energy savings and a reduction in industrial load, networks have a reserve in terms of bandwidth. But even under these conditions, the heat supply organizations of large cities, acting as a single purchaser, do not agree to the introduction of free competition for heat sources, preferring long-term contracts to it. Competition, of course, is present, but competition of long-term proposals.

It is reasonably believed that the free competition of 3-4 suppliers will inevitably lead to their oligopolistic collusion, or to absorption by one. In addition, even in such developed networks, there may be problems with heat supply modes with free variation in the load of sources.

Complex technical and economic calculations are updated every year and, on their basis, technological maps of CHPP loading, base and peak boilers for different weather conditions are compiled. Heat network managers work in accordance with them.

Many heat sources continue to work for their isolated system, because. main ring networks are very expensive.

In Poland, a ban has been introduced on accounting in tariffs for the costs of maintaining excess capacity of energy sources (more than 25% of the required capacity).

Russian perspectives

In real Russian conditions of limited effective demand in large cities, scheme No. 2 will be gradually introduced.

There is already movement in this direction. In many cities, heating networks are united in one organization. The level of automation is increasing. The increase in the cost of fuel, the need to load the CHP makes it necessary to design options for transferring boilers to peak operation.

Construction of GTU-CHPP, non-competitive outside the basic thermal mode of operation, i.e. with a variable flow rate of the coolant, forces one to engage in variable hydraulic modes of operation of heat networks.

Of course, this work is only at the very beginning. Even in Moscow and St. Petersburg, it will take several years to prepare the technical system for partial implementation of Scheme No. 2 in some areas. A good development plan for the system and significant technical upgrades are needed. And only at the end of this huge work, the dispatcher will have a regime map of the economically optimal load of heat sources.

I wish it were the other way around, of course. Just give power to some operational dispatcher, and in the existing system he will make sure that both the consumer is satisfied and the business makes a big profit. But, probably, it is easier to simulate situations and decide whether he can.