For these purposes, standards are being developed that limit the content of the most dangerous pollutants, both in the atmospheric air and in pollution sources. The minimum concentration that causes an initial typical exposure is called the threshold concentration.
To assess air pollution, comparative criteria for the content of impurities are used; according to GOST, these are substances that are absent in the composition of the atmosphere. The air quality standards are Approximate Safe Exposure Levels (SEL) and Approximate Permissible Concentrations (AEC). Instead of OBUV and AEC, the values of temporarily permissible concentrations (VDC) are used.
The main indicator in the Russian Federation is the indicator of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances (MPC), which has become widespread since 1971. MPCs are the upper maximum permissible concentrations of substances at which their content does not go beyond the boundaries of the human ecological niche. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of a gas, vapor or dust is considered to be the concentration that is tolerated without any consequences during daily inhalation during the working day and long-term constant exposure.
In practice, there is a separate rationing of the content of impurities: in the air of the working area (MPC.z) and in the atmospheric air of the settlement (MPC.v). MPC.v is the maximum concentration of a substance in the atmosphere that does not have a harmful effect on humans and the environment, MPCr.z is the concentration of a substance in the working area, causing a disease when working no more than 41 hours a week. The working area is understood as a working room (room). It also provides for the division of MPC into maximum one-time (MPCm.r) and average daily (MPCs.s). All concentrations of impurities in the air of the working area are compared with the maximum one-time (within 30 minutes), and for the settlement with the average daily (for 24 hours). Usually, the used symbol MPKr.z refers to the maximum one-time MPC in the working area, and MPCm.r is the concentration in the air of the residential area. Usually MPCr.z.> MPCm.r, i.e. in fact MPKr.z>MPKr.v. For example, for sulfur dioxide MPCr.z=10 mg/m 3 , and MPCm.r=0.5 mg/m 3 .
A lethal (lethal) concentration or dose (LC 50 and LD 50) is also established, at which the death of half of the experimental animals is observed.
Table 3
Hazard classes of chemical pollutants depending on some toxicometric characteristics (G.P. Bespamyatnov. Yu.A. Krotov. 1985)
The standards provide for the possibility of exposure to several substances at the same time, in this case they talk about the effect of the summation of harmful effects (the effect of the summation of phenol and acetone; valeric, caproic and butyric acids; ozone, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde). The list of substances with the summation effect is given in the appendix. A situation may arise when the ratio of the concentration of an individual substance to the MPC is less than one, but the total concentration of substances will be higher than the MPC of each of the substances and the total pollution will exceed the permissible level.
Within the limits of industrial sites, according to SN 245-71, emissions into the atmosphere should be limited, taking into account the fact that, taking into account dispersion, the concentration of substances at the industrial site did not exceed 30% of the MPC.z., and in the residential area no more than 80% of the MPCm.r.
Compliance with all these requirements is controlled by sanitary and epidemiological stations. Currently, in most cases, it is impossible to limit the content of impurities to MPC at the outlet of the emission source, and separate regulation of permissible levels of pollution takes into account the effect of mixing and dispersion of impurities in the atmosphere. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is carried out on the basis of the establishment of maximum allowable emissions (MAE). In order to regulate emissions, one should first determine the maximum possible concentration of harmful substances (Cm) and the distance (Um) from the source of the emission, where this concentration occurs.
The value of C should not exceed the established MPC values.
According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, the maximum allowable emission (MAE) of a harmful substance into the atmosphere is a scientific and technical standard that provides that the concentration of pollutants in the surface air layer from a source or their combination does not exceed the standard concentration of these substances that worsen air quality. The dimension of MPE is measured in (g/s). MPE should be compared with the emission rate (M), i.e. the amount of substance emitted per unit of time: M=CV g/s.
MPE is set for each source and should not create surface concentrations of harmful substances that exceed the MAC. MPE values are calculated on the basis of MPC and the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the atmospheric air (Cm). The calculation method is given in SN 369-74. Sometimes Temporarily Agreed Emissions (TAEs) are introduced, which are determined by the line ministry. In the absence of MPC, such an indicator as SHEV is often used - an approximate safe level of exposure to a chemical in the atmospheric air, established by calculation (temporary standard - for 3 years).
Maximum allowable emissions (MAE) or emission limits have been established. For enterprises, their individual buildings and structures with technological processes that are sources of industrial hazard, a sanitary classification is provided that takes into account the capacity of the enterprise, the conditions for the implementation of technological processes, the nature and amount of harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances released into the environment, noise, vibration, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound and other harmful factors, as well as providing for measures to reduce the adverse impact of these factors on the environment.
A specific listing of the production facilities of chemical enterprises with assignment to the corresponding class is given in the Sanitary Design Standards for Industrial Enterprises SN 245-71. There are five classes of enterprises in total.
In accordance with the sanitary classification of enterprises, industries and facilities, the following sizes of sanitary protection zones have been adopted:
If necessary and with appropriate justification, the sanitary protection zone can be increased, but not more than 3 times. An increase in the sanitary protection zone is possible, for example, in the following cases:
· with low efficiency of systems for purification of emissions into the atmosphere;
in the absence of ways to clean up emissions;
· if it is necessary to place residential buildings on the leeward side in relation to the enterprise, in the zone of possible air pollution;
The process of pollution with toxic substances is created not only by industrial enterprises, but also by the entire life cycle of industrial products, i.e. from raw material preparation, energy production and transportation, to the use of industrial products and their disposal or storage in landfills. Many industrial pollutants come from transboundary transport from industrial areas of the world. Based on the results of the environmental analysis of the production cycles of various industries, as well as individual products, it is necessary to change the structure of industrial activities and consumer habits. Industry in Russia and Eastern Europe needs a radical modernization, and not just new technologies for cleaning emissions and effluents. Only technically advanced and competitive enterprises are able to solve emerging environmental problems.
For the technologically advanced countries of Europe, one of the main problems is to reduce the amount of household waste due to their more efficient collection, sorting and processing or environmentally competent disposal of waste.
Air pollution in Moscow is due to the increased content of toxic impurities in the surface layer of Moscow air. It is caused by exhaust gases, emissions from industrial enterprises, emissions from thermal power plants. Every year, four times more people die from dirty air in Moscow than from car accidents - about 3,500 people.
It is especially dangerous to live in Moscow in complete calm. There are about 40 such days here every year. It is these days that doctors call "days of mortality" - after all, in one cube of Moscow air there are 7 milligrams of toxic substances. Here's another snack for you: every year, 1.3 million tons of poison are thrown into the air of Moscow.
Why are Muscovites dying?
Each Muscovite annually inhales more than 50 kilograms of various toxic substances. In year! In a special risk group, everyone who lives along the main streets, especially in apartments below the fifth floor. On the fifteenth floor, the concentration of poison is two times less, on the thirtieth, ten times less.
The main air poisoners in Moscow are nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. It is they that give 90% of the entire palette of poisons in Moscow's surface air. These gases lead to asthma.
The next poisonous substance is sulfur dioxide. It is "supplied" by small Moscow and Moscow region boiler houses operating on liquid fuel. Sulfur dioxide leads to the deposition of plaques on the walls of blood vessels and to heart attacks. We should not forget that Muscovites most often die from cardiovascular diseases.
Next on the list of Moscow poison are suspended solids. These are fine dust (fine particles) up to 10 microns. They are more dangerous than any auto exhaust. They are formed from particles of tires, asphalt, technological exhausts.
Suspended substances with particles of poison adhering to them enter the lungs and remain there forever. When a certain critical mass accumulates in the lungs, lung diseases and lung cancer begin. It's almost 100% dead. Every year, 25,000 Muscovites die of cancer.
Vehicle emissions are the most dangerous in the field of ecology. Car exhausts are 80% of all the poison that the Moscow air receives. But this is not even the point - unlike thermal power plants and pipes of industrial enterprises, car exhausts are not produced at the height of factory pipes - tens of meters, but directly into our lungs.
A special risk group includes drivers who spend more than 3 hours a day on the roads of the capital. Indeed, in a car, the norms of maximum permissible concentrations are exceeded 10 times. Each car throws into the air in a year as many hordes as it weighs.
That is why living somewhere in Kapotnya or Lyublino is much less dangerous than in the most prestigious districts of Moscow. Indeed, on Tverskaya, on Ostozhenka, the traffic of cars is many times greater than on the industrial outskirts.
It is especially necessary to emphasize the concentration of toxic substances. Moscow is designed in such a way that it blows all the cinders to the south-east - it is here that the enchanted wind rose of Moscow sends all the poison. Not only that, the southeast of Moscow is also the lowest and coldest place in Moscow. And this means that the poisoned air from the center lingers here for a long time.
Air pollution in Moscow from thermal power plants
In the past year, the situation with the Moscow CHPP (however, as always) has deteriorated significantly. Moscow requires more and more electricity and heat, Moscow's thermal power plant provides the air of the capital with smoke and toxic substances. In general, in the energy system, the total fuel consumption increased by 1943 thousand tons, or almost 8%, compared to last year.
Basis of CHP emissions
- Carbon monoxide (carbon dioxide). Leads to lung disease and damage to the nervous system
- Heavy metals. Like other toxic substances, heavy metals are concentrated both in soils and in the human body. They never come out.
- suspended substances. They lead to lung cancer
- Sulphur dioxide. As already mentioned, sulfur dioxide leads to the deposition of plaques on the walls of blood vessels and to heart attacks.
Large CHPPs in Moscow:
- CHPP-8 address Ostapovsky proezd, house 1.
- CHP-9 address Avtozavodskaya, house 12, building 1.
- CHPP-11 address sh. Enthusiastov, house 32.
- CHPP-12 address Berezhkovskaya embankment, house 16.
- CHPP-16 address st. 3rd Khoroshevskaya, house 14.
- CHPP-20 address st. Vavilov, house 13.
- CHPP-21 address st. Izhorskaya, house 9.
- CHPP-23 address st. Mounting, house 1/4.
- CHPP-25 address st. Generala Dorokhova, house 16.
- CHPP-26 address st. Vostryakovsky proezd, house 10.
- CHPP-28 address st. Izhorskaya, house 13.
- CHPP-27 address Mytishchensky district, Chelobitevo village (outside the Moscow Ring Road)
- CHPP-22 address Dzerzhinsky st. Energetikov, house 5 (outside the Moscow Ring Road)
Air pollution in Moscow from waste incinerators
Look at the location of waste incinerators in Moscow:
In such areas, depending on the distance to the pipe:
- You can not be more than half an hour (300 meters to the pipes of the plant)
- It is impossible to stay for more than a day (five hundred meters to the pipes of the plant)
- It is impossible to live (kilometer to the pipes of the plant)
- The life of those living in this zone will be five years shorter (five kilometers to the plant's chimneys).
The most toxic substances on the planet are formed in the air - dioxins, carcinogenic compounds, heavy metals. Thus, the waste incineration plant in the Rudnevo industrial zone, which has a capacity greater than all other Moscow plants combined, is located in an area where there is an active construction of new buildings - near Lyubertsy.
This Moscow region was unlucky more than others - it is here that the Lyubertsy fields of aeration are located - a place where all the poison from the sewers of Moscow was poured for decades. It is here that mass construction of new buildings for deceived equity holders is underway.
The products of the incinerator are much more dangerous for humans than just waste, since all the waste that enters the incinerator comes in a “bound state”. After combustion, all poisons are released, including mercury and heavy metals. In addition, new types of harmful compounds appear - chlorine compounds, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides - more than 400 compounds.
Moreover, only the most harmless substances - dust, ashes - are caught by traps. Whereas SO2, CO, NOx, HCl - that is, the main destroyers of health, practically cannot be filtered out.
Dioxins are much more difficult. Defenders of Moscow waste incineration plants claim that at 1000 degrees of combustion, dioxins burn out, but this is complete nonsense - when the temperature drops, dioxins rise again, and the higher the combustion temperature, the more nitrogen oxides.
And, finally, slags. Defenders of the MSZ argue that slags are absolutely safe and that cinder blocks should be made from them - to build houses. However, for some reason they themselves build houses from environmentally friendly materials.
It is a pity that MSZ lobbyists do not think that it is much more profitable to recycle waste - half of it is industrial methanol, which the industry readily buys, additional raw materials are received by the paper industry and a number of other industries.
Mortality in the areas of waste incinerators in Moscow
According to European scientists who have studied this topic, people exposed to incinerators have increased mortality:
- 3.5 times of lung cancer
- 1.7 times - from cancer of the esophagus
- 2.7 times from stomach cancer
- Child mortality has doubled
- The number of deformities in newborns increased by a quarter
Why you can't burn garbage in Moscow:
- There are no mercury lamps in the garbage abroad - we have them
- Reception of used batteries is organized abroad - everything is burned in our country
- In Europe and America, the processing of household appliances, paints and chemical waste is organized; at Moscow factories, all this burns with a blue flame.
The topic of this article is harmful substances (HV) polluting the atmosphere. They are dangerous for the life of society and for nature in general. The problem of minimizing their influence today is really egregious, since it is connected with the real degradation of the human habitat.
Classical sources of explosives are thermal power plants; car engines; boiler houses, plants producing cement, mineral fertilizers, various dyes. Currently, more than 7 million chemical compounds and substances are produced by people! Every year the nomenclature of their production increases by about a thousand items.
Not all of them are safe. According to the results of environmental studies, the most polluting emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are limited to a range of 60 chemical compounds.
Briefly about the atmosphere as a macroregion
Recall what is the Earth's atmosphere. (After all, it is logical: you need to imagine what pollution this article will tell about).
It should be thought of as a uniquely arranged air shell of the planet, connected to it by gravity. It participates in the rotation of the Earth.
The boundary of the atmosphere is located at the level of one to two thousand kilometers above the earth's surface. The regions above are called the earth's crown.
Main atmospheric components
The composition of the atmosphere is characterized by a mixture of gases. Harmful substances, as a rule, are not localized in it, being distributed over vast spaces. Most of all in the Earth's atmosphere of nitrogen (78%). The next in terms of specific gravity in it is oxygen (21%), argon contains an order of magnitude less (about 0.9%), while carbon dioxide occupies 0.3%. Each of these components is important for the preservation of life on Earth. Nitrogen, which is part of proteins, is a regulator of oxidation. Oxygen is vital for breathing and is also a powerful oxidizing agent. Carbon dioxide warms the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect. However, it destroys the ozone layer that protects against solar ultraviolet radiation (the maximum density of which is at a height of 25 km).
Water vapor is also an important component. Its highest concentration is in the zones of equatorial forests (up to 4%), the lowest is over deserts (0.2%).
General information about air pollution
Harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere both as a result of some processes occurring in nature itself, and as a result of anthropogenic activities. Note: modern civilization has turned the second factor into a dominant one. 
The most significant non-systematic natural polluting processes are volcanic eruptions and forest fires. In contrast, pollen produced by plants, waste products of animal populations, etc. regularly pollute the atmosphere.
Anthropogenic factors of environmental contamination are striking in their scale and diversity.
Every year, civilization sends only about 250 million tons of carbon dioxide into the air. However, it is worth mentioning the products emitted into the atmosphere from the combustion of 701 million tons of fuel containing sulfur. The production of nitrogen fertilizers, aniline dyes, celluloid, viscose silk - involves additional air filling with 20.5 million tons of nitrogenous "volatile" compounds.
Dust emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are also impressive, accompanying many types of production. How much dust do they release into the air? Quite a few:
- dust released into the atmosphere during the combustion of hard coal is 95 million tons per year;
- dust in the production of cement - 57.6 million tons;
- dust generated during iron smelting - 21 million tons;
- dust released into the atmosphere during copper smelting - 6.5 million tons.
Hundreds of millions of carbon monoxide, as well as heavy metal compounds, have become a problem of our time. In just a year, 25 million new "iron horses" are produced in the world! Chemical harmful substances produced by the automobile armies of megacities lead to such a phenomenon as smog. It is generated by nitrogen oxides contained in automobile exhaust gases and interacting with hydrocarbons present in the air.
Modern civilization is paradoxical. Due to imperfect technologies, harmful substances will inevitably be emitted into the atmosphere one way or another. Therefore, at present, the strict legislative minimization of this process is of particular relevance. Characteristically, the entire spectrum of pollutants can be classified according to many criteria. Accordingly, the classification of harmful substances formed by the anthropogenic factor and polluting the atmosphere involves several criteria.
Classification according to the state of aggregation. dispersion
BB characterizes a certain state of aggregation. Accordingly, they, depending on their nature, can spread in the atmosphere in the form of gas (steam), liquid or solid particles (dispersed systems, aerosols). 
The concentration of harmful substances in the air has a maximum value in the so-called dispersed systems, which are distinguished by an increased penetrating ability of the dusty or foggy state of explosives. Characterize such systems using classifications according to the principle of dispersion for dust and for aerosol.
For dust, dispersion is determined by five groups:
- particle size not less than 140 microns (very coarse);
- from 40 to 140 microns (coarse);
- from 10 to 40 microns (medium dispersion);
- from 1 to 10 microns (fine);
- less than 1 µm (very fine).
For a liquid, dispersion is classified into four categories:
- droplet sizes up to 0.5 µm (super thin mist);
- from 0.5 to 3 microns (fine mist);
- from 3 to 10 microns (coarse mist);
- more than 10 microns (splashes).
Systematization of explosives on the basis of toxicity
The classification of harmful substances according to the nature of their impact on the human body is most often mentioned. We will tell you a little more about it.
The greatest danger among the totality of explosives is represented by toxicants, or poisons, acting in proportion to their quantity that has entered the human body.
The toxicity value of such explosives has a certain numerical value and is defined as the reciprocal of their average lethal dose for humans.
Its indicator for extremely toxic explosives is up to 15 mg/kg of live weight, for highly toxic - from 15 to 150 mg/kg; moderately toxic - from 150 to 1.5 g / kg, low toxic - over 1.5 g / kg. These are deadly chemicals.
Non-toxic explosives, for example, include inert gases that are neutral for humans under normal conditions. However, we note that under conditions of high pressure, they have a narcotic effect on the human body.
Classification of toxic explosives according to the degree of exposure
This systematization of explosives is based on a legislatively approved indicator that determines such a concentration that for a long time does not cause diseases and pathologies not only in the studied generation, but also in subsequent ones. The name of this standard is the maximum permissible concentration (MAC). 
Depending on the MPC values, four classes of harmful substances are distinguished.
- I class BB. Extremely dangerous explosives (maximum concentration limit - up to 0.1 mg / m 3): lead, mercury.
- II class BB. Highly hazardous explosives (MPC from 0.1 to 1 mg / m 3): chlorine, benzene, manganese, caustic alkalis.
- III class BB. Moderately hazardous explosives (MPC from 1.1 to 10 mg / m 3): acetone, sulfur dioxide, dichloroethane.
- IV class BB. Low-hazard explosives (maximum concentration limit - more than 10 mg / m 3): ethyl alcohol, ammonia, gasoline.
Examples of harmful substances of various classes
Lead and its compounds are considered poison. This group is the most dangerous chemicals. Therefore, lead is referred to the first class of explosives. The maximum permissible concentration of minuscule is 0.0003 mg/m 3 . The damaging effect is expressed in paralysis, the impact on the intellect, physical activity, hearing. Lead causes cancer and also affects heredity.
Ammonia, or hydrogen nitride, belongs to the second class according to the hazard criterion. Its MPC is 0.004 mg / m 3. It is a colorless, caustic gas that is about half as light as air. It primarily affects the eyes and mucous membranes. Causes burns, suffocation.
When rescuing the injured, additional security measures should be taken: the mixture of ammonia with air is explosive.
Sulfur dioxide belongs to the third class according to the hazard criterion. Its MPC atm. is 0.05 mg/m 3 and MPCr. h. - 0.5 mg / m 3.
It is formed during the combustion of the so-called reserve fuels: coal, fuel oil, low-quality gas.
In small doses causes cough, chest pain. Moderate poisoning is characterized by headache and dizziness. Severe poisoning is characterized by toxic suffocating bronchitis, lesions of the blood, dental tissue, and blood. Asthmatics are especially sensitive to sulfur dioxide.
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) belongs to the fourth class of explosives. His MPCatm. - 0.05 mg / m 3, and MPCr. h. - 0.15 mg/m3. It has no smell or color. Acute poisoning is characterized by palpitations, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness. Medium degrees of poisoning are characterized by vasospasm, loss of consciousness. Severe - respiratory and circulatory disorders, coma.
The main source of anthropogenic carbon monoxide is car exhaust gases. It is especially intensively emitted by transport, where, due to poor-quality maintenance, the combustion temperature of gasoline in the engine is insufficient, or when the air supply to the engine is irregular.
Atmospheric protection method: compliance with limit standards
The bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service constantly monitor whether the level of harmful substances is observed at a level lower than their maximum permissible concentration.
With the help of regular measurements throughout the year of the actual concentration of explosives in the atmosphere, an index indicator of the average annual concentration (AIAC) is formed using a special formula. It also reflects the impact of harmful substances on human health. This index displays the long-term concentration of harmful substances in the air according to the following formula:
In = ∑ =∑ (xi/ MPC i) Ci
where Xi is the average annual concentration of explosives;
Ci is a coefficient taking into account the ratio of MPC of the i-th substance andMPC for sulfur dioxide;
In - IZA.
An API value of less than 5 corresponds to a weak level of pollution, 5-8 determine the average level, 8-13 - a high level, more than 13 means significant air pollution.
Types of limit concentrations
Thus, the permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air (as well as in waters, on soil, although this aspect is not the subject of this article) is determined in environmental laboratories in the atmospheric air for the vast majority of explosives by comparing the actual indicators with the established and normatively fixed general atmospheric MPCatm .
In addition, for such measurements directly in populated areas, there are complex criteria for determining concentrations - SHEL (indicative safe exposure levels), calculated as the actual weighted average sum of MACatm. two hundred explosives at once.
However, that's not all. As you know, any air pollution is easier to prevent than to eliminate. Perhaps that is why the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the largest volumes are measured by ecologists directly in the production sector, which is precisely the most intensive donor of explosives to the environment.
For such measurements, individual indicators of the limiting concentrations of explosives have been established, exceeding in their numerical values the MPCatm considered by us above, and these concentrations are determined on areas directly limited by production facilities. Just for the standardization of this process, the concept of the so-called working area (GOST 12.1.005-88) was introduced.
What is a work area?
A working area is a workplace where a production worker constantly or temporarily performs planned tasks. 
By default, the specified space around it is limited in height to two meters. The workplace itself (WP) implies the presence of various production equipment (both main and auxiliary), organizational and technological equipment, necessary furniture. In most cases, harmful substances in the air first appear in the workplace.
If a worker spends more than 50% of his working time at the PM, or works there for at least 2 hours continuously, then such PM is called permanent. Depending on the nature of the production itself, the production process can also take place in geographically changing work areas. In this case, the employee is not assigned a workplace, but only a place of constant attendance - a room where his arrival and departure to work is recorded.
As a rule, environmentalists first measure the concentration of harmful substances at permanent PM, and then - in the personnel turnout areas.
The concentration of explosives in the working area. Regulations
For working areas, the value of the concentration of harmful substances is normatively set, which is defined as safe for the life and health of the worker during his full working experience, provided that he stays there 8 hours a day and within 41 hours per week.
We also note that the maximum concentration of harmful substances in the working area significantly exceeds the MPC for air in settlements. The reason is obvious: a person stays at the workplace only for the duration of the shift.
GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT standardizes the allowable quantities of explosives in working areas based on the hazard class of the premises and the state of aggregation of the explosives located there. We will present you in tabular form some information from the aforementioned GOST:
Table 1. The ratio of MPC for the atmosphere and for the working area
| Substance name | Its hazard class | MPKr.z., mg / m 3 | MPCatm., mg / m 3 |
| PB lead | 1 | 0,01 | 0,0003 |
| Hg mercury | 1 | 0,01 | 0,0003 |
| NO2 nitrogen dioxide | 2 | 5 | 0,085 |
| NH3 | 4 | 20 | 0,2 |
When determining harmful substances in the working area, environmentalists use the regulatory framework:
GN (hygienic standards) 2.2.5.686-96 "MAC of explosives in the air of RZ".
SanPiN (sanitary - epidemiological rules and regulations) 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygiene requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises."
The mechanism of contamination of atmospheric explosives
Harmful chemicals emitted into the atmosphere form a certain zone of chemical contamination. The latter is characterized by the depth of distribution of air contaminated with explosives. Windy weather contributes to its rapid dissipation. An increase in air temperature increases the concentration of explosives.
The distribution of harmful substances in the atmosphere is influenced by atmospheric phenomena: inversion, isothermy, convection.
The concept of inversion is explained by the phrase familiar to everyone: “The warmer the air, the higher it is.” Due to this phenomenon, the dispersion of air masses is reduced, and high concentrations of explosives persist longer.
The concept of isotherm is associated with cloudy weather. Favorable conditions for her usually occur in the morning and evening. They do not enhance, but do not weaken the propagation of explosives.
Convection, i.e., ascending air currents, disperse the zone of explosive contamination.
The infection zone itself is subdivided into areas of lethal concentration and those characterized by concentrations that are less harmful to health.
Rules for assistance to persons injured as a result of infection with explosives
Exposure to harmful substances can lead to a violation of human health and even death. At the same time, timely assistance can save their lives and minimize harm to health. In particular, the following scheme allows, by the well-being of the production personnel in the working areas, to determine the fact of the defeat of explosives:
Scheme 1. Symptoms of VV lesions 
What should and should not be done in case of acute poisoning?
- The victim is put on a gas mask and evacuated from the affected area by any available means.
- If the clothes of the affected person are wet, they are removed, the affected areas of the skin are washed with water, and the clothes are replaced with dry ones.
- With uneven breathing, the victim should be given the opportunity to breathe oxygen.
- It is forbidden to carry out artificial respiration in case of pulmonary edema!
- If the skin is affected, it should be washed, covered with a gauze bandage and contact a medical facility.
- If explosives get into the throat, nose, eyes, they are washed with a 2% solution of baking soda.
instead of a conclusion. Improvement of the working area
The improvement of the atmosphere finds its concrete expression in indicators, if the actual indicators of concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere are significantly below MPCatm. (mg / m 3), and the parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises do not exceed MPCr.z. (mg / m 3). 
Finishing the presentation of the material, we will focus on the problem of improving the health of the working areas. The reason is clear. After all, it is production that infects the environment. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize the pollution process at its source.
For such a recovery, new, more environmentally friendly technologies that exclude emissions of harmful substances into the working area (and, accordingly, into the atmosphere) are of paramount importance.
What measures are being taken for this? Both furnaces and other thermal installations are being converted to use gas as a fuel, which is much less polluting the air with explosives. An important role is played by reliable sealing of production equipment and warehouses (tanks) for storing explosives.
Production facilities are equipped with general exhaust ventilation, to improve the microclimate with the help of directional fans, air movement is created. An effective ventilation system is considered when it provides the current level of harmful substances at a level not exceeding one third of their MPC.z standard.
It is technologically expedient, as a result of relevant scientific developments, to radically replace toxic harmful substances in the working area with non-toxic ones.
Sometimes (in the presence of dry crushed explosives in the air of the RZ) a good result in the improvement of the air is achieved by its humidification.
Recall also that work areas should also be protected from nearby sources of radiation, for which special materials and screens are used.
Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class
We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.
Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a commercial offer or get a free consultation from our specialists.
The impact of emissions into the atmosphere on the ecological situation of the planet and the health of all mankind is extremely unfavorable. Almost constantly, a lot of different compounds get into the air and disperse through it, and some decay for an extremely long time. Automotive emissions are a particularly pressing problem, but there are other sources. It is worth considering them in detail and finding out how to avoid sad consequences.
Atmosphere and its pollution
The atmosphere is what surrounds the planet and forms a kind of dome that retains air and a certain environment that has developed over millennia. It is she who allows humanity and all living things to breathe and exist. The atmosphere consists of several layers, and its structure includes different components. Nitrogen contains the most (slightly less than 78%), oxygen is in second place (about 20%). The amount of argon does not exceed 1%, and the proportion of carbon dioxide CO2 is negligible at all - less than 0.2-0.3%. And this structure must be preserved and remain constant.
If the ratio of elements changes, then the protective shell of the Earth does not fulfill its main functions, and this is most directly reflected on the planet.
Harmful emissions enter the environment daily and almost constantly, which is associated with the rapid pace of development of civilization. Everyone seeks to buy a car, everyone heats their homes.
Various areas of industry are actively developing, minerals extracted from the bowels of the Earth are being processed, which become sources of energy to improve the quality of life and the work of enterprises. And all this inevitably leads to a significant and extremely negative impact on the environment. If the situation remains the same, it can threaten the most serious consequences.
The main types of pollution
There are several classifications of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. So, they are divided into:
- organized
- unorganized
In the latter case, harmful substances enter the air from the so-called unorganized and unregulated sources, which include waste storage facilities and warehouses of potentially hazardous raw materials, places for unloading and loading trucks and freight trains, overpasses.
- Low. This includes emitting gases and harmful compounds together with ventilation air at a low level, often near buildings from which substances are removed.
- High. High stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere include pipes through which exhausts almost immediately penetrate the atmospheric layers.
- Medium or intermediate. Intermediate pollutants are no more than 15-20% above the so-called aerodynamic shadow zone created by structures.
The classification can be based on dispersion, which determines the penetrating ability of the components and dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere. This indicator is used to evaluate pollutants in the form of aerosols or dust. For the latter, dispersion is divided into five groups, and for aerosol liquids, into four categories. And the smaller the components, the more rapidly they disperse through the air pool.
Toxicity
All harmful emissions are also subdivided according to toxicity, which determines the nature and degree of impact on the human body, animals and plants. The indicator is defined as a value that is inversely proportional to the dose that can become lethal. According to toxicity, the following categories are distinguished:
- low toxicity
- moderately toxic
- highly toxic
- deadly, contact with which can cause death
Non-toxic emissions into the atmospheric air are, first of all, various inert gases, which, under normal and stable conditions, have no effect, that is, remain neutral. But when some indicators of the environment change, for example, with an increase in pressure, they can act narcotic on the human brain.
There is also a regulated separate classification of all toxic compounds entering the air basin. It is characterized as the maximum permissible concentration, and, based on this indicator, four classes of toxicity are distinguished. The last fourth is low-toxic emissions of harmful substances. The first class includes extremely dangerous substances, contacts with which pose a serious threat to health and life.
main sources
All sources of pollution can be divided into two broad categories: natural and anthropogenic. It is worth starting with the first, since it is less extensive and in no way depends on the activities of mankind.
There are the following natural sources:
- The largest natural stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are volcanoes, during the eruption of which huge amounts of various combustion products and the smallest solid particles of rocks rush into the air.
- A significant proportion of natural sources are forest, peat and steppe fires that rage in the summer. During the combustion of wood and other natural sources of fuel contained in natural conditions, harmful emissions are also formed and rush into the air.
- Various secretions are formed by animals, both during life as a result of the functioning of various endocrine glands, and after death during decomposition. Plants that have pollen can also be considered sources of emissions to the environment.
- The dust, which consists of the smallest particles, rises into the air, hovering in it and penetrating into the atmospheric layers, also has a negative impact.
Anthropogenic sources
The most numerous and dangerous are anthropogenic sources associated with human activities. These include:
- Industrial emissions arising from the operation of factories and other enterprises engaged in manufacturing, metallurgical or chemical production. And in the course of some processes and reactions, a release of radioactive substances can be formed, which are especially dangerous for people.
- Emissions from vehicles, the share of which can reach 80-90% of the total volume of all emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Today, many people use motor transport, and tons of harmful and dangerous compounds that are part of the exhaust rush into the air every day. And if industrial emissions from enterprises are removed locally, then automobile emissions are present almost everywhere.
- Stationary sources of emissions include thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. They allow you to heat the premises, so they are actively used. But all such boiler houses and stations are the cause of constant emissions into the environment.
- Active use of different types of fuel, especially combustible ones. During their combustion, large quantities of dangerous substances rushing into the air pool are formed.
- Waste. In the process of their decomposition, emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air also occur. And if we take into account that the period of decomposition of some wastes exceeds tens of years, then one can imagine how detrimental their impact on the environment is. And some compounds are much more dangerous than industrial emissions: batteries and batteries can contain and release heavy metals.
- Agriculture also provokes the release of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere resulting from the use of fertilizers, as well as the vital activity of animals in places where they accumulate. They may contain CO2, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.
Examples of specific compounds
To begin with, it is worth analyzing the composition of emissions from vehicles into the atmosphere, since it is multicomponent. First of all, it contains carbon dioxide CO2, which does not belong to toxic compounds, but, when it enters the body in high concentrations, it can reduce the level of oxygen in tissues and blood. And although CO2 is an integral part of the air and is released during human breathing, carbon dioxide emissions from car use are much more significant.
Also, exhaust gases, soot and soot, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and benzopyrene are found in the exhaust gases. According to the results of measurements, the amount of emissions from vehicles per liter of gasoline used can reach 14-16 kg of various gases and particles, including carbon monoxide and CO2.
A variety of substances can come from stationary sources of emissions, such as anhydride, ammonia, sulfurous and nitric acids, oxides of sulfur and carbon, mercury vapor, arsenic, fluorine and phosphorus compounds, lead. All of them not only get into the air, but can also react with it or with each other, forming new components. And industrial emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are especially dangerous: measurements show their high concentrations.
How to avoid serious consequences
Industrial emissions and others are extremely harmful, as they cause acid precipitation, deterioration in human health, and development. And to prevent dangerous consequences, you need to act comprehensively and take such measures as:
- Installation of treatment facilities at enterprises, the introduction of pollution control points.
- Switching to alternative, less toxic and non-flammable energy sources, such as water, wind, sunlight.
- Rational use of vehicles: timely elimination of breakdowns, the use of special agents that reduce the concentration of harmful compounds, the adjustment of the exhaust system. And it is better to at least partially switch to trolleybuses and trams.
- Legislative regulation at the state level.
- Rational attitude to natural resources, greening the planet.
Substances released into the atmosphere are dangerous, but some of them can be eliminated or prevented.
The problem of environmental friendliness of cars arose in the middle of the twentieth century, when cars became a mass product. European countries, being in a relatively small area, earlier than others began to apply various environmental standards. They existed in individual countries and included various requirements for the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of cars.
In 1988, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe introduced a single regulation (the so-called Euro-0) with requirements to reduce the level of emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other substances in cars. Once every few years, the requirements became tougher, other states also began to introduce similar standards.
Environmental regulations in Europe
Since 2015, Euro-6 standards have been in force in Europe. According to these requirements, the following permissible emissions of harmful substances (g / km) are established for gasoline engines:
- Carbon monoxide (CO) - 1
- Hydrocarbon (CH) - 0.1
- Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.06
For vehicles with diesel engines, the Euro 6 standard establishes other standards (g / km):
- Carbon monoxide (CO) - 0.5
- Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.08
- Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) - 0.17
- Suspended particles (PM) - 0.005
Environmental standard in Russia
Russia follows the EU standards for exhaust emissions, although their implementation is 6-10 years behind. The first standard that was officially approved in the Russian Federation was Euro-2 in 2006.
Since 2014, the Euro-5 standard has been in force in Russia for imported cars. Since 2016, it has been applied to all manufactured cars.
The Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards have the same maximum emission limits for vehicles with a gasoline engine. But for cars whose engines run on diesel fuel, the Euro-5 standard has less stringent requirements: nitrogen oxide (NOx) should not exceed 0.18 g / km, and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) - 0.23 g/km.
US emission standards
The U.S. Federal Air Emission Standard for passenger cars is divided into three categories: Low Emission Vehicles (LEV), Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV - Hybrids), and Super Low Emission Vehicles (SULEV - Electric Vehicles). Each class has separate requirements.
In general, all manufacturers and dealers selling cars in the United States adhere to the requirements for emissions into the atmosphere of the EPA agency (LEV II):
|
Mileage (miles) |
Non-methane organic gases (NMOG), g/mi |
Nitric oxide (NO x), g/mi |
Carbon monoxide (CO), g/mi |
Formaldehyde (HCHO), g/mi |
Particulate matter (PM) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emission standards in China
In China, vehicle emission control programs began to emerge in the 1980s, and a national standard did not emerge until the late 1990s. China has begun to gradually implement strict exhaust emission standards for passenger cars in line with European regulations. China-1 became the equivalent of Euro-1, China-2 became Euro-2, etc.
China's current national automotive emission standard is China-5. It sets different standards for two types of vehicles:
- Type 1 vehicles: vehicles with a maximum of 6 passengers, including the driver. Weight ≤ 2.5 tons.
- Type 2 vehicles: other light vehicles (including light trucks).
According to the China-5 standard, emission limits for gasoline engines are as follows:
|
Vehicle type |
Weight, kg |
Carbon monoxide (CO), |
Hydrocarbons (HC), g/km |
Nitric oxide (NOx), g/km |
Particulate matter (PM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel vehicles have different emission limits:
|
Vehicle type |
Weight, kg |
Carbon monoxide (CO), |
Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx), g/km |
Nitric oxide (NOx), g/km |
Particulate matter (PM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emission standards in Brazil
Brazil's motor vehicle emissions control program is called PROCONVE. The first standard was introduced in 1988. In general, these standards correspond to European ones, but the current PROCONVE L6, although it is an analogue of Euro-5, does not include the mandatory presence of filters for filtering particulate matter or the amount of emissions into the atmosphere.
For vehicles weighing less than 1700 kg, the PROCONVE L6 emission standards are as follows (g/km):- Carbon monoxide (CO) - 2
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - 0.3
- Volatile organic substances (NMHC) - 0.05
- Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.08
- Suspended particles (PM) - 0.03
If the mass of the car is more than 1700 kg, then the norms change (g / km):
- Carbon monoxide (CO) - 2
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - 0.5
- Volatile organic substances (NMHC) - 0.06
- Nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.25
- Suspended particles (PM) - 0.03.
Where are the stricter rules?
In general, developed countries are guided by similar standards for the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. In this regard, the European Union is a kind of authority: it most often updates these indicators and introduces strict legal regulation. Other countries are following this trend and are also updating their emission standards. For example, the Chinese program is fully equivalent to the Euro: the current China-5 corresponds to Euro-5. Russia is also trying to keep up with the European Union, but at the moment the standard that was in effect in European countries until 2015 is being implemented.
