Summary: Functional styles of speech in Russian. Functional styles of speech (purpose, scope, design and language features)

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

3.2 Formal business style

3.3 Newspaper style

3.4 Artistic style

3.5 Colloquial style

Bibliography

Introduction

Ukraine, like many countries of the world, exists in conditions of bilingualism. The population of Ukraine in colloquial speech mainly uses their native language, that is, Ukrainian, and the second language is Russian. Therefore, the study of the Russian language is relevant not only in Russia, but also in Ukraine.

The modern Russian language - one of the richest languages in the world - requires serious, thoughtful study.

The high merits of the Russian language are created by its huge vocabulary, wide polysemy of words, richness of synonyms, inexhaustible treasury of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, stress mobility, clear and harmonious syntax, variety of stylistic resources.

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language.

Our language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a variety of thoughts, developing various topics, creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. In oral speech, we also select words and grammatical means, taking into account the conditions of communication.

Appeal to linguistic means that have a certain stylistic attachment must be justified, their use may be inappropriate, speech is a coherent whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful, stylistically justified. “Each of the speakers,” noted V.G. Belinsky, - he says, in accordance with the subject of his speech, with the nature of the crowd listening to him, with the circumstances of the present moment.

It is not for nothing that they sometimes say that "the word falls out of style." If we compare two rows of words - intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail and ingenuity, real, blurt out, a little, then it is not so much the variety of their lexical meanings that attracts attention, but the difference in stylistic coloring: the bookish nature of the first and the colloquial second. The grammatical means of the language are also stylistically opposed:

Variant forms:

Tractors - tractors;

They wave - they wave.

personal nouns:

The conductor is a conductor.

Forms of word formation:

In vain - in vain;

For the first time - for the first time, etc.

The first examples in these pairs are bookish or stylistically neutral;

The stylistic stratification of linguistic means is associated with their attachment to a particular style, which, in turn, correlates with certain situations of communication. For the stylistic assessment of words, their forms, syntactic constructions, their constant use in book or colloquial speech, in a certain style of the language, is important. Understanding the styles of language and speech styles allows you to catch and understand the close and many connections between them and the speech culture of society and the individual.

There is no culture of speech - without the ability to use the styles of the language, create and. change speech styles. The connection between speech culture and the doctrine of styles was pointed out by many scientists, including G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.N. Gvozdev, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

Language styles are the types of its functioning, its structural and functional variants, correlated with the types of social activity and. differing from each other in aggregates and systems of differences in the degree of activity of language means, sufficient for their intuitive recognition in the process of communication.

The functional style of a language is a kind of literary language that serves one or another sphere of public life and is characterized by a certain peculiarity in the selection and use of linguistic means, depending on the conditions and goals of communication.

Colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and artistic functional styles of the language are distinguished.

Each style is characterized by the following features:

a) conditions of communication;

b) the purpose of communication;

c) forms (genres) in which it exists;

d) a set of language tools and the nature of their use.

Functional styles of speech are the main, largest speech varieties that differ in a set of language tools and are due to various areas of communication.

Understanding the connections between the communicative qualities of speech and language styles allows not only to deepen the understanding of some aspects of speech culture, but also makes it possible to more clearly see those areas of speech that require improvement, and, consequently, the attention of scientists and writers and their practical recommendations.

That is why the theme of the course work: Functional styles of the Russian language.

This paper examines the functional styles of the modern literary language. The aim of the work is to characterize and analyze the features of each of the functional styles. To achieve this goal, we will perform the following tasks:

1) definition of the general concept of style and its main functions in the language;

2) analysis of lexical, morphological and syntactic features of functional styles;

3) identifying patterns of using a certain style of language in speech.

The work uses the works of famous scientists, philologists and linguists in the field of studying the modern literary Russian language. The object of study of this work is the features of the spoken and literary Russian language.

The subject of research in this work is the stylistic division of the Russian language.

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

A variety of language (style of language) used in any typical social situation - in everyday life, in the family, in the official business sphere, etc., and differs from other varieties of the same language in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics.

The definition of "language style" depends on the scope of the very concept of "language", as well as on the central concept - the language norm. If generally correct, undistorted popular speech is recognized as the norm, then the style of the language is defined as a variety of the common language (then the style of the language will also be vernacular). If the norm is understood more narrowly - only as literary-correct speech, then the style of the language is defined as a kind of literary language.

Accordingly, the classification also varies. Style of the language: at the first understanding, the central - neutral colloquial style of the language is distinguished, in relation to which, the remaining styles of the language are characterized as stylistically "marked", colored, at the second - the neutral layer of the language is understood as the common part of all styles of the language, with which in different proportions are connected in each style of language by "marked" stylistic means.

In modern developed national languages, there are 3 largest styles of language: neutral colloquial (or, in other classifications, colloquial), more "high" - bookish, more "low" - familiar colloquial. Thanks to this, the same object can be named and described in different style registers (cf. "life" - "being" - "life"), which opens up wide possibilities for artistic speech. In each of the main styles of the language, more private, but already less clear-cut divisions are possible: in the book - scientific, newspaper-journalistic, official-business, etc., in the familiar-colloquial - actually colloquial-familiar, colloquial, student jargon, etc. .

Each style of language is traditionally fixed by tradition for a typical social situation: bookish - for a situation of official communication, neutral colloquial - for a situation of everyday official, everyday communication, familiar-colloquial - for a situation of intimate, everyday and family communication. All styles of language and divisions are sometimes called in linguistics the functional style of language, some researchers consider artistic speech as one of the functional styles of the language - the style of the language of fiction as a whole.

The style of a language can only be where the language system provides the opportunity to choose language means, and therefore they are a historical category, they arise along with the concept of a norm. The three main styles of language have three different historical sources.

The bookish style of the language usually goes back to a large part to the literary and written language of the previous era, often different from the everyday language of the main part of the population, for example, in Russia to the Old Church Slavonic language, in France, Italy, Spain - to Latin, in the republics of Central Asia - to Old Uigur .

The neutral colloquial style of the language goes back to the common language of the people, the familiar colloquial style of the language to a large extent - to the urban vernacular.

A three-part division of language styles already existed in Ancient Rome, but it was identified there with the genre of literature and was carried out only within the limits of book and written speech through associations with various objects of reality (for example, “warrior”, “horse”, “sword” - for “high” language style, "farmer", "ox", "plow" - for the middle, "lazy shepherd", "sheep", "stick" - for "low").

The same reality, as a rule, could not be described in different stylistic registers.

The study of language styles throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages was part of the circle of rhetoric and poetics. In the 17-18 centuries. it was the subject of the "theory of three styles", universally accepted in Europe (cf. the teachings of M. V. Lomonosov in Russia). In the modern sense, the term "Language style":

1) Appears in European languages in the first third of the 19th century, in connection with the general ideas of historicism, by the middle of the 19th century. the term "Language Style" was established (G. Spencer, H. Steinthal). With the advent of semiotics, it was found that the category of Style (language) plays an important role not only in literature, but wherever language is used, including in science;

2) Manner of speaking or writing, a way of linguistic behavior of a person in a particular social environment or situation (style of speech). Since language styles are a generalization of the features of speech of a typical social situation, and the style of the language of speech is the choice by the speaker or writer of available means from the style of the language, then the style of the language and the style of the language of speech are one and the same phenomenon (style), only considered by stylistics from different angles;

3) The secondary level of any language system, including an artificial language, arising from the preferred choice of any of its means for a specific purpose - informative, evaluative, prescriptive, etc., within one of the three modes of language use: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic.

1.2 General characteristics of speech styles

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it that the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means.

Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official style - laws, references, business letters, in the newspaper and journalistic style - an article, report, etc. genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case.

In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic and colloquial-everyday.

Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are realized to one degree or another in each genre of this style.

For the allocation of functional styles of speech, there are the following grounds:

Sphere of human activity (science, law, politics, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the addressee of the text (student, institution, reader of newspapers or magazines, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style (education, establishment of legal relations, impact, etc.);

The predominant use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

Preferential use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Type of communication (public or private)

A set of genres (for a scientific style - an essay, a textbook, etc., for an official business style - a law, a reference, etc.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Thus, we see that the use of one or another style of the Russian language depends on the situation in which it is used. Each situation dictates the use of a particular style.

2. The concept of functional styles

Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech. The first group, which includes the styles of scientific, journalistic and official business (literary and artistic style will be discussed later), is characterized by monologue speech. For the second group, formed by various types of conversational style, dialogic speech is a typical form. The first group is book styles, the second is colloquial style. The choice of one of the possible synonymous options is most often associated precisely with the differentiation of book and colloquial language means.

From functional styles and from types of speech (in the above understanding of this term), it is necessary to distinguish between the forms of speech - written and oral. They converge with styles in the sense that bookish styles tend to be written, and colloquial styles are verbal (but this is not necessary). Thus, an oratory or a lecture on a scientific topic is associated with book styles, but has the form of oral speech. On the other hand, a private letter on everyday topics has clear signs of a conversational style, but is embodied in writing.

In conclusion, we point out that the selection of styles according to the principle of expressiveness of linguistic means does not have sufficient theoretical grounds. The totality of such "styles" as "solemn (or rhetorical)", "official (cold)", "intimately affectionate", "humorous", "satirical (mocking)" does not form an integral system. Expressive coloring, which is most clearly manifested in vocabulary, cannot serve as a logical "basis for dividing" the concept of "functional style", cannot be a principle of classification.

At the same time, when characterizing the stylistic resources of a language, coloring is undoubtedly taken into account, both stylistic (associated with the assignment of language means to one or another functional style, thereby limiting their unmotivated use), and expressive (associated with the expressiveness and emotional nature of the corresponding language means). ).

The most important differences between functional styles can be shown with concrete examples. Let's compare several texts on the same topic that have signs of different styles.

Thunderstorm - an atmospheric phenomenon consisting in electrical discharges between the so-called cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds or between clouds and the earth's surface, as well as objects located on it. These discharges - lightning - are accompanied by precipitation in the form of a downpour (sometimes with hail) and strong winds (sometimes up to a squall). A thunderstorm is observed in hot weather during the rapid condensation of water vapor over superheated land, as well as in cold air masses moving to a warmer underlying surface.

The text is dominated by words and phrases of a terminological nature (atmospheric phenomenon, electrical discharges, cumulonimbus clouds, precipitation, squalls, condensation, water vapor, air masses). The rest of the words are used in a direct nominative sense, there are no figurative means of language, emotionality of speech. Syntactically, the text is a combination of simple sentences typical of the genre of an encyclopedic article (scientific style).

There were still ten versts to the nearest village, and a large dark purple cloud, which had come from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but was quickly moving towards us. The sun, not yet hidden by clouds, brightly illuminates her gloomy figure and the gray stripes that go from her to the very horizon. From time to time, lightning flashes in the distance and a faint rumble is heard, gradually intensifying, approaching and turning into intermittent peals, embracing the entire sky ... I feel terrible, and I feel how the blood circulates faster in my veins. But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, now it looks out for the last time, illuminates the terribly gloomy side of the horizon and disappears. The whole neighborhood suddenly changes and takes on a gloomy character. Here the aspen grove trembled, the leaves become some kind of white-muddy color, brightly prominent against the lilac background of the clouds, they rustle and spin, the tops of large birches begin to sway, and tufts of dry grass fly across the road. Swifts and white-breasted swallows, as if with the intention of stopping us, hover around the britzka and fly under the very chest of the horse, jackdaws with disheveled wings somehow fly sideways in the wind ... Lightning flashes as if in the britzka itself, blinding the eye ... In at the same second, a majestic rumble is heard above the head itself, which, as if rising higher and higher, wider and wider, along a huge spiral line, gradually intensifies and turns into a deafening crack, involuntarily making one tremble and hold one's breath. God's wrath! How much poetry is in this common people's thought!..

Anxious feelings of anguish and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, but when the majestic moment of silence came, usually preceding the outbreak of a thunderstorm, these feelings reached such an extent that, if this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died from excitement.

Blinding lightning, instantly filling the entire hollow with fiery light, makes the horses stop and, without the slightest interval, is accompanied by such a deafening crack of thunder that it seems that the entire vault of heaven is collapsing above us... A large drop of rain fell heavily on the leather top of the britzka... another, a third, a fourth, and suddenly, as if someone was drumming over us, and the whole neighborhood resounded with the steady sound of falling rain ...

The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured like buckets ... The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform noise of the rain.

But then the rain becomes finer, the cloud begins to separate into wavy clouds, brighten in the place where the sun should be, and through the grayish-white edges of the cloud one can barely see a patch of clear azure. A minute later, a timid ray of the sun was already shining in the puddles of the road, on the stripes of fine direct rain falling, as if through a sieve, and on the washed, shiny green of the road grass.

Unlike the first text, whose task was to reveal the concept of "thunderstorm" by pointing to the essential features of the phenomenon, the second text is intended for a different purpose - to create a vivid, picturesque picture, figuratively reproducing the passage of a thunderstorm, using linguistic means. If the picture drawn on the canvas is static and is perceived only in space, then the description of the thunderstorm in the above passage is given in dynamics, develops in time, starting from the moment the first signs of an impending thunderstorm appear and ending with its termination.

To create a picture, paints and colors are needed, and they are presented in a variety in the text “gray stripes, purple background, fiery light, clear azure”. Not only the main tones were used, but also shades of colors "dark purple cloud, white-cloudy color, grayish-white edges of the cloud." The visual impression is enhanced by such combinations as brightly illuminating, clouds brightly standing out against a lilac background, lightning flashes, dazzles the eye ...

The details of the picture are created with the help of numerous definitions that clarify the characteristics of objects “forward clouds, large birches, dry grass, disheveled wings, a huge spiral line, blinding lightning, a large drop, slanting rain, strong wind, wavy clouds, fine direct rain, brilliant green” . Some phrases are repeated, reinforcing the impression "a majestic rumble, a deafening crack, a uniform sound of rain." No less effective is the method of "injection" - the repetition of the same expressively colored word "gloomy figure of a cloud, terribly gloomy side of the horizon, gloomy character of the neighborhood."

The description of the thunderstorm has a pronounced emotional character, which is further enhanced by the first-person narrative: events are refracted through the perception of the boy-narrator. The reader is conveyed the mood of the hero, expressed by the words: “I feel terrible, and I feel how the blood circulates faster in my veins. Anxious feelings of melancholy and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, it seems that the whole vault of heaven is collapsing above us ... ".

The subjective nature of the narration is enhanced by the repeated use of a modal particle, as if, indicating that the narrator is not interested in a realistic reproduction of what is described, but in the transfer of personal impressions and experiences (as if with the intention to stop us, lightning flashes as if in the britzka itself, a rumble that, like as if rising higher and higher, suddenly, as if someone was drumming over us).

Various figurative and expressive means of the language are used in the text: the epithets “white-breasted swallows, the majestic rumble, the timid ray of the sun”, the metaphor “the aspen grove trembled”, the comparisons “light rain falling as if through a sieve, the rain poured like a bucket”, anaphora “ But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, now it has looked out for the last time ... Here the aspen grove trembled, ”the parallelism“ rising higher and higher, wider and wider, ”the exclamations“ The wrath of God: How much poetry is in this common people’s thought !...".

A significant role is assigned to sound instrumentation - the selection of sounds that reproduce natural phenomena and create an auditory image (for example, the repetition of the sound (r) in combinations of intermittent peals, crackling thunder, peals of thunder). The impression of increasing sounds is created by the accumulation of hissing consonants in the participles "a rumble that gradually intensifies, approaches and turns into intermittent peals, embracing the entire sky." The syntactic structure of the text is characterized by the predominance of complex sentences: out of 19 sentences, 13 are complex and 6 are simple.

In the passage under consideration, the individual author's style of L.N. Tolstoy. This is, firstly, a frequent use in the description of the elements of colloquial speech. Such is the turn God knows where, the use of the imperative mood (imperative) in the meaning of the conditional mood “if this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I’m sure that I would die of excitement, that is, in the meaning of“ if this state continued for another quarter of an hour ...". Secondly, the style of L. Tolstoy is characterized by the repetition of the same words, which serves to emphasize any details in the description, to create a kind of expressive coloring: , clean, washed pavement, past beautiful, clean houses to that house on the Ditch in which Mariette lived. The porter in an unusually clean uniform opened the door to the hall.

As our correspondent reports, yesterday an unprecedented thunderstorm passed over the central regions of the Penza region. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of a lightning strike. Added to this was another natural disaster: heavy rain in some places caused severe flooding. Some damage has been done to agriculture. Railway and road communication between neighboring regions was temporarily interrupted.

The text is typical for the materials of the newspaper variety of the journalistic style. Its characteristic features:

1) "savings" of language means, brevity of presentation with informative saturation;

2) the selection of words and constructions with an emphasis on their intelligibility (the use of words in their direct meaning, the predominance of simple syntactic constructions);

3) the presence of a turnover in cliches (i.e., frequently used expressions, speech standards: as our correspondent reports);

We would like to inform you that yesterday, shortly after midnight, a strong thunderstorm swept over the regional center - the city of Nizhny Lomov and the surrounding countryside, lasting about an hour. The wind speed reached 30-35 meters per second. Significant material damage was caused to the property of the villages of Ivanovka, Shepilovo and Vyazniki, estimated, according to preliminary data, in the hundreds of thousands of rubles. There were fires caused by lightning strikes. The building of a secondary school in the village of Burkova was badly damaged, and its restoration will require major repairs. The Bad River, which overflowed its banks as a result of heavy rain, flooded a significant area. There were no human casualties. A special commission was formed from representatives of the district administration, medical, insurance and other organizations to ascertain the extent of the damage caused by the natural disaster and provide assistance to the affected population. “The measures taken will be immediately reported.”

This text, like the previous one, is characterized by a “dryness” of presentation: in both, only facts are reported, the feelings of the author are not expressed anywhere, his individual style is not manifested. They are also brought together by conciseness, compactness of presentation, the use of words only in their direct meaning, and a simple syntactic structure. But text 4 is distinguished by a greater accuracy of the message - by giving specific names, digital data. It uses words and expressions characteristic of the official business style (significant material damage has been caused, village property, calculated according to preliminary data, has taken place, major repairs, a significant area, a special commission, measures taken), verbal nouns (restoration, clarification, provision ), official names (district administration), cliché expressions (we bring to your attention, will be reported immediately).

Well, the storm passed over us today! Believe me, I am not a timid man, and even then I was scared to death.

At first everything was quiet, normal, I was about to go to bed, when suddenly a blinding lightning flashed and thunder boomed, but with such force that our whole house trembled. I already wondered if the sky above us had broken into pieces that were about to fall on my unfortunate head. And then the abysses of heaven opened up, in addition to everything, our harmless rivulet swelled up, swelled up and filled everything around with its muddy water. And very close, as they say - at hand, our school blazed. Both old and young - everyone poured out of the huts, pushing, yelling, cattle roaring - these are the passions! It's great that I was frightened at that hour, yes, thank God, everything was over soon (from a private letter).

This text has clear signs of a conversational style. It contains both colloquial vocabulary and phraseology (a man of not a timid dozen - “brave”, bang - “make a strong, sharp sound”, just about - “now”, the abyss of heaven opened up - about heavy rain, at hand - “very close ", and old and young - "everyone without distinction of age", jostle - "are in a crush", yelling - about people, these are the passions - "about something that causes fear, horror, I was really scared, thank God), and the words with evaluative suffixes (silishcha, house, small river, water), and colloquial verb form (poured out). The syntax of the text is characterized by the use of connecting unions and constructions (and then I got scared, but with such strength), the construction of sentences according to the model was going to be ... all of a sudden, the use of the infinitive in the function of the predicate (and well, fill it in), the use of an introductory combination (whether you believe it) . The text is very emotional, includes exclamatory sentences. It should be pointed out that in dialogic speech all these features are enhanced and complicated by other features of the conversational style.

On the example of texts, we see that each style of the Russian language has a number of differences due to the situation of speaking and the purpose of the text.

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This style has a wide variety of speech genres, among them the main ones are a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions.

As well as genres of scientific - popular literature.

One of the most important genres of scientific style is a scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose, and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded. The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions for functioning and linguistic features: preliminary reflection on the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, and a tendency towards normalized speech.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the evolution of various areas of scientific knowledge, diverse areas of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. Thus, the scientific works of Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by a special emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic style occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world of that time. Subsequently, it was replenished with Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages.

In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical display of nature. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's exposition irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's strictly logical imposition became a model of scientific language.

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but the language of science finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century.

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of their presentation from texts on philology, philosophy, or history. The scientific style has its own varieties (substyles): popular science, scientific and business, scientific and technical (industrial and technical), scientific and journalistic, educational and scientific.

The style of scientific papers is determined, ultimately, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the surrounding reality as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity of expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

It is often said about the language of scientists that it is distinguished by “dryness”, devoid of elements of emotionality and figurativeness.

Such an opinion is overly generalized: often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, although being, however, an additional device, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose more persuasiveness. Let's give two examples.

The famous Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov wrote in one of his scientific works:

Like a calligrapher who paints complex figures on paper with the same stroke of the pen, a skilled operator can give the cut the most varied shape, size and depth with the same stroke of the knife ... How soon did you bring this flap into close contact with the bloody edges of the skin , his life changes, he, like a plant transplanted to foreign soil, along with new nutritious juices, receives new properties.

He, like an alien plant, begins to live at the expense of another, on which he vegetates: he, like a newly grafted branch, demands that he be groomed and carefully guarded until he becomes related to the place that the surgeon assigns him to his permanent residence.

In modern work on radiophysics, the following figurative comparison is given: The power of the reflected signal during the radar of planets is negligible. Imagine that a kettle poured boiling water into the ocean, and somewhere thousands of kilometers away a glass of water was scooped out of the sea. In theory, poured boiling water “slightly” warmed the oceans. So, the excess thermal energy in an arbitrarily scooped glass of sea water is of the same order as the energy of the received signal reflected from Venus.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms, in particular international ones: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work. Here are two examples of grammatical definitions from school textbooks:

Nouns are words that designate objects and answer the questions: who is this? or what is it? - in this definition, the term is only the phrase nouns, but its presence and the entire construction of the sentence give the text a coloring of the scientific style;

A verb is a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object - this sentence also has only one term (verb), but this sentence is also an example of scientific style.

The peculiarity of the style of scientific works is the use of abstract vocabulary in them. Here is an example from an article by Academician S.P. Obnorsky "Culture of the Russian language" ...

The Russian language is the great language of the great Russian people. Language is an essential component in the concept of a nation. It serves as the main instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, national self-consciousness. It is in the language in the fullest way - and, moreover, in the understanding of the people themselves - that all stages of the history of this people from the most remote times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of the people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the very language of this people. Such is the Russian language. In its strength and wealth, the duration of the historical process passed by the people and the intensity of the cultural development of the Russian nation throughout the entire course of its history found their expression.

This text contains many abstract nouns: factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, course, etc. The words are used in a direct (nominative) sense.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, thyroid gland, right angle, intersection point, inclined plane, freezing point, boiling point, voiced consonants, participial turnover, complex sentence, etc.), various kinds cliche (consists of ..., consists in ..., represents ..., is used for ..., etc.).

The language of science and technology also has a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of “saving” language means. So, from the options key - keys ("tip of the lever in various kinds of mechanisms"), cuff - cuffs ("ring for fastening the ends of pipes") in the technical literature, the second, i.e., shorter, masculine forms are preferred.

In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural sense:

Wolf - a predatory animal from the genus of dogs (a whole class of objects is called with an indication of their characteristic features);

Linden begins to bloom at the end of June (a specific noun is used in a collective, generalizing sense);

The shape of the ear, nose, eyes is studied (the word form is used instead of form, since it is in the same relation to subsequent nouns).

Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form:

Lubricating oils;

High quality steels;

Red and white clays;

Great depths;

Low temperatures;

Noises in the radio, annual and quarterly repairs.

When constructing sentences, the authors' tendency to use fewer verbs and more nouns is noticeable: in the scientific literature, definitions of concepts are more common, less often - the names of actions. In particular, this affects when choosing the form of the predicate: instead of a verb, a verb-nominal construction is used, consisting of a noun with the same root as the verb and another verb that has a weakened lexical meaning:

A new machine is being tested (cf.: a new machine is being tested);

Calculating devices are used (cf .: calculating devices are used);

There is an increase in temperature (cf .: temperature rises);

Growth occurs (cf. grows);

There is an increase (cf. increases);

Make calculations (cf. calculate).

Adjectives are widely used in scientific works, clarifying the concept by pointing to its various features and thereby performing a terminological function. For example, A.E. Fersman, in his book Entertaining Mineralogy, points out the many shades of green in which stones are painted: turquoise green, bottle green, bluish green, golden green, emerald green, olive green, grass green, apple green , also: pale green, dirty green, dense green, grayish green, bluish green, bright green, etc.

Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, a tendency to complex constructions should be noted. Such structures are a convenient form of expressing a complex system of scientific concepts, establishing relationships between them, such as generic and specific concepts, cause and effect, evidence and conclusions, etc.

For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and a generalizing word are often used: a broader, generic concept is revealed with the help of narrower, specific concepts. For example, A.M. Peshkovsky in the book "Russian syntax in scientific coverage", building his classification of phrases on the basis of the concept of predicate, wrote:

On the basis of having or not having this meaning, we will divide all phrases into:

1) phrases that have a predicate in their composition, or pointing in their formal composition to the omitted predicate, or, finally, consisting of one predicate, we will call all such phrases sentences;

2) phrases that have two or more predicates or two or more phrases in their composition, indicating in their formal composition the omitted predicates or consisting of one predicate, we will call all such phrases complex integers ...;

3) phrases that do not have a predicate in their composition and are not themselves predicates.

It is quite natural that different types of complex sentences are common in the scientific literature. For example, in a study on aesthetics we read:

The special and unique originality of music among other types of art is determined by the fact that, striving, like every type of art, for the widest and most comprehensive coverage of reality and its aesthetic assessment, it does this by directly referring to the spiritual content of the world of human experiences, which it with extraordinary power activates in its listener.

In complex sentences used in scientific texts, compound subordinating conjunctions are often found, which are characteristic of book speech in general: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, in while, meanwhile, while, etc. They allow more accurately than simple causal, concessive, temporary unions to reveal the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence.

To unite parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and their combinations are used that indicate this connection: therefore, at the same time, first, then, in conclusion, thus, so, therefore, etc.

The means of communication between parts of the text are also introductory words and combinations, firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc., indicating the sequence of presentation.

In general, syntactic structures in scientific prose are more complex and richer in lexical material than in fiction. For example, in the works of fiction of the 60s of the XIX century. (in the author's narration in the novels by I.A. Goncharov, I.S. Turgenev, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskov and L.N. Tolstoy) complex sentences make up 50.7 percent of the total number of sentences, i.e., half, and in scientific works of the same period (works of the chemist A.M. Butlerov, physiologist I.M. Sechenov, linguist A.A. Potebnya, literary critic A.V. Veselovsky, See also "The Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality".

N.G. Chernyshevsky and the historical and philosophical "Epilogue" of "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy) - 73.8 percent, i.e., almost three quarters.

At the same time, the average length of a complex sentence in fiction is 23.9 words, and in scientific prose - 33.5 words (in simple sentences, respectively - 10.2 and 15.9 words). The average sentence size (regardless of structure) in the author's narration in the same novels is 17.2 words, in scientific research - 28.5 words. In general, a sentence of a scientific text contains about one and a half times more words than a sentence of a literary text.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, the increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style.

This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology (manager, quoting, realtor, etc.) has occupied more and more space here.

A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are used not in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb count, which has four meanings, here mainly realizes the meaning: to make some conclusion, to recognize, to believe.

The use in one, becoming terminological meaning is characteristic of both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy, etc.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An excerpt can serve as an example: “Transport intershop communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production shops and storage and transport facilities, for the most part, are provided by continuous transport (...) By road, finished products are delivered to consumers located nearby, they are also auxiliary loading and unloading operations are being carried out.

In the scientific style, there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, to clarify the idea. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author is maximally demonstrated.

This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, presumably, one can say, etc.

The desire for a logical presentation of the material leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, introductory words, participial and adverbial phrases, and so on. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate causes and conditions, for example: "If an enterprise or some of its divisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management."

Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

3.2 Formal business style

The main area in which it functions officially - business style is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the society's need for documenting various acts of state social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes due to the nature of the content itself. But many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A typical feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turnovers often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are used, which only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually written in a certain order (different in different countries, but established in each), and this has its own advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, "economical" use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words in the text, in particular abbreviations;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ..., on the basis that ..., for the reason that. .., with the condition that ..., in such a way that ..., the circumstance that ..., the fact that ... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The heterogeneity of the subject matter and the variety of genres make it possible to single out two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style. In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language means used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, Labor Code, Marriage and Family Code, etc.

It is joined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens, etc.:

Legislation, cassation, constitution, jurisdiction, legal capacity, sentence, prosecutor, legal proceedings, judicial system, evidence, jurisdiction;

Impose responsibility, in the abolition of the decision, in the development of the decision, until further notice, to enter into force, in order to facilitate, extract from the order, bring to the attention, take up a position, perform duties, travel certificate, authorities.

Peculiarities

Functional styles of speech are described by highlighting the following properties:

Each reflects some side of life with its own scope and range of topics covered.
It is characterized by certain conditions. For example, official or informal.
It has a corresponding single task, installation.

The first property is defined by typical words and expressions.

The scientific language is full of specific terms, the colloquial language is filled with corresponding phrases, the artistic language is filled with words that form images, and the journalistic language is filled with social and political phrases.

Their main words and phrases are common, suitable for different types. They are usually called interstyle vocabulary. It preserves linguistic unity, and combines functional styles.

The common part is also called grammatical means. But, in all styles, its own special system and form is used. The scientific style is characterized by a direct verbal order, the official business style is dominated by recurrent and vaguely personal constructions, and the journalistic style is rich in rhetorical figures.

Distinctive features

Styles vary in degree:

emotional coloring;
imagery.

Such properties are not characteristic of official business and scientific styles. However, there are certain features in the language of diplomats or writings on scientific topics. Other styles apply these properties much more often. Artistic speech consists more of images and emotions. They are also used in journalism, but in a different way. Conversational speech is disposed to this, with a greater degree of emotionality.
Each of the styles at the same time:

individual;
has standardization stamps.

For example, greetings and farewells have a corresponding form, albeit in several versions. The rules of speech can be traced in all styles. Thanks to these rules, it becomes easier to use the language.

Scientific and business are individual to a small extent. But artistic speech is the richest in this regard. The standardized table and the abundance of stamps that the official business style is endowed with are inappropriate here.

It is followed by journalism, where the system of personal self-expression coexists with standard phrases. The conversational level occupies a separate place. Studies have shown that much of what is said at the household level is automated. Thus, this speech is characterized by a high degree of regulation, due to which communication becomes easy.

Functional style is characterized by another feature - the norm. There are the following rules:

language;
style.

The first one is the same for everyone. But the second one is different. Stationery is natural for a formal business style, but their use in other forms is considered inappropriate. Style characteristics are applied in genres. They persist, have a different speech structure.

Let us consider the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language separately.

Art style

It is called a reflection of the literary language. Russian writers and poets come up with forms and images for him, which are then used by ordinary people. Artistic functional stylistics is a system of applying the possibilities and achievements of the language.
The difference is in the aesthetic function. Artistic speech brings up a sense of beauty. This is present in other styles, but in this case, expressiveness plays a major, defining role.
The vocabulary freely includes both a scientific term and a business phrase, if the narrative requires it. The main thing is that the words in the artistic style describe concepts, translating them into images. Bright visual and expressive language means are created. Let's list them:

epithet;
metaphor (comparison in a hidden form);
allegory (idea or concept in a concretized image);
personification (when human properties are transferred to inanimate objects);
antithesis (opposition);
gradation (words are arranged with increasing meaning);
paraphrase.

Journalistic style

Journalism is sometimes called a chronicle or chronicle of modern life. It reflects the hot topics of today. It is close to the artistic language, but at the same time differs from it. This style is fact oriented. And artistic speech is imaginary.
The topics and vocabulary in the journalistic style are diverse. Journalism invades life and contributes to the formation of public opinion. This style performs two important semantic functions:

reporting;
affecting.

Genres include:

Reportage. The reader is given a general idea of what happened.
Feature article. The replayed story contains the thoughts of the author.
Feuilleton. Reflects reality in a satirical light, ironically analyzes facts, actions, participants.

scientific style

It is widely used. This style seriously affects the language. With progress, new terms are introduced into mass use, previously found only on the pages of specialized publications. As a result, new genres are formed.

Scientific language shields itself from amateurish methods. He is intelligent and therefore logical. This is expressed in thinking through, presenting information and sequencing the transfer of material. Science is objective, so the author is given a minor role. The main thing is the material itself, research and their actual data.

The requirements also dictate the use of the language. Scientific vocabulary is characterized by:

General use. The use of words used in scientific texts.
General scientific. An immediate area that describes objects and events.
Terminology. The closing, inner layer, which embodies the main differences that the scientific language carries.

Formal business style

Functional style is realized in writing. Orally, it is used when speaking at meetings, receptions, and so on.

Official business style is used in solemn and business relationships. The importance of the content of speech characterizes the language with accuracy and limited subject matter.
It distinguishes two sections, each of which has substyles.

In the official-documentary section, languages are distinguished:

diplomacy. It has its own terminology and is full of international definitions.
laws. The language of the power of the state, communicates with the population.

In the everyday business section, there are:

Office correspondence. Sometimes it contains the concept of a telegraphic style, where the syntactic system is rationally built.
Business papers. Compiled according to a given form, without the use of complex structures.

Conversational style

This language meets several conditions:

relations are informal;
immediacy, interlocutors communicate with each other directly;
speech is improvised (it develops naturally, with interruptions, repeated questions, pauses, etc., due to unpreparedness).

Style is realized orally in a dialogue form. The main semantic quality is verbal vagueness, instability of meaning and indeterminacy of boundaries. The conversation uses:

neutral words equally used in book and oral speech;
condensates, when phrases are replaced by one word (utility room - utility room);
doublets - replacement of official names with colloquial ones (freezer - freezer);
pointers, designate different objects;
"Sponges" - something indefinite, includes different meanings, but is revealed in the context.

The functional styles of the Russian literary language largely influence it with themes, genres, phraseology and vocabulary. Each of their species is the whole language of any region, and together they form a single literary language. Such a variety of species enriches and expands the boundaries of the language.

Characteristic

To avoid confusion with language styles, functional styles are sometimes referred to as language genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main varieties of functional speech styles that differ in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The sphere of use of this style is science and scientific journals, scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field can act as text message recipients; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are a scientific article, educational literature, a monograph, a school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity).

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the field of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style serves to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving).

The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Style features - logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Genres-dialogue, personal letters, personal notes, telephone

Art style

The art style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, anthem, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

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See what "Functional Speech Style" is in other dictionaries:

functional type of speech- See: functional style...

Functional type of speech- See: Functional style...

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) Historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special principles ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) A historically established, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

functional style- A kind of literary language in which the language appears in a particular area of public speech practice of people. The allocation of functional style is based on taking into account the purpose of the statement, which is understood in sociolinguistics as unconscious ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

functional style- Functional style is a kind of literary language in which the language appears in one or another socially significant area of social speech practice of people and the features of which are determined by the peculiarities of communication in this area. The presence of F. s. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

functional style- and. A kind of literary language, due to the difference in the functions performed by the language in a certain area of communication. The concept of f. With. is central, basic in the differential division of the literary language, a kind of starting point for ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

functional style- the main category of functional stylistics, which studies the systemic relations of language means in the process of their functioning, depending on the spheres, conditions and goals of communication, as well as the corresponding conditions for the choice of language units and their organization in ... ... Pedagogical speech science

functional style- according to M.N. Kozhina. The peculiar character of speech of one or another social variety of it, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and a form of consciousness correlative with it, created by the peculiarities of functioning in this sphere ... ... Morphemics. Word Formation: Dictionary Reference

Books

A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language: General concepts of stylistics. Colloquial and everyday style of speech, Vasilyeva A.N. This book is part of a course of lectures on the functional style of the Russian language. It provides a general description of functional styles, their relationships and relationships, ...

Before proceeding to the analysis of vocabulary with a reduced meaning, we consider it necessary to dwell on the definition of the concept of functional style.

Functional style is a functional system, a system of internal, hidden relationships and connections of phenomena, in which the functions of the purpose of a verbal work are manifested. Outside of this functional system, these functions of a speech work are not implemented. Functional style as a system of internal, hidden relationships is not an area of directly sensuously given, but a sensually imperceptible relation of phenomena, which is comprehended with the help of logical analysis. This system of hidden relations is realized through a specific speech genre. A verbal work, in turn, can function only in the area in which it was formed (an article - in journalism, an order, a charter - in the field of official business communication).

Each of the functional styles, which is a special reality, is organized within itself by a system of stable forms, a system of stereotypes, schemes. The system of each functional style is formed by speech genres and styles of speech genres, which become elements of the functional style as a system.

The functional style also consists of separate parts, called sub-styles or varieties of the functional style (judicial, oratorical, etc.).

It should be noted that all functional styles show certain similarities and differences. Their difference lies in the fact that the content side is the main thing in the scientific style and the style of fiction, while the functional side plays an additional role; in the style of the press and journalism, official business and everyday life, the functional side is no less significant than the content side.

An important fact is that the solution to this problem has not yet been found. As you know, V.V. Vinogradov distinguished between styles of language and speech. In his opinion, the styles of language are the basis for the differentiation of countless and multifaceted forms of human speech. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “... The style of a language is one of the particular systems (or subsystems) included in the general system ... it is the structural appearance of the language function in its diverse manifestations ... social styles of speech, i.e. ways of using the language and its styles in different compositional-speech systems caused by ... social life.

E. Riesel considers the functional style from two sides: as a style of language and speech, understanding the style of a language as a set of lexical, grammatical, and phonetic expressive means intended for specific purposes of a specific functional environment. For further consideration of functional styles, in our opinion, it is necessary to refer to their classification.

According to the most common classification of functional styles, which is followed by E. Riesel, N.A. Bogatyreva, L.A. Nozdrin and others, the following styles can be distinguished:

1. Official business style.

2. Scientific style.

3. The style of the press and journalism.

4. Style of everyday communication.

5. Style of fiction.

Let's briefly describe each of these styles.

The specifics of official speech activity, the complexity and great significance of the transmitted information, the importance of the goals and objectives of business communication require compliance with certain rules in the construction of texts. Each type of official business document has its own, rather strict form, which has been developed over the long existence of the official business style and which must be observed by all who use this form of communication.

The official business style governs the choice and combination of linguistic means for the design of content (utterance and communication) in the sphere of purely official human relationships, namely in the sphere of legal relations and management.

The concept of official business style, first of all, includes the language of official documents in the field of government activities, in the field of international relations, in jurisprudence, in trade and economics, in the field of military life, in official institutions and organizations, in the life of an individual.

This language functions most often in written form. However, the official business style is not limited to the range of business papers and it exists not only in writing. Another, oral variety of this style is represented by the language of business, non-ceremonial meetings, meetings, sessions, as well as the language of business receptions.

The official business style functions in the following speech genres: government regulations, diplomatic treaties, codes, agreements, military regulations, orders, business correspondence, announcements, explanatory notes, powers of attorney, etc.

The specifics of official business communication activities, the complexity and significance of the transmitted information, the importance of the goals and objectives of business communication require clarity in the construction of business texts, compliance with certain rules in order to optimize the communication process and transfer information.

It should be noted that each type of official business document has its own, rather strict form, which was developed during the long existence of the official business style and which must be observed by all who use this form of communication.

The emotional expressiveness of the official business style is limited to such a variety as solemnity, created mainly by syntactic means and the use of book vocabulary.

As for the scientific style, the content of the scientific text is the description of facts, objects, phenomena of reality, the formulation of laws and patterns. The specificity of scientific thinking determines the main quality of the scientific style - its generalized abstract character. Note that the scientific style exists both in written and oral form.

Scientific style covers the following types of scientific documents:

proper scientific;

scientific and informative;

scientific reference;

· scientific and educational.

We emphasize that the scientific presentation is designed for logical, and not for emotional-sensory perception, therefore, according to V.V. Vinogradov's scientific style, when choosing means, "gravitates towards speech means, devoid of emotional load and expressive colors." The use of emotional elements in a scientific text is determined to a large extent by the field of knowledge, speech genre, as well as the author's individuality.

The basis of the language design of scientific style texts is standardization, i.e. the choice of an exemplary language variant prescribed for given communication conditions.

The features of the syntactic design of the text of this style include the syntactic completeness of the design of the statement, analytical constructions, the frequent use of certain clichéd structures, the predominantly nominal nature of the statement, an expanded system of connecting elements, conjunctions, allied words, etc.

The lexical design of scientific style texts is characterized, first of all, by the saturation of speech with terms of all types, their fundamental unambiguity, accuracy, economy, nominative and distinctive function, stylistic neutrality, and high information richness.

Let's move on to characterizing the style of the press and journalism. Some authors propose to single out not a newspaper, but an informational style that can be used in a newspaper, on radio and television. It is also called mass communication style. We will try to highlight the common features of the newspaper style.

The social situation of communication for the newspaper is very specific. The newspaper is a medium of information and a means of persuasion. It is designed for a mass and, moreover, a very heterogeneous audience, which it must retain, force itself to read. A newspaper is usually read in conditions when it is rather difficult to concentrate: in the subway, on the train, at breakfast, relaxing after work, at lunchtime, filling up a short period of time that has been vacated for some reason, etc. Hence the need to organize newspaper information in such a way as to convey it quickly, concisely, to tell the main thing, even if the note is not read to the end, and to have a certain emotional impact on the reader.

The presentation should not require preliminary preparation from the reader, the dependence on the context should be minimal. At the same time, along with the usual, constantly recurring topics, almost any topic appears in the newspaper that for some reason turns out to be relevant. Then these new situations and arguments also begin to repeat themselves. This repetition, and also the fact that the journalist usually does not have time to carefully process the material, leads to the frequent use of clichés. All this creates the originality of the style-forming factors of the newspaper text.

The concept of journalistic style is made up of the language of newspapers, magazines, reports, speeches, conversations, speeches, discussions, etc.

The emotionally expressive function of the newspaper is characterized, first of all, by the open evaluation of the text. Unlike works of art, in journalism it is not the subtext, but the text itself quite definitely expresses the evaluative attitude to the stated facts.

The newspaper consists of a variety of speech genres, among them: articles, notes, press reviews, reviews, essays, feuilletons, etc.

Each of these speech genres is a unique communicative text model.

The main stylistic principle of the organization of language in journalism is the unity of expression and standard, and hence the stamp.

Let's move on to the style of everyday communication. Its most common features are the concrete-objective way of thinking and the concrete nature of the content; informality, naturalness, confidentiality of communication; unpreparedness of speech and its raw character, and automatism; the predominance of the oral-dialogical form of communication.

The style of everyday communication is characterized by the following features:

Concreteness, clarity, simplicity of language means of expression;

emotionality;

· ease .

The most common linguistic features of the style of everyday communication are also: a large non-bookishness of the means of the language, including the use of colloquial elements, the incomplete structure of language units (on the phonetic, syntactic, partly morphological levels), the weakening of the syntactic links between the parts of the sentence or their lack of expression, lack of formality, the activity of linguistic means of subjective evaluation, evaluative and emotionally expressive units, the activity of colloquial phraseological units, etc.

Since the style of everyday communication is associated with the conditions of direct communication, i.e. direct contact with the interlocutor, then he has a linguistic specificity, which, first of all, concerns the syntactic structure. A characteristic feature of the syntax of the style of everyday communication is the abundance of simple sentences that are easily perceived by ear, and the relatively rare use of complex sentences that present a certain difficulty for auditory perception. The functional property of relaxed colloquial syntax is the omission of certain parts of the sentence and elliptical constructions.

The style of everyday communication is widely represented in fiction.

Describing the style of fiction, it should be emphasized that the content of a work of art consists of the idea of the work, its theme, and the emotional and aesthetic assessment of the phenomena depicted in the work. The purpose of a work of art is to express not only the thoughts of a person, but also the whole variety of his feelings.

A work of art cannot be separated from the personality of its creator. The spiritual, cognitive enrichment of the reader thanks to a work of art is actually enrichment due to the personality of the author, his life, experiences, the way he creatively relates to things and events. Hence the work bears the imprint of the personality and activity of its creator.

As mentioned earlier, this classification of functional styles is the most common, and most scientists adhere to it. M.P. Brandes also uses this classification, but calls some styles differently. M.P. Brandeis points out:

1. Official business style.

2. Scientific and technical style.

3. Newspaper-journalistic style.

4. Everyday style.

5. Verbal and artistic style.

I.V. Arnold, in turn, identifies the following functional styles:

1) scientific;

2) business (official documentary);

3) journalistic (newspaper);

4) oratory;

5) sublimely poetic.

At the same time, the main characteristic features of styles do not have significant differences.

For further consideration of this topic, in our opinion, it is necessary to give a more detailed description of the style of everyday communication, since it is in it that we often find examples of vocabulary with a reduced meaning.

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Summary: Functional styles of speech in Russian. Functional styles of speech (purpose, scope, design and language features)

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