Accent value. What is stress: types and rules of setting

The selection of a group of words, a single word or a syllable in a word is called.

In Russian, the stressed element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with greater duration. Depending on which element is highlighted, a distinction is made between logical and verbal stress.

logical stress	word stress (or just accent)
this is the selection of a word or group of words that are important in terms of meaning in a given phrase. For example, in A. Akhmatova's poem "Courage" (1942), the lines We know what's on the scales now And what is happening now... Pronounced with logical stress on allied words - pronouns what, which must necessarily be highlighted by the power of the voice, since it is they who determine the content of this entire phrase.	is the emphasis of a syllable in a word. If the word consists of two or more syllables, then one of them is pronounced with greater force, with greater duration and more distinctly. The syllable that is pronounced with greater force and duration is called stressed syllable. The vowel of a stressed syllable is called stressed vowel. The remaining syllables (and vowels) in the word - unstressed. The stress mark "́" is placed above the vowel of the stressed syllable: wall, field.

logical stress

word stress
(or just accent)

this is the selection of a word or group of words that are important in terms of meaning in a given phrase.

For example, in A. Akhmatova's poem "Courage" (1942), the lines

We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now...

Pronounced with logical stress on allied words - pronouns what, which must necessarily be highlighted by the power of the voice, since it is they who determine the content of this entire phrase.

is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.

If the word consists of two or more syllables, then one of them is pronounced with greater force, with greater duration and more distinctly.

The syllable that is pronounced with greater force and duration is called stressed syllable. The vowel of a stressed syllable is called stressed vowel. The remaining syllables (and vowels) in the word - unstressed.

The stress mark "́" is placed above the vowel of the stressed syllable: wall, field.

Russian word stress (compared to other languages) has a number of features.

1. In many languages, the stress is fixed, constant, that is, the stress is assigned to a certain syllable in a word.

In French, the stress always falls on the last syllable, in Polish on the penultimate syllable, in Czech on the first syllable.

In Russian, the stress is free, that is, it can fall on any syllable.

Wed: kitchen, prettier, pamper.

2. Russian stress is mobile: in related words and when changing the same word, the stress can move to another syllable.

Wed: conspiracy - contract, start - started, orphan - orphans.

3. It is the accent that can:

to distinguish one word from another;

Wed: atlas - atlas.

be an indicator of the grammatical form of the word.

Wed: hands - hands.

4. Many compound words, in addition to the main stress, can also have a secondary stress.

Highly gifted, evergreen.

5. In the course of historical development, the place of stress in a word may change.

For example, in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" we read: The music is tired of thundering; and now we say - music.

6. All words of the language, if pronounced separately, have an accent. But in the speech stream, some words, adjoining the previous or subsequent ones in pronunciation, become unstressed.

For example, in the phrase Walk with me on the water pretext co with pronoun me, as well as the suggestion on with a noun water pronounced with one accent. However, in the first case ( with me) the preposition becomes unstressed; in the second case ( by water) the noun becomes unstressed.

7. A large group of words in Russian has several accentological variants. Only some of these options in the literary language are equivalent.

Cottage cheese and cottage cheese, barge and barge, camphor and camphor, combiner and combine harvester, pinch and pinch.

Typically, the options differ in scope.

So, one of the options in the literary language can be the main one (cf.: unrestrained, girlish, busy), the other is optional, acceptable, but less desirable. (cf.: unrestrained, girlish, busy).

Other options may be non-literary (colloquial, dialectal).

For example, in a literary language it is unacceptable (!) to pronounce: busy, document, shop, kilometer, quarter, alcohol, youth. These are colloquial accentological variants. Literary pronunciations: busy, document, shop, kilometer, quarter, alcohol, youth.

If it is difficult, the stress in words and word forms can be checked using explanatory, spelling and special, orthoepic dictionaries.

INTRODUCTION

Stress or accent (lat.) - the selection of individual elements in the stream of speech sounds, carried out either by increasing muscle tension and the pressure of the exhaled air stream (Expiratory stress, also called power, tonic or dynamic), or by changing the pitch of the voice tone (musical stress , also called melodic stress or tone). In both cases, it is necessary to consider separately the phenomena of stress in a syllable, a word, and a whole sentence. [Internet source, 7]

The languages of the world differ both in the rhythmic schemes allowed in the word, and in the functions performed in them by stress. An example of a language with an exceptional variety of accent (i.e., provided by stress) possibilities is Russian. Since the stress can fall in it on any syllable of the word, it is able to perform a semantic function, opposing pairs of the type: pli - drank, zbmok - zamuk, etc. Russian stress is not only heterogeneous, but also mobile: it can shift when the grammatical form of the word changes (vodb - voodoo, styny -). English has more limited accent possibilities. As in Russian, the stress in it is different, from which follows the possibility of opposing pairs of the type: ўsubject "subject" - subўject "to subdue", ўdesert "desert" - deўsert "to desert"; English stress can also change with suffix word formation: ўsensitive - sensiўtivity. However, the inflectional possibilities of the English language are small, and stress does not change during inflection. [Internet source, 7]

The purpose of this work is to study the distribution of different types of stress among the languages of the world. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to perform a number of tasks:

To study the main types of stresses and their functions, to define a phonetic word.

To study the phenomenon of stress in Russian.

To study the distribution of dynamic, quantitative and tone types of stress.

Consider the distribution of free and connected types of stress in the languages of the world.

The object of the study is stress in different languages.

The subject of the study is the types of stress in different languages of the world.

DEFINITION OF ACCENT

Stress: types and functions

accent word speech accent

Stress or accent (lat.) - the selection of individual elements in the stream of speech sounds, carried out either by increasing muscle tension and the pressure of the exhaled air stream (expiratory stress, also called power, tonic or dynamic), or by changing the pitch of the voice tone (musical, also called melodic or tone). In both cases, it is necessary to consider separately the phenomena of stress in a syllable, a word, and a whole sentence. [Internet source, 6]

I. Stress in a syllable. As observations on the development of languages attested in the monuments of ancient writing show, in many cases the system of expiratory stress replaces the earlier system of music. For example, in ancient Greek and ancient Indian languages, the stress was melodic, while in modern Greek and modern Indian languages it is expiratory. Hence the assertion repeatedly expressed by a number of scientists about the more archaic nature of musical stress. However, the question of the relationship between musical and expiratory types needs additional research. [Internet source, 6]

II. Word stress. In monosyllabic languages, such as Chinese, syllabic stress naturally coincides with verbal stress; the situation is different in polysyllabic languages. Here it becomes one of the signs of a separate word, either by pointing its very place at the end of the word, or by arranging in a certain sequence (according to tone or strength) all the syllables of the word in relation to the stressed syllable. In the first case, it is customary to talk about languages with a constant place of stress, in the second - about languages with free or mobile stress. However, the term "free" or "mobile" stress here means only that in these languages it can fall on any syllable of the word; the very place of stress is always obligatory and cannot be changed; moreover, stress often differentiates consonant grammatical forms and pairs of words, cf. “rukim” (R. unit) - “rumki” (I. pl.), “bemga” (R. unit) - “running” (I. pl.). [Internet source, 6]

One consequence of the weakening of unstressed syllables in heavily expiratory stressed languages is a change in the quality and quantity of their vowels—the so-called vowel reduction. It can be observed, for example, in Russian. Here, the vowels of the syllable preceding the pre-stressed syllable and the syllable following the stressed are especially strongly reduced; weaker - vowels more distant from the stressed syllables, and even weaker - vowels of the pre-stressed syllable - cf. e.g. “frying pans”, “turned over”. Vowel reduction is optional, however, in languages with expiratory stress; in many languages it is absent, as in French and Georgian, where the reduction of unstressed syllables is completely unacceptable. [Internet source, 6]

III. Emphasis in a sentence. The distribution of musical and power stresses in the speech as a whole does not depend on the nature of the stresses in the syllable and word; on the contrary, it is precisely the languages with the expiratory type of stress that make the most extensive use of the change in voice tone to convey the semantic shades of an utterance - for the so-called intonation. On the other hand, an increase in stress on one of the words of a sentence (the so-called logical or phrasal stress) often determines the meaning of the entire message; so in the sentence “father gave him a book”, logical stress, falling on each word, gives approximately the following shades to the statement - “father (not a stranger) gave him a book”, “father gave (did not give) him a book”, “father gave him (not to another) a book”, “his father gave him a book (not a toy)”, etc. Sometimes even shifts in word stress associated with the semantics of the message are possible; such, for example, are the shifts of stress caused by emphasis, the desire to emphasize the opposition present in the utterance, the newly introduced concept, etc.; cf. for example, stress shifts in such statements as: “fifteen, not sixteen”, “subjective, not objective”, etc. [Internet source, 6]

STRESS, stress, cf. 1. Highlighting (a syllable in a word, a word in a sentence) with the power of the voice or an increase in tone. The stress falls on something (such and such a sound, syllable, etc.). Syllable, sound under stress, without stress. expiratory stress. Musical … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Modern Encyclopedia

- (accent) ..1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (power, or expiratory, stress in Russian, English, French, Polish, Hungarian, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

stress- (accent), 1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (power, or expiratory, stress in Russian, English, French and other languages); ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Accent, emphasis; baldness, collision, salting, hooting, ikt, knocking, tonema, poking, hooting, poking, poking, spanking, highlighting, grunting, grunting, grunting, badge, kicking, flapping, dumbfounding Dictionary of Russian synonyms. accent... ... Synonym dictionary

stress- Emphasis, emphasis (Accent, Emphasis) A superscript sign indicating the features of the pronunciation of the word, in particular the stressed syllable. In Russian, an acute accent is used as a stress sign [one of the upper accents - “acute” stress] ... Font terminology

- (lat. Ictus = blow, U.). This grammatical term refers to different shades of strength and musical pitch observed in speech. Depending on whether we consider these shades within a single syllable, or within a whole word, or, finally, ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

See the language of VV Vinogradov. History of words, 2010 ... History of words

stress- ACCENT. An increase in voice or tone on one syllable compared to other syllables of the same word or a whole phrase. See expiratory at ... Dictionary of literary terms

ACCENT- ACCENT. 1. Isolation of a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means: in Russian, English, French, Polish and a number of other languages - by the force of exhalation; in Lithuanian, Chinese, Japanese and other languages - by changing the height ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Books

Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian, Superanskaya A.V. This book contains a study on stress in borrowed words, which make up a significant proportion of modern Russian vocabulary. Showing the changes that have taken place since…

Every person at least once in his life found himself in an awkward situation when he incorrectly stressed a word, the pronunciation of which until that time had no doubt at all. Yes, the wrong accent in the word hurts the ear, but at the same time, almost everyone is mistaken here. Even educated, well-read people are not immune from this. Stress is a tricky topic in linguistics. In Russian, its significance is very high, since it is a means of distinguishing words.

Concept and use

Stress is a bright highlighting of one of the syllables in a word or phrase with different phonetic components (you can strengthen the voice, raise the tone in combination with intensity, loudness). It is necessary to develop the skills to correctly set the verbal background - after all, this is a mandatory requirement for every speaker.

Stress is necessary for correct and competent speech. Any word consists of one or more syllables. When there are more than 2 in a word, they are pronounced with different intensity and loudness. One of them will stand out - this is called a verbal accent. Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese stressed syllables are distinguished using pitch. In ancient languages - Greek or Latin - the stressed syllable is distinguished by the duration of the vowel sound. They also distinguish between a dynamic, or power, blow, when an accented syllable is isolated with greater force. This type is, for example, Russian, English, French.

How to put emphasis?

Unlike French or Polish, in Russian the accent is free - it is not assigned to a specific syllable. Consider these examples:

light (stress on the first syllable);
brighten (emphasis on the 2nd syllable);
firefly (it is necessary to highlight the last syllable).

Correct stress is the goal that every self-respecting person should strive for. But the task is complicated by the fact that the accent can fall on different parts of the word (that is, it is mobile):

sign (to suffix);
signature (on a prefix);
sign (to the root).

Stress norms for most words in Russian are contained in the orthoepic dictionary. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with problematic words and remember their pronunciation.

Why is this question relevant?

The whole problem is that the stress in the word is inherently free. In some languages, it is fixed, that is, it always falls on the same syllable. For example: in French it is constantly on the last syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate syllable, in Czech - on the first. But in Russian there is no such regularity. Therefore, it is important to remember that stress is one of the most important signs of human literacy. Since there are no clear rules for this topic, most words just need to be memorized.

Which syllable is most often emphasized?

However, some patterns can still be identified. According to experts, the stress most often falls on the middle of the word, and also tends to the second half:

Stavropol, but Stavropol Territory;
get out, but get out.

Rules and patterns - how to remember everything?

Some rules will help you put the stress correctly. Linguists note 28 "special" roots of verbs (there are many more roots - verbs). Together with prefixes, they form a whole series of verbs, in which in the past tense in the feminine, the emphasis shifts to inflection (ending). But this only applies to women! In other forms, the stress remains on the root.

We present you the following verbs that you need to remember (you can immediately write them in a notebook): take, pick up, dial, take, wait, sleep. What is the emphasis in this case? Remember: took, took away, handed over, slept, waited. But he took it, they waited, they slept, they handed it over.

Often you can meet the wrong options: took away, drove away, waited, distorted. By analogy with other forms, native speakers often forget to transfer stress to inflection. But for literate speech, such pronunciation is unacceptable. Try to avoid such mistakes.

Modern dictionaries

Here are some stress dictionaries that will help you improve your speech:

Studiner M.A. Dictionary of Russian language difficulties for media workers, Moscow - 2016;
For a wide range of readers. Esakova N.A. Dictionary of the complexities of the Russian language. stress. Grammatical Forms, Moscow - 2014

Feel free to look into dictionaries as often as possible. Indeed, often people from childhood get used to speaking incorrectly and for this reason they do not doubt the correctness of their pronunciation. But what if memorization is given with great difficulty? Well, this process can be made more fun.

There are funny and interesting rhymes - memoirs. They are designed to remember the correct stress in words, where quite often you can make a mistake. Try to learn them - and you will remember once and for all where the stress falls in problematic words. And with a little imagination, you can come up with some original quatrains yourself.

Here are some good reminders:

Sweet Martha has all striped scarves!
Baba Fyokla is in the garden, she has beets in her garden.
You don't bring us curtains, we bought blinds.
They often ate cakes - shorts did not fit.
The bartender posted on his blog, a new complete catalogue.
Our painter paints the walls, joiner makes the shelves.

The golden rule for memorization

How to come up with a good rhyme to remember? Choose a suitable rhyme for the word, that is, a word whose correct stress you do not doubt. Don't put a word in the middle of a line! In order for the stress to be remembered, the rhyme must fall on this particular word. This method will help you easily and quickly remember the stress in words - and you will definitely not lose face in front of your interlocutor.