Brief Dictionary of Russian Paronyms
Subscription - subscriber
Abonem e nt- a document granting the right to use something, to any service, as well as such a right itself. Concert subscription.
Abon e nt- the one who uses the subscription, as well as the client of some utilities (telephone network, electricity and gas supply). Telephone subscriber.
adventurous - adventurous - adventurous
Adventurer and chesky. Based on adventurism, peculiar to the adventurer ( in meaning: unprincipled businessman). adventurous politics.
Adventure and Russian. Same as adventurous.
Avant Yu rny. 1. Being a gamble ( in meaning: a risky, dubious enterprise, a business begun without taking into account real forces and conditions, counting on random success). Adventure enterprise. 2. Rich in adventure; adventure. Adventure romance.
careful - careful
Berezhl and out. 1. Economical, prudent. Saver. 2. Same as careful. Careful attitude.
B e sharp. Caring and careful. Caring attitude.
Fearful - fearful
Boyazl and in. Timidly, timidly; with fear, with fear. Respond timidly.
B about obviously. Terrible, terrible. It's scary in the forest.
defective - defective
Marriage about bathroom. 1. From reject(consider something as a marriage; determine the type of goods, products by quality). 2. With marriage, with a flaw. Defective product.
Marriage about vocal. Relating to marriage (regarding something as a marriage). Rejection machine.
Life - life
Life. Lifestyle, everyday life. family life.
be e . 1. Objective reality that exists independently of our consciousness; matter, nature. Being is primary, consciousness is secondary. 2. The totality of the conditions of the material life of society. social being. 3. Life, existence. happiness of being.
Breathe in - breathe in
inhale at be. 1. Take in, draw in while inhaling, inhaling. breathe in oxygen. 2. transfer., to whom, to what. To inspire something, to make something feel like something. Breathe joy.
sigh at be. 1. Let out a sigh, breathe a sigh of relief. 2. Rest a little, take a break, breathe a little. 3. Only nesov.; about who, what, by whom, what. Mourn, grieve, grieve. Sigh for the children.
Weighty - weighty
AT e sky. 1. Having a large weight with a small volume, heavy. Weighty metals. 2. Significant, persuasive. Strong argument.
The weight about my. 1. Possessing weight. The darkness seemed weighty. 2. trans. Perceptible, meaningful. Weighty words.
hostile - hostile
enmity e bny. 1. Full of enmity, unfriendly, hostile; unnatural, contrary to something. hostile statement. 2. Being in a state of enmity; hostile. Hostile countries.
VR a male. Enemy. Enemy tanks.
stand up - stand up
Get up. 1. Take a standing position, rise to your feet. Get up from your seat. 2. Waking up, get out of bed. Get up early. 3. Rise to fight, prepare for defense. Stand up for the motherland. 4. Appear above the horizon; ascend. Sun is up. 5. transfer. Arise, emerge, arise. New difficulties arose. 6. unfold. Same as become(in 3 values); start any work or activity. Get up to the machine. 7. unfold. Same as become(in 2 meanings), to settle down, to be placed somewhere, to take any position. Get up on the board. 8. unfold. Stop acting or moving; stay. The clock has risen.
Become. 1. Take a standing position, rise to your feet; get up. Get on your feet. 2. Having stepped somewhere, at any place, stop on it; stand anywhere. Stand against the wall. 3. Start any work, activity, occupation, etc. (associated with standing). Get behind the counter. 4. Stop, stop moving. The regiment became. 5. Settle down, stay somewhere (for a wait, parking, rest). Become a camp. 6. transfer. Take a position, a position in relation to someone, something, to protect something. Stand up for the truth. 8. unfold. Come on, come on, start. The night has become. 9. trans., unfold. Arise, appear. Became a question. 10. unfold. Get some amount. The suit became five thousand.
Selective - selective
AT s boric. 1. Relating to elections. Electoral assembly. 2. Selected for the performance of any duties by voting. Elected Representatives.
AT s wrestling. Not complete, partial. Custom scan.
heroic - heroic
Gero and chesky. 1. Characteristic of a hero, a person who has accomplished (performing) feats of courage, valor, selflessness; valiant. Heroic deed. // Capable of exploits, of heroism; heroic . Heroic people.// Rich in deeds, manifestations of heroism, full of heroism. heroic time. 2. transfer. Extreme, requiring the greatest effort. heroic efforts. 3. Telling about the feat of heroes, depicting heroes. Heroic repertoire.
Ger about th. Peculiar to a hero, a person who has accomplished (performing) feats of courage, valor, selflessness; valiant. Heroic feat.
main - capital
Ch a clear. 1. Most important, basic, most essential among others. Main concern. 2. Located, located in the center, in the middle of something; the most important. Main entrance. 3. Senior in position, leading someone, something. Chief Consultant.
Zagl a clear. Pertaining to the title, containing the title, being the title, the name of something. Title role.
Businesslike - business - efficient
The thing is and ty. 1. Intelligent, skillful and enterprising in work; business. businesslike worker. 2. Expressing business concern, busyness with business; serious. businesslike gait. 3. Preoccupied with business, affairs. Busy passers-by.
The thing is about th. 1. Associated with business, with work, service, occupation, etc. Business relationship. 2. Intended, reserved for business; filled with business. business day. 3. Practically useful, relating to the merits of the case. business discussion. 4. Knowledgeable, experienced in business; busy with business. Business people. 5. Expressing employment, business concern; serious. business tone. 6. Associated with trading, financial activities, engaged in the practical commercial side of the matter. business community.
D e linen. 1. Able to work, serious about the matter; businesslike, businesslike. efficient organizer. 2. Practically useful, concerning the essence of something. Useful advice. 3. unfold. Well made, good quality; standing. good thing.
Diploma – Diploma – Diploma
Diploma a nt. 1. The same as a graduate student. Diploma-fifth year student. 2. A person awarded a diploma. Diploma of the competition.
Diploma a t. 1. An official authorized by the government for relations with foreign states. middle-aged diplomat. 2. unfold. About a person who subtly and skillfully acts in communication with others. He made a good diplomat. 3. Briefcase in the form of a flat suitcase. Skin diplomat. 4. outdated. Coat of special cut. Warm diplomat.
Dipl about mnick. A student of a higher or secondary specialized educational institution who is working or has completed work on a graduation project, research. Fifth year student.
profitable - profitable
Doh about bottom. 1. Relating to income. The revenue part of the budget. 2. Income generating; profitable. profitable work.
Doh about greedy. Easy to understand, understand, understandable. Intelligible perception.
dramatic - dramatic - dramatic
Drama and chesky. 1. Relating to drama, a kind of literary work, to a work of this kind. dramatic art. 2. Characterized by tension, heaviness, torment for someone, full of drama. Dramatic Events. 3. Designed for effect; pompous. dramatic tone. 4. muses. Strong, somewhat sharp in timbre, in contrast to the lyrical one (about the singer's voice). Dramatic soprano.
Drama and chic. Characterized by tension, heaviness, torment for someone, full of drama. Dramatic case.
Playwright and chesky. Related to dramaturgy. Dramaturgical skill.
friendly - friendly - friendly
dr at hard. 1. Relating to a friend, to friends. Friendly lunch. 2. Expressing friendship, location. Friendly advice.
dr at feminine. 1. Based on friendship; mutually benevolent (about peoples, states, relations between them). friendly treaty. 2. Expressing friendship; friendly, friendly. Friendly location.
dr at zhny. 1. Associated with friendship, mutual consent. Friendly family. 2. Occurring simultaneously, in concert. friendly work. 3. Rapidly, quickly emerging, flowing. friendly shoots.
spiritual - mental
Spirit about clear. 1. Relating to the spirit, associated with the inner world of a person, his attitude, with the manifestation of his moral qualities. Spiritual world of man. 2. Not having a physical, material expression; immaterial, incorporeal. spiritual wealth. 3. Associated with religion, church (opp. secular). Spiritual father. 4. outdated. Containing a will, testament, mandate, etc. spiritual literacy.
Shower e clear. 1. Pertaining to the soul, associated with it. Soul purity. 2. Full of warmth, kindness, cordiality. soul letter. 3. Kind, sensitive, sympathetic. Soul man.
Single - single - single
One and chic. 1. Rare, atypical. Single manifestation. 2. Taken separately, considered in isolation, isolated. single shots.
Unit and natural. Only one. only daughter.
Unit and ny. 1. (usually in negative constructions). One. Not a single scratch. 2. Strong, inseparable. Single complex. 3. One and the same, common, identical. Single point of view.
detain - restrain
ass e laugh. 1. To prevent the movement of someone, something, to force them to stay somewhere. hold back the snow. 2. Do not give, do not give out anything on time. Withhold salary. 3. Take into custody, arrest. Stop the thief.
Sd e laugh. 1. unfold. To be able to hold, not to let fall. Wings held back. 2. To be able to withstand the onslaught, the pressure of someone or something. Resist water pressure. 3. Stop, delay, slow down someone's move, movement, run. Restrain the horse. 4. Do not let anything show up, manifest itself in full. hold back the shivers.
replace - replace
substitutions and th. 1. Take, use, replace another. Replace a pencil with a pen. 2. Take the place of someone, something, becoming equal to someone, something, or take on the duties of someone, something. Replace father. 3. Appear, replace someone, something. Noise replaced silence.
Substitution and be. 1. Secretly, imperceptibly replace one with another. Change letter. 2. unfold. To replace someone temporarily, to assign someone else's duties to someone for a short time. Change attendant.
wicked - wicked - wicked
zl about bny. Full of malice, enmity. Evil look.
Evil. 1. Filled with feelings of ill will, hostile, full of malice, anger. Evil person. 2. Called out, imbued with malice, anger, hostility. Evil intent. 3. Ferocious, fierce (about animals). Angry dog. 4. Containing evil. Evil start. 5. Bringing trouble, trouble, bad, bad. evil time. 6. unfold. Very strong according to the degree of manifestation (about wind, frost). evil storm.
zl about stny. 1. Full of anger, malice; containing evil intentions; malicious. malicious intent. 2. Knowingly dishonest. The worst intruder.
Prepare - prepare
Made about twist. 1. Make with the help of tools, any devices, machines; work out. Craft a saber. 2. unfold. Cook some food. cook dinner.
Pregot about twist. 1. Bring to a state of readiness, usability, use. Make the bed. 2. Preliminary messages to set up, arrange, prepare for the perception of something. Prepare your child for school. 3. Make, make. Prepare medicine.
Skillful - artificial
lawsuit at sleepy. 1. Subtly knowing his business, possessing high skill in something, skillful. skillful doctor. 2. Made, executed with great skill and subtlety, masterfully. skillful carving.
lawsuit at original. 1. Made like a real, natural. artificial fiber. 2. Feigned, made, insincere. Artificial laughter.
Business trip - business trip
Commander about bathroom. 1. Pitch. suffering past from send(send somewhere with an official assignment). Seconded by the enterprise. 2. Having received a business trip, being on a business trip. Hotel for business travelers.
Commander about vocal. 1. Relating to a business trip. Travel expenses. 1. In value noun Money issued for travel expenses. Get travel allowance.
lyrical - lyrical
Lear and chesky. 1. Relating to lyrics as a kind of poetry; associated with lyrics. Lyric poem.// Imbued with lyricism, emotions, full of feeling. lyrical mood. 2. One in which the emotional element prevails over the rational. Lyrical nature. 3. muses. Soft, melodious, gentle in timbre (about the voice). Lyric tenor.
Lear and chic. Imbued with lyricism, distinguished by poetic excitement, sincerity. Lyric work.
personal - personal
L and precise. books. Pertaining to a person, individuality, associated with a person, individuality. Personal attitude.
L and chic. 1. Belonging to this person, being in the use of this person; intended for the service of any individual, consisting of him. personal secretary. // Inherent in this person. Personal experience. 2. Belonging to a person, an individual, associated with a person. personal freedom. 3. Affecting any person, relating only to him; associated with the private, family life of this person. Personal question. 4. Carried out by this person. Personal contribution.
logical - logical
Log and chesky. 1. App. to logics(science of laws and forms of thinking). logical laws. 2. Consistent with the laws of logic, based on the laws of logic. logical proof. 3. Due to the very nature of something, the internal regularity of something; natural. Logical connection.
Log and chic. 1. Consistent with the laws of logic, based on the laws of logic; logical. logical proof. 2. Reasoning, acting sequentially. logical act.
methodical - methodical
Method and chesky. 1. App. to technique(a set of methods, techniques for the practical implementation of something; the doctrine of the methods of teaching a particular science). Toolkit. 2. Exactly following the established plan; strictly consistent. methodical knock.
Method and chic. Exactly following the established plan; strictly consistent; methodical. Methodical knock.
mythical - mythological
Myth and chesky. 1. App. to myth(an ancient folk tale about gods and legendary heroes, about the origin of the world and life on earth). mythical image. 2. transfer. Fanned by legends, legends, fabulous. mythical time. 3. trans., unfold. Fictional, fictional. mythical treasure.
Mythologist and chesky. App. to mythology(totality, collection of myths; the science that studies myths). Mythological heritage.
put on - put on
Above e be(putting on a be). 1. Pull on, pull on (clothes, shoes, cover, etc.), covering, enveloping someone or something. put on a coat. 2. Strengthen an object on something, attach it to something. Put on skates. 3. Put on, threading or pricking. Put on the ring.
od e be(having dressed a be). 1. Dress someone in some kind of clothing. Dress up the child. 2. unfold. To cover, cover someone with something for warmth. Dress the children in a blanket. 3. transfer. Cover, envelop (about fog, darkness, etc.). Dress the trees with leaves.
naturalistic - naturalistic -
naturalistic - natural
Naturalist and chesky. 1. App . to naturalism(a trend in literature and art that arose in the 19th century under the influence of the natural sciences). naturalistic direction. 2. Characterized by attention to everyday details, lack of generalization in the description, depiction of reality. naturalistic details.
Naturalist and chic. Characterized by attention to everyday details, lack of generalization in the description, depiction of reality. naturalistic details.
Straight and stsky. App. to naturalist(one who studies nature; naturalist). naturalistic look.
Natur a linen. 1. outdated. belonging to nature; natural, natural. Natural wealth. 2. Natural origin, real. natural honey. 3. Corresponding to reality; genuine, real. natural color. 4. Natural, unfeigned, sincere. natural play. 5. Produced, received, paid for in kind. Natural economy.
Ignorant - ignorant
New e Ms. Rude, uneducated person. big ignoramus.
New e waiting. An uneducated, ignorant person. Ignorant in Literature.
Immeasurable - incommensurable
Unmeasurable and my. Very large, significant in size, size, strength, etc. Immeasurable Depths.
incommensurability and my. One that cannot be measured by the measure of anything else, that has no common measure with anything else. Incommensurable quantities.
Unsightly - impenetrable
Inappropriate I bottom. 1. Unattractive in appearance; inconspicuous. Ugly appearance. 2. Unappreciative, unseemly. Unsightly past.
Not to be missed I bottom. So dark or thick, dense, that nothing can be seen; impenetrable. Impenetrable darkness.
intolerable - intolerable
Nesterp and my. One that is difficult, impossible to endure, endure, unbearable; very strong in its manifestation. Unbearable torment.
neterp and my. 1. One that cannot be tolerated, that cannot be put up with, unacceptable. intolerable situation. 2. usually in comp. skaz. One who, by the nature of his character, is devoid of tolerance, cannot put up with anyone or anything; not considering other people's opinions. intolerant person.
Offensive - offended
About and bottom. 1. Offensive, insulting. Offensive remark. 2. Annoying, unpleasant. hurtful mistake.
About and greedy. Easily offended, inclined to see resentment, insult where there is none. touchy child.
justify - establish
Substantiate a be(justify about howl). To back up with evidence, to give convincing arguments in favor of something. Justify the offer.
Basics a t (basic about howl). 1. Start something, create, form. found a city. 2. Support with evidence, substantiate. Fact-based.
Discuss - judge
Discussion and t (discuss a t). Comprehensively consider, consider, evaluate, sharing your opinions, thoughts about something or someone's behavior, act. Discuss news.
judgment and t (condemn a t). 1. Having found guilty, pronounce sentence. Convict the criminal. 2. Recognize bad, indecent, express disapproval, censure. condemn the act.
Acquire - Acquire
osv about it(osv a ive). 1. Learn to use something, use something, master something. Learn a profession. 2. In the process of studying something, getting to know something, acquire any knowledge, comprehend something; assimilate. Master what you read.
Usv about it(usv a ive). 1. To make something new, extraneous, alien to oneself, inherent in oneself, familiar to oneself. Get into a bad habit. 2. Having understood properly, understanding something, remember, learn. Learn the rules. 3. Absorbing, absorbing, recycle in oneself (about the body, stomach, etc.). Digest food.
Dangerous - dangerous
Op a plum. Acting, acting cautiously out of fear, fear of something: expressing fear, fear, wary, distrustful. Cautious look.
Op a sleepy. 1. Threatening with danger, associated with danger, risk. Dangerous road. 2. Able to cause someone, something any evil, harm, damage, cause bad consequences. Dangerous Enemy.
typo - imprint
Opec a fabric. An error in the text made when typing, typing. Gross typo.
Otpech a fabric. 1. Production in a typographical way. Print of the first volume. 2. Removing the seal, opening something sealed. room imprint.
special - special
os about benny. 1. Not like others, not like everyone else; unusual. special voice. 2. More significant, stronger than ever, than usual. Special thrill. 3. outdated. Separate, special. special table.
os about by. 1. Not like others, not like everyone else; unusual, special. Special opinion. 2. Large, significant. Meet without much surprise. 3. Separate, not shared. Special Device.
Selective - qualifying
Otb about rny. 1. Selected from among others as the best in quality, first-class, excellent. Selected grain. 2. unfold. Obscene, indecent (about swear words, expressions). Selected swearing.
Otb about fatal. Destined, serving for the selection of someone or something. Qualifiers.
understandable - understandable
Mon I rotten. Quickly and easily understanding and assimilating something. Understanding child.
Mon I tny. 1. Understandable; clear, intelligible. Clear explanation. 2. Reasonable, justified, explicable. understandable indignation.
Action is a misdemeanor
Fast at pok. An action done by someone. Strange act.
Prost at pok. An act that violates the usual, recognized mandatory order, any norms, rules of conduct; fault. Warn against misbehavior.
poetic - poetic
Poet and chesky. 1. Relating to poetry as verbal art. poetic genre. 2. Associated with the creation of poetry, with the ability to poetry. Poetic inclinations. 3. Imbued with poetry (about something beautiful), sublime, full of charm and sincerity. Poetic vision of the world. 4. Possessing increased emotionality, great sensitivity. poetic soul.
Poet and chic. 1. Imbued with poetry (about something beautiful), sublime, full of charm and sincerity. poetic writing. 2. Possessing increased emotionality, great sensitivity. Poetic nature.
practical - practical
Practice and chesky. 1. Pertaining to practice; associated with practice, with real needs, opportunities. Practical Issues. 2. Dealing directly with any business, directly managing someone, something. Practical guide. 3. Which is the application of any knowledge, skills in practice, in practice. Practical task. 3. Associated with the application in practice (any field of science, knowledge, etc.), with the ability to apply in practice (any knowledge). Practical style. 5. Well versed in the affairs of life, preferring what gives real benefit. practical man.
Practice and chic. 1. Well versed in the affairs of life, preferring what gives real benefit. practical people. 2. Profitable, convenient for some properties. practical coat.
Submit - present
Provide a twist(provided I be). 1. Give the opportunity to possess, dispose of, use something. Provide an apartment. 2. Give the opportunity to do something, act in any way, entrust someone with the execution of any business. Let others solve problems.
Predst a twist(represented I be). 1. Give, hand over, report something for review, information, for any conclusion, official consideration. Submit a manuscript. 2. Introduce someone, recommend someone. Imagine a young woman. 3. Nominate, propose (for rewarding, promotion, etc.). Submit for an award. 4. Show, demonstrate someone, something; depict, describe in some way. It is advantageous to present pictures. 5. Play, show on stage; portray someone or something by copying. Imagine a bird singing. 6. Mentally reproduce, imagine. Imagine the horror of the situation. 7. Understand, realize, know. Represent a travel hazard. 8. To be, to be someone, something. The emblem is a flower. 9. Be someone's representative, act on behalf of or on behalf of someone; to be the spokesman for someone's views. Introduce(any) society.
problematic - problematic
Problemat and chesky. The same as problematic. Conjectural, unproven, still a problem; improbable, doubtful. Problematic conclusion.
Probl e many. Containing, containing the problem. Problem article.
Carry out - produce
Provest and (the wire and t). 1. Leading, help or force to pass. Hold the horse. 2. Move, move something on any surface. Run the bow across the strings. 3. Draw, mark. Draw a straight line. 4. Lay, stretch in a certain direction, build, build something that has a length. hold the phone. 5. Offer, nominate. Hold an offer. 6. Record, issue. Spend by order. 7. Implement, produce something. Clean up. 8. Stay, live any time somewhere or in any way. Spend the summer in the south. 9. unfold. Deceive, deceive, fool. It's easy to carry it out.
Manufactured and (production and be). 1. Make, commit. Fire a shot. 2. Develop, manufacture. Produce a car. 3. Cause, generate. Make an impression. 4. Give birth. procreate. 5. Assign a title, rank. Promote to officers.
romantic - romantic - romantic
Novel and chesky. 1. Relating to the novel, reminiscent of the plot of the novel, as it happens, occurs in the novel. Romance direction. 2. Having the character of a love relationship. Romance story.
romance and chesky. 1. Relating to romanticism (a trend in literature and art of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century). romantic poetry. 2. Dreamy-minded, prone to romanticism, dreamy contemplation. romantic girl.
romance and chic. Dreamy-minded, prone to romanticism, dreamy contemplation. romantic hero.
hidden - hidden
Skr s tny. 1. Avoiding frankness, hiding his thoughts, feelings, intentions. Secretive person. 2. Unrevealed or hidden. Secretive nature.
Skr s ty. 1. Unobtrusive, concealed, secret. Hidden threat. 2. Inherent in someone, something, but outwardly imperceptible or not yet manifested. Hidden Features.
Static - static
Stat and chesky. 1. Relating to statics (section of mechanics); associated with a state of rest, balance, immobility. . 2. One in which there is no movement, development; static. static picture.
Stat and chic. One in which there is no movement, development; static. static form.
Styling - stylistic
Stylev about th. Relating to style (a set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction or the individual style of the artist in relation to the ideological content and artistic form; a set of methods for using language means characteristic of any writer or literary work, direction, genre). Style consistency.
Stylist and chesky. Relating to style (a functional variety of the literary language; a direction in art). Stylistic features.
typical - typical
Type of and chic. 1. Embodies the characteristic features of any type of objects, persons, phenomena, concepts, etc.; pronounced, obvious. typical scientist. 2. Frequent, characteristic, ordinary, natural for someone or something. Common Mistake. 3. Combining individual, peculiar features with signs and properties characteristic of a number of persons, phenomena. typical character.
types about th. 1. Being a type, a model, a model for something. Model form. 2. Corresponding to a certain type, pattern, model; made according to a certain pattern, type; standard. typical building.
tragic - tragic
Trag and chesky. 1. Pertaining to a dramatic work. Tragic genre. 2. Heavy, terrible, terrible. Tragic death.
Trag and chic. Heavy, terrible, terrible; tragic. tragic situation.
Lucky - Lucky
Oud a snobby. One who is lucky in everything; ending, accompanied by good luck; successful, lucky. Lucky man.
Oud a chic. 1. Ended in luck, success; successful, happy. Successful hike. 2. Fully meeting the requirements, conditions; good. Successful hike.
Fact is a factor
Fact. 1. True, real event, phenomenon. historical fact. // Example, case. Interesting fact. // That which is the material for any conclusion, conclusion or serves as a test of any assumption. Convincing fact. 2. in the value will approve. particles. Prost. True, indeed, indeed, of course. Completed the task, fact.
F a tor. The reason, the driving force, the necessary conditions for any process, the phenomena that determine its nature or individual features. life factors.
whole - whole
C e ly. 1. Such, from which nothing is diminished, not separated; in full force. Whole watermelon. 2. unfold. Similar to anything in its importance; real. whole event. 3. Not damaged, not spoiled, not destroyed. Whole package. 4. Not injured, healthy, unharmed. stay whole.
C e linen. 1. Consisting of, made of one substance, one piece, not composite; continuous, continuous. Solid monument. 2. Possessing internal unity, single, integral. Whole scientific theory.
Efficiency - effectiveness
Effect and visibility. Efficiency, performance. Learning Efficiency.
eff e quality. The ability to impress with one's appearance or action; showiness. The effectiveness of the performance.
Explicit - obvious
I clear. 1. Not hidden, not secret, open; openly expressed, expressed. A clear enemy. 2. Absolutely obvious, clear to all, undoubted. An outright lie.
I internal. 1. Well distinguishable by sight, hearing, smell, clear, distinct. Clear outlines of mountains. 2. transfer. Absolutely obvious, clearly realized, clearly expressed, clearly manifested. sheer pleasure.
Paronyms (gr. para - near + onima - name) are single-root words that are similar in sound, but do not match in meaning: signature - painting, dress - put on, main - capital. Paronyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and perform similar syntactic functions in a sentence.
Taking into account the peculiarities of word formation of paronyms, the following groups can be distinguished.
- Paronyms that differ prefixes: about seals - from seals, y pay - o pay;
words with a non-derivative stem and prefixed formations: height - age;
words with a non-derivative stem and non-prefixed words with suffixes: brake - braking;
words with a non-derivative stem and words with a prefix and suffix: cargo - on cargo.
Paronyms that differ suffixes: unrequited - irresponsible, creatures about - essence; seconded - business trip;
Paronyms that differ the nature of the basis: one has a non-derivative base, the other has a derivative. In this case, the pair can be:
Semantically, there are two groups among paronyms.
Paronyms that differ subtle semantic nuances: long - long, desired - desirable, maned - maned, vital - worldly, diplomatic - diplomatic and under. There are a majority of such paronyms, their meanings are commented in linguistic dictionaries (explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, dictionaries of single-root words, dictionaries of paronyms). Many of them are characterized by features in lexical compatibility; compare: economic consequences - economical housekeeping, a rich legacy - a heavy legacy; do a task - sing a song.
Paronyms, drastically different in meaning: nest - nest, defective - defective. There are few such units in the language.
A special group of paronyms are those that differ in functional and stylistic fixation or stylistic coloring; cf .: work (general use) - work (simple and special) live (common use) - live (official).
Some authors interpret the phenomenon of paronymy in an expanded way, referring to paronyms any words that are close in sound (and not just single-root ones). In this case, paronyms should also recognize such consonant forms as drill - trill, lancet - tweezers, minced meat - farce, escalator - excavator, turn - stained glass etc. However, their convergence in speech is of an accidental nature and is not fixed by the whole variety of systemic relations in the language. In addition, the comparison of heterogeneous consonant words is often subjective (the words seem similar to one turn - stained glass, to another - turn - mirage).
Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language.
M.: Iris-Press, 2002
Paronyms (gr. para- near + onima- name) - these are single-root words that are similar in sound, but do not match in meaning: signature - painting, dress - put on, main - capital. Paronyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and perform similar syntactic functions in a sentence.
Taking into account the peculiarities of word formation of paronyms, the following groups can be distinguished.
1. Paronyms differing in prefixes: about seals - from seals, at to pay - about to pay;
2. Paronyms differing in suffixes: no response n th - no answer stvenn oh, noun natural o - noun ness; commander ovann th - commander vegetable th;
3. Paronyms that differ in the nature of the stem: one has a non-derivative stem, the other has a derivative. In this case, the pair can be:
- a) words with a non-derivative stem and prefixes: growth - WHO rast;
- b) words with a non-derivative stem and non-prefixed words with suffixes: brake - brake enenie;
- c) words with a non-derivative stem and words with a prefix and suffix: cargo - on the cargo to a.
Semantically, there are two groups among paronyms.
1. Paronyms that differ in subtle semantic shades: long - long, desired - desirable, maned - maned, vital - worldly, diplomatic - diplomatic and under. There are a majority of such paronyms, their meanings are commented in linguistic dictionaries (explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, dictionaries of single-root words, dictionaries of paronyms). Many of them are characterized by features in lexical compatibility; compare: economic effects - economical farming, wealthy inheritance- heavy heritage; fulfill exercise - perform song.
2. Paronyms that differ sharply in meaning nest - nest, defective - defective. There are few such units in the language.
A special group of paronyms are those that differ in functional and stylistic fixation or stylistic coloring; compare: work(common) - work(simple and special) live(common) - reside(official).
Some authors interpret the phenomenon of paronymy in an expanded way, referring to paronyms any words that are close in sound (and not just single-root ones). In this case, paronyms should also recognize such consonant forms as drill - trill, lancet - tweezers, minced meat - farce, escalator - excavator, turn - stained glass etc. However, their convergence in speech is of an accidental nature and is not fixed by the whole variety of systemic relations in the language. In addition, the comparison of heterogeneous consonant words is often subjective in nature (words seem similar to one turn - stained glass, another - bend - mirage)
“Dress”, “put on” - we confuse these two words so stupidly ... I would like to add: and not only them. Yes, in the Russian language, rich and complex, there are a great many twin words, or, more precisely, twin words that are outwardly similar, but completely different inside. Let's not beat around the bush, but let's face it: we are talking about paronyms. What are paronyms? Examples of their use, or, rather, "collisions" in speech, oral and written .... About this and not only in this article.
On practice
We read the news: “The country has created single competent body that will investigate economic crimes”. It seems that everything is correct. And if so: “In the country created the only one competent body that will investigate economic crimes”? Does the meaning change? And how! The word "single", acting in this context as "common, having internal unity", and the word "single" - "exceptional, only one" - these are two completely different lexical units - words-paronyms, the interchange of which can be the same change the statement beyond recognition.
Or here's another case from life. In the kindergarten, in the locker room, a poster hangs on the wall: “Autumn fakes". Spelling error or not, but it turned out to be a kind of game of paronyms. “Craft” is the result of creative work and “fake” is a fake, a fake thing. What did it lead to? To a mistake, serious and funny at the same time. It turns out that children can not only make amazing things with their own hands, but have already learned how to skillfully fake them, and even compete in this “art”. This is how the question of what paronyms are in practice looks like. But even though “it is dry, my friend, theory is everywhere, and the tree of life is lushly green,” theory is still needed ....
What are "words-paronyms"
So, the theory ... What are paronyms and what do they eat with? In a literal translation from Greek, "paronym" means "close name" (onyma - name, para - near, next to). In other words, these are lexemes that are close, similar in "face" - in pronunciation, in sound, in a common root, in lexical and grammatical affiliation, but without any "family ties" - partially or completely different in meaning. Let's look at a few examples: diplomatic (related to the activities of implementing the foreign international policy of a state) - diplomatic (skillfully, flexibly, subtly acting); draw (write, indicate, outline, define) - draw (make a diagram or drawing); blunt (become less sharp or become indifferent, unreceptive) - blunt (make blunt: “blunt the knife”). That's what paronyms are. The examples speak for themselves. Close in meaning or, conversely, completely different paronyms: it is quite easy to get confused in their use. Therefore, if there is the slightest doubt about which of two similar words is better to use, do not be lazy and look in the dictionary. Which? This will be discussed further.
Problems of paronymy
Dictionaries are different. There is also a dictionary of paronyms. What is a dictionary of paronyms? In modern Russian, there are not so many paronyms. For the first time, the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” was published in Tbilisi in 1971 under the editorship of N. P. Kolesnikov. It contains consonant pairs of words that are similar in morphological composition, but have different meanings. Later, in 1984, another “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” by Vishnyakova O.V. was published, in which she identified about a thousand paronymic rows. Whether it is a lot or a little is a relative concept, one thing is important: one cannot downplay their role and significance, otherwise we cannot avoid a mass of speech errors and reduce the general meaning of what was said or written to zero.
In different years, such scientists as N.P. Kolesnikov, A.A. Evgrafova, O.V. Vishnyakova, Yu. A. Belchikov and many others. But, despite the huge number of scientific works, modern linguists still have not developed a unified view on many issues. This also applies to the question of what paronyms are, the definition also affects the nature of paronymic phenomena, and the development of certain criteria for the inclusion of certain words in paronymic series. In this regard, the question invariably arises of the classification of paronyms, a kind of ordering of a considerable number of lexical units.
Structural-semantic division of paronyms
We note right away that such scientists adhere to this classification, such as O. V. Vishnyakova, V. I. Krasnykh and V. N. Shtybin. According to her, paronyms are of four types:
- Full paronyms (earthly - earthly, spiritual - wind, undress - undress), i.e. these are words that have the same root, are similar in sound, with an emphasis on the same syllable, but are not identical in meaning.
- Incomplete paronyms (comic - comical, dogmatic - dogmatic, dramatic - dramatic), i.e. these are single-root words, "in which the semantic delimitation of the volume of meanings is not completely completed, which causes their convergence", or, in other words, words in one or another paronymic pair remain synonymous in meaning.
- Partial paronyms (remains - remains, provide - present), i.e. words different in meaning, but having the same root and similar in sound.
- Conditional paronyms (excavator - escalator, drill - trill, antinomy - antimony), i.e. words formed from different roots, but similar in sound, which leads to their erroneous use.
Functional-semantic division of paronyms
O.P. Antipina proposed her own classification. It is she who, in her opinion, quite fully reflects such a layer of lexical units as paronyms, because paronymy is, first of all, a speech phenomenon. By the way these words collide in speech, two groups of paronyms are distinguished:
- Recurrent - these are paronymic words that are similar in sound and meaning, which leads to their erroneous confusion in speech. They, in turn, are divided into single-root and multi-root (handicraft - handicraft).
- Occasional - these are paronymic words that are similar in sound, but completely different in meaning, which "are created and enter into paronymic relations only in the context." They are also single-rooted (removable - filming) and heterogeneous (envy - manage).
Morphological division of paronyms
In this classification, there are three types of paronyms:
- Suffixes are paronyms that are formed using suffixes such as -n / -liv, -echsk / -ichn, -at / -ast, -esk / -n, -chat / -ochn and others (possessive - acquisitive, gardening - gardening, enchanting - enchanting). By the way, most of this group of paronyms are adjectives.
- Prefixes are paronyms formed by adding prefixes phonetically consonant to the root of the word on-/pro-, o-/from- (act - misconduct, swallow - swallow).
- Root ones are paronyms that have different roots and meanings, but are similar in sound. This group, as a rule, includes nouns (lizard - foot and mouth disease, dictation - dictate, ignorant - ignorant).
What are homonyms and paronyms
Paronyms have another name - "false homonyms". Why false and why homonyms? Homonyms are words that have exactly the same spelling, sound, but different meanings: schedule (work plan) - schedule (artist), smooth surface (a kind of embroidery) - smooth surface (smooth surface); scythe (tool) - scythe (braided hair), etc. It can be seen from the examples that, unlike homonyms, paronyms are similar in form, but not the same: artistic - artistic, stony - stone, mystical - mystical.
False Friends of the Translator
And in conclusion of the topic “What are paronyms”, I would like to mention another interesting phenomenon called interlingual paronymy. In other words, a paronymic pair may contain lexical units of more than one language. Words from different languages sometimes happen to coincide in pronunciation but have different meanings. Such cases are not uncommon, and especially often they are observed between related languages: misto (Ukrainian) - a city, not a place; vrodlivy (ukr.) - beautiful, not ugly; sklep (Polish) - a store, not a crypt; nalog (Polish) - a bad habit, not a tax; mist (English) - fog, mist (German) - manure.
And one more striking example. The Ukrainian poet V. Sosyura has a line "On the roses of the doors of the tram." So, once the Russian poet Mikhail Svetlov, when translating into Russian, translated it as “A tram rang through the roses.” Well, it sounds beautiful, but it makes no sense, and, as K. Chukovsky noted, “Sosyura’s creative physiognomy” appeared to readers in a very unsightly form. What failed the translator? There is only one answer - interlingual paronyms, or, as they are also called, "false friends of the translator." The combination "on the rose" is a prepositional case from the Ukrainian word "rіg" - angle, but not the word "rose".
We hope that the article on the topic “What are paronyms” helped to deal with such an ambiguous issue, and you will continue to keep your eyes open with paronyms ...
Paronyms are divided into root, affixal and etymological.
Root paronyms
Root paronyms have different roots, the external similarity of which is purely accidental: Rus. excavator - escalator; English live-leave; German fordern - fordern. Such paronyms are not united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection.
Affixal paronyms
Affixal paronyms are united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection. They have a common root, but different, albeit similar, derivational affixes: rus. subscription - subscriber, economic - economical - economical; English historic-historical; German original - originell. Suffixal paronymy is widespread in medical and chemical terminology, where not only roots, but also suffixes have a terminological meaning. So, for example, the suffix -id in chemical terminology, it means a salt whose molecules do not contain oxygen atoms (chloride, sulfide, etc.), and -it, -at- salts containing oxygen atoms (sulfite, chlorate, carbonate, etc.).
Etymological paronyms
Etymological paronyms are the same word borrowed by the language in different ways several times (through the mediation of different languages) and in different meanings: Rus. project(learned directly from Latin) - project(acquired through the mediation of the French language); English. concert(from French) - concerto(from Italian). Borrowings from closely related languages (Russian-Polish-Church Slavonic) or from ancestral languages (French-Latin, Hindi-Sanskrit) can cause etymological paronymy if the borrowed word is similar to an already existing native word in this language: Rus. powder(originally Russian word with East Slavic fullness) - dust(Church Slavonic word, South Slavic in origin). Sometimes the original borrowing and the borrowing subjected to contamination under the influence of folk etymology can be used in parallel: Rus. ordinary - single.
In English, due to a special history (Roman conquest, Anglo-Saxon settlement, Franco-Norman conquest), there are not only pairs, but even triples and quadruples of etymological paronyms. Examples are regal - real - royal, legal - leal - loyal, place - plateau - plaza - piazza, captain - capo - chief - chef, hostel - hospital - hotel, fidelity - faithfulness - fealty, chariot - cart - carriage - car.
Examples of paronyms in Russian
Among paronyms, nouns occupy a significant place:
subscription-subscriber;
biology-briology;
boatswain-pilot;
broth-bruillon (draft);
guarantor - guarantee;
reveler - goulash;
propulsion engine;
Antonyms
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Antonyms(Greek αντί- "against" + όνομα "name") - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", " to speak - to be silent.
The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Proper names, pronouns, numerals have no antonyms.
