Propaganda political and literary
The need for propaganda in pre-war and wartime became immediately obvious - the Red Army needed to mobilize more and more new forces, involving the population, counteract enemy propaganda in the occupied territories, stimulate patriotism among partisans, and even influence the enemy army by propaganda methods.
Famous Soviet posters and leaflets, radio broadcasts and broadcasting of recordings in enemy trenches became popular means of propaganda. Propaganda raised the morale of the Soviet people, forced them to fight more courageously.
During the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army used revolutionary methods of psychological pressure on the enemy. From the loudspeakers installed at the front line, favorite hits of German music rushed, which were interrupted by reports of the victories of the Red Army in the sectors of the Stalingrad Front. But the most effective means was the monotonous beat of a metronome, which was interrupted after 7 beats by a comment in German: "Every 7 seconds, one German soldier dies at the front." At the end of a series of 10-20 “timer reports”, tango rushed from the loudspeakers.
The decision to organize propaganda was made in the early days of the Great Patriotic War. The formation of images involved in propaganda was carried out by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Department for Work with the Enemy Troops of the Red Army.
Already on June 24, 1941, the Soviet Information Bureau became responsible for propaganda on the radio and in the press. In addition to military-political propaganda, there was also literary propaganda: such famous writers as K.M. Simonov, N.A. Tikhonov, A.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fadeev, K.A. Fedin, M.A. Sholokhov, I.G. Ehrenburg and many others. German anti-fascists - F. Wolf, V. Bredel also collaborated with them.
Soviet authors were read abroad: for example, Ehrenburg's articles were distributed to 1,600 newspapers in the United States, and Leonov's letter to "An Unknown American Friend" was listened to by 10 million overseas radio listeners. “All literature becomes defensive,” said V. Vishnevsky.
The responsibility of the writers was enormous - they had to not only show the qualities of the Soviet army and educate patriotism, but also, using different approaches, influence different audiences. For example, Ehrenburg believed that "different arguments were required for the Red Army and for the neutral Swedes."
In addition to the rise of the Red Army, the Soviet man and the allied troops, propaganda also had to expose the German troops, reveal Germany's internal contradictions, and demonstrate the inhumanity of its attacks.
The USSR owned the whole arsenal of methods of ideological struggle. Acting in the camp of the enemy, our propagandists did not use excessive communist rhetoric, did not denounce the church before the German population, did not take up arms against the peasants.
Propaganda was mainly directed against Hitler and the NSDAP, and the opposition of the Fuhrer and the people was used.
The German command followed the Soviet propaganda and saw that it was perfectly differentiated: “ she speaks in folk, soldierly and specifically local expressions, appeals to the original human feelings, such as fear of death, fear of battle and danger, longing for a wife and child, jealousy, longing for her homeland. All this is opposed to going over to the side of the Red Army...».
Political propaganda knew no limits: Soviet propaganda directed at the enemy not only denounced the injustice of the war, but also appealed to the vast lands of Russia, the cold, and the superiority of the allied forces. At the front, rumors were spread, designed for all sectors of society - peasants, workers, women, youth, intelligentsia. However, there were common points in the propaganda - the image of the fascist enemy.
The image of the enemy
The image of the enemy at all times and in all countries is formed in approximately the same way - it is necessary to separate the world of good, kind people who fight exclusively for good, and the world of "non-humans" who are not a pity to kill in the name of future peace on earth.
If the National Socialist (and not fascist) bodies of Germany operated with the term "subhuman", then in the USSR the word "fascist" became such a common bogey.
Ilya Ehrenburg thus designated the task of propaganda: “We must tirelessly see before us the face of a Nazi: this is the target that you need to shoot without a miss, this is the personification of what we hate. Our duty is to incite hatred of evil and strengthen the thirst for the beautiful, the good, the just.”
The word "fascist" instantly became synonymous with an inhuman monster that kills everyone and everything in the name of evil. Fascists were portrayed as soulless rapists and cold killers, barbarians and rapists, perverts and slave owners.
If the courage and strength of the Soviet fighters were extolled, then the forces of Germany's allies were contemptuously criticized: "In the Donbass, the Italians surrender - they do not need leaflets, they are driven crazy by the smell of our camp kitchens."
Soviet people were portrayed as kind and peaceful in non-war times - during the war, they instantly managed to become heroes, destroying heavily armed professional fascist killers with their bare fists. And, importantly, the Nazis and the Fritz were not killed - they were only destroyed.
The well-oiled Soviet propaganda machine was quite flexible: for example, the very image of the enemy changed several times. If from 1933 until the beginning of World War II, a discourse was formed between the images of the innocent German people and the insidious Nazi government, then in May 1941, anti-fascist connotations were eliminated.
Of course, after June 22 they returned and propaganda was launched with renewed vigor. Another cardinal turn noted by the German propaganda organs is the mobilization of spiritual reserves in 1942-1944.
It was at that time that Stalin began to encourage the previously condemned communist values: traditionalism, nationality, churchness.
In 1943, Stalin authorized the election of a new Moscow Patriarch, and the church became another patriotic propaganda tool. It was at that time that patriotism began to be combined with pan-Slavic themes and motives for helping fellow Slavs. “Changing the political and ideological line and the slogan “Drive the German occupiers from your native land and save the Fatherland!” Stalin succeeded,” wrote the Germans.
USSR about allies
The military propaganda of the Soviet Union did not forget about the allied countries, relations with which were not always the most idyllic. First of all, the allies appeared in propaganda materials as friends of the Soviet people, cheerful and selfless fighters. The material support provided by the allied forces of the USSR was also praised: American stew, egg powder and English pilots in Murmansk. Polevoy wrote about the allied troops: “Russians, British, Americans, this is a mountain. Whoever tries to break a mountain with his head, he breaks his head ... ".
Propaganda was also carried out among the population of the allied countries: the Soviet delegations were given instructions on how to form a positive image of the USSR, how to convince the allies of the need to open a Second Front, etc.
Soviet realities were often compared with American ones: “The battle for the Volga is the battle for the Mississippi. Have you done everything to protect your native, your wonderful river, American, ”wrote Fedin.
The motive of cosmopolitanism and the all-conquering friendship of peoples was predominant in the allied propaganda directed at the USA, England and France, while at home these terms were not always given the same role. Despite the fact that immediately after World War II, the old anti-Western cliches in Soviet propaganda came to life again, posters were drawn and songs were composed: for example, the jazz song "James Kennedy" told about the heroic British in the Arctic.
Military propaganda during the Great Patriotic War 1. A lie told a hundred times becomes the truth. I. Goebbels War is not just an armed confrontation between the belligerents. The main goal of military operations is to perform a set of tasks that cannot be limited to simply the physical destruction of the enemy army. Therefore, the desire to influence the enemy by means of propaganda, disinformation, intimidation, etc. since ancient times it has been a constant companion of all wars. 2. Specialist in psychological warfare, Englishman P.G. Warburton wrote the following: “In modern times, the main task in war is not to destroy the armed forces of the enemy, as it was before, but to undermine the morale of the population of the enemy country as a whole and to such a level that it will force its government to make peace. Armed clash of armies is only one of the means to achieve the same goal. Of particular importance in the confrontation of the warring parties is the psychological impact on the enemy, the desire to somehow shake his faith in the correctness of the ideas he defends, faith in a future victory. Military propaganda is the use of information channels in the interests of political support for ongoing military operations and the common goals set for themselves by the warring parties. Skillful organization of work on influencing the moral and psychological potential of the enemy during the Great Patriotic War had a fairly high efficiency. Having begun to take shape as a means of intimidation, the information and psychological impact during the war became an integral part of military art. 3. The purpose of the Information and psychological impact is to have a demoralizing effect aimed at weakening the human psyche, exacerbating his sense of self-preservation in order to reduce morale and combat qualities up to refusing to participate in hostilities, as well as to form positive attitudes in the enemy in relation to surrender into captivity as the only reasonable and safe way out of the current situation. The main forms of psychological influence during the Great Patriotic War were printed and radio propaganda. Oral propaganda and visual agitation were presented on a smaller scale. 4. The main bodies responsible for providing information and psychological impact on the troops and population of the enemy were in the USSR - the Bureau of Military-Political Propaganda, in Germany - the Ministry of Public Education and Propaganda. 5. The German Propaganda Ministry, headed by Joseph Paul Goebbels, gathered the best Nazi propaganda cadres. The main merit in the propaganda of the "horrors of Bolshevism" belongs to the closest associate of Goebbels, Dr. Taubert. In parallel, the propaganda system worked in the department of A. Rosenberg, the imperial minister of the eastern territories. At the General Staff of the German Army, there was a special department for conducting propaganda among the enemy troops and the population of the occupied territories. Since February 1941, in connection with the preparation of the invasion of the territory of the USSR, the propaganda department of the Wehrmacht began to develop a plan for the propaganda support of the military campaign. By the time of the invasion of Soviet territory, the German troops destined for the war on the Eastern Front had formed 19 propaganda companies and 6 platoons of SS war correspondents. They included: military journalists, translators, maintenance personnel for propaganda radio vehicles, employees of field printing houses, specialists in the publication and distribution of anti-Soviet literature, posters, and leaflets. All German radio broadcasting was under the control of the Propaganda Ministry. In 1943 foreign broadcasting was carried out in 53 languages. Much attention during the Second World War was paid to black propaganda from secret radio stations located in Germany. So three radio stations worked against the USSR. One of them was of a Trotskyist nature, the second was separatist, and the third posed as national Russian. According to the provisions of a special propaganda directive, German troops were instructed to emphasize in every possible way that the enemy of Germany was not the peoples of the Soviet Union. Moreover, the German armed forces came to the country not as enemies, but, on the contrary, as liberators, seeking to save people from Soviet tyranny. The fierce resistance of the Red Army, two months after the start of the war, required the Wehrmacht propaganda department to make adjustments to its work. By this time, the Germans had already produced and distributed 200 million leaflets. These were mainly short calls to go over to the side of the Germans, to destroy commanders and commissars (in some leaflets they promised 100 rubles for the surrender of a commissar) or simply small books with passes for an entire unit in the form of tear-off coupons. They were called "For you and your friends." There were also more complex materials, for example, multi-page photo collages illustrating the delights of German captivity. In the Proposals for the Compilation of Leaflets for the Enemy Troops, Goebbels reminded his subordinates that for a propagandist in his work, all means are good if they contribute to the achievement of the goal: 7. “Propaganda of decay is a dirty business that has nothing to do with faith or worldview. In this case, only the result is decisive. If we manage to win the confidence of the enemy ... and if we manage to penetrate into the souls of the enemy soldiers, plant in them slogans that corrupt them, it makes absolutely no difference whether these are Marxist, Jewish or intellectual slogans, as long as they are effective! Also, Ordinary people are usually much more primitive than we imagine. Therefore, propaganda, in essence, should always be simple and endlessly repetitive. Ultimately, the most significant results in influencing public opinion will be achieved only by those who are able to reduce problems to their simplest expressions and who have the courage to constantly repeat them in this simplified form, despite the objections of intellectuals. Goebbels In contrast to the propaganda posters addressed to the population of the occupied territories, the trench leaflets intended for distribution in the combat zone of the Soviet troops were distinguished by a small format - the size of a postcard. It was more convenient to scatter such leaflets from aircraft over enemy positions, and for saboteurs to carry them over the front line for distribution in the rear of the Red Army. Finally, it was easier for any Red Army soldier to pick up such a leaflet from the ground and imperceptibly from the eyes of the political commissars to put it in his pocket. Special efforts of German propaganda were focused on the figure of I. Stalin. In one of the leaflets, the usual abbreviation of the USSR was deciphered as Stalin's Death Will Save Russia. Immediately, a caricature of a proletarian hammer hits Stalin on the head, and a peasant sickle is attached to his neck. In another leaflet, a caricatured Stalin with a predatory grin is planing coffins, on the coffins are the numbers of the dead divisions and armies. The caption under the picture "Father Stalin takes care of his divisions ..." 8. The assortment of anti-Semitic leaflets was the most abundant in the arsenal of the Reich propagandists. Here, various methods and means of ideological decomposition of Soviet soldiers were used - from primitive slogans to fiery appeals to start a new - anti-Bolshevik-anti-Jewish revolution "Kill the political commissar Jew, his face asks for a brick!" “Fighters, commanders and political workers! Your sacred duty is to start a second revolution for the happiness of the Motherland, your families. Know that victory is yours, as the weapon is in your hands. Save the Fatherland from the Jewish boor! Down with the traitors of Russia - Jewish accomplices! Death to Jewish Bolshevism! Forward, for freedom, for happiness and life!” The propagandists of the Third Reich insisted that the German soldier was bringing land and freedom to Russia. The propaganda onslaught brought its results, often in the Soviet villages, the Germans were met with bread and salt, as liberators from collective farms, taxes and repressions. However, the peasants of the occupied territories understood the essence of the new agrarian order quite quickly: the collective farms were never liquidated, the German authorities simply renamed them communal farms. The peasants did not receive individual plots of land and were obliged to cultivate communal lands under the strict supervision of a manager appointed by the occupying authorities. Deviators from general work were expected to be severely punished by a military court. The entire harvest was at the disposal of the German authorities, and the peasants received payment for their work. The amounts and forms of payment were set at the discretion of local chiefs. In general, the German new order did not give the peasants anything new compared to the Bolshevik regime.9 All Nazi propaganda was built on false theses. The central thesis of Nazism is the racial superiority of the Germans. The second thesis was the existence of a threat to Europe from the Jews and the Communists, and between the first and second, a sign of identity was put. During the operational pause (April-May 1943), the activity of the German troops at the front, with the exception of ordinary skirmishes in certain areas, was limited to Operation Silver Stripe, the largest German propaganda campaign of the entire war. This operation was a reflection of the intention of the command of the German army to make the Russian people their ally in the fight against the Soviet regime. 10. In April, the OKH prepared Basic Order No. 13 on the policy towards deserters from the enemy army. They were to be separated from the rest of the prisoners and placed in the best barracks. After crossing the front line, they were advised to provide generous rations and then be sent to the rear in trucks, without being forced to walk. Officers were to appoint orderlies. Prisoners of war who voluntarily transferred to the German service were reduced to units consisting of one officer and twenty-four soldiers; such units should have been included in every German division. Their task was to conduct propaganda broadcasts for enemy soldiers on the radio; in addition, they were supposed to ensure the reception of new deserters from the Soviet troops. Operation Silver Stripe was carried out in May, June and July in order to bring Basic Order No. 13 to Russian soldiers. In May and June, 49 million propaganda leaflets were distributed in Army Group North. Propaganda officers believed that this campaign could have been more successful if, as originally planned, it was linked to Operation Citadel, that is, if it had not been conducted during a lull at the front, when it is much more difficult to desert . *** 11. On June 25, a Soviet bureau of military-political propaganda was created, headed by L.Z. Mekhlis and Deputy D.Z. Manuilsky. The functions of the bureau included conducting propaganda and counter-propaganda among the troops and the population of the enemy. German counterintelligence recognized that the Soviet side owned the entire arsenal of methods of ideological struggle. So, in November 1942, the headquarters of the 2nd German Army noted the systematic, thoughtful and purposeful work of Soviet propaganda on German soldiers and the population. The propagandists did not speculate with communist rhetoric, spared the church, did not affect the peasantry and the middle class in Germany. The main blow was directed against the Fuhrer and the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) in order to tear them away from the people. “We must tirelessly see before us the face of a Hitlerite, this is the target at which you need to shoot without a miss, this is the personification of fascism we hate. Our duty is to incite hatred for evil and strengthen the thirst for the beautiful, the good, the just.” I. Ehrenburg The term fascist has become synonymous with a non-human, a werewolf, generated by the dark forces of capitalism, the inhuman economic political system and the ideology of fascist Germany. Fascists were portrayed as soulless automatons, methodical killers, exploiters, rapists, barbarians. The leaders of the Reich were presented as professional losers in civilian life, perverts, murderers and exploiters, modern slave owners. The appearance of Soviet soldiers: simple and modest people, very gentle in peacetime, true friends. It was about the exceptional art of a new man, our warrior-knight with new psychotechnical qualities. It was an epic hero, liberating Mankind from the Universal Evil. Wartime posters were the most powerful means of information and psychological influence. They performed two important functions - to inform and create a clear negative image of the enemy among the population, and therefore contributed to the mood to destroy the enemy and help their state with all their might. Some of the most famous posters of the Great Patriotic War were “Windows TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union). The content of the propaganda included the image of the superiority of the Allied forces, the vastness of Russian territory and the unfair nature of the war on the part of Germany. 13. After Operation Citadel, the German specialists in psychological warfare left Soviet propaganda seized the initiative forever. The Russians managed to take advantage of the fact that for two years the Germans behaved cruelly and unfairly in the occupied Soviet lands. For propaganda purposes, the passionate belief of a part of the Soviet people that after the return of the Red Army to live will be much better. In addition, the People were promised that the war was about to be over. Radio was also used for propaganda purposes. The radio broadcast not only front-line news, but also actively created heroic images of their own army and the image of a hated enemy. From 1941 to 1945 year set ra The evil leaflets were created to influence the behavior of both their own population, the military, partisans, as well as enemy troops, the population of Germany and the liberated countries. The leaflets were of different functions informing and misinforming, calling for action and causing a depressive mood, creating meaning and depriving of meaning. The propaganda of both opposing sides served to achieve victory for each of the countries.
Encyclopedic YouTube
- "James Kennedy" - Soviet song about the British allies
- A zoomorphic image of the enemy, especially the ruling elite of the Nazis. This feature is inherent in a large number of Soviet posters from the time of the Great Patriotic War and is aimed at creating a feeling of disgust for Hitler and the Nazis in a citizen of the USSR and a soldier of the Red Army. These techniques were supposed to lead to a widespread perception of the occupiers as beasts incapable of humanity. Thus, the attitude towards the invaders as non-humans was justified, any sympathy for the enemy was suppressed.
- The scale of the object in the frame is an exaggeration and understatement of certain elements. This feature is typical for almost any visual propaganda. Propaganda artists showed one side or the other in the conflict either too strong or too weak. Individuals (the image of a hunched dwarf-Hitler and a huge fighter next to him), objects (equipment, weapons) and geographical values \u200b\u200b(the size of the country could be adjusted to give the soldier a sense of imminent victory) were exaggerated and underestimated.
- Particular emphasis on the heavy losses of the enemy. The enemy on propaganda posters was often depicted as either already defeated or close to defeat.
- Use of color contrast. In addition to the scale, the color palette was also taken into account in the visual display of the elements of the image of the enemy. So, in contrast to the bright (red, white) allied troops, enemy forces and personalities were most often darkened and executed in dark colors.
- The presence of historical allegories and appeal to past historical experience. One of the key techniques used by Allied propagandists to belittle the image of the main enemy was to equate it with already defeated enemies from the country's past. Drawing parallels between modern invaders and defeated historical rivals, the propagandists sought to arouse in a person a powerful upsurge of patriotic feelings, to revive in his mind the myth of the historically determined impossibility of carrying out enemy plans. [ ]
- The propaganda of the United States and Great Britain actively used the image of Christianity as a religion opposed to fascism. In this case, the “good”, represented by the Western allies, stood in defense of Christian humanism from the encroachments of the “forces of evil” (German Nazism). This poster theme is based on the assertion that the Nazis, who committed so many crimes against the peoples of the world and plotted even greater atrocities, can in no way be recognized by Christians. You can see that the image of the battle of good and evil in Christianity is transferred to the battle between Western democracies and Nazism. So, on a British poster during the war, a Christian cross is depicted, opposed to the Nazi swastika. At the same time, the cross is a swastika (which depicted smaller) obscures, conveying to the viewer the idea that Christianity will definitely win in this global confrontation with Nazism.The poster was supposed to have an impact on the soldiers who believe in God, showing them that Nazism is equated with the Antichrist, brings only evil to the world, and therefore must be defeated in the name of the Christian faith American poster 1943, co created by Thomas Hart Benton, also appeals to the struggle of Christianity with the "evil of the world." Poster "Again!" the author wanted to show that the values of the Christian religion are in danger due to the spread of the "Nazi plague". The German soldiers depicted on the poster, piercing the body of the crucified Christ with a spear and a German military aircraft shooting him from the air, personify the Nazis' violation of all norms of morality and Christian ethics. With its actions to destroy entire nations, Nazi Germany is challenging Christ himself, the Christian religion, which, according to the author of the poster, must be stopped. Like the British poster, the American one is aimed at believing soldiers, but uses more powerful allegory than juxtaposition of symbols. This poster exploits a whole biblical story. The Soviet Union, for ideological reasons, could not use the image of Christianity as a humanistic religion opposed to "Nazi barbarism." Soviet propagandists mainly resorted to the use of communist symbols and images, and also turned to the history of Russia, without touching on Orthodox themes.
During the war years, 150-180 propaganda films were released (out of a total of about 1300). In cinemas, before each session, a screening (mandatory, it was impossible to miss) of the propaganda film magazine "Die Deutsche Wochenschau" was arranged - at the beginning of the war, lasting 10-15 minutes, at the end - already half an hour.
In propaganda films (and Hitler's speeches), explaining the reasons for declaring war on America, parallels were drawn between it and the "Jewish" government of the Soviets, the Jewish nature of its capital, the Judeo-Bolshevik orientation of its policy (aimed at absorbing third countries), and President Roosevelt was declared a Jew. The USA was portrayed as a country of low morality, and the main source of welfare for its citizens was the game on the stock exchange.
Aimed at the enemy army
Loud-speaking horn installations were widely used on the front lines, propaganda bombs, shells and rocket mines were used to distribute leaflets. Leaflets Third Reich for USSR were mostly distributed by Luftwaffe planes.
The facts of the capture or death of significant figures of the enemy (German leaflets with Yakov Dzhugashvili, the son of Stalin, the son of Khrushchev Leonid, large military leaders) were actively used, including with elements of falsification of materials (photographs, statements, etc.).
The spread of rumors in the unoccupied territory that "Jews do not fight", that they are not at the front, that they all settled in the rear, in supply, etc. .
Propaganda in the occupied territories
During the Second World War, the long-term occupation of large and heterogeneous densely populated areas of enemy territory was carried out by only one side - Germany and its allies. It is the experience of Germany in this sense that is of greatest interest. Since the Germans had different interests in the various territories that were under occupation, the methods of governing the subject countries and the propaganda techniques used were correspondingly different. So, the inhabitants of the captured Scandinavia were considered "Aryans", full-fledged citizens of the Reich, who should take an active part in its affairs. The French were considered a civilized, but alien people, in which loyalty to the invaders should be brought up. For this purpose, for example, the German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels posed for cameras along with the stars of French culture [ ] .
see also
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✪ The Ducktators | World War 2 Era Propaganda Cartoon | 1942
✪ Myths about the great war. "Soviet heroes are a fiction of propaganda"
✪ Inconvenient questions of World War II (Cognitive TV, Artyom Voitenkov)
✪ World War I and how propaganda worked
✪ Lend Lease, World War II, refutation of Soviet propaganda myths
In the USSR, during the war, the historical heritage of pre-Bolshevik Russia, primarily the military one, began to be used for propaganda purposes. The guard was recreated in the army, St. George's awards and symbols, cadet corps returned in a modified form. Starting from 1943, Soviet military personnel began to wear shoulder straps, new awards were introduced in honor of the historical Russian commanders and naval commanders - Alexander Nevsky, A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov, F. F. Ushakov, P. S. Nakhimov. Brochures about the heroic past of the Russian people began to be published in large numbers.
Attempts were made to use the Church for propaganda purposes. In 1943, after a long break, the election of a new Moscow Patriarch was allowed. The patriotic position of the Church was widely reported in the press. In particular, the creation of a tank column "Dmitry Donskoy" at the expense of believers was widely known.
Enemies in propaganda materials
Enemies in propaganda materials appear either pathetic and helpless, or inhuman monsters. In some cases, the central link in the propaganda material is not the enemy himself, but the inhumanity and destructiveness of his actions. This is due to the need to simultaneously suppress the fear of the enemy in your soldiers, instill in them determination and depersonalize the image of the enemy - to make sure that he is not perceived as a person and it is easier to shoot at him. As a rule, such materials contain strong motives for protecting one's country, one's home, as well as the motive for revenge.
Images of the political leaders of the enemy state were often used in an unsightly way. In propaganda films, the combat and personal qualities of enemy soldiers are most often described as very low. Often, when they are safe, they look arrogant and stupid, but show cowardice in battle. The enemy in such a movie is very easy to kill. So, for example, in the final episode of the Soviet film "Two Soldiers" (1943), the main characters together freely shoot the advancing German columns.
Counter-propaganda
It serves to repel propaganda attacks and actions of the enemy, disavows rumors and conjectures spread by the enemy for propaganda purposes, asserts the weakness, falsity and fallacy of the enemy's position. During the Great Patriotic War, the image of Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany, served as a frequent object of counter-propaganda (at the same time, the ideological cliché “Goebbels propaganda” arose).
Since the time of biblical antiquity, the peoples of the world, not relying only on the brute military force or the mind of their rulers, have always supplemented them with an important factor of psychological pressure on the public opinion of opponents. Unfortunately, our country turned out to be completely unprepared to fight Goebbels and his company, which already had extensive experience in demagogy, I confess, I was surprised more than once how skillfully a black dog was washed white in Berlin. It is generally more difficult to fight against a total state.
Propaganda in neutral states
Propaganda "in the camp of the enemy"
Propaganda work against the enemy was aimed at lowering his morale, forcing him to abandon the continuation of the armed struggle and incline him to surrender. To this end, the parties broadcast propaganda programs across the front line with the help of loud-speaking equipment, sometimes alternating them with music. Propaganda printed materials (leaflets, which also served as a "pass" into captivity) were thrown into the location of enemy units. Most often, such materials contained the thought of the danger or senselessness of resistance. The propagandists informed the enemy soldiers that they were in a difficult situation, directly threatening death, that they had a family in the rear that was waiting for them to return alive and healthy.
Often, as a motive for refusing to resist, the thesis about the “incorrectness” of the political regime in the country that the soldier defends was proposed. In case of surrender, the enemy promised worthy, and even luxurious conditions of detention until the end of the war. Many printed propaganda materials were designed as "capture passes" - it was assumed that a surrendering soldier should present such a leaflet to the very first soldier of the enemy army. Often propaganda materials for the enemy were created on behalf of collaborationist organizations - such as the Russian Liberation Army or Free Germany.
Allied Propaganda
Due to the circumstances, the Second World War left a special layer of propaganda materials - dedicated to the allies [ ] . For the duration of the war with a common enemy, the differences between the countries of the West and the Soviet Union were forgotten. Allies, like their own warriors, are portrayed as strong, self-confident. Theses about brother nations, the common struggle for peace and freedom often come to the fore. It is noteworthy that the propaganda clichés about the "communist threat" and "world imperialism", which were supplanted by "allied" propaganda, after the war immediately turned out to be in demand again, and the poster, on which a Russian pilot shakes hands with a British pilot in the sky over Germany, began to be perceived [ by whom?] rather like strange.
Notable works
Allied propaganda
World War II is one of the most striking examples of the representation of the image of the enemy in propaganda campaigns. How politicians and their propagandists could depict their main military, political and ideological opponents, deliberately distort their image, emphasize the negative features of this image, motivate an ordinary person to protect not only the interests of their country, but also a certain ideology, depended on the fate of states and peoples and the future of all mankind. The propaganda campaigns of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition are no exception in this regard, in which posters were actively used as the main tool for visualizing the enemy image.
When analyzing the visual display of the image of the enemy in the propaganda of the allies, the following features stand out:
Notable works
How Soviet Propaganda Worked During the Great Patriotic War Soviet propaganda during World War II was called the "third front". She suppressed the enemies, inspired the soldiers of the Red Army and praised the allies. She was flexible and often changed course, adjusting to military conditions and foreign policy. The need for propaganda in pre-war and wartime became immediately obvious - the Red Army needed to mobilize more and more new forces, involving the population, counteract enemy propaganda in the occupied territories, stimulate patriotism among partisans, and even influence the enemy army by propaganda methods. Famous Soviet posters and leaflets, radio broadcasts and broadcasting of recordings in enemy trenches became popular means of propaganda. Propaganda raised the morale of the Soviet people, forced them to fight more courageously. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army used revolutionary methods of psychological pressure on the enemy. From the loudspeakers installed at the front line, favorite hits of German music rushed, which were interrupted by reports of the victories of the Red Army in the sectors of the Stalingrad Front. But the most effective means was the monotonous beat of a metronome, which was interrupted after 7 beats by a comment in German: "Every 7 seconds, one German soldier dies at the front." At the end of a series of 10-20 “timer reports”, tango rushed from the loudspeakers. The decision to organize propaganda was made in the early days of the Great Patriotic War. The formation of images involved in propaganda was carried out by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Department for Work with the Enemy Troops of the Red Army. Already on June 24, 1941, the Soviet Information Bureau became responsible for propaganda on the radio and in the press. In addition to military-political propaganda, there was also literary propaganda: such famous writers as K.M. Simonov, N.A. Tikhonov, A.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fadeev, K.A. Fedin, M.A. Sholokhov, I.G. Ehrenburg and many others. German anti-fascists - F. Wolf, V. Bredel also collaborated with them. Soviet authors were read abroad: for example, Ehrenburg's articles were distributed to 1,600 newspapers in the United States, and Leonov's letter to "An Unknown American Friend" was listened to by 10 million overseas radio listeners. “All literature becomes defensive,” said V. Vishnevsky. The responsibility of the writers was enormous - they had to not only show the qualities of the Soviet army and educate patriotism, but also, using different approaches, influence different audiences. For example, Ehrenburg believed that "different arguments were required for the Red Army and for the neutral Swedes." In addition to the rise of the Red Army, the Soviet man and the allied troops, propaganda also had to expose the German troops, reveal Germany's internal contradictions, and demonstrate the inhumanity of its attacks. The USSR owned the whole arsenal of methods of ideological struggle. Acting in the camp of the enemy, our propagandists did not use excessive communist rhetoric, did not denounce the church before the German population, did not take up arms against the peasants. Propaganda was mainly directed against Hitler and the NSDAP, and the opposition of the Fuhrer and the people was used. The German command followed the Soviet propaganda and saw that it was perfectly differentiated: “she speaks in folk, soldier and specific local expressions, appeals to the original human feelings, like fear of death, fear of battle and danger, longing for a wife and child, jealousy, homesickness. All this is opposed to the transition to the side of the Red Army ... ". Political propaganda knew no limits: Soviet propaganda directed at the enemy not only denounced the injustice of the war, but also appealed to the vast lands of Russia, the cold, and the superiority of the allied forces. At the front, rumors were spread, designed for all sectors of society - peasants, workers, women, youth, intelligentsia. However, there were common points in the propaganda - the image of the fascist enemy. The image of the enemy at all times and in all countries is formed in approximately the same way - it is necessary to separate the world of good, kind people who fight exclusively for good, and the world of "non-humans" who are not a pity to kill in the name of future peace on earth. If the National Socialist (and not fascist) bodies of Germany operated with the term "subhuman", then in the USSR the word "fascist" became such a common bogey. Ilya Ehrenburg thus designated the task of propaganda: “We must tirelessly see before us the face of a Nazi: this is the target that you need to shoot without a miss, this is the personification of what we hate. Our duty is to incite hatred of evil and strengthen the thirst for the beautiful, the good, the just.” The word "fascist" instantly became synonymous with an inhuman monster that kills everyone and everything in the name of evil. Fascists were portrayed as soulless rapists and cold killers, barbarians and rapists, perverts and slave owners. If the courage and strength of the Soviet fighters were extolled, then the forces of Germany's allies were contemptuously criticized: "In the Donbass, the Italians surrender - they do not need leaflets, they are driven crazy by the smell of our camp kitchens." Soviet people were portrayed as kind and peaceful in non-war times - during the war, they instantly managed to become heroes, destroying heavily armed professional fascist killers with their bare fists. And, importantly, the Nazis and the Fritz were not killed - they were only destroyed. The well-oiled Soviet propaganda machine was quite flexible: for example, the very image of the enemy changed several times. If from 1933 until the beginning of World War II, a discourse was formed between the images of the innocent German people and the insidious Nazi government, then in May 1941, anti-fascist connotations were eliminated. Of course, after June 22 they returned and propaganda was launched with renewed vigor. Another cardinal turn noted by the German propaganda organs is the mobilization of spiritual reserves in 1942-1944. It was at that time that Stalin began to encourage the previously condemned communist values: traditionalism, nationality, churchness. In 1943, Stalin authorized the election of a new Moscow Patriarch, and the church became another patriotic propaganda tool. It was at that time that patriotism began to be combined with pan-Slavic themes and motives for helping fellow Slavs. “Changing the political and ideological line and the slogan “Drive the German occupiers from your native land and save the Fatherland!” Stalin succeeded,” wrote the Germans. The military propaganda of the Soviet Union did not forget about the allied countries, relations with which were not always the most idyllic. First of all, the allies appeared in propaganda materials as friends of the Soviet people, cheerful and selfless fighters. The material support provided by the allied forces of the USSR was also praised: American stew, egg powder and English pilots in Murmansk. Polevoy wrote about the allied troops: “Russians, British, Americans, this is a mountain. Whoever tries to break a mountain with his head, he breaks his head ... ". Propaganda was also carried out among the population of the allied countries: the Soviet delegations were given instructions on how to form a positive image of the USSR, how to convince the allies of the need to open a Second Front, etc.
One of the features of the Second World War was the active information war of the Soviet and Nazi regimes. Moscow and Berlin actively used the technical innovations of the 20th century: radio, cinema, mass printing. The great powers actively studied and used methods to influence the psyche of people, their consciousness and subconsciousness.
The methods were the same for the "democratic" United States, and for the totalitarian Germany and the Soviet Union. Constant influence on people from a very early age, including them in various mass children's, youth, women's, trade union and other organizations. Constant hammering into the consciousness of slogans, theses. Strict media control. Creating an image of the enemy - internal and external. In the West, they were communists, Jewish Bolsheviks and Jews (in the Third Reich), “commissars”, in the USSR they were bourgeois plutocrats.
The regimes of Mussolini and Hitler were distinguished by great militancy, the militarization of their propaganda. The cult of power became the basis of their ideology - there were constant military parades, militant speeches, paramilitary mass movements. European inhabitants were intimidated, they tried to break their will to resist even before the start of a big war. For example, the German film “Baptism by Fire” of 1939, about the actions of the Luftwaffe in the Polish campaign, was designed precisely for such an effect.
The peculiarity of the propaganda of the United States was the appropriation of the position of "fighter for peace", "democracy", this distinction they have retained to the present time. This is confirmed by the names of several American organizations of that time: the American Committee for the Fight Against War, the World Congress against War, the American League against War and Fascism, etc. The Soviet Union also sinned in the same way, although Soviet foreign policy was indeed aimed at maintaining peace in the USSR, in unlike Italy, Germany, the United States, which deliberately kindled the world fire of war.
They helped in the most powerful information impact on people, the widespread elimination of illiteracy, the growth of the role of radio and cinema. Already at that time, psychologists knew that people are divided into two categories - the easily suggestible majority (90-95%) and a small category of people who are difficult to suggest. Work is carried out with both groups of the population: for the first, the simplest agitation is enough, the idea is stubbornly hammered into the heads day by day, until it seizes the masses. The second group is carried away by more sophisticated teachings, ideas.
For the illiterate and semi-literate, there were posters that were supposed to explain the essence of the phenomenon, the event in the simplest way.
Cinema began to play and still plays a huge role. The films carry a great message of persuasion. They can be used both for the benefit of the people, and for its decomposition, deception. For example, in the USSR, socialist realism played the most important role, when people's lives were idealized. He set a high social and cultural bar for the Soviet people to strive for. Films were made about workers, historical and patriotic films, for example: "The Steel Way (Turksib)" in 1929, "Alexander Nevsky" in 1938.
In the 1930s, the USSR began to correct the mistakes and abuses that had been made after the October Revolution of 1917. So, they reduced the pressure on Christianity, began to restore the images of the heroes of the period of "damned tsarism." Although back in the 1920s it was believed that the “tsarist legacy” should be completely eliminated, including Kutuzov, Suvorov, Ushakov, Nakhimov, Rumyantsev, etc. Gradually, the understanding came that the Soviet patriot must be educated by examples pre-revolutionary period. Great figures of Russian culture were also rehabilitated - Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Lermontov. Chekhov, etc.
Posters were still of great importance, the most famous masters of their creation were the wartime artists Sokolov-Skalya, Denisovsky, Lebedev, the Kukryniksy team is the pseudonym of three famous Soviet artists, which was obtained from the initial letters of their surnames. They worked together for 20 years - Mikhail Kupriyanov, Porfiry Krylov and Nikolai Sokolov. Many of these works were reminiscent of the exploits of old Russian national heroes, so one of the posters depicted Alexander Nevsky, the prince-hero, the winner of the Swedes and German knights, the invincible commander Alexander Suvorov, who beat the Turks and the French, Vasily Chapaev, the Soviet hero of the Civil War. In parallel with the great counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow in 1941-1942, a poster was mass-produced with Mikhail Kutuzov, who had defeated Napoleon's "Great Army" 130 years earlier.
Some of the works of Soviet artists were satirical in nature, drawing caricatures of Nazi leaders, in particular Goebbels. Others described the atrocities of the Nazis - robberies, murders, violence. They were quickly distributed throughout the Union, at every factory, collective farm, in universities and schools, hospitals, parts of the Red Army, on ships, so that they affected almost every Soviet citizen. It happened that such campaign materials were accompanied by caustic verses, the authors of which were poets such as Samuil Marshak. The popularity of military posters and caricatures was achieved thanks to the talent of Soviet artists who drew them in the simplest and most accessible form for people.
To maintain morale and at the same time to relax the psyche of the people, propaganda trains and propaganda brigades were created. Mobile teams of lecturers, artists, poets, singers, artists were completed. They traveled throughout the Union, including to the front, held talks, lectures, showed films, organized concerts, and supplied people with information about the course of the war.
Cinema also played a huge role, it was during the war that famous films were also shot, such as Kutuzov (1943), Zoya (1944), about the short life of the Moscow schoolgirl Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who at the beginning of the war became a partisan saboteur and was executed by the Germans.
During the Great Patriotic War, a series of excellent documentaries was filmed: "The Defeat of the German Army near Moscow" (1942), "The Siege of Leningrad" (1942), "The Battle for Ukraine" (1943), "The Battle for the Eagle" (1943 years), "Berlin" (1945), "Vienna" (1945).
The propaganda of the USSR during the Second World War, both within the country and abroad, was surprisingly successful. Abroad, Moscow was able to play on the sympathy of the peoples of the world for the Soviet system and the people who suffered so much from the atrocities of the Nazis. For most people, the Soviet people were the liberators of Europe, the winners of the "brown plague". And the USSR was a model of the state of the future.
Inside the country, strict discipline and appeal to deeply rooted feelings of love for their homeland, the fatherland, allowed Stalin to conduct such a successful military campaign that they were greatly surprised in Berlin, London and Washington. They believed that the USSR was a colossus with feet of clay that would not withstand the blow of the armed forces of the Third Reich.
