375, the Crimean Federal District, abolished by the same decree, was included in the Southern Federal District.

The Okrug consists of eight subjects of the federation, with a population of 16,367,949 people (11.16% of the Russian Federation as of the beginning of 2016, including the former KFD) and an area of ​​447,821 km² (2.61% of the Russian Federation).

The administrative center of the district is Rostov-on-Don.

Geography

In the west and north-west, the territory of the district along the waters of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as on land, including, de facto, on the Perekop Isthmus and part of the Arabat Spit, borders on Ukraine, in the east - on Kazakhstan. In the south it borders on Abkhazia and the North Caucasian Federal District, in the north - on the Central and Volga Federal Districts.

In the east, the federal district is bounded by the Caspian Sea, in the west by the Black Sea.

County names

Upon its formation, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000, the district was named North Caucasian, but already on June 21 of the same year, by decree No. 1149, it was renamed to Southern.

The motives for the renaming were geographical reasons (the Republic of Kalmykia, the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions are not included in the North Caucasus, the Rostov region is conditionally included) and image reasons.

Legal status of the county

According to the Russian Constitution federal district is not a unit of the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation (subject of the Russian Federation,). Federal districts are administrative units within the administration of the President of Russia and are headed by representatives of the latter. Created by a decree of President V.V. Putin with the aim of coordinating the activities of the subjects of the federation, pursuing a unified policy, control and supervision by the presidential administration within the framework of the concept of "vertical of power".

District Composition

The Southern Federal District (after the separation of the North Caucasian Federal District and the inclusion of the Crimean Federal District) includes 3 republics, 3 regions, 1 territory and 1 city of federal significance. Its area is 447 thousand 821 square meters. km.

№ Flag Subject of the federation Area (km²) Population (people) Administrative center/capital 1 Republic of Adygea 7792 ↗ 451 480 Maykop 2 Astrakhan region 49 024 ↘ 1 018 626 Astrakhan 3 Volgograd region 112 877 ↘ 2 545 937 Volgograd 4 Republic of Kalmykia 74 731 ↘ 278 733 Elista 5 Krasnodar region 75 485 ↗ 5 513 804 Krasnodar 6 Republic of Crimea 26 100 ↗ 1 907 106 Simferopol 7 Rostov region 100 967 ↘ 4 236 000 Rostov-on-Don 8 city Sevastopol 864 ↗ 416 263

Population

The population of the district, according to Rosstat. is 14,044,580 people. (January 1, 2016). Population density - 33.36 people / km 2 (2016). Urban population - 62.92% (2016). Statistics until the beginning of 2016 inclusive did not take into account the population of the Crimean Federal District included in the Southern Federal District, abolished at the end of July 2016.

Population
1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
20 536 000	↗ 20 696 993	↗ 21 017 753	↗ 21 367 353	↗ 21 656 228	↗ 21 904 616	↗ 22 283 505
1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
↗ 22 455 216	↗ 22 562 841	↗ 22 650 342	↗ 22 719 026	↗ 22 742 546	↗ 22 761 875	↗ 22 907 141
2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↘ 22 891 859	↘ 22 849 961	↘ 22 820 849	↘ 22 790 246	↘ 22 777 247	↗ 22 835 216	↗ 22 901 524
2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
↘ 13 854 334	↘ 13 851 364	↗ 13 884 044	↗ 13 910 179	↗ 13 963 874	↗ 14 003 828	↗ 14 044 580

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
14,9	↗ 15,7	↗ 18,1	↘ 17,1	↘ 16,6	↘ 11,6	↘ 10,8	↘ 10,4	↗ 10,4
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 9,7	↗ 10,1	↗ 10,4	↗ 11,0	↗ 11,6	↗ 11,8	↘ 11,5	↗ 11,7	↘ 11,1
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 11,8	↗ 11,9	↘ 11,8	↗ 11,8	↗ 12,6	↗ 12,6	↗ 12,9

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
8,3	↗ 9,5	↗ 10,6	↗ 11,1	↗ 11,1	↗ 13,7	↘ 13,2	↘ 13,0	↘ 12,9
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 13,3	↗ 13,7	↗ 13,8	↗ 14,3	↘ 13,6	↘ 13,1	↗ 13,2	↘ 12,8	↗ 14,5
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘ 14,4	↘ 14,1	↗ 14,1	↘ 13,7	↘ 13,4	↘ 13,2	↗ 13,4

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
6,6	↘ 6,2	↗ 7,5	↘ 6,0	↘ 5,5	↘ -2,1	↘ -2,4	↘ -2,6	↗ -2,5	↘ -3,6
2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↗ -3,6	↗ -3,4	↗ -3,3	↗ -2,0	↗ -1,3	↘ -1,7	↗ -1,1	↘ -3,4	↗ -2,6	↗ -2,2
2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘ -2,3	↗ -1,9	↗ -0,8	↗ -0,6	↗ -0,5

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
69,7	↘ 69,3	↘ 69,0	↘ 66,9	↘ 66,1	↗ 66,5	↗ 67,2	↗ 67,8	↗ 68,0
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 67,5	↘ 67,3	↗ 67,4	↘ 67,2	↗ 67,4	↗ 67,9	↗ 68,1	↗ 68,8	↗ 69,7
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 70,1	↗ 70,6	↘ 70,1	↗ 70,6	↗ 71,3	↗ 71,8

National composition

National composition, according to the 2010 census: Total - 13,854,334 people.

1. Russians - 11,602,452 (83.75%)
2. Armenians - 442,505 (3.19%)
3. Ukrainians - 212,674 (1.54%)
4. Kazakhs - 205,364 (1.48%)
5. Kalmyks - 172,242 (1.24%)
6. Tatars - 127,455 (0.92%)
7. Adyghes (Adygs) - 121,391 (0.88%)
8. Azerbaijanis - 52,871 (0.38%)
9. Turks - 51,367 (0.37%)
10. Gypsies - 46,067 (0.33%)
11. Belarusians - 44,723 (0.32%)
12. Chechens - 34,593 (0.25%)
13. Georgians - 31,018 (0.22%)
14. Germans - 29,312 (0.21%)
15. Koreans - 27,640 (0.20%)
16. Greeks - 27,313 (0.20%)
17. Dargins - 24,815 (0.18%)
18. Uzbeks - 16,361 (0.12%)
19. Avars - 16,061 (0.12%)
20. Moldovans - 15,888 (0.11%)
21. Lezgins - 15,241 (0.11%)
22. Chuvash - 12,329 (0.09%)
23. Kurds - 12,056 (0.09%)
24. Persons who did not indicate their nationality 240,609 people (1.74%)
25. Representatives of other nationalities 729,572 people (5.26%)

Ethno-linguistic composition is dominated by the following groups and families:

1. Indo-European family - 12,486,012 people. (90.12%)
   1. Slavic group - 11,868,959 (85.67%)
   2. Armenian group - 444,230 (3.21%)
   3. Indo-Aryan group - 46,645 (0.34%)
   4. Iranian group - 41,513 (0.30%)
   5. German group - 29,460 (0.21%)
   6. Greek group - 27,313 (0.20%)
2. Altai family - 674,392 (4.87%)
   1. Turkic group - 501,498 (3.62%)
   2. Mongolian group - 172,786 (1.25%)
3. North Caucasian family - 254,791 (1.84%)
   1. Abkhaz-Adyghe group - 140,519 (1.01%)
   2. Dagestan group - 75,999 (0.55%)
4. Kartvelian family - 31,018 (0.22%)
5. Ural family - 30,133 (0.22%)
6. Koreans - 27,640 (0.20%)
7. Semitic-Hamitic family - 6,870 (0.05%)

Big cities

Settlements with a population of more than 100 thousand people

Rostov-on-Don ↗ 1 119 875 Volgograd ↘ 1 016 137 Krasnodar ↗ 853 848 Astrakhan ↘ 531 719 Sevastopol ↗ 416 263 Sochi ↗ 401 291 Simferopol ↗ 336 460

Volzhsky ↘ 325 895 Taganrog ↘ 251 050 Novorossiysk ↗ 266 977 Mines ↘ 236 749 Armavir ↘ 191 007 Volgodonsk ↗ 170 558 Novocherkassk ↘ 170 233

Kerch ↗ 148 932 Maykop ↘ 144 055 Kamyshin ↘ 112 501 Bataysk ↗ 122 247 Novoshakhtinsk ↘ 109 020 Evpatoria ↗ 106 202 Elista ↘ 104 005

Plenipotentiaries of the President of Russia in the Southern Federal District

• Victor Kazantsev from May 18 to March 9
• Vladimir Yakovlev from March 9 to September 13
• Dmitry Kozak from September 13 to September 24
• Grigory Rapota from October 9 to May 7
• Vladimir Ustinov since May 14

media

see also

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Notes

1. summarized statistical data for the Southern Federal District within the boundaries as of January 1, 2016 and the Crimean Federal District, abolished on July 28, 2016
2. . Retrieved March 27, 2016. .
4. Kremlin.ru
6. . Interfax (July 28, 2016). Retrieved 16 September 2016.
7. The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, an autonomous region, autonomous regions - equal subjects of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 5, p. 1)
9. www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?idR=20&idArt=76 The demographic situation in modern Russia
10. www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=31557 Permanent population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2013
11. . .
12. . Retrieved November 14, 2013. .
13. . Retrieved April 13, 2014. .
14. . Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
22. 17

    An excerpt characterizing the Southern Federal District

    This disposition, very vaguely and confusedly written - if you allow yourself to treat his orders without religious horror at the genius of Napoleon - contained four points - four orders. None of these orders could be and was not executed.
    The disposition says, firstly: that the batteries arranged at the place chosen by Napoleon with the guns of Pernetti and Fouche, having aligned with them, a total of one hundred and two guns, open fire and bombard the Russian flashes and redoubt with shells. This could not be done, since the shells did not reach the Russian works from the places appointed by Napoleon, and these one hundred and two guns fired at empty until the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon's order, pushed them forward.
    The second order was that Poniatowski, heading for the village into the forest, bypassed the left wing of the Russians. This could not be and was not done because Poniatowski, heading for the village into the forest, met Tuchkov blocking his way there and could not and did not bypass the Russian position.
    Third order: General Kompan will move into the forest to take the first fortification. Compana's division did not capture the first fortification, but was repulsed, because, leaving the forest, it had to be built under grapeshot fire, which Napoleon did not know.
    Fourth: The Viceroy will take possession of the village (Borodin) and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Maran and Friant (of which it is not said where and when they will move), which, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with other troops.
    As far as one can understand - if not from the stupid period of this, then from those attempts that were made by the viceroy to fulfill the orders given to him - he was to move through Borodino on the left to the redoubt, while the divisions of Moran and Friant were to move simultaneously from the front.
    All this, as well as other points of the disposition, was not and could not be executed. Having passed Borodino, the viceroy was repulsed on Kolocha and could not go further; the divisions of Moran and Friant did not take the redoubt, but were repulsed, and the redoubt was captured by cavalry at the end of the battle (probably an unforeseen and unheard of thing for Napoleon). So, none of the orders of the disposition was and could not be executed. But the disposition says that upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given corresponding to the actions of the enemy, and therefore it might seem that during the battle all the necessary orders will be made by Napoleon; but this was not and could not be because during the entire battle Napoleon was so far away from him that (as it turned out later) he could not know the course of the battle and not a single order of his during the battle could be executed.

    Many historians say that the battle of Borodino was not won by the French because Napoleon had a cold, that if he had not had a cold, then his orders before and during the battle would have been even more brilliant, and Russia would have perished, et la face du monde eut ete changee. [and the face of the world would have changed.] For historians who admit that Russia was formed at the behest of one man - Peter the Great, and France from a republic developed into an empire, and French troops went to Russia at the behest of one man - Napoleon, such an argument that Russia remained powerful because Napoleon had a bad cold on the 26th, such reasoning for such historians is inevitably consistent.
    If it depended on the will of Napoleon to give or not to give the Battle of Borodino, and it depended on his will to make such or another order, then it is obvious that a runny nose, which had an influence on the manifestation of his will, could be the reason for the salvation of Russia and that therefore the valet who forgot to give Napoleon On the 24th, waterproof boots, was the savior of Russia. On this path of thought, this conclusion is undoubted, just as undoubted as the conclusion that Voltaire, jokingly (without knowing why himself), said that the St. Bartholomew's night came from an upset stomach of Charles IX. But for people who do not allow Russia to be formed at the behest of one person - Peter I, and for the French empire to take shape and the war with Russia to begin at the behest of one person - Napoleon, this reasoning not only seems wrong, unreasonable, but also contrary to the whole being. human. To the question of what constitutes the cause of historical events, another answer appears, which is that the course of world events is predetermined from above, depends on the coincidence of all the wills of the people participating in these events, and that the influence of Napoleons on the course of these events is only external and fictitious.
    Strange as it may seem at first glance, the assumption that the Bartholomew night, the order for which was given by Charles IX, did not occur by his will, but that it only seemed to him that he ordered it to be done, and that the Borodino massacre of eighty thousand people did not occur by the will of Napoleon (despite the fact that he gave orders about the beginning and course of the battle), and that it seemed to him only that he ordered it - strange as this assumption seems, but human dignity, which tells me that each of us, if not more, then no less a man than the great Napoleon orders to allow this solution of the problem, and historical research abundantly confirms this assumption.
    In the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon neither shot nor killed anyone. All this was done by the soldiers. So he didn't kill people.
    The soldiers of the French army went to kill Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, not as a result of Napoleon's orders, but of their own free will. The whole army: the French, Italians, Germans, Poles - hungry, ragged and exhausted by the campaign - in view of the army blocking Moscow from them, felt that le vin est tire et qu "il faut le boire. [the wine is uncorked and you need to drink it .] If Napoleon now forbade them to fight the Russians, they would have killed him and would have gone to fight the Russians, because it was necessary for them.
    When they listened to the order of Napoleon, who presented them with consolation for their injuries and death, the words of posterity that they were in the battle near Moscow, they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! just as they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! at the sight of a picture of a boy piercing the globe with a bilbock stick; just as they would shout "Vive l" Empereur! with any nonsense that they would have been told. There was nothing left for them to do but shout "Vive l" Empereur! and go fight to find food and rest for the winners in Moscow. Therefore, it was not because of Napoleon's orders that they killed their own kind.
    And it was not Napoleon who controlled the course of the battle, because nothing from his disposition was executed and during the battle he did not know about what was happening ahead of him. Therefore, the way in which these people killed each other did not happen at the will of Napoleon, but proceeded independently of him, at the will of hundreds of thousands of people who participated in the common cause. It seemed to Napoleon only that the whole thing was happening according to his will. And therefore the question of whether or not Napoleon had a runny nose is of no greater interest to history than the question of the runny nose of the last Furshtat soldier.
    Moreover, on August 26, Napoleon's runny nose did not matter, since the testimony of writers that, due to Napoleon's runny nose, his disposition and orders during the battle were not as good as before, are completely unfair.
    The disposition written out here was not in the least worse, and even better, than all previous dispositions by which battles were won. The imaginary orders during the battle were also no worse than before, but exactly the same as always. But these dispositions and orders seem only worse than the previous ones, because the battle of Borodino was the first that Napoleon did not win. All the most beautiful and thoughtful dispositions and orders seem very bad, and every learned military man criticizes them with a significant air when the battle is not won over them, and the very bad dispositions and orders seem very good, and serious people in whole volumes prove the merits of bad orders, when the battle is won over them.
    The disposition compiled by Weyrother at the battle of Austerlitz was a model of perfection in writings of this kind, but it was nevertheless condemned, condemned for its perfection, for being too detailed.
    Napoleon in the battle of Borodino performed his job as a representative of power just as well, and even better, than in other battles. He did nothing detrimental to the course of the battle; he leaned towards more prudent opinions; he did not confuse, did not contradict himself, did not get frightened and did not run away from the battlefield, but with his great tact and experience of the war, he calmly and dignifiedly played his role of seeming boss.

    Returning from his second preoccupied trip down the line, Napoleon said:
    The chess is set, the game will start tomorrow.
    Ordering himself a punch and calling Bosse, he began a conversation with him about Paris, about some changes that he intended to make in the maison de l "imperatrice [in the court state of the empress], surprising the prefect with his memory of all the small details of court relations.
    He was interested in trifles, joked about Bosse's love of travel and casually chatted like a famous, confident and knowledgeable cameraman does, while he rolls up his sleeves and puts on an apron, and the patient is tied to a bunk: “It's all in my hands and in the head, clear and definite. When I need to get down to business, I will do it like no other, and now I can joke, and the more I joke and calm, the more you should be sure, calm and surprised at my genius.
    Having finished his second glass of punch, Napoleon went to rest before the serious business, which, as it seemed to him, was coming to him the next day.
    He was so interested in this task ahead of him that he could not sleep and, despite the runny nose that had worsened from the evening dampness, at three o'clock in the morning, blowing his nose loudly, he went out into the large compartment of the tent. He asked if the Russians had left? He was told that the enemy fires were still in the same places. He nodded his head approvingly.
    The duty adjutant entered the tent.
    - Eh bien, Rapp, croyez vous, que nous ferons do bonnes affaires aujourd "hui? [Well, Rapp, what do you think: will our affairs be good today?] - he turned to him.
    - Sans aucun doute, Sire, [Without any doubt, sovereign,] - answered Rapp.
    Napoleon looked at him.
    - Vous rappelez vous, Sire, ce que vous m "avez fait l" honneur de dire a Smolensk, - said Rapp, - le vin est tire, il faut le boire. [Do you remember, sir, those words that you deigned to say to me in Smolensk, the wine is uncorked, you must drink it.]
    Napoleon frowned and sat silently for a long time, his head resting on his hand.
    “Cette pauvre armee,” he said suddenly, “elle a bien diminue depuis Smolensk.” La fortune est une franche courtisane, Rapp; je le disais toujours, et je commence a l'eprouver. Mais la garde, Rapp, la garde est intacte? [Poor army! Rapp, are the guards intact?] he said inquiringly.
    - Oui, Sire, [Yes, sir.] - answered Rapp.
    Napoleon took a lozenge, put it in his mouth and looked at his watch. He did not want to sleep, it was still far from morning; and in order to kill time, it was no longer possible to issue any orders, because everything had been made and was now being carried out.
    – A t on distribue les biscuits et le riz aux regiments de la garde? [Have they distributed crackers and rice to the guardsmen?] Napoleon asked sternly.
    – Oui, Sire. [Yes, sir.]
    Mais le riz? [But rice?]
    Rapp replied that he had conveyed the sovereign's orders about rice, but Napoleon shook his head in displeasure, as if he did not believe that his order would be carried out. The servant entered with punch. Napoleon ordered another glass to be served to Rapp and silently sipped from his own.
    “I have no taste or smell,” he said, sniffing the glass. - This cold has bothered me. They talk about medicine. What kind of medicine when they can not cure the common cold? Corvisart gave me these lozenges, but they do nothing. What can they treat? Cannot be treated. Notre corps est une machine a vivre. Il est organise pour cela, c "est sa nature; laissez y la vie a son aise, qu" elle s "y defende elle meme: elle fera plus que si vous la paralysiez en l" encombrant de remedes. notre corps est comme une montre parfaite qui doit aller un certain temps; l "horloger n" a pas la faculte de l "ouvrir, il ne peut la manier qu" a tatons et les yeux bandes. Notre corps est une machine a vivre, voila tout. [Our body is a machine for life. It is designed for this. Leave life alone in him, let her defend herself, she will do more alone than when you interfere with her with medicines. Our body is like a clock that must run a certain time; the watchmaker cannot open them and only by groping and blindfolded can he operate them. Our body is a machine for life. That's all.] - And as if embarking on the path of definitions, definitions that Napoleon loved, he suddenly made a new definition. “Do you know, Rapp, what the art of war is?” - he asked. - The art of being stronger than the enemy at a certain moment. Voila tout. [That's all.]
    

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Department of Economics of Cooperation and Entrepreneurship

Topic: "Southern Federal District"

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Course: 4-part-time course

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Specialty: economics and management

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1. Introduction

1.1.Historical background

2. Population

2.1 Population and labor resources of Russia

2.2 Population and labor resources of the Southern Federal District

3.Population density

3.1. The concept of population density

3.2 Population density of the Southern Federal District

4. Urban and rural settlement

4.1.Urban settlement

4.2 Rural settlement

5. Sex and age structure of the population

6.Structure and location of the leading sectors of the economy

6.1. Branches of market specialization

6.2. Agro-industrial complex

6.3. Branches complementing the territorial complex

6.4 Transport and economic relations

6.5. Territorial organization of the economy

7. Foreign economic relations of the Southern Federal District

8.Conclusion

Bibliography

Southern Federal District

1. Introduction

1.1. History reference

southern federal population resources

The territory of the South Russian region developed, successively covering the lower reaches of the Volga and Don (XVI century), the left bank of the Terek, Kabarda (mid-XVI century), Dagestan (XVII century), the steppes of the Western Ciscaucasia (second half of the XVIII century), the mountainous territories of the Caucasus and its Black Sea coast (XIX century). http:// wgeo. en/ Russia/ okr_ ugn. shtml

The North Caucasus is the most complex in ethno-cultural terms, where several dozen peoples belong to different linguistic groups, profess different religions, differ in traditional ways of managing and customs. This region is one of the most conflict prone in the Russian Federation. Political instability and the economic crisis led to open inter-ethnic clashes. Complicated interethnic relations have deep historical roots. One of the reasons for the crisis of the political situation is the national-territorial structure of the region that has developed during the years of Soviet power, which was inherited by the Russian Federation. Until the 1920s, none of the North Caucasian peoples knew clear boundaries, since they did not have national statehood. The colonization of the Caucasus in the 19th century. was accompanied by the establishment of an administrative structure without national characteristics characteristic of the Russian Empire.

After the victory of the October Revolution, the national principle providing for the right of nations to self-determination was established as the initial ideological principle for the formation of the future administrative-territorial structure of the Soviet state. Administrative boundaries in the Caucasus were set arbitrarily and revised many times. The decisions to hold them were of a voluntaristic nature, i.e. without regard to ethnic boundaries and political reality.

Administrative-territorial changes took place against the backdrop of an extremely acute problem - limited land resources in the mountain districts. Previously, these problems were solved by the settlers themselves. With the definition of the boundaries, the problems of the disputed territories began to be considered at the level of the newly formed republics.

The aggravation of interethnic relations was facilitated by the policy of the state towards the Chechens, Ingush, Karachays and Balkars during the Second World War - their deportation to Kazakhstan and other remote regions of the Soviet Union, accompanied by the abolition of the respective autonomous republics and national regions. The territories of these peoples were divided between neighboring republics and territories. Thus, on the basis of the central part of the Chechen-Ingushetia and the Kizlyar district of the Stavropol Territory, the Grozny region of the RSFSR was formed.

After the rehabilitation of the deported peoples of the North Caucasus and the return of the highlanders to their homeland from exile, the borders of national entities were basically restored. The ethnic selectivity of the deportation and unresolved issues of territorial rehabilitation complicated relations between the Caucasian peoples. By the time perestroika began, the imperfection of the system of national-administrative division of the territory of the North Caucasus was aggravated by internal contradictions of a socio-economic nature, which took on an ethnic character and contributed to the escalation of the conflict between Chechnya and Russia. Similar processes are gaining momentum in the western part of the North Caucasus, in the zone of residence of the Circassian (Adyghe) peoples.

These objective reasons for the persistent tension in the Caucasus are exacerbated by the absence of a clearly formulated national policy in the region. The conflict situation in the region is developing between the Cossacks and the nationalities on whose territory they live, which gives rise to the problem of refugees in the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and the Rostov Region and, as a result, the growth of social tension, unemployment and other negative phenomena.

The problems of the national-state structure of Russia are complicated by the demands of peoples who were repressed in the past, some of which (the Germans) insist on restoring their statehood, others (for example, the Ingush) - on expanding their borders. Armed conflicts, turning into inter-ethnic wars, do not stop.

The problem of the small peoples of the North, whose number in the European part of Russia reaches 9.7 thousand people, is also complex. Despite the fact that in recent years certain progress has been made in the development of the peoples of the North, due to the lack of a sufficiently effective mechanism for self-government and management, many measures for the socio-economic development of the peoples of the North have not been fully implemented. Disproportions in the sex composition of the population have deepened - the male population predominates. A tense situation has developed in providing employment to the population, which is a consequence of an undeveloped social infrastructure, an acute housing problem, poor development of crafts and industries for processing reindeer products, for the manufacture of consumer goods. In areas inhabited by small peoples, in connection with the development of the extractive industries, the ecological situation, the state of hunting and fishing have deteriorated, and the area of ​​​​reindeer pastures has decreased. Therefore, the transition to a market economy put forward the creation of an effective mechanism for the social protection of the small peoples of the North as a priority.

The existing system of managing national relations is subordinated to the task of regulating them within the framework of federative relations. With its help, the division of powers between the federal bodies and the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation is carried out. However, this control system has disadvantages. In fact, it is not able to directly regulate national and interethnic relations: the federal authorities do not have a mechanism for influencing interethnic relations within the subjects of the Federation themselves. The situation is complicated by the fact that the republics and autonomies, being national states and national-state formations in their constitutional status, are not mono-, but multinational territories.

The management of national relations is a process of directed influence of power structures on the totality of the social conditions of the nation's life. The effectiveness of management can be ensured only on the basis of knowledge and use of objective patterns and trends in the development of national life. Based on them, it is possible to search for optimal socio-economic solutions that have a regulatory impact on interethnic relations.

Of great importance in the process of managing national relations is the use of tools for regulating these relations, which makes it possible to identify the knots of interethnic contradictions and develop options for resolving them in the interests of the optimal development of the nation, interethnic cooperation Morozova T.G., Pobedina M.P., Polyak G.B. Regional Economics Textbook. Publisher: Unity-Dana. 2003.

1.2. Southern Federal District at present

		Subject of the federation	Area (km²)	Population (people)	Administrative center
		Republic of Adygea
		Astrakhan region			Astrakhan
		Volgograd region			Volgograd
		Republic of Kalmykia
		Krasnodar region			Krasnodar
		Rostov region			Rostov-on-Don

The Southern Federal District is a territorial entity formed according to the geopolitical principle in accordance with Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849 and June 21, 2000 No. 1149 in order to strengthen the vertical of state power.

The management of the district is carried out by the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District Dmitry Nikolaevich Kozak and his staff.

The district includes 6 subjects of the Russian Federation.

The center of the Southern Federal District is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

In the Southern Federal District, large agro-industrial, industrial and resort-recreational complexes have been formed, which, in the conditions of transition to market relations, can and should make a significant contribution to solving the problems of the economic and social revival of Russia. The branches of market specialization of the district are mechanical engineering, food industry, diversified agricultural production and a unique resort and recreational complex.

2. Population

Population and ethnic composition

Population

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)

The Southern Federal District is home to 13,913,335 (2013), which is 9.7% of the population of Russia.

National composition in 2002:

Russians 11,878 thousand people (86.1%)

· Armenians 433 thousand people. (3.1%)

Ukrainians 330.8 thousand people (2.4%)

Kazakhs 195.9 thousand people (1.4%)

Kalmyks 164.7 thousand people. (1.2%)

Tatars 146.7 thousand people (1.1%)

Circassians 123.9 thousand people. (0.9%)

Belarusians 69.7 thousand people (0.5%)

Greeks 52.3 thousand people (0.4%)

· Turks 50 thousand people. (0.4%)

Germans 46.6 thousand people. (0.3%)

Chechens 44.9 thousand people (0.3%)

Gypsies 39.4 thousand people (0.3%)

· Georgians 35.8 thousand people. (0.3%)

Azerbaijanis 31.3 thousand people (0.2%)

National composition in 2010 (13,854,334 people):

Russians 11,602,452 people (83.75%)

· Persons who did not indicate their nationality 240,609 people. (1.74%)

· Representatives of other nationalities 2,011,273 people. (14.5%)

cities with a large population; Rostov-on-Don 1090 thousand people, Volgograd 1020 thousand people, Krasnodar 745 thousand people, Astrakhan 520 thousand people, Sochi 345 thousand people, Volzhsky 315 thousand people, Taganrog 260 thousand people. Novorossiysk 240 thousand people, Mines 240 thousand people, Armavir 190 thousand people, Volgodonsk 170 thousand people Novocherkassk 170 thousand people Maykop 165 thousand people, Bataysk 110 thousand people Novoshakhtinsk 110 thousand people, Elista 105 thousand people

2.1 Population and labor force in Russia

The population is a complex set of people living within certain territories and operating in existing social formations. It is characterized by a system of interrelated indicators, such as the size and density of the population, its composition by sex and age, nationality, language, marital status, education, belonging to social groups, and a number of others. The study of the dynamics of these indicators in conjunction with the characteristics of the socio-economic organization of society makes it possible to trace changes in the conditions and nature of population reproduction. These changes are determined by the laws of development of social formations.

A certain population size is one of the important conditions for the material and social life of society.

The population of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2002 amounted to 144 million people. In terms of population, Russia ranks 7th in the world, behind China (1209 million people), India (919 million people), USA (261 million people), Indonesia (195 million people), Brazil (154 million people) and Pakistan.

During the period of economic reforms (1992-2001), the total population of Russians decreased by 3.5 million people, or 2.4%. The reason for the decline in the population of Russia is the natural decline, the indicators of which increased from -1.5 ° / 00 (per thousand) in 1992 to -6.7 ° / 00 in 2001. Natural decline is typical for 74 subjects of the Federation, where 93 % of the total population of the country. Negative indicators of natural increase are noted in all regions of the North-Western, Central, Volga, Southern (except for a number of republics of the North Caucasus), Ural (except for the Tyumen region and autonomous districts), Siberian (except for the Republic of Tuva and autonomous districts) and the Far East (except for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) federal districts. The indicators of natural loss in the Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Ivanovo, Tula regions are 1.9 - 2.2 times higher than the average Russian indicators.

The excess of mortality over fertility is associated not only with the deterioration of socio-economic conditions due to market transformations in the economy, the decline in the standard of living of most of the Russian population, the continued aging of the population, immigration processes, and the increased loss of the working-age population: the share of the working-age population in the total number of deaths reaches 30%.

The decline in the total population is influenced by the unfavorable ecological state of the environment in many regions of the Russian Federation. According to experts from the World Health Organization, up to 30% of diseases in the population are caused by anthropogenic pollution of the environment. Natural decline is also typical for the states of Western Europe (Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) and individual CIS countries (Ukraine and Belarus). However, Russia significantly outperforms foreign states in this indicator.

The positive dynamics of natural growth continues in the national entities of the Southern, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts. High population growth is noted in the Chechen (13.9 people per 1000 population), Ingush (13.3 people) republics, and the Republic of Dagestan (10.2 people). This is due to the preservation of the historically established traditions of large families in these republics, as well as to the high proportion of the population living in rural areas. V.A. Borisov. Demography. Textbook for universities.

2.2 Population and labor resources of the Southern Federal District

The Southern Federal District is the most multinational region of Russia. The most numerous are Russians and Ukrainians. Most of them live in the Rostov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Krasnodar Territory. The Russian population is the majority in all major cities and industrial centers. The most numerous indigenous Nationalities of the Southern District form independent republics: Adygea, Kalmykia.

In terms of population, the Southern District occupies the 3rd place in Russia, second only to the Central and Volga. The urban population predominates (58%) But if in the Volgograd region the townspeople make up 75% of the population, in the Rostov region - 71%, then in Kalmykia - only 37%. The network of urban settlements is represented mainly by medium and small towns. Among the major cities, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd Krasnodar should be singled out.

Rural settlements (villages) located in the steppe zone are usually large in territory and population. They sometimes stretch for several kilometers and can have up to 25-30 thousand inhabitants. Mountainous areas are characterized by small and medium-sized settlements.

This region used to belong to areas with high labor supply. In recent years, due to the general economic crisis, the complication of the production and financial activities of enterprises, there has been a release of labor and the transformation of the region into a labor surplus. The situation is aggravated by the fact that a large number of internally displaced persons and refugees, as well as military personnel who have retired, are arriving in the district. Obviously, under these conditions, the problem of employment and the rational use of labor resources is of particular relevance. For its successful solution, it seems appropriate to encourage the development of a small-scale way of life both in urban and rural areas, re-profiling industry to meet the needs of the population in consumer goods, and farms in small-sized agricultural machinery, fertilizers and other products.

3. Population density

3.1. The concept of population density

Population density is an indicator of the development of the territory, the intensity of economic activity of people, the territorial structure of the economy. Population density is formed in the process of historical development under the influence of the economic laws of social formations, the level of socio-economic development of society and the natural and geographical environment. The population of the territory is formed in the process of economic development and acts not only as one of the factors contributing to the location of production in a given region, but is also a consequence of the economic development of the country.

The average population density of the Russian Federation is 8.5 people. per 1 km2. In terms of population density, Russia is inferior to most countries of the world and almost all CIS countries, except for Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan V.A. Borisov. Demography. Textbook for universities

3.2. Population density of the Southern Federal District

The average population density of the district is about 36.5 people. per 1 m2. which is more than 4 times higher than in Russia as a whole. However, the population is distributed unevenly across the territory. Its highest density is in the Kuban, Kalmykia is the least populated.

4. Urban and rural population

4.1. Urban population

Two main features serve as criteria for determining urban settlements:

1) the population of the given locality;

2) occupation of the population (the percentage of workers and employees and members of their families in the total composition of the population).

The city is considered as a settlement, most of whose inhabitants are employed in industrial production, transport, communications, trade and the social sphere. The population of cities should be at least 10 thousand people, and other urban entities (urban-type settlements) should be at least 2 thousand people.

In accordance with the current classification of urban settlements, 3 main categories are distinguished by size.

1. Large cities, subdivided into super-large cities with a population of 500 thousand to 1 million and more than 1 million people, large - from 100 to 500 thousand

2. Medium cities with a population of 50 to 100 thousand and semi-medium - from 20 to 50 thousand people.

3. Small cities with a population of 10 to 20 thousand people. and urban-type settlements - up to 10 thousand people.

Resort villages include settlements located in recreational areas with medical resources and a population of at least 2 thousand people, provided that the number of people who annually come to rest and treatment in these villages is at least 50% of the permanent population.

In terms of the proportion of the urban population, Russia is on a par with the highly developed countries of the world. The share of city dwellers is 73% of the total population of the country.

In terms of the degree of urbanization, the regions of the Russian Federation differ significantly both at the level of federal districts and at the level of administrative-territorial formations.

The Southern Federal District has minimal urbanization rates (57.2%)

4.2. Rural population

As of January 1, 2001, the rural population of Russia amounted to 39.2 million people, or 27.0% of the country's total population. The rural population is represented by those employed in the agricultural and social sectors (teachers, doctors, cultural workers, social services, trade). The types of rural settlements are very diverse and are represented by villages and villages of the central regions of Russia, Cossack villages and mountain villages of the North Caucasus, reindeer herding and mining settlements of the Far North, timber industry settlements of the European North, Siberia and the Far East. The Russian Federation is characterized by a rural type of settlement, which has historically developed in connection with the communal form of land use.

The decline in the rural population has led to a decrease in the number of rural settlements, as well as their density. This process proceeded especially sharply during the implementation of decisions on the development of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation in 1970-1989. The most noticeable reduction in the number of villages with a decrease in their population was noted within the European part of the country - the region of the North-Western, Central, Volga and Ural federal districts.

Unlike the urban population, whose placement is more dependent on the level of economic development and technical equipment of the state, the location of rural settlements is greatly influenced by natural and geographical factors. The development of agricultural production depends on soil and climatic conditions, as well as on the historically established labor skills of the population. Each natural-geographical zone has its own historically established features of the population settlement.

Of the 89 administrative-territorial units of the Russian Federation, 6 of the rural population significantly exceeds the urban population and is in the republics: Altai - 74.2%, Kalmykia - 57.7%, Dagestan - 60.3%, Karachay-Cherkess - 56.0%, Tuva - 51.6%, Ingushetia - 57.8%. This excess is explained by the historical peculiarities of residence and traditions of the peoples of these republics.

In the Southern Federal District, where the average population is 15.6 people. per 1 km2 with an average for Russia of 2.3 people. per 1 km2, the rural population is 23.2% Morozova T.G., Pobedina M.P., Polyak G.B. Regional Economics Textbook. Publisher: Unity-Dana. 2003.

5. Sex and age structure of the population

A specific demographic situation is developing in Russia, where for almost three decades a simple reproduction of the population has not been ensured. However, the potential accumulated in the demographic structure was able to contribute to population growth, which was steadily declining. By 1992, the demographic potential was completely exhausted and the natural population decline could not be covered by the increased migration inflow from neighboring countries.

The specificity of the Russian demographic situation is that in Russia, against the background of a low birth rate, the death rate is steadily growing. In 2000, the natural decline in the population was 15.4 people. per 1000 people population; there were 1.75 times more deaths than births. It could be assumed that the reason for such unfavorable changes is the ongoing process of population aging, which intensified in the early 1990s due to a decrease in the number of children and adolescents under the age of 16 years. But the main influence on the increase in mortality is exerted by the sharply increased losses not of the elderly, but of the country's able-bodied population. Currently, the proportion of working age in the total number of deaths has reached 30%.

The dynamics of mortality in recent years is associated with a significant deterioration in the health of the country's population. Factors of regression in the state of health of Russians are the decline in living standards that accompanies the transition of the economy to a market economy, the unsatisfactory state of basic medicine, and the deterioration of the natural and social environment. The aggravation of the criminogenic situation, the weakening of labor discipline contributed to the growth of domestic injuries. In most regions of the country, the sanitary and epidemiological situation has worsened. Compared with 1990, the incidence of tuberculosis in the country has increased by 25%.

However, there is a positive trend in reducing infant mortality up to the first year. For 1992-2001 the number of dead babies decreased from 29.2 to 19.3 thousand, or by 44%.

The health status and mortality rate of the population are reflected in life expectancy. For the first time in the history of the country in 1986-1987. this indicator reached 70 years (for men - 65, for women - 75) and approached the highly developed countries of the world. In subsequent years, this indicator began to decrease and in 2001 it was 65.3 years (for men - 59.0, for women - 72.2). Unfortunately, we have to state that there is no such difference in the life expectancy of men and women in any developed country in the world.

The unfavorable demographic situation in Russia will continue for decades to come. This is evidenced by the forecast of changes in the size and structure of the country's population, calculated by the State Statistics Committee of Russia together with the Center for Economic Research under the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2005. The forecast was made in two versions (average and pessimistic), according to which the number of Russians will decrease until 2005 and due to low birth rates and high death rates. The age structure of the Russian population will change. The number and proportion of children and adolescents under 15 will sharply decrease. The excess of the number of women over the number of men will increase. The total fertility rate (showing the number of births per 1,000 population) by the end of the forecast period will be from 7.6 to 9.7 births per 1,000 people. population. Life expectancy during the forecast period will remain approximately the same.

Consequently, Russia will more and more lag behind the developed countries of the world, in which life expectancy will approach the biological limit - 85 years.

Differences in the age structure of the population of the regions are due to the peculiarities of natural and mechanical movement. The natural movement, and through it the age structure, is influenced by the national characteristics and traditions of the regions, as well as the ratio of the urban and rural population. The highest indicators of childhood ages are observed in the structure of the population of the republics of the North Caucasus, which is explained by the maximum birth rate determined by national traditions in Siberia and the Far East, whose population is characterized by a large proportion of people of fertile age.

The age structure of the urban population in the context of regions does not differ much. However, in the cities of Siberia, the Far East, and the North Caucasus, the population is usually younger than in the cities of the European part of the country and the Urals.

6. Structure and location of the leading sectors of the economy

The Southern Federal District occupies an important place in the national economy of Russia. It should be noted, however, that the South was characterized by the greatest decline in industrial production and, despite its recent growth in relation to 1990, it is only about 40%. This is explained not only by the general economic crisis, but also by the difficult political situation in the North Caucasus. At present, the region's share in the total Russian volume of industrial production is only 6.2%, but it was and remains the country's largest producer of agricultural products.

The basis of the Okrug's economy is made up of intersectoral complexes, among which agro-industrial, machine-building and resort and recreational complexes stand out. It is they who determine the face of the region in the territorial division of labor, and the deepening of specialization in these areas in a market economy seems inevitable. A significant role in the economy of the district is also played by the chemical, fuel and energy, metallurgical, production of cement and other building materials, a complex of industries for the production of non-food consumer goods.

6.1. Industries of market specialization

The needs of agriculture developed in the district for the necessary machinery and equipment determined the market specialization of the machine-building complex. Today it is one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery. The Rostselmash and Taganrog plants produce grain harvesters. The Volgograd Tractor Plant produces caterpillar and wheeled agricultural tractors, the Krasny Aksai plant (Rostov Region) produces tractor cultivators. The production of spare parts for agricultural machines has been organized in Krasnodar.

The core industries also include transport, power engineering and the production of oil and gas processing equipment. The largest enterprise for the production of mainline electric locomotives is located in Novocherkassk. Half of the production of steam boilers in Russia falls on the share of the Taganrog plant "Krasny Kotelshchik". The Atommash plant produces equipment for nuclear power plants. Volgograd is a major center for the production of equipment for oil and gas processing enterprises.

Other types of mechanical engineering are also developed. So, in Astrakhan they produce ships, in Volgograd - bearings and computer equipment, in Krasnodar - compressors and electrical measuring instruments.

The resort and recreation complex of the Southern Federal District is of exceptional importance for Russia. There are about 150 resorts of climatic, balneological, balneo-mud profile in the country, and more than 50 of them are located here. The resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik) are very famous and popular. It should be noted, however, that the development of the resort and recreational complex is uneven. More than 80% of sanatoriums and 90% of camp sites are concentrated in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories. The Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory stands out especially, where during the season the health resorts are completely filled and cannot accommodate everyone. Therefore, vacationers are forced to turn to the private sector. At the same time, the recreational resources of the Caspian Sea coast are used very poorly. The same can be said about the resources of the mountainous zone of the national republics, but in this case it is not only a matter of insufficient development of the material base. The instability of the political situation, interethnic conflicts, military operations in Chechnya scare away potential tourists.

6.2. Agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex of the Southern District provides more than half of the total product. Its central link is agriculture, for the development of which there are exceptionally favorable conditions here. Suffice it to say that, per capita, the region produces twice as much agricultural products as the Russian average.

The South is the largest supplier of grain. The main grain crop is wheat, and corn crops are also widespread. Significant areas are occupied by such a valuable grain crop as rice. It is grown in the lower reaches of the Kuban (Kuban plavni), on irrigated lands of the Astrakhan and Rostov regions.

The region is of great importance in the production of important industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beet, mustard, tobacco. The south of Russia is the largest area of ​​horticulture and viticulture. More than a third of all fruit and berry plantations and all vineyards of the Russian Federation are located here. Only here in Russia subtropical crops are grown - tea, citrus fruits, persimmons, figs (mainly on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory). The south of Russia is the largest producer of vegetables and gourds. They are grown throughout the region, but a certain floodplain stands out in particular in the Volga-Akhtubi. Astrakhan and Volgograd watermelons and tomatoes are known and appreciated by the entire population of the country.

Animal husbandry is characterized by high marketability. Cattle, pigs, poultry are bred here. Sheep breeding, especially fine-fleeced sheep breeding, is of great importance. Most of the fine wool of the Russian Federation is harvested in the region. The south is also famous for breeding horse breeding.

A feature of the development of the food industry in the Southern District - an important component of the agro-industrial complex - is not only in its scale, but also in the richest assortment of food products, a significant part of which goes to all regions of the country. There are a large number of enterprises operating in various sectors of the food industry - meat, fish, fruit and vegetable canning, sugar, flour and cereals, oil and fat, winemaking, tea, tobacco, etc. The products of the KASPRYBA fishery concern (Astrakhan region), which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish processing plants, a fish breeding plant for growing sturgeon fry. No less famous are the champagne wines of the Abrau-Durso plant. The products of the Crimean and Adyghe fruit and vegetable canning factories are sent to almost all regions of the country. Krasnodar and Kropotkinsky oil and fat plants and many other enterprises. However, processing capacities do not fully correspond to the raw material base. This is most acute in the oil and starch industries. The level of technical equipment of many enterprises is insufficient, especially in the meat and fruit and vegetable canning industries, there are not enough storage bases and refrigerators. The speedy solution of these problems is the most important direction in the development of the agro-industrial complex. In general, the agro-industrial complex of the Southern District is highly efficient and its role in the food supply of the Russian population is invaluable.

6.3 Branches complementing the territorial complex

An important component of the economy of the Southern Federal District is the fuel and energy complex. Almost all coal mining in the district (9.7 million tons in 2000) is concentrated in the Rostov region (Shakhty, Novoshakhtinsk, etc.), on the territory of which the eastern wing of the Donbass is located. Although the cost of mining is high due to the deep occurrence (more than a kilometer in some areas) and low thickness (0.7 m) of coal seams, the benefits of the geographical location make it expedient.

Back in the 1970s, the oil industry was of interdistrict importance. In 1970, only in the North Caucasus, 34.8 million tons of oil were produced, and in 2000, production amounted to only 3.6 million tons. ) and Astrakhan (3.4 million tons) regions in 2000 produced 10.6 million tons of oil. Oil refining is carried out at oil refineries in Volgograd, Tuapse, Krasnodar.

The oil and gas bearing regions of the North Caucasus occupy the territory of the Krasnodar Territory and Adygea. This is an old oil region, reducing oil production. The quality of the oil is high, the oil contains a large percentage of gasoline fractions, low-sulphur, but with a high content of resins.

Natural gas production is carried out at the largest Astrakhan field in the European part of Russia, as well as at the Kuban fields. Great prospects are associated with the exploration of the large Dimitrovskoye gas field in Dagestan.

The power industry of the district is dominated by thermal power plants, but the role of hydroelectric power is also great. The largest of the thermal ones are Nevinnomysskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Krasnodarskaya. Of the hydraulic power plants, one should especially single out the largest on the Volga and throughout the European part of the country, the Volzhskaya HPP (Volgograd) with a capacity of 2.5 million kW. Quite recently, the first power unit at the Rostov nuclear power plant, the only one in the federal district, began to operate. It should be said that the expediency of developing nuclear energy in the district is highly debatable. Its southern regions are located in a seismically hazardous zone, which is why they abandoned the construction of the Krasnodar NPP, and the site where the Rostov NPP was built was chosen very unsuccessfully - its buildings were located 13 km from Volgodonsk and 10 km from Tsimlyansk, and on the very shore Tsimlyansk reservoir. This can be fraught with serious and environmental problems.

The most reasonable and cheapest way to solve the energy problems of the south of Russia (and not only it) is the maximum saving of all types of fuel resources, the speedy introduction of energy-saving technologies into production and everyday life. This is convincingly evidenced by the experience of industrialized countries. For example, Japan, producing 3 times more products, spends 3 times less electricity. Russia is 4 times behind the United States in this indicator.

The metallurgical complex of the district includes enterprises of both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Of the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy (all of them belong to conversion plants), the Volgograd plant Krasny Oktyabr, which produces high-quality steel for tractor and automobile plants, the Krasnousolsky and Taganrog plants, should be singled out. The pipe plant in Volzhsky specializes in the production of steel pipes.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Volgograd aluminum plant, the Tyrnyauz mining and smelting plant (tungsten and molybdenum ores).

The chemical complex develops mainly on local raw materials and produces various types of products. The chemical plants in Volgograd and Volzhsky produce chemical fibers and threads, plastics, and synthetic resins. Plastics are also produced by artificial fibers - the Kamensky Combine (Rostov Region. The Belorechensk Chemical Plant (Krasnodar Territory) produces phosphate fertilizers, the Azot Production Association (Nevinnomyssk) produces nitrogen fertilizers, in Cherkessk - varnishes and paints, in Volgodonsk - synthetic detergents.

Cement production stands out among the building materials industries. Novorossiysk cement plants, operating on local marls, supply high-quality cement of various grades to many regions of the country and for export. Volgograd region is a major producer of cement. The remaining branches of the building materials industry (production of bricks, slates, asbestos-cement products, etc.) are of local importance.

The leading place in the complex of industries for the production of non-food consumer goods is occupied by industries focused on the processing of livestock raw materials: the leather and footwear industry (large enterprises in Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Shakhty (Rostov Region), the production of washed wool and woolen fabrics, carpet weaving Krasnodar Kamyshin (Volgograd region) has one of the country's largest factories for the production of cotton fabrics, their production is also organized in the city of Shakhty. )

6.4 Transport and economic links

The leading role in inter-district transportation belongs to railway transport. The main railway lines are Millerovo - Rostov - Armavir - Makhachkala - Baku and Volgograd - Salsk - Krasnodar - Novorossiysk, which intersect at Tikhoretsk. Lines depart from them to the Center, the Volga region, Ukraine, Transcaucasia, across the road Astrakhan - Guryev South is connected with Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

Road transport predominates in intra-regional transportation. The district has a developed network of roads. The Transcaucasian Highway (Rostov-Baku), the Georgian Military and Sukhumi Military Highways pass through its territory. Sea routes, providing connections between the Okrug and the countries of near and far abroad, have not only internal, but foreign trade significance. The largest ports are Novorossiysk and Tuapse on Cherny, Taganrog on Azov. Astrakhan and Makhachkala - on the Caspian Seas. River transport is important. The most important water artery of the country, the Volga, flows through the territory of the federal districts, along which a large amount of cargo is transported both upstream and downstream. The Volga-Don Canal, 101 km long, connects it with another important transport artery - the Don River. Shipping is also developed in the Kuban, the Seversky Donets. The largest river ports are Volgograd, Astrakhan, Rostov, Kalach and others. Pipeline transport has an extensive network.

In the inter-district exchange, the district acts primarily as a supplier of products of the agro-industrial complex, agricultural energy and transport engineering, equipment for the oil and gas industry. Output, also cement, coal, natural gas. The main import products are some types of mineral fertilizers, industrial timber, cars, etc.

6.5. Territorial organization of the economy

Rostov region. In the territorial division of labor, the region is the main supplier of grain harvesters, cultivators, electric locomotives, high-capacity steam boilers. An important place in the sectoral structure is occupied by the food (meat, fruit and vegetable canning, tobacco, confectionery) and light (textile, leather and footwear) industries. Almost all coal of the federal district is mined here. Along with industry, agriculture is well developed. The region is a major producer of grain, sunflower, tobacco, fruits and vegetables.

Rostov-on-Don is the center of the Southern Federal District and the Rostov Region, an important industrial and transport hub, a scientific, educational and cultural center not only of the South, but of the entire country. There are 11 higher education institutions here.

The main industrial centers of the region: Taganrog, Novocherkassk, Mines, Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Volgodonsk.

Volgograd region. Industry prevails in the structure of the region's economy. In the diversified industrial complex, machine building, chemical and petrochemical industries, ferrous metallurgy, light and food industries have the largest share. Agricultural production is characterized by a high level of development. Exceptionally valuable varieties of durum wheat, corn, and millet are grown here. From industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beet, mustard. The region is one of the largest areas of vegetable growing and melon growing. Cattle, sheep, pigs, goats are bred.

The center of the region - the hero city of Volgograd - is an important railway junction, the largest industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center not only of the Southern Federal District, but of the whole country. Volgograd is the memory of our Great Victory in World War II. Important industrial centers of the region are the cities of Volzhsky and Kamyshin.

Astrakhan region. The region specializes in the fishing industry, as well as technologically and economically related shipbuilding and ship repair, the production of wooden containers, and net knitting. The share of the fishing industry in the industrial structure of the region is 20%. The fish industry relies on the valuable resource base of the Volga-Caspian basin. However, in recent years, due to the severe pollution of the Volga and poaching, there has been a noticeable decrease in stocks and, as a result, the catch of valuable species of fish, not only sturgeon, but also a large part (carp, bream, pike perch, etc.), roach and herring. In the Caspian Sea, the sprat has become the dominant object of fishing.

Agriculture plays an important role in the development of the productive forces of the region, especially vegetable growing and melon growing. Significant gas reserves have been discovered in the region. Of the industries developed are shipbuilding, ship repair, the production of metal-cutting machine tools, technological equipment for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex.

The center of the region - Astrakhan - is a large sea and river port, a junction of railway lines to Saratov, Kizlyar, etc.

Krasnodar region. A large manufacturer of machine tools, cement, phosphate fertilizers. The most diverse products are produced by the food industry - canned fruits and vegetables, vegetable oil, wines, tea, sugar, etc. The Krasnodar Territory is a leader in the district in terms of growing valuable agricultural crops: wheat, rice, corn, sunflower, grapes, tea, citrus fruits. Animal husbandry is well developed. The resort and recreational economy is of unique importance. The main industrial and cultural center of the region is Krasnodar. Large industrial centers are Novorossiysk and Tuapse (simultaneously important seaports), Armavir. Sochi is considered to be the capital of the resorts of the Black Sea coast.

Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg-Tangch. Agriculture plays the main role in the economy of the republic. The development of the economy of Kalmykia is closely connected with the solution of the problem of water supply. Several irrigation systems have been built in the republic. The most developed is large-scale distant-pasture sheep breeding and cattle breeding.

The industry of Kalmykia is poorly developed. Its structure is dominated by mechanical engineering (radio measuring instruments, computer parts, commercial equipment) and the food industry (mainly meat). Building materials (building bricks, wall materials, reed slabs) and leather and fur products are also produced. The main industrial and cultural center is the capital of the Republic of Elista.

Republic of Adygea. The industry of Adygeya (the former autonomous region of the Krasnodar Territory) is concentrated mainly in its capital, Maykop, and is represented by the food and light industries, machine-building and woodworking enterprises. Crops of cereals, sunflower, sugar beet, tobacco, vegetables, melons and fruit crops predominate in agriculture. Cattle breeding and poultry farming are developed.

7. Foreign economic relations of the Southern Federal District

The Southern Federal District occupies a key economic and geographical position and is strategically important for Russia. As a border region, it ensures Russia's access to the states of the Transcaucasus, the Black Sea and the Caspian basins in order to establish stable interstate relations and consolidate Russia's economic and political positions in these regions.

The accession to the Southern Federal District of the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, which were traditionally regions of the Volga region and were part of the North Caucasian Military District, made it possible to significantly increase the territory of the Southern Federal District in the northern direction, strengthen the Russian-speaking component and economic parameters of the district due to the industrially developed and economically stable Lower Volga subjects of the Russian Federation.

The northwestern part of the Caspian Sea, as an integral part of the region, has favorable conditions for the development of international transport communications that can provide communication along the shortest route between European countries and the countries of the Near and Middle East, India and China.

About 70% of the total foreign trade turnover of the country is carried out through the southern seaports. Large reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials are concentrated in this region, the development of which should be carried out within the framework of international cooperation.

The southern macroregion acts as a link between the countries of Transcaucasia, Eastern Europe and Asia, its borders run along three seas. International and interregional economic cooperation within the framework of this district provides an exceptional chance for integration into the world economy.

In the commodity structure of exports of the Southern Federal District, the main share is occupied by mineral raw materials (more than 1/3 of exports). 36.8% of this production was represented by crude oil, the main exporters of which were the enterprises of the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. 55% of the supplies are provided with processed oil from the Krasnodar Territory, and 5.7% - with coal from the Rostov Region.

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Introduction

Structure and management of the Southern region of Russia

Production and transport infrastructure of the Southern region of Russia

The current state of the economy of the southern region of Russia

The main directions and prospects for the development of the southern region of Russia

Conclusion

List of used sources and literature

Introduction

The Southern Region of Russia (Southern Federal District - SFD) is an administrative formation located in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation with an area of ​​416,840 km 2, which is 2.4% of the total area of ​​the Russian Federation. The Southern Federal District was formed in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000. The Southern Federal District is a management unit within the administrative framework of the President of the Russian Federation and is headed by him in accordance with the concept of "vertical power". The Southern Federal District has land borders with Ukraine in the west, with the North Caucasian Federal District and Abkhazia in the south, with the Volga and Central Federal Districts in the north, and water borders with Kazakhstan in the east. The Southern Federal District has access to the seas - in the west its territory is limited to the Black and Azov Seas, in the east - to the Caspian Sea. In 2010, the North Caucasian Federal District was separated from the SFD. On the territory of the Southern Federal District there are 2 republics (Republic of Adygea and the Republic of Kalmykia), 3 regions (Volgograd, Astrakhan and Rostov regions), 1 territory (Krasnodar Territory), 79 cities. The center of the district is the city of Rostov-on-Don. As of June 1, 2013, 13,910,179 people live in the Southern region of Russia, which is 9.7% of the population of the Russian Federation. The population density is 33.04 people/km2 .

The Southern Federal District plays a significant role in the economic development of the country, which is largely determined by its geographical location. This determines its importance in the transport infrastructure and resource base of the Russian Federation and proves the relevance of the research topic.

The purpose of the work is to study the economic development of the Southern Federal District. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement the following tasks:

consider the infrastructure and specifics of the management of the Southern Federal District;

assess the current state and economic development of the Southern Federal District;

determine the main directions and prospects for the development of the Southern Federal District.

1. Structure and management of the Southern region of Russia

The Southern Federal District (SFD) is an administrative formation geographically located in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation. Until January 19, 2010, the Southern Federal District (SFD) included 13 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the republics - Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia (Khalmg Tangch), Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia - Alania, Chechnya; Stavropol and Krasnodar regions, Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov regions. On January 19, 2010, the North Caucasian Federal District was allocated as part of the Southern Federal District.

Currently, there are 2 republics (Republic of Adygea and the Republic of Kalmykia), 3 regions (Volgograd, Astrakhan and Rostov regions), 1 region (Krasnodar Territory), 79 cities on the territory of the Southern Federal District. The center of the district is the city of Rostov-on-Don. The major cities of the Southern Federal District are Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Krasnodar.

The Southern Federal District is a management unit within the administrative framework of the President of the Russian Federation and is headed by him in accordance with the concept of "vertical power". The plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District is Ustinov Vladimir Vasilevich.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 24, 2005 N 337 "On Councils under the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal Districts", a Council under the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation was organized on the territory of the Southern Federal District. This institution is an advisory body that facilitates the implementation of the powers of the head of state to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Council functions in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the management apparatus of the Southern Federal District is presented:

Deputies

Structural subdivisions: Department for Organizational and Documentation Support; Department of Domestic Policy; Department of Economic and Social Policy; Department of Law Enforcement, Defense and Security; Department for Personnel Affairs, State Awards and Public Service; Department for Interaction with Federal Authorities; Control Department;

Chief Federal Inspectors.

2. Production and transport infrastructure of the Southern region of Russia

The economic and geographical position of the Southern Federal District determines its significance on a national scale. The specialization of the Southern region of Russia is also determined by its territorial position. The presence of water resources and the extent in the southern latitudes make this region favorable for the development of agriculture and recreation. The soils of the Southern Federal District are highly fertile, and chernozems and alluvial soils occupy more than half of the territory.

The Southern Federal District has access to the seas - in the west its territory is limited to the Black and Azov Seas, in the east - to the Caspian Sea. The Azov-Black Sea basin opens an outlet through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles to the Mediterranean Sea and the World Ocean. The territory of the Southern Federal District occupies the lower reaches of such major rivers as the Don and Volga. This location makes it possible to carry out the largest sea transportation of goods and maintain regular economic relations, since these seas do not freeze.

The territory of the Southern region is rich in fuel and energy resources, represented by natural gas, oil and coal. Experts, evaluating the hydrocarbon reserves of the Caspian Basin, put it in third place in the world. The largest gas field is Astrakhanskoye, the smaller ones are Maikopskoye and Severo-Stavropolskoye. The largest oil reserves are concentrated in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as in the Krasnodar Territory. Coal resources are located in the eastern wing of Donbass (Rostov region). Also in the territory of the Southern region of Russia, deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, lead-zinc ores, mercury, copper and non-metallic minerals (sulfur, barite, rock salt) have been discovered. Stocks of raw materials for the production of building materials are concentrated in Novorossiysk (cement marls) and in the Teberda region (granite, chalk, clay).

Basic industries, in particular heavy industry, form the backbone of the region's economy. Also, equipment for oil producing enterprises and nuclear power plants, mainline electric locomotives, ships, car trailers, computer equipment, electrical measuring instruments, etc. are produced on the territory of the Southern Federal District. The largest industrial centers of the Southern Federal District are Krasnodar, Taganrog and Volgograd.

Branches of market specialization are formed in accordance with the needs of the agro-industrial, machine-building and resort and recreational complexes.

On the territory of the Southern Federal District, crops of grain, rice and corn are widespread, in connection with which this region is the largest supplier of wheat. The production of industrial crops (sugar beet, mustard, sunflower) and subtropical crops (persimmon, tea, citrus fruits, figs) is also developed. The territory of this region accounts for a third of the fruit and berry plantations in Russia. In addition, all the vineyards of Russia are located in the Southern region.

The food industry is also quite developed, in particular enterprises of the sugar, oil and fat, wine, meat, flour and cereals, fish and tobacco industries. The largest enterprises in this area are: the Kaspryba fishery concern and the Abrau-Dyurso champagne winery. Many regions of the country are supplied with the products of the Adyghe and Crimean fruit and vegetable canning plants, Kropotkinsky and Krasnodar oil and fat plants and many other enterprises.

In the production of non-food consumer goods, the leading place is occupied by industries focused on the processing of livestock raw materials: Vladikavkaz), the production of washed wool and woolen fabrics, and carpet weaving (Krasnodar, Makhachkala). One of the country's largest cotton fabric factories is located in Kamyshin.

Regarding the sphere of capital investments or attractive investment projects, it is necessary to single out the development of southern industrial centers. In particular, the Volgograd Tractor Plant produces from 2,000 to 3,000 pieces of equipment per year, with an existing production capacity of up to 50,000 tractors. With an increase in the yield in the subjects of the district from 16.5 million to 30-35 million tons of grain, there will be a need for additional units of agricultural machinery, so it is necessary to develop the capacities of the enterprises producing it.

In the Southern region, as a unique territory in terms of bioresources and natural systems, tourism and sanitary resort bases are actively developing. Every year, the resorts of this region receive up to 25 million people. On the territory of the Stavropol Territory and the Black Sea coast, there are SEZs of a tourist and recreational type, designed to provide tourism and health services. SEZ participants receive some benefits - temporary exemption from property and land taxes, low rates for rent, transport and income tax. The priority areas of activity of tourist and recreational SEZs of the Southern region are: ecological tourism, historical and cultural tourism, medical and recreational, active tourism, extreme tourism, hotel business, excursion services, sports and recreational services.

3. Current state of the economy of the Southern region of Russia

The economic space of the Southern region of Russia is built on the principle of a center-peripheral organization, which is due to the heterogeneity of the subjects of the region in terms of socio-economic, political and functional features. The peripheral centers of the Southern Federal District lag behind the regional centers in terms of economic development, infrastructure and educational level.

The Southern Federal District is characterized by a local monopoly, which is due to the low concentration of regional markets. Insufficient market concentration leads to the fact that some firms spontaneously find themselves in a monopoly position. Considering the market for international and long-distance telecommunication services, it can be established that Rostelecom (founded in 1993), which has a market share of about 68%, has monopoly power. Russian Railways JSC accounts for more than 90% of all cargo transportation in Russia. A number of enterprises can be identified that form the so-called national monopolies. These include the oil companies Lukoil and Transneft. In the banking sector, the national monopoly is OAO Sberbank. Its share in the market of private investors is more than 65%. In the market of postal services, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Post of Russia" has monopoly power. FSUE Russian Post is the operator of the Russian state postal network

Positive phenomena in the agrarian sector of the southern region of Russia are associated with the implementation of the National Project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" and other programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex of federal significance. It should be noted that the small-scale commodity sector, which currently produces the bulk of meat, milk, vegetables and potatoes, needs significant state support. This sector is a real solution to the problems of employment and income growth. An important role in improving the conditions for the activities of small-scale producers in the countryside can be played by production and consumer, marketing and credit cooperation, the search for effective forms of interaction between enterprises of various sizes.

The development of economic communications is becoming the most important direction for reducing the transformational and transaction costs of production and distribution, the development of inter-farm cooperation and agro-industrial integration on the principles of a regulated market in the regions of the South. The economic phenomenon of the rural periphery is its pumping with financial resources from the federal budget, as well as intra-family transfers. At the same time, it is on the rural periphery that the risks of a rapid deterioration in the general economic situation are especially significant for various reasons:

resource and environmental;

market and marketing;

administrative and political.

The quality and standard of living, economic activity of the population of the rural periphery of the Southern Federal District are limited by the transport and communication accessibility of the main socio-economic centers.

Let's consider the main indicators of the economic development of the Southern region of Russia. According to the results of the first half of 2013, the total turnover of organizations in the Southern Federal District for all types of activities amounted to 3.2 trillion rubles, which is 8.2% more than in the corresponding period of the previous year. During 2013, 12,859 organizations were registered on the territory of the Southern Federal District, which is 5.74% of all organizations registered in this period on the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the largest number of organizations, 42.65% or 5438, was registered on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.

According to the results of the 1st quarter of 2013 in the Southern Federal District, profitable organizations account for 64.1% (in Russia as a whole - 63.5%), respectively, the share of unprofitable organizations is 35.9%. Most of the profitable organizations are located on the territory of the Rostov region. Most of the unprofitable organizations are located in the Astrakhan region and the Republic of Adygea.

The accounts payable of organizations in the Southern region of Russia amount to 1,252,599 million rubles. or 5.1% of the total debt in Russia, with 57885 million rubles. is in arrears. The largest accounts payable in the debt structure of the Southern Federal District are organizations of the Krasnodar Territory - 555674 million rubles, and the largest overdue accounts payable are accounted for by organizations of the Volgograd Region - 21364 million rubles. Accounts receivable to enterprises of the Southern Federal District is 1179556 million rubles. or 5% of the total debt in Russia.

As of April 1, 2013, the number of small businesses in the Southern region amounted to 17.5 thousand units. , which is 7.4% of the total number of small businesses in Russia. The number of replaced jobs amounted to 514.7 thousand or 7.7%.

According to data as of April 1, 2013, investments in fixed assets of organizations in the Southern Federal District accounted for 11.5% of the total amount of investments in fixed assets in Russia. At the same time, a large share of 61.9% or 5069.3 million rubles. fell on the organizations of the Krasnodar Territory. Foreign investments amounted to 890490 thousand dollars. (1.5% of the amount of foreign investment in Russia as a whole), of which 523,212 thousand dollars fell on the Rostov region. Structurally, foreign investments of the Southern Federal District consist of direct investments (28.8%), portfolio investments (0.2%) and other investments (71.1%).

Index of industrial production by types of economic activity "Mining", "Manufacturing", "Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water" in comparison with the first half of 2012. amounted to 106.8%.

In the first half of 2013, the Southern Federal District had the following shares by type of economic activity from the total results for Russia (Appendix 2): mining - 1.8%; manufacturing industries - 16.7%; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 12.5%; agricultural production - 15.2%.

The foreign trade turnover of the Southern Federal District in the first half of 2013 amounted to 3.5% of the foreign trade turnover of Russia, the retail trade turnover - 8.6%, the structure of the balanced financial result of the activities of organizations - 2.6%.

As of the end of June 2013, the number of unemployed citizens amounted to 454.3 thousand people, which corresponds to 11.2% of the total number of citizens registered as unemployed. The largest number of unemployed - 152.8 thousand people. registered in the Krasnodar Territory, the smallest number - 16.1 thousand people. - in the Republic of Adygea.

Average per capita cash income in the Southern Federal District in the first half of 2013 amounted to 18,336.9 rubles. per month, which is 4738.3 rubles. or 20.5% less than in Russia as a whole. The smallest monetary incomes on average per capita per month - 10021.3 rubles. fall on the Republic of Kalmykia, the largest - 19821.1 rubles. - to the Krasnodar Territory. Monthly consumer spending per capita in the Southern Federal District is 15,262.3 rubles, which is 782.6 or 12.7% less than in Russia as a whole.

The consumer price index in the first half of 2013 as a percentage by the end of 2012 amounted to 104.1%, which is 0.6% more than in Russia as a whole. The highest value of the consumer price index (106.6%) was recorded in the Republic of Kalmykia, the lowest (103.4%) - in the Volgograd region. The producer price index for industrial goods amounted to 99.8%. The index of agricultural production amounted to 95.6%.

The average monthly salary of employees of organizations of the Southern Federal District in the first half of 2013 amounted to 21,226.5 rubles, which is 13.4% more than in the first half of 2012. However, the average monthly salary in the Southern Federal District is 7561.1 rubles. or 26.3% less than in Russia as a whole.

4. The main directions and prospects for the development of the southern region of Russia

The development strategy of the Southern Federal District is focused on achieving the main strategic goal, which is a significant and permanent increase in the level and quality of life of the population, primarily through the effective use of natural resource, transport, geographic and socio-demographic potential through the implementation of a sustainable innovative development scenario.

The strategic goal of the development of the energy complex of the district for the period up to 2020 will be to overcome the shortage of electricity through further development, ensuring the reliability and sustainability of the functioning of the regional energy complex. The formation of a rational structure of generating capacities in the Southern Federal District is supposed to be ensured through the expansion, modernization and new construction of 32 facilities. The strategic goals of the development of the grid sector are: modernization of the power grid complex based on new technologies, increasing the efficiency and investment attractiveness of energy companies, implementing a full range of production and technological operations for the transmission of electricity through distribution networks in the required volume, ensuring high reliability and quality.

The strategic goal is to turn the Southern Federal District in the medium term into one of the Russian leaders in innovative development, into a region of stability and constructive Russian influence in the Black Sea and Caspian basins, which makes it necessary to create the country's leading food base based on the formation of a national megacluster of the agro-industrial complex; implementation of the Okrug's transit potential through the development of international transport corridors; innovative modernization.

Conclusion

Thus, the Southern Federal District has an outstanding transport and geographical position on the scale of Eurasia, due to the presence of the Volga-Caspian and Trans-Siberian-Black Sea routes. The existing transport and transit potential of the Southern Federal District should become the most important factor in the development of this macroregion. The Southern Federal District has a fairly powerful industrial and production potential, which occupies significant positions at the national level in some sectors of the agro-industrial complex, agricultural engineering, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry, and the food industry. This fact activates the positive vector of structural development of the economy. In particular, in terms of the turnover of small enterprises of commodity-producing industries per capita, the Southern Federal District ranks third.

On the territory of the Southern Federal District, a sports and recreational and transport and infrastructure Sochi Olympic complex is being formed. This formation became a catalyst for the socio-economic development of the Krasnodar Territory. After completion of work at the Olympic venues, its main production units, represented by labor, construction, technical and technological units, should form an economic base for the development of the infrastructure of international transport corridors throughout the Southern region.

The most significant sectors of the economy of the Southern Federal District, which have an all-Russian and interregional significance, are agro-industrial, tourist-recreational and transport complexes, as well as trade.

The potential of many regions of the Southern Federal District is not used effectively enough, which is caused by the lack of modern innovative technologies, insufficient concentration of capital, a significant degree of monopolization and a high level of transaction costs in circulation.

List of used sources and literature

southern federal economy trade

1.Kail Ya.Ya. The quality of life of the population in the subjects of the Southern Federal District: a comparative analysis / Kail Ya.Ya., Elipin V.S.//Regional economy, 2013. No. 8, P. 24-31

Materials on the Subprogram "Problems of socio-economic and ethno-political development of the southern macroregion" of the Program of Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences N24 / [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.ssc-ras.ru/page899.html

Website of the Federal State Statistics Service / [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population (population)

Website of the Federal State Statistics Service / [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1140086420641 (socio-economic status of federal districts ).

Website of the Russian Agency for International Information "RIA-Novosti" / [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://ug.ria.ru/about/okrug.html

Website of the Southern Federal District / [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.ufo.gov.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27&Itemid=18

Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Southern Federal District for the period up to 2020 dated September 5, 2011 /[Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.minregion.ru/upload/documents/2011/09//280911_1538_r.doc

Turkina O.A. Prospects for the socio-economic development of the Southern Federal District / Turkina O.A. / / Society: politics, economics, law, 2012. No. 9, pp. 33-39

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The Southern Federal District is one of the components of the Russian Federation, if I may say so. It is interesting that for some time (to be more precise, from 05/13/2000 to 06/21/2000) it was called the North Caucasian Federal District. But, as you can see, it did not last long - a little more than a month. Then, however, on January 19, 2010, the North Caucasian Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District. But this is a slightly different topic.

general information

The Southern Federal District is the smallest in all of Russia. Its area is 447,821 sq.m. - this is only 2.61% of less than the notorious North Caucasian Federal District (170,439 km²). For comparison, the Siberian Federal District has an area of ​​5,145,000 km². Although it consists of only 12 subjects. But the Krasnoyarsk Territory alone occupies 2,366,797 km².

So, the Southern Federal District includes 8 subjects. And its population is 16,367,949 people, according to the latest statistics. This is about 11.17%. The average density is low - 36.5 people per square kilometer. The center of the Federal District, by the way, is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

Compound

What cities the SFD includes should be noted with special attention. The Southern Federal District has a small composition. As mentioned above, only 8 subjects.

The smallest in terms of area is the Hero City of Sevastopol. Total 864 km². It is home to about 420,000 people. This city is good for many, but the most important thing is that it is in it that the main naval base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy is located.

The Republic of Adygea, supposedly located inside the Krasnodar Territory, has an area of ​​7,800 km². The peculiarity of this region is its forest resources. They occupy more than 1/3 of the entire republic. Also, there are a lot of minerals here.

The Crimea is not large either - about 27,000 km². But here it is more than twice as superior. Its area is 49,024 km². rich in deserts used as pastures. serves as a spawning ground for beluga, stellate sturgeon and sturgeon.

The next in area is the republic of which Elista is. Interestingly, in this region, the official language is not only Russian. But also Kalmyk (at the legislative level).

And the largest three regions are the Krasnodar Territory, the Rostov Region and the Volgograd Region.

Economy

The Southern Federal District annually attracts tens of thousands of tourists. Because it includes the Krasnodar Territory and the Crimea. And these are regions rich in resorts. Sochi, Tuapse, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Sevastopol, Yalta - for the economy of these cities (and, accordingly, the entire district), the most profitable time is the end of spring, summer and the beginning of autumn. Such is the specificity of the climate, it was at this time in the resort areas of the Southern Federal District that there was no end to visitors.

But, in addition to the tourism industry, the agro-industrial and transport complexes, as well as trade, are still well developed here. True, this is not the case in the entire region. Transport complexes of interregional and international importance, for example, are concentrated in the Astrakhan region and the notorious Krasnodar Territory.

Percentage of production

But these are not all industries that the Southern Federal District can boast of. The cities of this federal district are good objects for the development of light industry. It really is here, and it is oriented towards the supply of products to other federal districts of Russia. It is on the territory of this district that 1/10 of all knitwear in our country and about 28% of shoes are produced.

But that's not all. Also, the Southern Federal District, the map of which is provided above, is the region of the country that produces about 21% of the total Russian volume of steel pipes, 13% of metal-cutting machines, about 19% of tractors, 7% of cars and 9% of excavators.

In addition, the Southern Federal District produces approximately 18% of cement, 10% of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and 15% of building bricks.

Addition

If you look at the Southern Federal District (map provided above), you can see that it also includes the Republic of Crimea and the hero city of Sevastopol. Back in March 2014, these subjects returned to the Russian Federation. But their territorial status was approved quite recently - in the middle of the summer of the current 2016.

After the inclusion of Crimea in the Southern Federal District, the district increased by 27,000 km². The population also increased - approximately 2,300,000 people. By the way, it is precisely because of the situation that occurred in November 2015, associated with the explosion of power transmission lines in Kherson, that the Southern Federal District is called an energy-deficient region. Since this incident deprived the entire Crimea (a large part of the district) of electricity completely. But, as you know, if everything is bad in one place, and good in another, then all the same, the indicators are summed up. That's why the Southern Federal District is now scarce and is considered.

Agro-industrial complex

The center of the Southern Federal District, like all its other regions, can boast of favorable natural and climatic conditions. In other federal districts, they are different, and are not so conducive to the development of the agricultural industry. And this is the main significance of the South for our entire vast country. It is the Southern Federal District, whose composition is not very large, that provides Russia with food security. It is here that almost 1/6 of the sown area of ​​the whole country is concentrated. And they grow more than a quarter (!) of the total Russian volume of grain crops, 50% of sunflower seeds, and about 1/5 of vegetables.

On average, 1/7 of all agricultural products are produced in the Southern Federal District. And this is a lot. This also includes 33% sugar, 46% vegetable oil, about 11% dairy products and eggs, about 12.5% ​​meat products. In general, the list can be long, but the fact that the Southern Federal District is very important for Russia is unambiguous and undeniable.