The Great Maneuvers began, strictly speaking, with a single visit to the small town of Ocala, Florida. Wayne Dollack lives and works there - the inventor of the technology called the "big game". Back then, in 1998, with our first Maneuvers of 128 people, Wayne's scale and technology seemed unimaginable - almost 1,000 players! Full saturation with radio communications! Coded transmission of orders!
Wayne generously shared his knowledge, especially knowledge on how to organize a non-stop flow of missions. In his performance, it looked like this ...
Two "command posts" were built in the field - two large objects, with defensive walls, towers, stairs, passageways and ... radio cabins, in which batteries and stationary radio stations are located. But the largest station is located not at the headquarters of the parties, but outside the field, at the organizing CP.
Because all mission control is conducted over the air. The pre-designed scenario is broken down into short, formalized tasks, which indicate who (which platoon of which unit), where (location or landmark), when (game start time for the task), until what time (end time for the task) and what (type of task) must commit.
And then everything is simple - the task is transmitted by radio. True, in coded form.
Along with the rules, scenario and introductory, the headquarters of the parties received "code tables", in which two-letter combinations indicated places, times, and numbers - about 150-160 codes in total.
For example, a message
Company A platoon 1 set up listening post at Third Finger Area, hold 1/2 hour
after encoding it will sound like
Delta-Bravo Alpha Delta-Charlie Alpha-Bravo Echo-Mike Charlie-Yankee Bravo-Hotel Foxtrot-Sierra Bravo-Victor Bravo-Zulu Alpha-Lima Alpha-Zulu
| Message | Encoding |
| Company A | Delta-Bravo Alpha |
| Platoon | Delta Charlie |
| 1 | Alpha Bravo |
| set up | echo mike |
| listening post | Charlie-Yankee |
| At | Bravo Hotel |
| third finger | Foxtrot-Sierra |
| area | Bravo Victor |
| hold | Bravo Zulu |
| 1/2 | Alpha Lima |
| Hour | Alpha Zulu |
Despite the apparent complexity, the table of codes is quite easy to remember and any sensible "head of communications" or headquarters signalman three or four hours after the start of the game, and they go to Dollak for 24 hours, the day decodes practically "by ear". Yes, this position is becoming mandatory - at the headquarters, someone must continuously monitor the air in anticipation of new missions. Unlike other members of the headquarters, the signalman is in the "protected room" - the only room in the field headquarters that is completely enclosed by a net, in which you can stay without a mask. Moreover, even if the enemy manages to capture the entire headquarters, they are strictly forbidden to enter the radio room - in order to avoid it.
Of course, all key radio stations (CP, headquarters, main groups) have their own call signs. To control who is in reality in touch and whether some cunning adversary got into the "headquarters" frequency, password request and recall are used, for example, Willie Peter - Six-Nine. Passwords are generated in advance and changed every 3-4 hours for greater durability. If one side or another has doubts about the identity of the interlocutor, a password follows, to which he must answer. Of course, the above scheme is the simplest, you can come up with a more intricate system of authenticity verification, but the question is whether the player in the field will be able to figure out in time what needs to be answered.
Together with the headquarters signalman, the “head of the operations department” also works, who receives messages, puts them on a map and determines what forces can accomplish the task - just like in a real headquarters, where the chief of staff is planning, and the commander is in charge of implementation.
ICAO phonetic alphabet, also known as ITU phonetic alphabet, NATO phonetic alphabet or international radiotelephony phonetic alphabet is the most widely used phonetic alphabet. Often the so-called "phonetic alphabets" are actually spelling alphabets and have no connection with phonetic transcription systems like the "International Phonetic Alphabet". Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigns code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet ( Alpha for A, Bravo for B, etc.), so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be spoken and understood by those who receive and transmit voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of their native language. This is especially important in traffic control, when people may be in danger due to a distorted understanding of the transmitted information.
Alphabet and pronunciation
The pronunciation of the codes of letters of the alphabet and numbers depends on the language habits of the speaker. To address differences in pronunciation, ICAO has developed posters illustrating the desired pronunciation. However, there are differences in pronunciation between ICAO and non-ICAO versions, and even ICAO has published conflicting standards. In addition, although all alphabetic letter codes are English words, they have deviations from the general rules of English pronunciation. Only 11 codes out of 26: bravo, echo, hotel, Juliet(t), kilo, Mike, papa, Quebec, Romeo, whiskey and Zulu are given according to the rules of English pronunciation (although often not the same as English pronunciation), suggesting that the transcription need not be exact.
Letters
| № | Letter | A codeword | Code word translation(with alt translation links) | Pronunciation | |||||
| Transcription(with audio links) | Variant (radio-)dictation letter(another way to pronounce the code word) | ||||||||
| IFA | In Russian | English | ICAO | US Army | ITU | ||||
| 1) | A | Alpha(ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Alpha(ANSI, FAA) |
alpha (1st letter of the Greek alphabet), the beginning, the main thing among a number of objects | ˈælfɑ | alpha | [ˈælfə] | AL FAH | AL fah | AL FAH |
| 2) | B | Bravo | "Bravo"; payed assassin | ˈbrɑːˈvo | Bravo | [ˈbrɑːvəʊ] | BRAH VOH | BRAH voh | BRAH VOH |
| 3) | C | Charlie | Charlie's name | ˈtʃɑːli or ˈʃɑːli |
charlie (charlie) | CHAR LEE | CHAR lee | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE |
|
| 4) | D | Delta | delta (4th letter of the Greek alphabet) | ˈdeltɑ | delta | [ˈdeltə] | DELL TAH | DEL tah | DELL TAH |
| 5) | E | echo | echo | ˈeko | eco | ECK Oh | ekk oh | ECK Oh | |
| 6) | F | foxtrot | foxtrot | ˈfɔkstrɔt | foxtrot | FOKS TROT | FOKS trot | FOKS TROT | |
| 7) | G | Golf | golf | ɡʌlf [ sic] | golf | GOLF | Golf | GOLF | |
| 8) | H | Hotel | hotel | hotel | hotel | HOH TELL | HO tell | HOH TELL | |
| 9) | I | India | India | ˈindiˑɑ | india | IN DEEAH | IN dee ah | IN DEEAH | |
| 10) | J | Juliet(ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Juliet(ANSI, FAA) |
name Juliet | ˈdʒuːliˑˈet | juliet | JEW LEE ETT | JEW leeet | JEW LEE ETT | |
| 11) | K | Kilo | prefix "kilo" | ˈkiːlo | kilo | key LOH | KEY loh | key LOH | |
| 12) | L | Lima | Lima | ˈliːmɑ | Lima | LEE MAH | LEE mah | LEE MAH | |
| 13) | M | Mike | name Mike | mɑik | Mike | MIKE | Mike | MIKE | |
| 14) | N | October | november | noˈvembə | newembe | NO VEM BER | NOH vember | NO VEM BER | |
| 15) | O | Oscar | name Oscar | ˈɔskɑ | osk | OSS CAH | OSS car | OSS CAH | |
| 16) | P | Papa | dad | pəˈpɑ | dad | PAH PAH | PAH pah | PAH PAH | |
| 17) | Q | Quebec | Quebec | keˈbek | cabek | KEH BECK | keh BECK | KEH BECK | |
| 18) | R | Romeo | Romeo | roːmiˑo | roumio | eu] | ROW MEOH | ROW me oh | ROW MEOH |
| 19) | S | Sierra | sierra, mackerel | siˈerɑ | siera | SEE AIR AH | see AIR ah | SEE AIR RAH | |
| 20) | T | Tango | tango | ˈtænɡo [ sic] | tango | TANG GO | TANG go | TANG GO | |
| 21) | U | Uniform | a uniform | ˈjuːnifɔːm or ˈuːnifɔrm |
uniform (uniform) | YOU NEE FORM | YOU nee form | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM |
|
| 22) | V | Victor | name Victor | ˈviktɑ/ ˈviktɔ | victa | [‘vɪktə] / [‘vɪktər] | VIK TAH | VIK ter | VIK TAH |
| 23) | W | Whiskey | whiskey | wiski | Whiskey | [‘wɪskɪ] | WISS key | WISS key | WISS key |
| 24) | X | X-ray, xray | x-ray | eksˈrei | exray | [‘eksreɪ] | ECK sray [ sic] | EKS-ray | ECKS RAY |
| 25) | Y | Yankees | yankees | ˈjænki/ ˈjanki | Yankees | [ˈjæŋkɪ] | YAN GKEY[ sic] | YANG-kee | YANG key |
| 26) | Z | Zulu | Zulu | ˈzuːluː | Zulu | [ˈzuːluː] | Zoo LOO | Zoo loo | Zoo LOO |
Numbers
| Number | A codeword | Pronunciation |
| 0 | Zero (FAA) Nadazero (ITU, IMO) |
ZE-RO (ICAO), ZE-RO or ZEE-RO (FAA) NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO) |
| 1 | One (FAA) Unaone (ITU, IMO) |
WUN (ICAO, FAA) OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO) |
| 2 | Two (FAA) Bissotwo (ITU, IMO) |
TOO (ICAO, FAA) BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO) |
| 3 | Three (FAA) Terrathree (ITU, IMO) |
TREE (ICAO, FAA) TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO) |
| 4 | Four (FAA) Kartefour (ITU, IMO) |
FOW-ER (ICAO), FOW ER (FAA) KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO) |
| 5 | Five (FAA) Pantafive (ITU, IMO) |
FIFE (ICAO, FAA) PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO) |
| 6 | Six (FAA) Soxisix (ITU, IMO) |
SIX (ICAO, FAA) SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO) |
| 7 | Seven (FAA) Setteseven (ITU, IMO) |
SEV-EN (ICAO), SEV EN (FAA) SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO) |
| 8 | Eight (FAA) Oktoeight (ITU, IMO) |
AIT (ICAO, FAA) OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO) |
| 9 | Nine (FAA) Nine or niner (ICAO) Novenine (ITU, IMO) |
NIN-ER (ICAO), NIN ER (FAA) NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO) |
| 100 | Hundred | HUN dred |
| 1000 | Thousand | TOU SAND |
| . (decimal point) | Decimal (ITU) | DAY-SEE-MAL (ITU) |
| . (grammatical point) | Stop (ITU) | STOP (ITU) |
The International Aviation Organization (ICAO) Phonetic Alphabet, also known as the International Radiotelephony Alphabet, or simply the "radio alphabet", is recognized as the most widely used phonetic alphabet in the world and is international. For each letter, a certain code word is assigned in accordance with the alphabet (A - Alfa, B - Bravo, etc.). In such a way that a sequence of letters (and numbers) can be easily pronounced and correctly understood in radio voice communication, regardless of the phonetics of the native language content of the transmitting/receiving party. The ICAO aviation phonetic alphabet is used by many international and national organizations. The pronunciation of the codes of letters of the alphabet and numbers depends on the language pronunciation of the speaker. To address differences in pronunciation, ICAO has developed posters illustrating the desired pronunciation. However, there are differences in pronunciation between ICAO and other organizations' versions. In addition, although all alphabetic letter codes are English words, they have deviations from the general rules of English pronunciation.
| ICAO | Pronunciation expressed in letters of the Russian alphabet (stressed syllable highlighted) | |
|---|---|---|
A |
Alpha |
al-F |
B |
Bravo |
sconce-in |
C |
Charlie |
charm-whether |
D |
Delta |
del-ta |
E |
echo |
uh-ko |
F |
Foxtrot |
fox-trot |
G |
Golf |
golf |
H |
Hotel |
ho- tel |
I |
Índia |
Ying-di-a |
J |
Juliet |
Joo-li-ette |
K |
Kilo |
ki-lo |
L |
Lima |
whether-ma |
M |
Mike |
Mike |
N |
November |
but- vem-ber |
O |
Oscar |
os-car |
P |
Papa |
pa- pa |
Q |
Quebec |
Que- back |
R |
Romeo |
Ro-mi-o |
S |
Sierra |
sie-ra |
T |
Tango |
tan th |
U |
Uniform |
Yu-no-forms |
V |
Victor |
Vic-tor |
W |
Whisky |
vis-ki |
X |
X-ray |
the ex-ray |
(Alpha for A, Bravo for B, etc.), so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be spoken and understood by those who receive and transmit voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of their native language. This is especially important in traffic control, when people may be in danger due to a distorted understanding of the transmitted information.
International Status
After the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) developed the phonetic alphabet in 1956, it has been adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), (ANSI) and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). It was a development of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals with flags or flashing lights, sound signals with a whistle, siren, bell, and one-, two-, and three-letter codes for many phrases. The same code word alphabet is used in all departments, but each agency chooses one of two sets of numeric word codes. NATO uses normal English words for digits (zero, one, with some alternative pronunciations), while IMO provides for compound words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice, they are used very rarely, as they can lead to confusion when communicating between speakers of different languages.
Most of the words are recognizable by native English speakers, because English must be used for communication between aircraft and control towers whenever representatives of two different countries interact, regardless of their native languages. But this is only necessary at the international level, and on domestic lines, if both sides of the radio conversation represent the same country, the phonetic alphabet of that country can be used.
Most versions of the alphabet use only two non-English spellings: Alfa and Juliett. Alpha spelled with f like in most European languages. English and French spelling alpha not pronounced properly by speakers of some other languages, who may not know what ph should be pronounced like f. Juliet spelled with tt for users of French, because otherwise they may consider that a single letter t not pronounced at the end of a word. The English version of the alphabet, like the ANSI version or the version used by the British Armed Forces and the emergency services, may use Standard English orthography in one or both cases.
Alphabet and pronunciation
The pronunciation of the codes of letters of the alphabet and numbers depends on the language habits of the speaker. To address differences in pronunciation, ICAO has developed posters illustrating the desired pronunciation. However, there are differences in pronunciation between ICAO and non-ICAO versions, and even ICAO has published conflicting standards. In addition, although all alphabetic letter codes are English words, they have deviations from the general rules of English pronunciation. Only 11 codes out of 26: bravo, echo, hotel, Juliet(t), kilo, Mike, papa, Quebec, Romeo, whiskey and Zulu are given according to the rules of English pronunciation (although often not the same as English pronunciation), suggesting that the transcription need not be exact.
Letters
| № | Letter | A codeword | Translation of the code word (with alt translation links) | Pronunciation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcription (with sound references) | A variant of (radio) dictation of a letter (another way of pronouncing the code word) | ||||||||
| IFA | In Russian | English | ICAO | US Army | ITU | ||||
| 1) | Alpha(ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Alpha(ANSI, FAA) |
alpha (1st letter of the Greek alphabet), the beginning, the main thing among a number of objects | ˈælfɑ | alpha | [ˈælfə] | AL FAH | AL fah | AL FAH | |
| 2) | Bravo | bravo (excellent, excellent - exclamation of approval) | ˈbrɑːˈvo | Bravo | [ˈbrɑːvəʊ] | BRAH VOH | BRAH voh | BRAH VOH | |
| 3) | Charlie | Charlie's name | ˈtʃɑːli or ˈʃɑːli |
Charlie | CHAR LEE | CHAR lee | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE |
||
| 4) | Delta | delta (4th letter of the Greek alphabet) | ˈdeltɑ | delta | [ˈdeltə] | DELL TAH | DEL tah | DELL TAH | |
| 5) | echo | echo | ˈeko | eco | ECK Oh | ekk oh | ECK Oh | ||
| 6) | foxtrot | foxtrot | ˈfɔkstrɔt | foxtrot | FOKS TROT | FOKS trot | FOKS TROT | ||
| 7) | Golf | golf | ɡʌlf [sic] | golf | GOLF | Golf | GOLF | ||
| 8) | Hotel | hotel | hotel | hotel | HOH TELL | HO tell | HOH TELL | ||
| 9) | India | India | ˈindiˑɑ | india | IN DEEAH | IN dee ah | IN DEEAH | ||
| 10) | Juliet(ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Juliet(ANSI, FAA) |
name Juliet | ˈdʒuːliˑˈet | juliet | JEW LEE ETT | JEW leeet | JEW LEE ETT | ||
| 11) | Kilo | prefix "kilo" | ˈkiːlo | kilo | key LOH | KEY loh | key LOH | ||
| 12) | Lima | Lima | ˈliːmɑ | Lima | LEE MAH | LEE mah | LEE MAH | ||
| 13) | Mike | name Mike | mɑik | Mike | MIKE | Mike | MIKE | ||
| 14) | October | november | noˈvembə | november | NO VEM BER | NOH vember | NO VEM BER | ||
| 15) | Oscar | name Oscar | ˈɔskɑ | Oscar | OSS CAH | OSS car | OSS CAH | ||
| 16) | Papa | dad | pəˈpɑ | dad | PAH PAH | PAH pah | PAH PAH | ||
| 17) | Quebec | Quebec | keˈbek | cabek | KEH BECK | keh BECK | KEH BECK | ||
| 18) | Romeo | Romeo | roːmiˑo | roumio | eu] | ROW MEOH | ROW me oh | ROW MEOH | |
| 19) | Sierra | sierra, mackerel | siˈerɑ | siera | SEE AIR AH | see AIR ah | SEE AIR RAH | ||
| 20) | Tango | tango | ˈtænɡo [sic] | tango | TANG GO | TANG go | TANG GO | ||
| 21) | Uniform | a uniform | ˈjuːnifɔːm or ˈuːnifɔrm |
uniform | YOU NEE FORM | YOU nee form | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM |
||
| 22) | Victor | name Victor | ˈviktɑ / ˈviktɔ | Victor | ["vɪktə] / ["vɪktər] | VIK TAH | VIK ter | VIK TAH | |
| 23) | Whiskey | whiskey | wiski | Whiskey | ["wɪskɪ] | WISS key | WISS key | WISS key | |
| 24) | X-ray, xray | x-ray | eksˈrei | exray | ["eksreɪ] | ECK sray [ sic] | EKS-ray | ECKS RAY | |
| 25) | Yankees | yankees | ˈjænki / janki | Yankees | [ˈjæŋkɪ] | YAN GKEY[ sic] | YANG-kee | YANG key | |
| 26) | Zulu | Zulu | ˈzuːluː | Zulu | [ˈzuːluː] | Zoo LOO | Zoo loo | Zoo LOO | |
Numbers
| Number | A codeword | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| Zero (FAA) Nadazero (ITU, IMO) |
ZE-RO (ICAO) , ZE-RO or ZEE-RO (FAA) NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO) |
|
| One (FAA) Unaone (ITU, IMO) |
WUN (ICAO, FAA) OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Two (FAA) Bissotwo (ITU, IMO) |
TOO (ICAO, FAA) BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Three (FAA) Terrathree (ITU, IMO) |
TREE (ICAO, FAA) TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Four (FAA) Kartefour (ITU, IMO) |
FOW-ER (ICAO) , FOW ER (FAA) KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Five (FAA) Pantafive (ITU, IMO) |
FIFE (ICAO, FAA) PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Six (FAA) Soxisix (ITU, IMO) |
SIX (ICAO, FAA) SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Seven (FAA) Setteseven (ITU, IMO) |
SEV-EN (ICAO) , SEV EN (FAA) SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Eight (FAA) Oktoeight (ITU, IMO) |
AIT (ICAO, FAA) OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Nine (FAA) Nine or niner (ICAO) Novenine (ITU, IMO) |
NIN-ER (ICAO) , NIN ER (FAA) NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO) |
|
| Hundred | HUN dred | |
| Thousand | TOU SAND | |
| (decimal point) | Decimal (ITU) | DAY-SEE-MAL (ITU) |
| (grammatical point) | Stop (ITU) | STOP (ITU) |
Application
The phonetic alphabet is used to spell the part of messages that contains letters and numbers to avoid confusion because the sounds of many letters are similar to each other, for example, "n" and "m", "b" and "d", etc. e. The likelihood of confusion increases if noise or other disturbances are present. For example, the message: "go to DH98 square" would be transmitted as "go to Delta-Hotel-Niner-Eight square". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "BH98" and "DH98". The unusual pronunciation of some numbers is deliberately done in order, again, to avoid confusion.
In addition to its traditional use in the military, the alphabet is also used in the civilian industry to avoid such problems when transmitting messages over telephones. For example, it is often used in retail when customers negotiate the details of transactions over the phone, although in this case their internal coding conventions are often used. It is often used by information technology workers to transmit digital codes (often very long) or other specialized information using voice. In addition, most major airlines use the alphabet when communicating internally with passenger identification names, and in some cases when communicating with customers.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the alphabet code are well known and widely used, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for the message "well done" or "well done", Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) (checkpoint in Berlin) and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas Việt cộng) were called VC or Victor Charlie. The name "Charlie" has become synonymous with this organization.
Options
Aviation
- At airports that serve many Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, "Delta" is replaced with "Data", "Dixie", or "David" to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also the call sign of the airline.
