There were over 5,000 ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Only about 700-800 were used in writing. The proportions of use are about the same as in Chinese writing. But what do we know about this ancient writing?

I will start with the official part of the historical interpretation of this process and what modern history generally knows about the decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Penetration into the history of Ancient Egypt for a long time was hindered by the barrier of Egyptian writing. Scholars have long tried to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. They even had at their disposal the ancient manual Hieroglyphics, written in the 2nd century BC. n. e. a native of Upper Egypt, Horapollon, and since the time of Herodotus it was known that the Egyptians used three types of writing: hieroglyphic, hieratic and demotic. However, all attempts to overcome the "Egyptian literacy" with the help of the works of ancient authors remained in vain.

Jean Francois Champollion (1790–1832) achieved the most outstanding results in the study of this script and in the decipherment of hieroglyphs.

rosetta stone- a slab of granodiorite, found in 1799 in Egypt near the small town of Rosetta (now Rashid), not far from Alexandria, with three identical texts engraved on it, including two in the ancient Egyptian language - inscribed ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Egyptian demotic writing, which is an abbreviated cursive of the late Egyptian era, and one in ancient Greek. Ancient Greek was well known to linguists, and the comparison of the three texts served as a starting point for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.

The text of the stone is a thank you inscription, which in 196 BC. e. Egyptian priests addressed Ptolemy V Epiphanes, another monarch from the Ptolemaic dynasty. The beginning of the text: "To the new king who received the kingdom from his father" ... In the Hellenistic period, many such documents within the Greek ecumene were distributed in the form of bi- or trilinguistic texts, which subsequently served linguists in good stead.

The main obstacle in deciphering was the lack of understanding of the Egyptian writing system as a whole, so all private successes did not give any "strategic" result. For example, the Englishman Thomas Young (1773-1829) was able to establish the sound value of the five hieroglyphic signs of the Rosetta Stone, but this did not bring science one iota closer to deciphering Egyptian writing. This unsolvable, as it seemed then, problem could only be solved by Champollion.

First of all, Champollion studied and completely rejected Horapollon's Hieroglyphics and all attempts at deciphering based on his concept. Horapollon argued that Egyptian hieroglyphs are not sound, but only semantic signs, signs-symbols. But Champollion, even before Jung's discovery, came to the conclusion that among the hieroglyphs there were signs that convey sounds. Already in 1810, he expressed the opinion that the Egyptians could write foreign names with such phonetic signs. And in 1813, Champollion suggested that alphabetic characters were also used to convey the suffixes and prefixes of the Egyptian language.

He examines the royal name "Ptolemy" on the Rosetta Stone and identifies 7 hieroglyphs-letters in it. Studying a copy of a hieroglyphic inscription on an obelisk originating from the temple of Isis on the island of Philae, he reads the name of Queen Cleopatra. As a result, Champollion determined the sound value of five more hieroglyphs, and after reading the names of other Greek-Macedonian and Roman rulers of Egypt, he increased the hieroglyphic alphabet to nineteen characters.

He established in the course of his research and concluded that the Egyptians had a semi-alphabetic writing system, since they, like some other peoples of the East, did not use vowels in writing. And in 1824 Champollion published his main work - "Essay on the hieroglyphic system of the ancient Egyptians." It has become the cornerstone of modern Egyptology.

But look at these hieroglyphs and their phonemes:

Don't you think it's strange that some images are passed off as phonemes? It's not even a syllabary! Why is it so hard to make sounds? You can draw a simple symbol and match it with a sound, as can be seen in other peoples and cultures. But in the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, it is pictures, images.

Translation, decryption, and in my opinion a deep delusion or even nonsense of Egyptologists, you can see

And Egyptologists cannot take a step away from this! After all, all this is based on the authority of Champollion himself!

Take a look at this. This is a whole range of semantic, figurative writing. You can probably even say that this is a universal language that any bearer of reason can understand. Then the conclusion is whether we are reasonable that we still cannot read it. This is just my opinion. And this is a doubt in the method, where everything is based on phonetic comparisons of hieroglyphs from the beginning of the 19th century. I have appeared for a long time. Only now I decided to express it in this article.

It is quite possible that something technical is shown here.

Probably only the lazy did not hear about these technical hieroglyphs under the ceiling in one of the Egyptian temples

There are symbols here that look like aircraft, and more than one type, probably.

Stones will probably fly at me once again, that I am talking nonsense and everything has long been translated. Or maybe the codebreakers pulled an owl on a globe, worked out their bread?

I do not want to completely persuade everyone towards absolute forgery and delusions based on the works of Champollion. But it is worth considering whether everything is once again the way the Egyptologists tell us. After all, Napoleon went to Egypt for a reason, and it is possible that the Rosetta Stone is a simple fake. Moreover, the quality and size of the inscriptions on it do not correspond to the size of the hieroglyphs of the early kingdoms of Ancient Egnipt.

Egyptian hieroglyphs are perhaps one of the most common and popularized variants of ancient writing. There are many common misconceptions about Egyptian hieroglyphs, and sometimes ordinary people simply do not know this topic even in the most superficial way.

Therefore, we consider it quite relevant to briefly talk about the language of Egypt, some development trends, the esoteric meanings of this language and the semantic elements of Egyptian culture as a whole.

History of appearance

In the beginning there was a word - this fact is known to many, and from this fact it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about the high significance of the language. In each individual culture, languages ​​have developed in a special way, but for the most part they have always been based on various magical or religious beliefs. They made language not just a way of communication, but a way of influencing reality.

There are a huge number of similar examples, for example, the modern Hebrew alphabet includes letters, each of which has a secret meaning. Chinese characters have not only a direct but also a metaphorical meaning, and often the meaning of the word hidden in the character indicates a deep understanding of the world and the wisdom of the people. In fact, almost every language (or group of languages) has a very interesting one.

From the very beginning, it should be noted that hieroglyphs were typical for many ancient civilizations.. In fact, if you look at the development of not only Egyptian, but also Chinese, and the Sumero-Akkadian language and writing in particular, you can see many similarities.

In particular, the structure of the evolutionary development of these languages ​​is almost identical, although there are differences in each version, which are determined by the peculiarities of culture and perception.

In general, hieroglyphs moved along an approximately identical path of development, from a picture image to a more schematic one. Thus, at the initial stage, in a language where hieroglyphic writing was used, only pictures were used that corresponded to the designated object.

For example, the word was indeed written as a schematic representation of a man in profile, and with the word woman an identical variant. Further, the language (and written speech in particular) continues to develop and the hieroglyphs have various additional meanings and functions.

For example, if a name is written in hieroglyphs, then the hieroglyph “man” or “woman” is added after the word so that the reader can understand which gender the given name belongs to.

How could Egyptians write down names if only pictures were used that meant certain words? Here, another direction was used in the development of written speech, which involved the use of various phonemes. Simply put, some hieroglyphs began to correspond to sounds.

Further, the Egyptian language moved towards the systematization and reduction of the number of hieroglyphs.. In order to write down long texts, scientists considered it more expedient to use not a huge number of a wide variety of hieroglyphs, but to use phonetic writing and various clarifying elements that make it possible to understand in what sense one or another set of hieroglyphs should be read.

Over time, hieroglyphic writing becomes obsolete and changes in Egypt to more modern forms of the language.

Even during the period of the use of hieroglyphs, there was a so-called hieratic - a special way of writing used for papyrus texts(hieroglyphs were mainly used for wall painting) something like Egyptian cursive writing.

In addition, demotic writing is developing towards the new era, which eventually completely replaces the hieroglyphs. If you look at the Egyptian texts made in demotic, then outwardly they are almost indistinguishable from the Arabic script or similar variants of the written language.

At the same time, even a schematic demotic is based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. It’s just that over time they simplified and became more schematic and easier-to-write alphabet icons appeared.

Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt with decoding in Russian

Going to Egypt, you can see a lot of souvenir alphabets that are sold by local merchants. In particular, near the pyramids and in other places saturated with tourists, stylized papyri are offered, on which certain hieroglyphs and the corresponding meanings of the letters of the Latin alphabet are indicated.

Furthermore, sometimes you can see a similar alphabet with a translation into Russian and actually learn the way words are written in hieroglyphs.

Of course, this looks a little strange, because it is unlikely that in Egypt they thought about adapting their own language to Cyrillic or Latin. Nevertheless, there is still a rational meaning in such correspondences.

Indeed, in the Egyptian language, over time, indeed phonetic equivalents began to be used for some hieroglyphs, in other words, a certain part of the hieroglyphs, in addition to the direct meaning, began to be assigned an additional purely phonetic one.

Thus it is possible to speak about the existence of the Egyptian alphabet. Although, of course, the scale of the Egyptian language did not correspond to the phonetic spectrum of Cyrillic or Latin. The sounds had their own specifics, and some of them differed from the alphabet you are used to.

There is nothing surprising in this, such examples exist to this day. For example, in the languages ​​of the Romance group, the sound ы is practically not used, nor is any letter or dephthong used to designate such a letter.

Thus and some sounds of the Egyptian language may be unusual for you, and some familiar sounds may be absent in this language.

Therefore, such alphabets of correspondences should be considered in a certain sense as a convention. Although, as a hobby, you can really learn to write words in Egyptian hieroglyphs and, moreover, not only you yourself, but also Egyptologists or other people who can read hieroglyphs can understand your letters.

The correspondence of Russian letters to hieroglyphs can be seen in the picture.

The Egyptian alphabet uses 24 basic letters. Recall that this classification is to a certain extent conditional, since different hieroglyphs can be used for identical letters and sounds. However, there are the most common characters that are used as an alphabet.

What do the symbols mean?

In addition to hieroglyphs, various Egyptian symbols are often better known. Many words that belonged to a religious cult could well be written from the constituent parts. For example, the word Ra could consist of the hieroglyphs mouth + arm bent at the elbow, which phonetically gave a combination of sounds r + a.

In addition, there was a separate hieroglyph for writing, which looked like the hieroglyph "man" but had a special headdress, we are talking about the hieroglyph pharaoh or king, which could additionally mean the supreme deity.

In addition to the indicated spellings, there was also a religiously mystical version, which used the hieroglyph of the eye (something like the all-seeing eye) or the Sun to designate Ra, that is, symbolic subtext, a metaphor, was also used here. Horus could also be denoted by the hieroglyph of the eye, since there was a common symbol of ujat - the eye of Horus, which was also used as a protective amulet.

Mysticism in Egypt was developed in a very significant way and each of the symbols used had a powerful charge and deep meaning. The symbolism of the Egyptian religion is deep and multifaceted. In addition, one should not forget about the development of the purely practical aspect of the Egyptian, from which, in all likelihood, many more modern cults developed.

Egyptian symbolism is at the heart of many modern religions. Thus the Egyptian symbols must be considered more ancient and, in a certain sense, the basis for modern mystical symbolism. Therefore, if you want to use powerful symbols and amulets, then we advise you to turn your own eyes towards Egyptian symbols.

• ankh- probably the most common symbol that almost everyone knows about, is a cross whose upper part is ring-shaped, is a symbol of eternity and is often associated with the Breath of Life, which the Egyptian deities endow with chosen people passing into the afterlife, should be generally interpreted as a symbol of eternal life, an auspicious sign.

Ba- is depicted as a hawk with a human head, symbolizes the soul, but in the Egyptian religion, the presence of seven souls was attributed to a person, for example, there was a doctrine of Ka, which is more like an eternal and individual soul.

Nevertheless, the Ba is a significant symbol, a kind of astral shell in which the person can act even after mummification, it was believed that the Ba could also be contained in the statues that were erected for the pharaohs.

• Shenu- it looks like an oval, in fact, it is something like a rope ring that has neither beginning nor end, it is a protective symbol, the name of the owner was entered into the shenu and the outer ring saved the owner of this name from adversity, and now you can purchase an amulet representing a shenu with your name written in.
• Feather Maat- looks like a symbol of a pen and represents an attribute of Maat, which is the embodiment of morality, balance and justice, this attribute indicates a commitment to justice and fairness.
• Ujat- the eye of Horus, is a symbol of healing and protection.
• Ra- can be depicted as a circle with a dot, or as a circle with symbolic rays, is in many ways the basis of Egyptian cosmogony and mythology, represents the supreme deity, the source of all blessings.

As a rule, such symbols were used not only in writing, but also separately to perform any religious and mystical rites or to create amulets.

How to use signs?

It doesn't really take any lengthy research or effort to try Egyptian magic. Many texts have been translated and studied, and a significant part of the written monuments that have survived to this day are:

• divination books
• religious books
• books describing spells and performing various rites

In addition, you can use purely practical elements of the teaching and perform certain ones. Most, of course, are inaccessible to the common man, but some include only the use of spells and certain symbols.

Therefore, if you imagine the meaning of various symbols and can depict such signs, then you can very well take advantage of the developments of the Egyptian mystics. Recall that this tradition is one of the oldest available to contemporaries and has a high potential.

In addition, it is advisable to use Egyptian signs for amulets. For example, it is always useful to use a protective amulet like Shenu with your own name. The rest of the signs also have a powerful positive charge and can be used both as a personal talisman and for any space, for example, for a home or office.

Of the most powerful signs, the feather of Maat, the eye of Horus and Ankh should be noted. These signs have a slightly different meaning, but can also be used in combination, since each is generally favorable for almost every person, although we are talking about respectable people, since in Egypt significant attention was paid to morality and morality.

Egyptian hieroglyphs, the pictures of which will be given below, constitute one of the writing systems used almost 3.5 thousand years ago. In Egypt, it began to be used at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. e. This system combined elements of phonetic, syllabic and ideographic styles. hieroglyphs were pictorial images supplemented with phonetic symbols. As a rule, they were carved on stones. However, Egyptian hieroglyphs could also be found on papyri and on wooden sarcophagi. The pictures that were used in the inscription were similar to the objects they denoted. This greatly facilitated the understanding of what was written. Further in the article we will talk about what this or that hieroglyph meant.

The secret of the appearance of signs

The history of the emergence of the system goes deep into the past. For a very long period, one of the oldest written monuments of Egypt was the Narmer palette. It was believed that the earliest signs were depicted on it. However, German archaeologists in 1998 discovered three hundred clay tablets during excavations. They were depicted with proto-hieroglyphs. The signs date back to the 33rd century BC. e. The very first sentence is believed to be inscribed on a Second Dynasty seal from the tomb at Abydos of Pharaoh Set-Peribsen. It should be said that initially images of objects and living beings were used as signs. But this system was quite complicated, as it required certain artistic skills. In this regard, after some time, the images were simplified to the required contours. Thus, hieratic writing appeared. This system was used mainly by priests. They made inscriptions on tombs and temples. The demotic (folk) system, which appeared somewhat later, was easier. It consisted of circles, arcs, dashes. However, it was problematic to recognize the original characters in this letter.

Improvement of signs

Egyptian hieroglyphs were originally pictographic. That is, the words looked like visual drawings. Further, the semantic was created. With the help of ideograms, it was possible to write down individual abstract concepts. So, for example, the image of mountains could mean both a part of the relief and a mountainous, foreign country. The image of the sun meant "day", because it shines only during the day. Subsequently, ideograms played a significant role in the development of the entire system of Egyptian writing. Somewhat later, sound signs began to appear. In this system, more attention was paid not so much to the meaning of the word as to its sound interpretation. How many hieroglyphs are in Egyptian writing? During the New, Middle and Old Kingdoms, there were approximately 800 signs. Under Greco-Roman rule, there were already more than 6,000 of them.

Classification

The problem of systematization remains unresolved to this day. Wallis Budge (English philologist and Egyptologist) was one of the first scholars to catalog Egyptian hieroglyphs. His classification was based on external signs of signs. After him, in 1927, a new list was compiled by Gardiner. His "Egyptian Grammar" contained a classification of signs also according to external features. But in his list, the signs were divided into groups, which were denoted by Latin letters. Within the categories, the signs were assigned sequential numbers. Over time, the classification compiled by Gardiner came to be considered generally accepted. The database was replenished by adding new characters to the groups defined by him. Many subsequently discovered signs were assigned additional letter values ​​after the numbers.

New codification

Simultaneously with the expansion of the list compiled on the basis of Gardiner's classification, some researchers began to make assumptions about the incorrect distribution of hieroglyphs into groups. In the 80s, a four-volume catalog of signs was published, divided by their meaning. This classifier after a while also began to be rethought. As a result, in 2007-2008, a grammar compiled by Kurt appeared. He corrected Gardiner's four-volume edition and introduced a new division into groups. This work is undoubtedly very informative and useful in the practice of translation. But some researchers have doubts about whether the new codification will take root in Egyptology, since it also has its shortcomings and flaws.

A modern approach to character coding

How are Egyptian hieroglyphs translated today? In 1991, when computer technologies were already sufficiently developed, the Unicode standard was proposed for encoding characters of various languages. The latest version contains basic Egyptian hieroglyphs. These characters are in the range: U+13000 - U+1342F. Various new catalogs in electronic form continue to appear today. Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs into Russian is carried out using the Hieroglyphica graphic editor. It should be noted that new directories continue to appear to this day. Due to the rather large number of signs, they still cannot be fully classified. In addition, from time to time, researchers discover new Egyptian hieroglyphs and their meaning, or new phonetic designations of existing ones.

Image direction signs

Most often, the Egyptians wrote in horizontal lines, usually from right to left. It was rare to find a direction from left to right. In some cases, the signs were arranged vertically. In this case, they were always read from top to bottom. Nevertheless, despite the predominant direction from right to left in the writings of the Egyptians, for practical reasons, in modern research literature, the style is from left to right. The signs that depicted birds, animals, people were always turned to the beginning of the line with their faces. The upper sign took precedence over the lower. The Egyptians did not use sentence or word separators, meaning there was no punctuation. When writing, they tried to distribute calligraphic signs without spaces and symmetrically, forming rectangles or squares.

Inscription system

Egyptian hieroglyphs can be divided into two major groups. The first includes phonograms (sound signs), and the second - ideograms (semantic signs). The latter were used to denote a word or concept. They, in turn, are divided into 2 types: determinatives and logograms. Phonograms were used to designate sounds. This group included three types of signs: three-consonant, two-consonant and one-consonant. It is noteworthy that there is not a single image among the hieroglyphs. Thus, this writing is a consonantal system, like Arabic or Hebrew. The Egyptians could read the text with all the vowels, even if they were not inscribed. Each person knew exactly which sound between which consonants must be placed when pronouncing a particular word. But the lack of vowel marks is a serious problem for Egyptologists. For a very long period (almost the last two millennia), the language was considered dead. And today no one knows exactly how the words sounded. Thanks to philological research, it was possible, of course, to establish the approximate phonetics of many words, to understand the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs in Russian, Latin, and other languages. But this kind of work is today a very isolated science.

Phonograms

One-consonant signs made up the Egyptian alphabet. Hieroglyphs in this case were used to designate 1 The exact names of all monosonant signs are unknown. The order of their following was developed by Egyptologists. Transliteration is carried out using If there are no corresponding letters in it or several of them are needed, then diacritical marks are used to designate. Biconsonants are designed to represent two consonants. This type of hieroglyphs is quite common. Some of them are polyphonic (transmit several combinations). Triconsonant signs convey, respectively, three consonants. They are also quite widespread in writing. As a rule, the last two types are used with the addition of one-consonant signs, which partially or completely reflect their sound.

Ideogrammatic Egyptian hieroglyphs and their meaning

Logograms are symbols that represent what they actually mean. For example, a drawing of the sun is both day, and light, and the sun itself, and time.

For a more accurate understanding, the logogram was supplemented with a sound sign. Determinatives are ideograms that are intended to designate grammatical categories in logographic writing. As a rule, they were placed at the end of words. The determinative served to clarify the meaning of what was written. However, he did not designate any words or sounds. Determinatives can have both figurative and direct meaning. For example, the Egyptian hieroglyph "eye" is not only the organ of vision itself, but also the ability to see, to look. And a sign illustrating a papyrus scroll could not only designate a book or the scroll itself, but also have another abstract, abstract concept.

Use of signs

The decorative and rather formal nature of hieroglyphs determined their use. In particular, signs were used, as a rule, for the inscription of sacred and monumental texts. In everyday life, a simpler hieratic system was used to create business and administrative documents, correspondence. But she, despite the fairly frequent use, could not displace the hieroglyphs. They continued to be used during the period of Persian and Greco-Roman rule. But it must be said that by the 4th century there were few people who could use and understand this system.

Scientific research

Ancient writers were among the first to become interested in hieroglyphs: Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Horapollon had a special authority in the field of the study of signs. All these writers strongly stated that all hieroglyphs are picture writing. In this system, in their opinion, individual signs denoted whole words, but not letters or syllables. Researchers of the 19th century were also under the influence of this thesis for a very long time. Without trying to scientifically confirm this theory, scientists deciphered hieroglyphs, considering each of them as an element of pictography. The first to suggest the existence of phonetic signs was No, and he could not find the key to their understanding. Jean-Francois Champollion succeeded in deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The historical merit of this researcher is that he abandoned the thesis of ancient writers and chose his own path. As a basis for his study, he accepted the assumption that Egyptian writings do not consist of conceptual, but phonetic elements.

Exploring the Rosetta Stone

This archaeological find was a black polished basalt slab. It was completely covered with inscriptions that were made in two languages. There were three columns on the slab. The first two were made with ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The third column was written in Greek, and it was thanks to its presence that the text on the stone was read. It was the honorary address of the priests, sent to Ptolemy the Fifth Epiphanes on the occasion of his coronation. In the Greek text, the names of Cleopatra and Ptolemy were present on the stone. They should have been in the Egyptian text as well. It was known that the names of the pharaohs were in cartouches or oval frames. That is why Champillon had no difficulty finding the names in the Egyptian text - they clearly stood out from the rest of the signs. Subsequently, comparing columns with texts, the researcher became more and more convinced of the validity of the theory about the phonetic basis of symbols.

Some drawing rules

Of particular importance in the technique of writing were aesthetic considerations. On their basis, certain rules were created that limited the choice, the direction of the text. Symbols could be written from right to left or vice versa, depending on where they were used. Some characters were written in such a way as to be facing the reader. This rule was extended to many hieroglyphs, however, such a restriction was most obvious when drawing symbols illustrating animals and people. If the inscription was located on the portal, then its individual signs turned to the middle of the door. The person entering could thus easily read the symbols, since the text began with hieroglyphs located at a distance closest to him. As a result, not a single sign "showed ignorance" and did not turn its back on anyone. The same principle, in fact, can be observed in a conversation between two people.

findings

It should be said that, despite the outward simplicity of the Egyptian writing elements, their sign system was considered quite complex. Over time, symbols began to fade into the background, and soon they were replaced by other ways of graphic expression of speech. The Romans and Greeks showed little interest in Egyptian hieroglyphs. With the adoption of Christianity, the system of symbols completely fell into disuse. By 391, by order of the Byzantine emperor Theodosius the Great, all pagan temples were closed. The last hieroglyphic record dates back to 394 (this is evidenced by archaeological finds on the island of Philae).

When deciphering the writings of Ancient Egypt, an important role was assigned to the inscriptions carved on the Rosetta stone. This stone was found on June 15, 1799 by an officer of the French troops, P. Bouchard, during the construction of a fort near the Arab town of Rosetta, located in the western part of the Nile Delta. The stone was sent to the Egyptian Institute in Cairo. Since the French fleet was completely destroyed by the English fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson, as a result of which the connection between Napoleon's troops and France was interrupted, the French command decided to leave Egypt, transferring the found ancient Egyptian monuments, including the Rosetta Stone, to the British.

The Rosetta Stone is 114.4 cm high and 72.3 cm wide. It is a fragment of a tall stele. Three inscriptions are engraved on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - a hieroglyphic text, in the middle - a demotic text, at the bottom - a text in ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. Of the hieroglyphic text, only the last fourteen lines have been preserved, but they are also broken off all fourteen on the right side, twelve on the left. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go from right to left, because the heads of people and animals look to the right. Thus, the endings of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) have remained unchanged to our time, which made it possible to decipher the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt.
It can be assumed that the hieroglyphic and demotic texts are written in the same language. It is also assumed that the hieroglyphic text also had 32 lines, like the demotic one, which gives researchers the opportunity to find groups of graphemes in the hieroglyphic text that are located in lines of text at almost the same distances as there are between groups of syllabic graphemes in the lines of demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lexemes of the demotic text would make it possible to determine the phonetic meanings of the hieroglyphs, as well as to clarify the phonetic meanings of the graphemes of the demotic writing. Until now, it is believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most researchers of the culture of Ancient Egypt are of the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not phonetic.

Deciphering the Demotic script by T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov

In 2005, the Macedonian scientists T. Boszewski and A. Tentov presented to the international scientific community a work that was the result of research carried out within the framework of the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone”, which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, when they started their research, the Macedonian scholars were sure that the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, which they were going to study, must definitely have the characteristics of the Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since Ancient Egypt was ruled for a long time by the ancient Slavic Ptolemaic dynasty, whose homeland was ancient Macedonia, then the deciphering of Demotic writing should be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages ​​(http://rosetta-stone.etf.ukim.edu.mk).
Their hypothesis was confirmed by the results of studies that Macedonian scientists came to. The results of their research was the identification and sound identification of syllabic graphemes of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels (see Fig. 1). The language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is Slavonic.

Rice. 1. Table of syllabic graphemes identified by Boschevsky and Tentov

Syllabic signs were also written one above the other. When reading the middle text, it is necessary to read the upper grapheme first, and then the lower one. However, the Macedonian scholars did the opposite, which led to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. In one of the lines of the demotic text one can read: “What is my God like? - Yav and where! Reveal what He is.
The Macedonian researchers themselves identified the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone as Proto-Slavic. They also came to the conclusion: there is no need to look for the complete identity of the three texts, since it is impossible to find it.

Deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of ancient Egypt

Modern scholarship supports the theory that two scripts - hieroglyphic and demotic - were used to write the state act on the Rosetta Stone in one - ancient Egyptian - language. Thus, the middle text and the text at the top of the Rosetta Stone were written in the same language. Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov proved that one of the ancient Slavic languages ​​was used when writing the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. Therefore, when deciphering the hieroglyphic text, one of the Slavic languages ​​should also be used.

Apparently, the hieroglyphic text of the Rosetta Stone also had 32 lines, like the demotic one, which makes it possible to find groups of hieroglyphs in the hieroglyphic text that are in the lines of the hieroglyphic text at the same distances from one group to another as the distances between groups of graphemes, the phonetic meanings of which no doubt, in the demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lexemes of the demotic inscription would make it possible to determine the phonetic meanings of the hieroglyphs.
Deciphering was started by comparing the end of line 32 of the middle text (see Fig. 2) with the end of line 14 of the hieroglyphic text (see Fig. 3).
The result of the transliteration of the end of the 32nd line of the middle text, carried out by T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov, is shown in fig. 4. The phonetic meanings of many graphemes are determined by them not quite accurately. The syllable "NA" is used quite inappropriately.

After comparing these two segments of the inscriptions, it was possible to establish the phonetic meanings of several hieroglyphs. It has been established that the lexeme "NATSZHOI" in the segment of the text on the demotic (see Fig. 5) cannot be found in the segment of the hieroglyphic text.
Continuing to compare sections of the two texts, I determined the phonetic meanings of several dozen hieroglyphs. Later, a syllabary of ancient Egyptian writing was created:

Rice. 2. Drawing the end of 32 lines of medium text

It is established that the sign ||| means plural. Before it, the member of the sentence has the ending -i or -ы. In rare cases, this sign is placed at the beginning of the word. It has also been established that if next to the hieroglyph there is a sign | , then the vowel sound of the hieroglyph is unstressed. Sign | next to the hieroglyph, denoting only one vowel, speaks of the stress on this vowel. If after a hieroglyph denoting a consonant sound with a vowel sound there is a hieroglyph denoting a vowel sound, then the vowel of the first hieroglyph is not pronounced.
The hieroglyphic inscription of the Rosetta Stone is read from right to left.
Line 1: ... (Str) lttsy in the wound, we tzem and tsenim, we have two legs tzati ...
Line 2: ... The very trance in Hell and Dzin passed. Not (t) children Dtsyaba! Tzemy sadtse ts gods... Nitsyae early we early, hell tsne... and we...
Line 3: ... (Beams) live mi Sanats Badtszh dtsvuima and mynya. Drinking, sweating or yima. Tsimmi dtsanimya are tsanidzaims themselves, - dtspottsaims! Edzha nadzhamyya voimy ...
Line 4: ... Tschi dtsit dtsig (no ||| - Auth.), And we will lower, dtsdab somavts, ganadz ... We don’t aim at Tseba: we are pits of dowry. Zjwe Tsen Yeyi. Yo Nimya tsganadz dtsynytshi dzmyya, so that Tsem any ...
Line 5: ... (Save) we ye velytstse dtsanimya, retshi Yo runems. Zsarunedz lies to the dtsam. Dtszhim dtso may dtsya zhavadtsya. Goodbye me! Ttsam nitsvoim sweaty, and tse pema yo! Bloody…
Line 6: ... No worries tsmyyama baeamymy. Tse zh ani ni e Yoa. Taba of the Tsar (Nadrtsiy E Dztzanatsey), bad of the face of the fizzy! (Nadrcius E) Yayyo Yaghnya Nazzha (Nadrcius E)…
Line 7: ...Godmy new - three tsatin. Otsei nasa - Tsva. Dzim bo Dtsva, dtsaniim, we appreciate, vaviim, nadymaeama, be God's howls of vuby. Necim dtszi, buy imm. Yonni tsikav, bai them tsvyya tsuzzhae: “We are the sanams of the Tsar (Nadrcius E)…”.
Line 8: Dezzescha dzsesya us tsudtsa. Bogm don’t call navy, more don’t dzziti oyui. Dzi dtsiya sabots. Going tsusya boyadedtsi? - Bo nasaya vain! “Tsezzhai yone to you ... Badtsem, one hundred dtsim, dtsanim,” they say to you ...
Line 9: ... Thinks: you are a lover, rutzems, - thinks. Ie batsu: don’t piedtsi mav or ddsavoy ... Tschya tsdna tsitsdtsimmyya. And we are there, so that the schemya o may dstsezhadtsa nitsnommy nagama avi wobba, nights of darkness ...
Line 10: ... “There is not a groan, e breath. Nazj kirey (hence - CAIRO - Auth.) Ttsade runs. Dtse we avtsymy tsza dzim, - bayaime. - Dztsamyaya, stsucho, prostrate. Razhdennova roar dzebe tstshaim - Bodzyavu, we are Yaiyo zhivao. Tse is naughty, not be, mucai. And ye Dtsyya Ruts Samm ...
Line 11: "... Yaie Niva." Vuzzhe baiim other bodiyim. Tsetsraim, tsyvoyi bo batie-dzhimy tsuzzhatsi, - no sari e va Dtsyne, in Attse. Nor tsvusamaeamma vuzty tsey. Ino Nitzrayim, you samm vuzzhats! And on neeim wu Raimvo (ve) ...
Line 12: ... Narcius E Dztzanatsey) badly or tsatshani. Vostshiyim, adtsbayim dza shcha, we appreciate the life of these children dtsynets. Neither tsamma is alive. Washing up yay boats. Bogmi is the new face of muzzhaimys. Badtsem. Tsbadtsizzh her we are. Both we and yours ...
Line 13: ... We are bad at sazzo. Let's give it dtsya. Tsymi stink, live tsymmy. Iimu mavim dati, wife. Va ata both bad dtsanitsy we Tsibe. We tsuzzhim vumen, for Nitzrayim is the mother of the dtsani muzzi muzzha tzimmyya. Tse zhy nyo buggy ...
Line 14: ...Live, Burnt, nniy ... Mavisa for kings: the king without them is the same. Tzebe, Resurrect, tsaninni yavay. Bo tsedzi bagmi new - tsudzi dtseyoa! Taba, the Tsar (Nartsius E Dztzanatsey), badz.

Translation

We honor and appreciate the wounds of the shooters, they need to get on their feet ...

2. The very veneration of the Father and the Son has passed. No praise to You. We honor the sun with the gods. We bow and we are wounded early, and in the afternoon ...
3. And the Sun of God lives me with Its rays. He satisfies the hungry with His grace. We ourselves are imbued with these praises, saving our souls. If our warriors...
4. 3000 honors these, and we will plunge in order to wash away, drive away. We pierce, not aiming at You: for the sake of particles we pierce. Her Son lives! His Name will drive away the offspring of Satan, so that with Him ...
5. We will keep the veneration of Her, we will keep Her sayings in the scriptures. The Antichrist lies himself. This creature considers it a stranger. Destroy her! He himself gives this poison to drink to those who are not his own, and - here we are drinking it!
6. They are not the snakes that were spoken of. Because they don't belong to her. Yours, the King, Who called Her the Sun, we see living faces! Yours, who called her the Lamb.
7. Three hundred new gods. Ours is the Two. We honor the Two, honor, appreciate, revere, exalt, being God's fishers. Tell everyone, tell everyone. Interest people, talk about your stranger: “We are the sons of the King, Who called Her Sun” ...
8. The brainchild is someone else's to us. Do not honor the new gods, because they are vile. Remember covenants. Is it possible to be afraid of this, because we honor our own? “They are strangers to you. We see that we honor and honor, ”they will tell you ...
9. Thinks: "Love, rutens." But I see: neither one's own speech is flowing - another revered one ... And we honor that one, and by that we show devotion. So that this family of hers be tormented by the spirits of malice - both. Night darkness...
10. “She doesn’t moan, she breathes. Our ruler is running behind. Here we are sheep behind him, - we tell. - And themselves, jokingly - prostrate. We are trying to calm the crying of the baby. An infant who escaped torment and death itself. Rus was...
11. ... Her Niva. We are already talking to other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are alien spirits, not kings in the Father and the Son. No one hears the words of their mouths. O Lower Rome, horror itself is you! And in it, in Rome ...
12. ... who called her the Sun, countless behold. Let us honor, thank, appreciate the resurrected thousands of sons for this. They didn't resurrect themselves. We are only gods in it. Other faces strengthen our faith. We see and we will see it again. Both we and the warriors ...
13. “... We see the sun. Let's give it to them. Here they are revered as saints, already during their lifetime. I command him to give it to his wife. We see the veneration of these two. But they have acquired the mind of a stranger, and the men of Lower Rome worship only a revered husband. After all, they are not gods ...
14. Alive, Zheno ... The kings have already spoken: this king is outside of her. She praises you, the Risen One. After all, these new gods are alien to her. We see you, the King, who called Her Sun.

On fig. 6 we read the inscription: “Tsen, tsiliva bolivaim. (New column) Tsce Nami Vani. Litsa im vytsetsshi abedtsili. Translation: “The son who heals the sick. They are with us. They promised to carve their images.

So, everything suggests that the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt is Slavic syllabic writing.
A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky formulated a hypothesis a few years ago, according to which the archaeological and written history of "Ancient" Egypt is only a medieval history of the African inheritance of the Great Horde Empire, which was formed as a result of the colonization of the territories of Eurasia and Africa by the Slavs and Turks .
In parallel with the colonization, the mission of the Church was carried out, because "Ancient" Egypt was a Christian country. On fig. 7 you see a linen shirt with a Christian cross embroidered on it, in which one of the pharaohs was buried. The pharaoh also wore gloves. Gloves, as we know, are a piece of clothing that was worn only in the Middle Ages.

Rice. 7. The shirt in which one of the "Egyptians" was buried, along with a glove.

The bas-reliefs of Egyptian temples often depicted T-shaped Christian crosses (see Fig. 8). The T-shaped cross is also depicted on the veil of Empress Elena Voloshanka

Thus, we can conclude that A. T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky were right.
Until now, it is believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most researchers of the culture of "Ancient" Egypt are of the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not phonetic, however, the results of deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt suggest that the hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllabary. It is impossible to see ideograms in hieroglyphs, since in each ideogram, if desired, you can see a lot of semantic meanings. For example, the honored Egyptologist Shabas translates one of the hieroglyphs as "hyena". And the no less honored researcher of Egypt, Brugsch, believes that this hieroglyph has the semantic meaning "lion".
Similar scientific research has been going on for two centuries ...

See: Quirke S. and Andrews C. Rosetta Stone: Facsimile Drawing with an Introduction and Translations. - New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1989.
Desroches Noblecourt Christiane. Life and Death of a Pharaoh Tutankhamen. - London, Penguin Books, 1963. - S. 270.
Medieval facial sewing. Byzantium, Balkans, Russia. Exhibition catalogue. XVIII International Congress of Byzantines. Moscow, August 8-15, 1991 - Moscow. Ministry of Culture of the USSR. State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. 1991. - S. 60.
See: Nosovsky G.V. Rus and Rome. Slavic-Turkic conquest of the world. Egypt / G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko. 3rd ed., rev. And extra. - M.: Astrel, AST; Polygraphizdat, 2010. - S. 317.

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Ancient Egyptian writing is the most famous hieroglyphic writing system.

The decoding of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, carried out in the 19th century by Jean-Francois Champollion, made it possible to lift the veil of secrets over the history of ancient Egyptian society.

From pictography to consonantism

The ancient Egyptian writing system appeared at the end of the 4th millennium BC. In a tomb dating back to the 33rd century BC, scientists in 1998 discovered as many as three hundred tablets covered with primitive hieroglyphs. This find is today considered the oldest example of Egyptian writing.

The very first hieroglyphs were just visual images of simple objects and concepts: the sun, a bull, mountains, etc. Later, these same drawings began to depict abstract concepts, the spectrum of which was very wide.

hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt photo

Thus, the sign of the sun could mean "day", since the sun shines only during the day; the sign of the mountains denoted a foreign state, because it was located behind the mountains. Such a system is called ideography and is a step forward from simple drawings.

Even later, the hieroglyphs underwent another semantic transformation. This time they began to denote not the ideas associated with the image, but the consonants included in the name of the subject. Some hieroglyphs denoted the first consonant in a word, others two or three consonants.

It is curious that the development of ancient Egyptian writing follows the same logic as the writing of languages ​​related to Egyptian - Semitic: only consonants were subject to designation, the main ones between them were not transmitted in any way. The Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopian and Phoenician alphabets are built on the same principle.

Rules for writing hieroglyphs

As in other areas of art and culture, the Egyptians developed a system of strict canons in writing.

• With linear writing of hieroglyphs, the line most often went from left to right (for comparison, in other Semitic languages, words and sentences are written from right to left);
• Images of people and animals are always turned to face the beginning of the line;
• They tried to fit a group of hieroglyphs into a square, while at first it was necessary to read the upper signs, and then the lower ones;
• Determinatives (signs denoting grammatical categories) were placed after the main hieroglyph or before it, depending on this, the meaning of the written changed.

Hieratic and Demotic

Classical hieroglyphs played a decorative role in many respects. They covered the walls of buildings, sculptures and columns. Also, classical hieroglyphs were used to record sacred texts on papyrus. For everyday needs, a different, simpler script was required, and the Egyptians subsequently developed such. This is a hieratic letter.

hieratic letter photo

Initially, it was a form of cursive writing, but then features of the use of signs appeared: some were combined into ligatures, others were omitted for simplicity. Demotic, an even more simplified and convenient writing system, later grew out of this system.

Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs

As already mentioned, the honor of unraveling the mystery of hieroglyphs belongs to Jean-Francois Champollion, a French researcher. This work was not easy. We can say that Champollion was lucky: he fell into the hands of the Rosetta Stone, containing the same text in Egyptian and Greek; the names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra were, according to tradition, encircled by a cartouche.

The reading of Greek and Egyptian words in cartouches laid the foundation for the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Egyptian signs in this case denoted consonants (phonetic notation). The Rosetta Stone contained a text from the late Hellenistic era.

Rosetta stone photo

Later, Champollion discovered the names of the pharaohs Ramses and Thutmose, written according to the same phonetic principle. Thanks to this, it became clear that the phonetic principle was used by the Egyptians long before the conquest of Egypt by the Greeks.

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When deciphering the writings of Ancient Egypt, an important role was assigned to the inscriptions carved on the Rosetta stone. This stone was found on June 15, 1799 by an officer of the French troops, P. Bouchard, during the construction of a fort near the Arab town of Rosetta, located in the western part of the Nile Delta. The stone was sent to the Egyptian Institute in Cairo. Since the French fleet was completely destroyed by the English fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson, as a result of which the connection between Napoleon's troops and France was interrupted, the French command decided to leave Egypt, transferring the found ancient Egyptian monuments, including the Rosetta Stone, to the British. The Rosetta Stone is 114.4 cm high and 72.3 cm wide. It is a fragment of a tall stele. Three inscriptions are engraved on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - a hieroglyphic text, in the middle - a demotic text, at the bottom - a text in ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. Of the hieroglyphic text, only the last fourteen lines have been preserved, but they are also broken off all fourteen on the right side, twelve on the left. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go from right to left, because the heads of people and animals look to the right. Thus, the endings of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) have remained unchanged to our time, which made it possible to decipher the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt. It can be assumed that the hieroglyphic and demotic texts are written in the same language. It is also assumed that the hieroglyphic text also had 32 lines, like the demotic one, which gives researchers the opportunity to find groups of graphemes in the hieroglyphic text that are located in lines of text at almost the same distances as there are between groups of syllabic graphemes in the lines of demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lexemes of the demotic text would make it possible to determine the phonetic meanings of the hieroglyphs, as well as to clarify the phonetic meanings of the graphemes of the demotic writing. Until now, it is believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most researchers of the culture of Ancient Egypt are of the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not phonetic.

Deciphering the Demotic script by T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov

In 2005, the Macedonian scientists T. Boszewski and A. Tentov presented to the international scientific community a work that was the result of research carried out within the framework of the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone”, which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, when they started their research, the Macedonian scholars were sure that the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, which they were going to study, must definitely have the characteristics of the Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since Ancient Egypt was ruled for a long time by the ancient Slavic Ptolemaic dynasty, whose homeland was ancient Macedonia, then the deciphering of Demotic writing should be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages ​​(http://rosetta-stone.etf.ukim.edu.mk). Their hypothesis was confirmed by the results of studies that Macedonian scientists came to. The results of their research was the identification and sound identification of syllabic graphemes of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels (see Fig. 1). The language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is Slavonic.

Rice. 1. Table of syllabic graphemes identified by Boschevsky and Tentov

Syllabic signs were also written one above the other. When reading the middle text, it is necessary to read the upper grapheme first, and then the lower one. However, the Macedonian scholars did the opposite, which led to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. In one of the lines of the demotic text one can read: “What is my God like? - Yav and where! Reveal what He is. The Macedonian researchers themselves identified the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone as Proto-Slavic. They also came to the conclusion: there is no need to look for the complete identity of the three texts, since it is impossible to find it.

Deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of ancient Egypt

Modern scholarship supports the theory that two scripts - hieroglyphic and demotic - were used to write the state act on the Rosetta Stone in one - ancient Egyptian - language. Thus, the middle text and the text at the top of the Rosetta Stone were written in the same language. Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov proved that one of the ancient Slavic languages ​​was used when writing the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. Therefore, when deciphering the hieroglyphic text, one of the Slavic languages ​​should also be used.

Apparently, the hieroglyphic text of the Rosetta Stone also had 32 lines, like the demotic one, which makes it possible to find groups of hieroglyphs in the hieroglyphic text that are in the lines of the hieroglyphic text at the same distances from one group to another as the distances between groups of graphemes, the phonetic meanings of which no doubt, in the demotic text. Comparison of these groups of hieroglyphs with the lexemes of the demotic inscription would make it possible to determine the phonetic meanings of the hieroglyphs. Deciphering was started by comparing the end of line 32 of the middle text (see Fig. 2) with the end of line 14 of the hieroglyphic text (see Fig. 3). The result of the transliteration of the end of the 32nd line of the middle text, carried out by T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov, is shown in fig. 4. The phonetic meanings of many graphemes are determined by them not quite accurately. The syllable "NA" is used quite inappropriately.

After comparing these two segments of the inscriptions, it was possible to establish the phonetic meanings of several hieroglyphs. It has been established that the lexeme "NATSZHOI" in the segment of the text on the demotic (see Fig. 5) cannot be found in the segment of the hieroglyphic text. Continuing to compare sections of the two texts, I determined the phonetic meanings of several dozen hieroglyphs. Later, a syllabary of ancient Egyptian writing was created:

Syllabary of ancient Egyptian writing

Rice. 2. Drawing the end of 32 lines of medium text

Rice. 3. Drawing the end of the 14th line of the hieroglyphic text

Rice. 4. Transliteration of the end of 32 lines of demotic text.

Rice. 5. Lexeme NATZHOI. Translated into Russian: OUR.

It has also been established that if next to the hieroglyph there is a sign | , then the vowel sound of the hieroglyph is unstressed. Sign | next to the hieroglyph, denoting only one vowel, speaks of the stress on this vowel. If after a hieroglyph denoting a consonant sound with a vowel sound there is a hieroglyph denoting a vowel sound, then the vowel of the first hieroglyph is not pronounced. The hieroglyphic inscription of the Rosetta Stone is read from right to left.

Line 1: ... ate tsvoru nan e myvo. Tzei tseny veravoyoeyvone…

Line 2: ... the name of cayo in atse ratsne pile. Don’t (t) chanyatstsa batsesa, tsevo baha ... Nyatsayae runes and th runne ...

Line 3: Lives mi Sanatse Bazzzhe ts vyavi Nnyavo. Drinking, sweaty niyiv. tsammy c a nyasami tsnyatseivo tspotts a ivo! Etszhea natszhaya c in about willow…

Line 4: ... Look for the cystococci, and my stink and in and , tsdaby from the avtsa ganadze ... Nya tselysime, tszameya: cal s myvo zzhevetse noe. Shan tsganadze c s nyatshi dzyadne. Abovsacemu, abovievi...

Line 5: ... (Save) my velytse tsanyan, r e tshi Yo - rune. Zsarun e dts lie, one hundred tsamyvo zhivtsya may tsya zzhavatsya. Nyatsav tsramu warrior! Nyatsvoim sweaty and tse petsme beer ...

Line 6: “Do not be tsaynets yavv, - b a eavyvo. - Tse zzhiavvynya e Yoa. Taba of the King (Nadrtsiy E Dts a natsai), ne batsemivo lik a mu zhavya! (Nadrcius E) Yyo Yaghnya Nazzha (Nadrcius E)…

Line 7: God is new - tsreyo tsatin. Otsei nasavo - Tseva. Ts yimi (not dual, but plural) bocavyatsanya. And pozenyuy reveal, nidemyaeav betsa and myvo, howl vyabevne (howl seductions). Netsimivots (unreasonable) buy them. Shan tsakav, bai them tsevya tsezzha e: “We are the ranks of the Tsar (Nadrciy E) ...”

Line 8: Dsetsetsa zsesya - we are settling. Bogm new do not tsti, more do not tsativy oyui, tsitsya sub about tuva. Is there a tsesua fighter? – Bo n a sai schimv! “Tsezzhai shane dsebe ... Ne batsemyvo, one hundred tsivtsanyan, kamu harvest ...

Line 9: Mnit. “Vutselyubetsya,” retz e.- Noni tvie boceno - special rades, howling tsdna tseztsya. And Tim tetsem tsdne, abo saya, schya tsmeaets tsezzhatsa nyatsnomi nagavi in about bbavi I appreciate it ... "

Line 10: “For me, moan, breathe. Nazj kirey (hence - CAIRO - Auth.) tse b e X. Tsavitse tsetszhdzeyimi bayaiimieney. Vodtsetsayastse tshanyatse. Razhdennova roar dzebe tstshaim. Bodzyavya Yaiyo alive. Tse shnyatseschena not beme, muzaynyavoy. And ye tsyartsesa ...

Line 11: "... Yaie Nyavoy." Vyazzhbayimiv inaoyim bodiyim. Tsetsraim, tse youri bovahie-zhivotsezzhatsa (bulls-animals) are not old watsni. Wattsevo nya tsvyatssa meaav vyattsyva tsey? Ino Nitsrayim sa Imm knitted. Tse tyvai nyonyu ie imomi va raivvo ...

Line 12: Narcius E Dztzanatsey) ne batsemivo no tsatshan. Vovatshyimivo, atsbayimvya dza shcha tsiniv. Ety zhivivae tshi cynics. Nya tssaima is alive a. In yavtsme yi b about tseva, bang a mi new. Lika mozhaivasyne badtsemivo. Tse “baji” is her zwitsme…

Line 13: "Be. Ne batsemi vono tssatsetsom. Yes, and wei flowers. Tsetzey stink, live. Iymova see children stinky, but tyaebe ne batsemivo. Canyatse tse, foryvatse live. Vyamva, shanyava, for yoni ts raiminitsa ts nyami. Zzhmozhatse yyo - nn s jzhiwa - Bah nat…

Line 14: “I’ll survive on the stink ... Appear, or the Detsetsar of the fugitive, dze bev. Zzhivimmovatsa nyavonyayevo, for tsetsva bohminova m Yu tse, dzyv s wa Tseyoa." Taba, King (Nartsey E Dtstts a natsy), ne badtsemivo. Translation

1. Now we are. Sons of believers...

2. Eyes fell asleep. There is no deity worship. We honor with runes and in runes.

3. And the Sun of God lives me with Its rays. He satisfies the hungry with His grace. We ourselves are imbued with these praises, saving our souls. If our warriors...

4. 3000 honors these, and we will plunge in order to wash away, drive away. We pierce, not aiming at You: for the sake of particles we pierce. Her Son lives! His Name will drive away the offspring of Satan, insatiable offspring! Both…

5. We will keep the veneration of Her, we will keep Her sayings in the scriptures. The Antichrist lies that he has a miraculous revitalizing elixir. Has been defeated. Makes you drink your glorified beer.

6. - Yes, and there was no one, - they tell you. “It is only Her healing agent. Yours, the King, who called her the Sun, we do not see the living face! Yours, who called her the Lamb.

7. Three hundred new gods. Ours is the Two. With three hundred gods, there is also a goddess. People worship demons, the army of seduction. Tell everyone, tell everyone. Get people interested, talk about your strangers: “We are the sons of the King, Who called Her the Sun ...”

8. This reverence, this faith is our honor. Do not honor the new gods, because they are vile. Remember covenants. Is it possible to be afraid of this, because we honor our own? “They are strangers to you. We see that we honor, we honor, ”they will tell you ...

9. Thinks: “Love,” he says. “Your deity is just a nuisance to the warriors. And we honor ours, and by that we show devotion. No one dares to shy away from our enticing, enticing gods ... "

10. “She doesn’t moan, she breathes. Our ruler is running behind. Here we are sheep behind him, - we tell. - We are trying to calm the crying of the baby. An infant who escaped torment and death itself.

11. ... Her Niva. We are already talking to other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are bulls and rams, not eternal kings, not kings. Why didn't he bow to Saint Sem? And Lower Rome is already with Him.

12. ... who called her the Sun, countless behold. Let us honor, thank, appreciate the resurrected thousands of sons for this. They didn't resurrect themselves. We are only gods in it. Other faces strengthen our faith. We see and we will see it again. Both we and the warriors... And alien deities are idols.

13. “We do not see in Him the sun and His rays. Here they are revered as saints. We see their image, but we do not see God. The glorified saints who are in paradise still help us. Our God will also be able to kill ...

14. “I remember, the Exiled King appeared. Stayed here for a long time. The woman, who had a gift from above, revived the King.” We do not see you, the King, who called Her Sun.

On fig. 6 we read the inscription: “Itzey tseliv a bolivaim. (Left column) Itze Nami Wani. Litz neim vytsetsshi abetsli. Translation: “These are medicines that heal the sick. They are with us. They promised to carve their images.

Rice. 6. The inscription "Itzey tseliv a bolivaim. (New column) Itze Nami Wani. Litz neim vytsetsshi abetsli.

So, everything suggests that the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt is Slavic syllabic writing. A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky formulated a hypothesis a few years ago, according to which the archaeological and written history of "Ancient" Egypt is only a medieval history of the African inheritance of the Great Horde Empire, which was formed as a result of the colonization of the territories of Eurasia and Africa by the Slavs and Turks . In parallel with the colonization, the mission of the Church was carried out, because "Ancient" Egypt was a Christian country. On fig. 7 you see a linen shirt with a Christian cross embroidered on it, in which one of the pharaohs was buried. The pharaoh also wore gloves. Gloves, as we know, are a piece of clothing that was worn only in the Middle Ages.

Rice. 7. The shirt in which one of the "Egyptians" was buried, along with a glove.

The bas-reliefs of Egyptian temples often depicted T-shaped Christian crosses (see Fig. 8). The T-shaped cross is also depicted on the veil of Empress Elena Voloshanka

Rice. 8. T-shaped cross on a bas-relief in Luxor.

Thus, we can conclude that A. T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky were right. Until now, it is believed that most of the hieroglyphs are ideograms, that is, most researchers of the culture of "Ancient" Egypt are of the opinion that a significant part of the hieroglyphs are not phonetic, however, the results of deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt suggest that the hieroglyphic writing is Slavic syllabary. It is impossible to see ideograms in hieroglyphs, since in each ideogram, if desired, you can see a lot of semantic meanings. For example, the honored Egyptologist Shabas translates one of the hieroglyphs as "hyena". And the no less honored researcher of Egypt, Brugsch, believes that this hieroglyph has the semantic meaning "lion". Similar scientific research has been going on for two centuries ...

See: Quirke S. and Andrews C. Rosetta Stone: Facsimile Drawing with an Introduction and Translations. - New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1989.

Desroches Noblecourt Christiane. Life and Death of a Pharaoh Tutankhamen. - London, Penguin Books, 1963. - P. 270.

Medieval facial sewing. Byzantium, Balkans, Russia. Exhibition catalogue. XVIII International Congress of Byzantines. Moscow, August 8-15, 1991 - Moscow. Ministry of Culture of the USSR. State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. 1991. - S. 60.

See: Nosovsky G.V. Rus and Rome. Slavic-Turkic conquest of the world. Egypt / G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko. 3rd ed., rev. And extra. – M.: Astrel, AST; Poligrafizdat, 2010. - S. 317.