Structural-semantic classification of complex sentences. Pronoun-correlative sentences.

The joint venture is called a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. The subordinating relationship between the parts of the SP sentence is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part on the other. The part of the SP sentence, syntactically dependent on the main, subordinate part, is called the subordinate clause.

The dependence of the subordinate part on the main part is a syntactic, structural phenomenon, and not a semantic one. Parts of the SP sentence are in a semantic and structural relationship. And although the formal indicator of subordination, indicating the need for another part of the sentence, is in the subordinate part, the main one, in turn, does not always have sufficient independence, since for one reason or another it requires a subordinate part, i.e. structurally presupposes it. The interconnectedness of the parts is manifested in the semantic and structural incompleteness of the main part, the presence of correlative words in it, as well as the second part of the double union, in special forms of the predicate.

That is, the parts of the JV sentence are structural and semantic whole. It is forbidden consider successful the classification of subordinate clauses, built on the analysis of the meanings of conjunctions and allied words that serve to connect the subordinate parts with the main ones, since this only takes into account what the subordinate part is attached to the main part, but does not take into account what exactly (the main part in whole, significant or pronominal correlative word in it). When studying the structure of a joint venture proposal, one should first of all proceed from the fact that it is a single whole with the interconnection of its constituent parts.

Pronominal-correlative SP sentences- these are undivided SP sentences, where the contact word is a demonstrative pronominal word, and the attributive clause (revealing the content of the sentence) refers to the pronominal word, explaining it.

Terms:

1) The subordinate part complements the main part, therefore, together they organize the semantic unity of the joint venture.
2) The subordinate part specifies the meaning of this pronoun, explains its content.
3) The index word is an auxiliary, connecting component, and together with the allied word or union forms a contact frame (that - that, that - who, such - what, that - which, as much - how much, there - where, so - how, then - when, etc.)
4) The pronominal word has an incomplete significance (points to objects, signs, but does not name them). It can be any member of the sentence, and the subordinate part, as it were, duplicates its function (explanatory relations).

The attributive clause relating to the pronoun in the main one is attached to it with the help of relative (union) words and conjunctions. Accordingly, it differs two structural types - pronominal correlative and pronominal-union correlative.

As correlative words I also act as definitive and demonstrative pronouns all, each, any, any; that, such, such.

In early childhood, Uncle Vasya and everything, that belonged to him, seemed to me involved not in the adult world, but in the world of my clockwork trains, clowns, picture books ... (Nab.); Everyone who he saw here, possessed his own special knowledge ... (Fed.); used to who will not pass any praise, no one will condemn (P.).

In pronominal-union joint ventures, the explanatory meaning is given through the shade of the consequence:

uncut meadows So fragrant, what out of habit, the head becomes foggy and heavy.
And I'm back home with a feeling like had a good dream.
But such is bright power of art, what nothing can darken it.

The meaning of the consequence arises in the SP as a result of the interaction of the semantics of the demonstrative word, the semantics of the conjunction and explanatory relations.

The subordinate part can be before the main part and after it.

Structural-semantic classification of complex sentences. Substantive-attributive sentences.

Substantive-attributive SP sentences (they are also substantive-determinative) - these are undivided SP sentences, where the main part requires an additional definition by the subordinate part, and the subordinate clause is attached to the main by-word connection. Almost always attached to nouns.

How can there be estate Romashov asked himself, - which in peacetime ... (Kupr.); To people who they know how to behave with dignity under a shot, they forgive a lot, a lot (Kupr.).

The verbal connection of the subordinate clause with the contact word is formalized by relative pronouns. The case form of the changed words is motivated by their position, by conditional connections in the subordinate part, where they perform the function of certain members of the sentence. Exactly conditional connection contact noun and allied word forms attribute relationships, on the basis of which the subordinate part, in any of its form and semantics, is treated as a definitive. The subordinate clauses are connected to the main part with the help of allied words: which (basic and dominant, they can replace all others), which, whose, when, where, from where, etc. Substantive attributive sentences in appearance subordination can be relative and allied type.

Also, the subordinate part extends the main part, provides additional information about the subject named by the noun being defined, which is either specific in its meaning, or is already sufficiently defined in the main part.

Turning to the window, I looked at the deserted the streets along which occasionally military vehicles rushed by (S. Bar.); But he did not take his hand away and spoke simple, touching, soothing words, what says an adult to an offended child (Kupr.).

The functional difference between the two types of attributive clauses is emphasized by the use of the pronouns that, such with the noun being defined in the main part. The subordinate part with the meaning of a distinguishing feature (distinctive-restrictive or qualitative) either has correlative words in the main part (demonstrative pronouns for nouns), or involves their substitution. The pronouns that, such serve as an indicator of the obligatory clause: Only those few people that were in outfits, did not participate in the meeting (S. Bar.); In the place where the field road flowed into a deserted highway, I got off my bicycle and leaned it against a telegraph pole (Nab.).

Relative clauses with a propagative function usually do not allow demonstratives for the nouns they define: The second one has come quadrille, which I danced with Sonya (L.T.); My father who once wrote good poetry (S. Bar.). The substitution of demonstrative pronouns for definable nouns in these examples deprives the sentence of meaning, since the objects in question are thought of as the only ones.

The relative pronoun what, how and which serves as an indicator of the general attributive meaning.

And before they lived in that gray from time outbuilding that hides behind the house (Shishk.). However, along with this, it, like the allied word what, can attach a subordinate part with a touch of assimilation (if there are demonstrative words in the main one). The allied word that in such use acquires a colloquial coloring: In her mouth, in her eyes and on her shoulders, the gray-haired sorcerer kissed her and the same sweet speech that dear about the wedding, whispered (N.).

Pronominal adverbs where, where, from where, acting as allied words, are usually used in subordinate clauses with a spatial connotation of meaning. Above the valley where we were driving, clouds descended (P.); In the saloon car, where Korchagin entered after the guide, several people were sitting (N. Ostr.). Allied words where, where, where are possible only with names nouns, containing spatial significance. Defining clauses with an allied word when complicated shade of temporary meaning and are valid only for nouns of the same meaning, i.e. time values: The year will come, Russia is black the year when kings crown will fall (L.).

Much less often, attributive clauses are attached to the main one by means of conjunctions like, to, giving the sentence a colloquial coloring, and also as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly. Unions as if, as if, as if, exactly bring a shade of comparison into the meaning of the subordinate clause : The room had such look like she was fired upon from a machine gun (Pan.);

Subsubstantive attributive clause the part cannot come before the main. It is placed either after it or in the middle, but always after the noun it defines.

Pronominal-correlative sentences

A structural variety of undivided complex sentences in which contact words expressed by demonstrative pronominal words perform several functions simultaneously:

1) they organize the semantic unity of a complex sentence, since the subordinate part fills this pronoun with specific content;

2) the demonstrative word acts as a connecting component together with allied words and conjunctions: that - that, the one who, such - what, that, which, as much as, where, because, then when etc.; So –what, such - that, so - as if and etc.;

3) the pronominal word is a member of the sentence. Predicative parts of M.-s.p. are not autonomous, the semantics of relations are relations explanations. Explanatory meaning occurs when the word the whole. With a pronominal-union connection, the explanatory meaning is supplemented by a shade of the consequence, arising from the semantic specifics of the demonstrative words (intensity of the feature, indication of a high measure, degree, quantity).

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Syntax: Dictionary-reference book. - Nazran: Pilgrim LLC. T.V. Foal. 2011 .

See what "pronominal-correlative sentences" are in other dictionaries:

pronominal-correlative sentences- A structural variety of undivided complex sentences in which contact words expressed by demonstrative pronominal words simultaneously perform several functions: 1) they organize the semantic unity of the complex ... ...

complex sentences of a contaminated structure- Pronoun allied correlative sentences, which occupy an intermediate place between sentences of a dissected and undivided structure: It rained with such force that streams flowed around. The structural mechanism of such proposals is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

complex sentence analysis scheme- 1) the type of sentence according to the nature of the main syntactic connection of predicative parts and their number; 2) the type of complex sentence in terms of structure: a) undivided structure (verbal); b) dissected structure (attached, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

complex sentences of phraseologized structure Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

NGN built on a non-free, phraseologized model, including: 1) the main means of communication: a) subordinating conjunctions; b) allied words; c) intonation; d) correlates; e) key words; f) the order of the predicative parts; g) paradigm; h) ... ...

undivided compound sentences Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

A type of complex sentences with conditional clauses that explain certain word forms in the main part and have a formal connection with them. These word forms are called contact words. Nouns act in their role, ... ... Syntax: Dictionary

allied words- Allied words are pronominal words (proper pronouns and pronominal adverbs) that perform the function of a means of communication between parts of a complex sentence. At the same time, allied words also play the role of one or another member ... ... Wikipedia

The contact word - a demonstrative pronominal word - performs several functions at the same time. Firstly, it organizes the semantic unity of the NGN, since its subordinate part fills this pronoun with specific content.

Secondly, the demonstrative word is an auxiliary, connecting component, since it forms a bond together with the allied word or union. These correlative formations are integral and stable: then- what, that- who it- which one- which, so much- how much, how much- how, there- where so- as then- when etc., as well as: So- what, such- what, so- as if and etc.

For example: That will not come true, then it will be forgotten. Where we wandered along the alleys, now the city is noisy. They were so ashamed that they could not utter another word.

Thirdly, although the pronominal word has an incomplete significance (it only points to objects, signs, etc., but does not name them), it performs the function of a sentence member. In the main part, it is in certain relations (predicative, attributive, objective, relative) with other members and is itself a subject, or a predicate, or a definition, or an addition, or a circumstance. The subordinate part, which explains the demonstrative word, as if duplicates its function.

The formal and semantic connection between the main and subordinate parts in pronominal-correlative sentences is the closest of all types of connection in undivided NGN; both predicative parts are not semantically autonomous.

The nature of the relationship between the correlative word and the subordinate part has no analogues either in the field of word combinations or in other types of joint ventures. Being formally, like the supporting word of a verbal sentence, a member of the main part to which the subordinate part belongs, the correlative word, due to its lexical incompleteness, itself performs a service role in relation to the subordinate part: it connects its content with the content of the main part. At the same time, the correlative word also plays an auxiliary role in relation to the main part: it is an indicator of its formal and semantic dependence, an expression of the fact that it is a part of the SP.

The function of correlative words is performed by pronouns that have the meaning of a distant indication: that, that, that, there, there, from there, and pronouns, in the semantics of which there is no indication of remoteness or proximity: so, so, so much, so much.

Each demonstrative pronoun, functioning as a correlative word, has the ability to combine with a semantically corresponding relative pronoun, one or more; compare: So- as there- where exactly- where, there- from where. Some demonstrative pronouns, in addition, are also combined with certain groups of unions. The compatibility of correlative words with allied means serves as a criterion for their division.

All correlative words are divided into four groups according to the nature of their possible compatibility with allied means. The first is formed by words that combine only with relative pronouns corresponding to them in meaning. This group includes: 1) words with objective meaning - that, that, that; these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature, and 2) words with a spatial meaning - there, there, from there. The second group is formed by words that can be combined with relative pronouns corresponding to them in meaning, asemantic conjunctions what to, as well as with unions expressing an unreal comparison (as if, as if, exactly). It includes words with a qualitative and quantitative meaning: so, such, such, so much, so much. The third group consists of stable combinations, including pronouns such, then which function as whole formations, like the word: up to that point, thus. They have a defining (qualitative or quantitative) value and are combined with conjunctions that, to, as if (as if), as if, exactly. Finally, the fourth group consists of words that, in addition to combinations with relative pronouns, allow combinations with asemantic conjunctions. This group consists of the semantically empty word then, which does not have a specific subject value (Especially bad was the fact that in the evening it began to freeze).

In the role of correlative words, in addition to the listed demonstrative pronouns, definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns can be used, corresponding in categorical meanings to demonstrative pronouns of the first group, i.e. having subject or spatial meaning: all, all, one, any, each, any(these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature), nothing, something and under.; everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere, somewhere and under. Definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns act as more lexically meaningful substitutes for the corresponding demonstrative pronouns.

Substitutes for correlative words can also be demonstrative pronouns that have the meaning of "close indication". Place; properties with the meaning of close indication, due to this feature, their meanings are closely related to the situation and context and therefore are semantically more meaningful. How correlative words from among the pronouns of this type can be used here, here, from here.

The semantics of the relations of the parts of the sentence is also determined by the presence of a demonstrative pronoun - these are the relations of explanation. Accordingly, the subordinate part can be called explanatory. However, the form of the subordinate clause by itself is not sufficient to judge the type of sentence: the allied words used (what, who, who, where, how much, why etc.) can also be used in other types of undivided complex sentences. The explanatory meaning appears only in combination with a demonstrative word; this meaning is identified (determined) by the question “namely?”.

Explaining the demonstrative word as a member of the sentence, the subordinate part, as it were, duplicates the function of this member: Everything I dreamed about has come true. Therefore, the definition subordinate explanatory"can be detailed by indicating the function of the explained member of the sentence (explanatory-subject, explanatory-attributive, etc.): He who is not afraid of the truth avoids lies. I saw someone I didn't expect to meet here. He was just as he appeared in the letters.

The subordinate part has an explanatory meaning in those sentences in which the word whole is used in place of the demonstrative pronoun: I had to confess everything that happened to us.

With a pronominal-union connection, the explanatory meaning is complemented by a hint of the consequence. This shade follows from the semantic specifics of demonstrative words (intensity of a feature, indication of a high measure, degree, quantity): The meeting was so interesting and touching that I almost shed a tear. The content of explanatory relations also depends on the semantics of conjunctions (with what- the meaning of the real consequence, and with comparative conjunctions - the unreal consequence based on the alleged similarity): Our relationship was now such that we kept some kind of secret from everyone. In the campaign, everyone was tired as if they had circled the entire globe along the equator.

The meaning of degree and effect arises precisely in NGN as a result of the interaction of the semantics of the demonstrative word, the semantics of the conjunction and explanatory relations. For example: But such is the bright power of art that nothing can darken it (G.); It was so quiet that a rare drop of drops from overhanging branches was heard (B.)- in the first sentence, the demonstrative word itself does not have a degree value, but in the second it is palpable (even noted in the dictionary; cf .: I was so wrong!).

Some linguists believe that two main subgroups should be distinguished within the group of pronominal-correlative sentences: those that are joined by allied words, and pronominal-allied sentences. The latter have a number of distinguishing features.

This type of NGN is characterized by the ambiguity of the subordinate part. The subordinate clauses in such sentences express the meanings: measures of quantity, degree of quality, mode of action, comparison, purpose, consequence.

Some subordinate clauses refer to a specific word or phrase in the main part, while other subordinate clauses (comparisons, goals and consequences) refer to the entire main part as a whole. Therefore, it is impossible to say which structures (partitioned or unpartitioned) prevail in this type of NGN. Sentences of this type occupy an intermediate position between undivided and dissected structures.

1. Offers with an alliance what.

Combine quantitative value (namely: indicate the degree of quality) and the value of the consequence. The semantics of these sentences is: it was so strong (weak, long, short...) that such-and-such happened...

Before they became ashamed that they could not utter a word in a human way. She reads so fast that I skip entire paragraphs. He was so undeniably brilliant that no one doubted that only he would receive a nominal scholarship.

These sentences (all!) point to a real consequence.

2. Offers with an alliance to.

These sentences are different from the sentences with the union what only by the fact that an indication is given of a consequence that is not real, but unreal (desirable or possible).

Not such a loss as to offend a person with suspicion. The combat weapon must be camouflaged so as not to stand out from the surrounding area. Close the door so that it can be easily opened from the outside.

3. Sentences with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, as if...

These sentences also have quantitative-qualitative meanings, like sentences with what and to, but these meanings are not so pronounced. In addition, these sentences express the meaning of a putative comparison. For example: And the musician kept playing and playing so calmly, as if he were not real, but mechanical, and inside he had a steel German spring, and not a living heart. She smiled and nodded at me in such a strange way, as if she saw in front of her not an old cordial friend, but a stupid and annoying college friend, with whom, for some reason, one must be absolutely polite. It reeked of him as if he had drunk all the supplies from the cellar, biting them with a whole bed of onions.

A pronoun-correlative clause is a type of relative attributive clause, referring to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, each, etc.., acting as a subject or nominal predicate in the main part.

She laughed topics sweet laugh, which the was one of her main charms.(noun + indication word), ( which the- allied word)

Unlike proper attributive clauses, such clauses can stand not only after the word being defined, but also before it.

At the same time, pronouns that act as demonstrative words form correlative pairs with allied words: that - who, so - that, that - that, that - which, such - that, such - what etc. For example:

After his painting, everyone began to see the London fog so, what the artist saw it.(K.G. Paustovsky)

Planes were coming So low, what one of them was shot down with a machine gun.(K.M. Simonov)

According to the function of the correlative word and the type of relationship between the main and the subordinate part within the pronominal-correlative class, three types are distinguished:

• Identifying.
• Containing.
• Phraseological sentences.

Between the predicative parts of pronominal-correlative sentences, specific syntactic meanings arise that have no analogues at the level of connections and an obligatory two-way correlation.

one. . In them, the correlative word in the main part directly correlates with the allied fastening of the subordinate part. It is identical to her, so the means of communication in such sentences are relative pronouns, corresponding in their meaning to the correlative words in the main part:

The stranger laid near the fire then, what was holding in his hands.(A.P. Chekhov)

2. Inclusive offers. The correlative word in the structure of such sentences corresponds to the subordinate clause as a whole. It contains all of its contents. The function of the correlative word in displacing sentences is performed by the pronoun then combined with relative pronouns (except " what”) and semantic conjunctions what to :

What we automatically recognize each other - is the result of a constant exercise of sight and hearing.

3. Phraseological sentences. In such sentences, the correlative word of the main part correlates with the content of the subordinate part as a whole, not directly, but indirectly. Its content is determined by the meaning that does not receive verbal expression here and arises on the basis of the correlation of the main and subordinate parts. Correlative words here have a qualitative or quantitative meaning. : so, such, such, so much, so much, up to that, to such an extent. They are combined with asemantic(subordinate) unions what to and conjunctions expressing comparisons: as, as if, as if, exactly:

Table of pronominal-correlative sentences

Types of pronominal-correlative sentences	Correlative words	Allied funds	The nature of the function of correlative words	Examples
Identification sentences (flexible structure)	Any correlative word with a subject, spatial or attributive meaning.	Only relative pronouns	Direct correlation between correlative and allied word.	I took with me what needed on the road. I didn't have a job and probably that who sent these rolls knew that we needed. (A.P. Chekhov)
Containing sentences

1. General characteristics of non-partitioned (single-term, conditional) NGNs.

2. NGN with a verbal connection: explanatory, substantive-attributive, comparative.

3. NGN with a pronominal clause: a) pronominal-correlative NGN; b) pronominal-union.

Literature

1. Valgina N.S Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on special "Journalism"] / N.S. Valgin. - M.: Higher School, 1991. - 431 p.

2. Beloshapkova, V. A. Modern Russian: Syntax / V. A. Beloshapkova, V. N. Belousov, E. A. Bryzgunov. - M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. - 295 p.

3. Pospelov N.S. Complex sentence and its structural types / N.S. Pospelov // Questions of linguistics. - 1959. - No. 2. – pp. 19-27

The construction of an undivided NGN structure is based on the principle of conditionality: the subordinate part here does not simply join the main part with the help of one or another allied means, but spreads or replaces any word (word form) or combination of words in its composition. In other words, in NGN of an undivided structure, the subordinate part is attached to the main part not directly, but through a relationship with any of its individual words or by inclusion in a syntactic position intended primarily for a word.

As the reference word is a verb, adjective, adverb, noun, comparative. In the organization of communication between the main and the subordinate part of the NGN, demonstrative pronominal words such as the one like this:[I knew about X about what? ],( what are waiting for me).

Coming into contact with this or that word in the main part and (or) replacing one of the positions of the name in it, the subordinate part behaves in some respects similarly to the dependent component of the phrase or word form as part of the proposal. So, for example, the noun house can attach to itself: 1) an agreed adjective: corner house; 2) participle turnover: house on the corner; 3) a subordinate clause with an agreed relative word: house on the corner. All three ways of spreading the word house are similar in function: they all define a given noun by pointing to some of its attributes.

NBS of an undivided structure are formed by means of two types of verbal subordinating connection - allied and pronominal. Allied communication is carried out by asemantic unions what, how, so that not, how not and allied particles. [ She dreams X what?] , (as if if she walks through a snowy meadow, surrounded by a sad haze)(P.) - the allied particle acts as a means of communication between the parts of the NGN like. Allied Particles - Particles whether, even, only, only, so, exactly, exactly, as if, as if, as if, let, let, maybe, though and others performing, in addition to modal functions, the function of linking words in complex sentences: [ Say X what?], (there is whether you have a friend) - in this NGN of an undivided structure with a subordinate explanatory means of communication of the main and subordinate parts is the allied particle whether.

Pronominal (union) words are 1) pronouns-nouns who what; 2) pronouns-adjectives which, which, which, what, whose; 3) pronoun-numeral How many; 4) pronominal adverbs where, where, from where, when, how, how, how much, why, why, why. Unlike unions, they are members of a sentence: [ Say X what?], (who your friend ).The allied function of a pronominal word is based on its anaphoric (reference-substitutive) use. It either refers to something already mentioned in the main part (she was given flowers X , which she loves), or serves as the basis for a descriptive designation of a person or object in the main part: ( Who fears), [don't go with us who? ].

By the nature of the key words and the connection, the SPP of an undivided structure is divided into two types: verbal and pronominal-correlative.

In the first case, attributive, explanatory, comparative clauses refer to the word in the main part: [ Not understand X what? not waiting, they], (how in the midst of the fire with your expectation you saved me) (K. Simonov). In pronominal-correlative NGN, the subordinate part refers to the pronominal word in the main part, joins with asemantic conjunctions and allied words. Unlike the verbal one, here the connection is correlative, that is, correlative pairs are formed one ... who, such ... what, so ... how, there ... where, there ... where etc. with the general meaning of identification: ( Who lived and thought), [that can't help but despise people...] (A. Pushkin).

SURROUNDING PARTS.

NGN WITH ADDITIONAL EXPLANATORY

An explanatory relationship is established between the two parts of the NGN if the word in the main part, denotes the speech, mental, cognitive, volitional, evaluative activity of a person: I know, I feel, I understand, I think, it seemed, it seemed, I believe etc. Usually this verb, but there may be other parts of speech with the same meaning: believe right... what; sad, sad... what; be surprised, wonder, wonder... what; convinced, convinced... what; tell, … how; anxious, worried, worried, worried... no matter how; wish, wish... to etc.: [ to me it seemed X what? ], ( that there is some awkwardness in his tone). Not uncommon state category wordsgood, bad, stupid, nice, important, right, fair: [Good what? ], ( that the shelling has stopped).

According to the semantics of the key words, therefore, all explanatory NGNs can be conditionally divided into three groups:

1. NGN with the meaning of a real object of speech, perception, mental activity, feelings, being, evaluation (to speak, to say, to report, to see, to hear, to hear, to seem, to happen, to happen, bad, to blame, well done: [And It was heard X what? until dawn], (how the french exulted)(Lerm.).

2. NGN with the value of the unreality of the object, desire, expression of will, desirability, necessity, undesirability, unreliability ( necessary, need, want, command, order, demand, follow, be afraid, fear, dream, try, achieve etc.). Unions are usually the means of communication here. so as not to, no matter how: [He did it in secret afraid X what? ], ( not to be noticed by others).

3. NGN with an interrogative clause indicating an object that is unknown or about which there is no reliable information. The allied particle often acts as a means of communication whether and all interrogative pronouns ( who, what, whose, which, what, how much), pronominal adverbs where, from where, where etc.: [ But me It was dont clear X what? ], ( managed whether im getting home).[I would like to know What? ], ( where located Artemovsk).

The subordinate part in such constructions resembles a minor member of the sentence addition, answering questions of indirect cases who? what? whom? what? to whom? what? about whom? about what? by whom? how?

Features of the structure of explanatory sentences are manifested in indirect speech- one of the forms of transferring someone else's speech (not belonging to the speaker, but only retold by him with a possible indication of the purpose, source and situation in which it was realized). Wed: She claims "I heard that noise"(direct speech). - She claims that (as if, as if) she heard this noise(indirect speech).

The main part of NGN in stylistically neutral statements is in preposition(at the beginning of a sentence). For colloquial speech, inversion is characteristic, that is, the postposition of the main part: ( That Nozdryov is a desperate liar), [this is it was known X what? everyone]. (G.)

NGN WITH ADDITIONAL SUBSTANTIAL-DETERMINATIONAL (ATTRIBUTIVE)

Substantive-defining (attributive) clauses express object sign named in the main clause refer to the word expressed by the name noun, and join it with just allied wordswhich, which, whose, what, where, where, when etc. For example: [ Road X what? , (which I was leaving into the distance), was very beautiful]. These allied words are members of the sentence.

Substantive-defining clauses always stand after a noun to which they refer.

allied words in complex sentences with subordinate clauses can be divided into main (which, what, whose) and minor (what, where, where, where, when).

Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign of definitive clauses.

For example: Village, where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner ...(A. Pushkin).

I remember a dog, what(which) was my youth friend(S. Yesenin).

At night, in the city desert, there is one hour, imbued with longing,when(in which) night fell on the whole city ...(F. Tyutchev)

union word which the can be located not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate part.

For example: We came to the river, right bankwhichovergrown with dense thorn bushes.

adnexa usually placed immediately after the noun it defines, but may be separated from it by one or two members of the main part.

For example: It was justpeasantkidsfrom a neighboring village, whichguarded the herd. (I. Turgenev.)

The defined word in the main part can have demonstrative words with it. that one, such etc.: ATthat room where I live, there is almost no sun. However, such a demonstrative word may be omitted and is therefore optional in sentence structure; The subordinate clause refers to the noun even if it contains a demonstrative word.

COMPARATIVE COMPLEX SENTENCES

These are NGN, in the main part of which there is a form of a comparative degree (comparative), which acts as a supporting component in relation to the subordinate part. In school they are called comparative clauses. At the same time, their semantics is much more complicated. They can be expressed as comparative ratios ( Studying is easier than working) and comparative ( Than to hire someone else's cook, let your own be better). In the second case, two actions and states are compared in terms of preference for one over the other: Than the gossip countto work, isn’t it better to turn around for yourself, godfather?(Krylov). Here, compose poems for marriage, than run around the room for nothing(Ext.)

There are two types of comparative NGN: with one comparative and with two comparatives.

In the first case, the subordinate clause joined by the union than (rather than), refers to an adjective or comparative adverb in the main part: [ Petya studied better ], (how Kolya). [His hair was much lighter, (how Dasha represented),- like rye] (A. Tolstoy). Adjectives and adverbs do the same. different, other, opposite, different, different, different: [On Rogozhin himself, Nastasya Filippovna’s living room made reverse impression], (how on his companions) (Dost.).

In the second case, the means of communication is a double union than ... the : How the fire burned out, topics the moonlit night became more visible(Czech.).

NGN WITH AN ATTACHMENT .

1. PRONOUNAL-RELATIVE NGN

In complex sentences of a pronominal-correlative type, the connection between predicative parts is carried out using the ratio of pronouns that are close in meaning (correlative in the main and relative in the subordinate parts): that - who, that - that; such - what, such - what; so - how, so much - how much, so much - how much. The relative clause with a relative pronoun is attached directly to the correlative pronoun in the main one and fills it with its content. Since the correlative words in this type of complex sentences retain the categorical meanings of various parts of speech and the corresponding forms, in so far as filling these pronouns with their content, the subordinate parts, as it were, act as nouns, adjectives, qualitative and quantitative adverbs, that is, as if they are substantivized, adjectivized, are adverbialized. In pronominal-correlative sentences, not only demonstrative, but also definitive, indefinite and negative pronouns are widely used as correlative ones.

1. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses, presented as nouns, are built according to models: a) substantiated pronoun that (or everyone, everyone, everyone, no one, anyone etc.) in the main part + who in a subordinate clause (to express the meaning of a person) and b) a substantiated pronoun then(or everything, nothing, something, something etc.) in the main part + what in a subordinate clause (to express non-personal meaning). For example:

a) overturned those who already reached the shore, rushed into the water, fought in the middle of the river(A. N. Tolstoy); Everyone who crosses the Muzga, will definitely sit at Uncle Vasya's hut(Paustovsky); b) But I did what thought it necessary...(Bitter).

2. Compound sentences with subordinate clauses presented as adjectives are built according to the following model: such (or such is) in the main part + which (or what ) in the subordinate clause, and such is not an agreed definition with a noun, but plays the role of the nominal part of the predicate or stands when a transitive verb is combined with a noun in the accusative case, having the instrumental form. The sign expressed in the subordinate part is conceived as a qualitative one, often with a hint of degree: How you were, so remained(Isakovsky).

3. NGN with subordinate parts with the meaning of measure and degree, with a qualitatively characterizing meaning (mode of action), with a qualifying meaning. Adverbs act as a key word in the main part here.

a) [ So many+ rod.p. noun in the main part], ( How many …): Here you will see so many gold, How many neither you nor Korzh dreamed(Gogol);

b) [ So(So) + the word of qualitative semantics in the main part], ( so(as) in a subordinate clause): She knew life so poorly, how much it is possible in twenty years(Kuprin).

in) [ So+ plus the verb in the main part], ( how in the appendage): offensive was underway So, how was provided at the headquarters(Simonov).

In NGN of the pronominal-correlative type, the presence of correlative words in the main part is constructively necessary. However, in a number of cases, if the forms of the correlative and relative pronouns coincide and there is a syntactic parallelism of parts, it is possible to skip the first of them: ( Who thinks clearly) – [makes clear](Bitter).

Methodological note. In a school course on syntax, pronominal-correlative constructions are not considered as a separate type, and their models are assigned to those types with which they are similar in their meanings.

1. NGN with constructions TOT-KTO belong to NGN with subordinate clauses explanatory.

2. NGN with SO-WHAT structures are related to NGN with adverbial attributive.

3. SPP with constructions [ so much, so much, so+ a word of qualitative semantics in the main part], ( how much, how much, how) in the subordinate clause) are characterized as adnexal measures and degrees(the subordinate part names the measure of quantity and degree of quality of what is said in the main part).

4. NGN with constructions THERE-WHERE, THERE-WHERE, FROM THERE-FROM THERE express spatial relationships, answer questions where? where? where? and refer to subordinate places a: (Where water flows), [there and carries chips]: sentence schema [there where exactly? ], (where…). [There , (where the winds licked the snow), the earth bursts loudly at night] (Sholokhov): sentence outline [there where exactly? , (where…), …].He left from there where? , where horses came to the yard(A. Tolstoy).

2. PRONOUNAL-UNIONAL NGN

Unlike pronominal-correlative NGN, in pronominal-union NGN, the connection between the main and subordinate parts is carried out not by the ratio of demonstrative and allied words, but the ratio of the demonstrative word (pronoun or pronominal adverb) + noun, adjective, adverb or verb in the main part and conjunction (what, to, as if, as if, exactly) in the subordinate: Masha so friendly and strong squeezed his hand what his heart beat with joy(Turgenev).

The subordinate part in this case can have different meanings.

1. It could be the meaning of measure and degree(quantity value): [ She was so d about what degree? beautiful ], (what no one tried to take care of her)( Granin). And she leaves So d about what degree? fast , what I don't have time to say goodbye to her(Chekhov). Now not like that in to what extent? freezing , to put on a coat. Before that d about what degree? I suddenly became ashamed, what literally tears flowed down my cheeks(Kuprin). From the horses came such steam, as if they rushed through more than one station. Clauses have a quantitative value, indicate the degree of manifestation of the attribute, filling with their content correlative (indicative) words so, so, so far, such.

2. subordinate clause course of action answers the question as? how? and contains an indication of the method of performing the action referred to in the main part. It is attached to the main part with the union as, as if, as if, as if. It often has additional shades of comparison meaning, consequences: [ Necessary live and act as? how? ],( as if the next generation is watching you)(Svetlov).

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS

1. What is the difference between NBS of an unpartitioned structure and NBS of a compartmentalized structure?

2. What two types according to the nature of the supporting words are they divided into?

3. How does a union word differ from a union? Name all allied words.

4. What questions does the clause in explanatory NGN answer?

5. What is the semantics of the key word-predicate in explanatory NGN? What part of speech is this word usually? Where is the main part located: in preposition or postposition?

6. What part of speech in the main part does the attributive clause belong to? What acts as a means of communication: union or allied word? What is the position of the subordinate clause in relation to the base word?

7. What is the peculiarity of comparative sentences? Name two types.

8. What are pronominal-correlative NGNs? How do they differ from pronominal-union NGN?

Exercise 1. Determine the type of a subordinate clause of an undivided structure: explanatory, attributive, comparative.

1. It seemed that the city was tired of winter (Grand)

2. Love for people - these are the wings on which a person rises higher and higher (M. Gorky)

3. In the ringing of every day, how happy I am that I have no peace! (Vansh.)

5. In dewy meadows, in green meadows, a river flows, which is dear to me (Fat).

6. What you sow, you will reap.

7. It is difficult to express and not to express everything that is in my heart (Matusovsky).

8. And we have so many friends that the reserves of friendship are great that the leading road to Moscow hugs all the continents (S. See)

9. But Niels said that a beautiful girl should be dressed in such a way as to stand out from the surroundings (Paustovsky).

Task 2. Determine whether a subordinate clause is connected with a union or allied word. Determine the type of the subordinate clause.

1. In our country the steppes came to life, that for a century they were considered dead (Fat.).

2. Look at the darkness in the depths of the valleys! (Y. Polonsky)

3. There are feelings in the human soul, which she has the right to be proud of (V. Inber)

4. It's good that not everything is sung yet (S. See)

5. See how the grove turns green.

7. What is the product, so is the price.

8. Her golden pupils darkened, she frowned, shifting her eyebrows, and wiped her lips with a napkin so hard that everyone understood: her lips were not made up (Bitter).

Task 3. Syntactic analysis of the sentence.

Sample.There is nothing sweeter than the earth that raised you

1. According to the purpose of the statement - narrative.

2. By emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Complex, because consists of 2 PU: 1 PU (main part): [ There is nothing sweeter than the earth]. 2 PE (attached part) – (who raised you). SPP of an undivided structure with a substantive-attributive clause: the clause refers to the noun land in the main part. Means of communication - allied word which.

Scheme: [ land X what? ], ( which… ).

4. Analysis of each PU.

It's easier for me to sit on a powder keg than to talk to a woman.(Chekhov)