Activity- this is a specifically human activity, regulated by consciousness, generated by needs and aimed at the knowledge and transformation of the external world and the person himself.

The main feature of activity is that its content is not entirely determined by the need that gave rise to it. The need as a motive (motivation) gives impetus to activity, but the very forms and content of activity determined by public goals, requirements and experience.

Distinguish three main activities: play, teaching and work. aim games is the "activity" itself, not its results. Human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities is called teaching. is an activity whose purpose is the production of socially necessary products.

Activity characteristics

Activity is understood as a specifically human way of an active relationship to the world - a process during which a person creatively transforms the world around him, turning himself into an active subject, and the phenomena being mastered into an object of his activity.

Under subject here we mean the source of activity, the actor. Since, as a rule, a person shows activity, then most often it is he who is called the subject.

object call the passive, passive, inert side of the relationship, on which the activity is carried out. The object of activity can be a natural material or object (land in agricultural activities), another person (a student as an object of study) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

To understand the activity, several important characteristics of it should be taken into account.

Man and activity are inextricably linked. Activity is an indispensable condition for human life: it created man himself, preserved him in history and predetermined the progressive development of culture. Therefore, a person does not exist outside of activity. The reverse is also true: there is no activity without a person. Only man is capable of labor, spiritual and other transformative activity.

Activity is the transformation of the environment. Animals adapt to natural conditions. Man is able to actively change these conditions. For example, he is not limited to collecting plants for food, but grows them in the course of agricultural activities.

Activity acts as a creative, constructive activity: a person in the process of his activity goes beyond the boundaries of natural possibilities, creating something new that did not previously exist in nature.

Thus, in the process of activity, a person creatively transforms reality, himself and his social ties.

The essence of activity is revealed in more detail in the course of its structural analysis.

The main forms of human activity

Human activity is carried out in (industrial, household, natural environment).

Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring from a person high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, emotional stability.

The study of a person in the process is carried out by ergonomics, the purpose of which is the optimization of labor activity on the basis of rational consideration of human capabilities.

The whole variety of forms of human activity can be divided into two main groups according to the nature of the functions performed by a person - physical and mental labor.

Physical work

Physical work requires significant muscle activity, is characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, etc.), and also requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 mJ (4,000-6,000 kcal) and more per day.

Brainwork

Brainwork(intellectual activity) is a work that combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes. Daily energy consumption during mental work is 10-11.7 mJ (2000-2400 kcal).

The structure of human activity

The structure of activity is usually represented in a linear way, where each component follows the other in time.

Need → Motive → Purpose → Means → Action → Result

Let's consider each component of the activity one by one.

Need for action

Need- this is a need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for a normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, an awareness of this need and its nature is necessary.

The most developed classification belongs to the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and is known as the pyramid of needs (Fig. 2.2).

Maslow divided needs into primary, or innate, and secondary, or acquired. These, in turn, include:

• physiological - in food, water, air, clothing, warmth, sleep, cleanliness, shelter, physical recreation, etc.;
• existential- safety and security, inviolability of personal property, guaranteed employment, confidence in the future, etc.;
• social - desire for belonging and belonging to any social group, team, etc. The values ​​of affection, friendship, love are based on these needs;
• prestigious - based on the desire for respect, recognition by others of personal achievements, on the values ​​of self-affirmation, leadership;
• spiritual - focused on self-expression, self-actualization, creative development and the use of their skills, abilities and knowledge.
• The hierarchy of needs has been changed many times and supplemented by various psychologists. Maslow himself, in the later stages of his research, added three additional groups of needs to it:
• cognitive- in knowledge, skill, understanding, research. These include the desire to discover new things, curiosity, the desire for self-knowledge;
• aesthetic- the desire for harmony, order, beauty;
• transcending— a selfless desire to help others in spiritual self-improvement, in their desire for self-expression.

According to Maslow, in order to satisfy higher, spiritual needs, it is necessary to first satisfy those needs that occupy a place in the pyramid below them. If the needs of any level are fully satisfied, a person has a natural need to satisfy the needs of a higher level.

Motives of activity

Motive - a need-based, conscious drive that justifies and justifies activity. The need will become a motive if it is realized not just as, but as a guide to action.

In the process of forming a motive, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Interest is a specific reason for action that determines. Although the needs of all people are the same, different social groups have their own interests. For example, the interests of workers and factory owners, men and women, youth and pensioners are different. So, innovations are more important for pensioners, traditions are more important for pensioners; Entrepreneurs have rather material interests, while people of art have spiritual ones. Each person also has his own personal interests based on individual inclinations, sympathies (people listen to different music, go in for different sports, etc.).

Traditions represent a social and cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation. We can talk about religious, professional, corporate, national (for example, French or Russian) traditions, etc. For the sake of some traditions (for example, military ones), a person may limit his primary needs (changing safety and security for activities in high-risk conditions).

Beliefs- firm, principled views of the world, based on the worldview ideals of a person and implying a person’s willingness to give up a number of needs (for example, comfort and money) for the sake of what he considers right (for the sake of honor and dignity).

Settings- the predominant orientation of a person to certain institutions of society, which are superimposed on needs. For example, a person may be oriented towards religious values, or towards material enrichment, or towards public opinion. Accordingly, he will act differently in each case.

In complex activities, it is usually possible to identify not one motive, but several. In this case, the main motive is singled out, which is considered to be driving.

Activity goals

Target - it is a conscious idea of ​​the result of activity, anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. the ability to set goals independently. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. Man is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never been in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in animal activity, it is not an activity. Moreover, if the animal never presents the results of its activity in advance, then the person, starting the activity, keeps in mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

However, the goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps to achieve it. For example, to plant a tree, you need to purchase a seedling, find a suitable place, take a shovel, dig a hole, place the seedling in it, water it, etc. Ideas about intermediate results are called tasks. Thus, the goal is broken down into specific tasks: if all these tasks are solved, then the overall goal will be achieved.

Funds used in activities

Facilities - these are techniques used in the course of activity, methods of action, objects, etc. For example, to learn social science, you need lectures, textbooks, assignments. To be a good specialist, you need to get a professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in your work, etc.

The means must match the ends in two senses. First, the means must be proportionate to the end. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, one cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; it is also pointless to buy materials several times more than you need to build it.

Secondly, the means must be moral: immoral means cannot be justified by the nobility of the end. If the goals are immoral, then all activity is immoral (on this occasion, the hero of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov" Ivan asked if the kingdom of world harmony is worth one tear of a tortured child).

Action

Action - an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity is made up of individual actions. For example, teaching activity consists of preparing and giving lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

The German sociologist Max Weber (1865-1920) singled out the following types of social actions:

• purposeful - actions aimed at achieving a reasonable song. At the same time, a person clearly calculates all means and possible obstacles (a general planning a battle; a businessman organizing an enterprise; a teacher preparing a lecture);
• value-rational- actions based on beliefs, principles, moral and aesthetic values ​​(for example, the refusal of a prisoner to transfer valuable information to the enemy, saving a drowning person at the risk of his own life);
• affective - actions committed under the influence of strong feelings - hatred, fear (for example, flight from the enemy or spontaneous aggression);
• traditional- actions based on habit, often an automatic reaction developed on the basis of customs, beliefs, patterns, etc. (for example, following certain rituals in a wedding ceremony).

The basis of activity is the actions of the first two types, since only they have a conscious goal and are creative in nature. Affects and traditional actions can only exert some influence on the course of activity as auxiliary elements.

Special forms of action are: deeds - actions that have a value-rational, moral value, and deeds - actions that have a high positive social value. For example, helping a person is an act, winning an important battle is an act. Drinking a glass of water is a common action that is neither an act nor an act. The word "act" is often used in jurisprudence to refer to an action or omission that violates legal norms. For example, in the legislation "a crime is an illegal, socially dangerous, guilty act."

Result of activity

Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills, the result -, the result of scientific activity - ideas and inventions. The result of the activity can be itself, because in the course of activity it develops and changes.

The activities are varied. It can be playful, educational and cognitive and transformative, creative and destructive, industrial and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Special activities are creativity and communication. Finally, as an activity, one can analyze the language, the human psyche and the culture of society.

Material and spiritual activities

Usually activities are divided into material and spiritual.

Material activities aimed at changing the environment. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society). An example of material production activity is the production of goods; examples of social transformation are state reforms, revolutionary activity.

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral deeds, organizing collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (obtaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining the norms and principles of life), prognostic activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it correlates with the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

Creativity and communication

Creativity and communication in the system of activities has a special place.

Creation- this is the emergence of a new in the process of transformative human activity. Signs of creative activity are originality, unusualness, originality, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.

Speaking of creativity, they usually mean the unity of the creative person and the creative process.

Creative person represents a person endowed with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so divorced from life that their practical application becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more "mundane" abilities are also important - erudition, a critical mindset, observation, a desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activities. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, activity in defending one's opinion. creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The actual creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the causes of which are not recognized. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Insight can only come to one who has thought hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long process of preparation and maturation. The results of the creative process require mandatory critical verification, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.

There are various techniques for creatively solving a problem, such as using associations and analogies, looking for similar processes in other areas, recombining elements of what is already known, trying to present someone else as understandable, and understandable as someone else, etc.

Since creativity can be developed, and creative techniques and elements of the creative process can be studied, any person is able to become a creator of new knowledge, values, works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.

Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process during which a person (subject) creatively transforms the surrounding world (object), then communication is a specific form of activity that can be defined as a subject-subject relationship, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).

Communication is often identified with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity that has a material and spiritual character. Communication is a purely informational process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication between man and machine or between animals (animal communication) is possible. We can say that communication is a dialogue where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transmission of a message from the sender to the recipient.

Rice. 2.3. Structure of communication

In the course of communication (Fig. 2.3), the addresser (sender) will transmit information (message) to the addressee (recipient). For this, it is necessary that the interlocutors possess information sufficient to understand each other (context), and that the information is transmitted by signs and symbols understandable to both (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transmitting a message from an addresser to an addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not a real person, human traits are still attributed to him.

Communication can be considered as one of the sides of communication, namely its informational component. In addition to communication, communication includes both social interaction, and the process of knowing each other by subjects, and the changes that occur with subjects in this process.

Language, which performs a communicative function in society, is closely related to communication. The purpose of the language is not only to ensure human mutual understanding and transmission of experience from generation to generation. Language is also a social activity in the formation of a picture of the world, an expression of the spirit of the people. The German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that "language is not a product of activity, but activity."

Play, communication and work as activities

Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society in order to meet personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at a practically useful result - various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual (scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.

The process of labor is manifested by the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: the most living labor (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by man); objects of labor (material transformed in the labor process). living labor it can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - philosopher or economist, etc.) and physical (any kind of muscular labor). However, even muscular work is usually intellectually loaded, since everything that a person does, he does consciously.

In the course of labor activity, they are improved and changed, resulting in an ever higher efficiency of labor. As a rule, the evolution of the means of labor is considered in the following sequence: the natural tool stage (for example, a stone as a tool); tool-artifact stage (appearance of artificial tools); engine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.

The subject of labor a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw material, semi-finished product). Labor eventually materializes, is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.

Labor is considered the leading, initial form of human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support of members of society, its cohesion, it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to labor, the person himself was formed.

Under understand the activities for the formation of knowledge and skills, the development of thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a translation of activity. The well-known psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the active nature of education: “The educational process should be based on the personal activity of the student, and all the art of the educator should be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity.”

The main feature of educational activity is that its goal is not to change the surrounding world, but the very subject of activity. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in labor activity, this change is not the direct goal of these types of activity, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing a person.

Under game understand the form of free self-expression of a person, aimed at the reproduction and assimilation of social experience. As the constitutive characteristics of the game, the Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) singles out freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, and the presence of voluntarily adopted rules. To these characteristics one can add virtuality (the game world is two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginary), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.

In the process of the game, norms, traditions, customs, values ​​are assimilated as necessary elements of the spiritual life of society. Unlike labor activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of gaming communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. In the early stages of human development, beauty could only be felt as beauty, outside the relationship of utility, only during the game time of the holiday, which gave rise to an artistic attitude to the world.

Occurs mainly in the course of play, learning and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In the game (before school), the child tries on various social roles, at more adult stages (at school, college, university), he acquires the knowledge, teachings, and skills necessary for adult life. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.

Human activities- a rather subjective concept, since, if desired, they can be described on more than one page, but most psychologists and sociologists have decided on three main specific types: learning, play and work. Each age has its own main activity, but this does not mean that adults do not play, and schoolchildren do not work.

Labor activity.

Labor activity ( work) is the transformation by a person of both material and intangible objects, in order to use them in the future to meet their needs. By the nature of the applied actions, labor activity is divided into:

• practical activities(or productive activity - changing objects of nature, or changing society);
• spiritual activity(intellectual, creativity, etc.).

It is this type of activity, according to most anthropologists, that is the driving force behind the evolution of people. Thus, in the process of labor, the purpose of which is the production of a product, the worker himself is formed. Perhaps labor is one of the main types of activity, but there would be no effective labor activity without one more of its types - teaching, or training.

Educational activity.

Learning activities ( training, education) is an activity aimed at obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities. The value of this type of activity is that it prepares a person for work. Teaching is a broad concept that has many varieties. This is not necessarily sitting out your pants at school at your desk. This includes sports training, and reading books, and movies, and TV shows (not all TV shows, of course). Self-education as a type of learning can take place in a passive, unconscious form throughout a person's life. For example, you were flipping through channels on TV and accidentally heard a recipe on a cooking show, and then it suddenly came in handy for you.

Game activity.

Game activity ( a game) - a type of activity, the purpose of which is the activity itself, and not the result. The case when the main thing is participation, that is, the process itself is important. This is the classic definition. Nevertheless, the game, in my opinion, is, if not a kind of training, then its offshoot, because it, like training, is a preparation for work. A sort of spin-off of study, if you will. A game of dice, Cossack robbers, "Call of Duty" or "Who wants to become a millionaire" - all these games, to one degree or another, teach some kind of mental or physical activity, bring some skills, knowledge, abilities. Develop logic, erudition, reaction, physical condition of the body and so on. There are many types of games: individual and group, subject and story, role-playing, intellectual, etc.

Variety of activities.

The above classification of human activity is generally accepted, but not the only one. Sociologists single out some types of activity as the main ones, psychologists others, historians the third, and culturologists the fourth. They characterize activity in terms of its usefulness/uselessness, morality/immorality, creation/destruction, etc. Human activity can be labor and leisure, creative and consumer, creative and destructive, cognitive and value-oriented, and so on.

Variety of activities

Let's start with the questions that interest us. What is an activity? What is its concept? What is the activity divided into? What is the nature of human activity? And depending on the different needs of society, how does the variety of activities of people develop?

Activity is a form of interaction with the world around us, during which a person satisfies his needs, as a result of which he achieves his goal. Throughout life, a person comprehends, explores the world, creates the necessary conditions for himself, improves himself, satisfies spiritual needs, i.e., engages in music, dance, science, literature, clay modeling, drawing.

But I wonder what features distinguish animal behavior from human activity? A person consciously sets goals for himself, already foreseeing the result, therefore, his activity is aimed at obtaining the correct result (Consciousness, Productivity). Humanity also has the ability to change the world around and its personal qualities, habits. And a person can enter into various relationships with other people in the process of life. (Transformative, Public).

Currently, activities are distinguished between practical and spiritual. The first activity is aimed at changing the surrounding world and society. The second activity is aimed at changing people's consciousness. That is, the reflection of reality in the laws of nature, science, or in religious instructions, myths.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Conditionality from the conformity of activities to existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all of this is an illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, to study conscientiously, to be polite, to value relatives, to help the old and the homeless. There is a vivid example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

To my regret, there are people who follow immoral activities, they are rude, do not appreciate their norms, traditions; alcohol consumption, hooliganism. A good example of immorality is the crime boss Mishka Yaponchik.

Depending on the social forms of association of people in order to perform activities, they establish individual (for example: managing a region or country), collective (ship management systems, schoolchildren in a team), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson)

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways to accomplish it, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, patterned activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But the activity is creative, inventive, on the contrary, it carries the character of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by specificity, exclusivity, originality. And elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its implementation.

There is also economic activity, where consumer and production activity reigns. Of course, political activity is dominated by state, international and military activities. But in the social sphere, the spiritual sphere is affected, that is, scientific, educational, etc.

Activities are divided into four major types. And this:

They distinguish external activity, which manifests itself in the form of movements, that is, muscle efforts, and internal activity, which includes mental work, planning, and mental reproduction of actions. These two types are closely interconnected, since internal activity arises on the basis of external activity and is carried out through it.

The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. However, it is possible to generalize and single out the main activities characteristic of all people. They will correspond to the general needs that can be found in almost all people without exception, or rather, to those types of social human activity in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development. Such activities are play, learning and work.

A game- a type of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material or ideal product. Game is a special process in which typical ways of action and interaction of people have historically been fixed.

The game is especially significant in the life of children of preschool and primary school age. First of all, the game is a kind of reflection of life. In the game, for the first time, the need to influence the world is formed. In an active game form, the child learns more deeply the phenomena of life, social relations of people, labor processes. The inclusion of a child in play activities provides an opportunity to master the social experience accumulated by mankind, as well as the cognitive, personal and moral development of the child.

In the life of adults, the game is in the nature of entertainment, the goal is to get rest. Sometimes games serve as a means of symbolic relaxation of tensions that have arisen under the influence of the actual needs of a person, which he is not able to weaken in any other way.

There are several types of games:

1. Individual games are a kind of activity when one person is engaged in the game.

2. Group - include several individuals.

3. Object games are associated with the inclusion of any objects in a person's gaming activity.

4. Story games unfold according to a certain scenario, reproducing it in basic detail.

5. Role-playing games allow a person's behavior, limited to a specific role that he takes on in the game.

6. Games with rules are regulated by a certain system of rules of conduct for their participants.

Often in life there are mixed types of games: object-role-playing, plot-role-playing, story-based games with rules, etc. The relationships that develop between people in the game, as a rule, are artificial in the sense of the word that they are not accepted by others seriously and are not the basis for conclusions about a person. Play behavior and play relationships have little effect on real relationships between people, at least among adults.

Learning activities - the process of assimilation of subject and cognitive actions, which is based on the mechanisms for transforming the material being assimilated, highlighting the basic relationships between the subject conditions of the situation in order to solve typical problems in changed conditions, generalizing the principle of solution, modeling the process of solving the problem and monitoring it [Makarova].

Doctrine- this is an activity aimed at acquiring the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a broad education and subsequent labor activity.

Teaching in a person's life follows the game, accompanies him throughout his life and precedes work. The main purpose of the study is preparation for future independent work. Teaching can be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It can be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as their side, additional result. In adults, learning can acquire the character of self-education.

Labor activity - the process of actively changing objects of nature, the material and spiritual life of society in order to meet human needs and create various values.

Thanks to labor, a person became who he is, built a modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he discovered the prospects for further, practically unlimited development. First of all, the creation and improvement of labor tools is connected with labor. They, in turn, were a factor in increasing labor productivity, the development of science, industrial production, technical and artistic creativity. Labor is the main way of personality formation. In this activity, human abilities develop, character develops. Labor is aimed at creating a socially useful product. This is his purpose.

These activities have different meanings for human development at different stages of ontogeny.

In psychology, there is a concept of leading activity. Leading activity- this is such an activity, the implementation of which determines the emergence and formation of the main psychological neoplasms of a person at a certain stage of ontogenetic development. That is, this activity most affects the mental development of the individual at a certain stage of development. .

Leading activity:

For young children, this is a game, although there are elements of learning and work in their activities;

The leading role belongs to education in school;

With age, labor activity takes on a leading role.