The works relate to nuclear physics, field theory, synchrotron radiation, unified field theory, theory of gravity, history of physics. Most of the work was carried out jointly with the largest physicists of the first half of the 20th century.

• Together with Georgy Gamow, he derived the Schrödinger equation based on the 5-dimensional space model (1926).
• Together with Landau he considered the Klein-Gordon equation, Fermi-Dirac statistics and an alternative description of fermions in terms of antisymmetric tensors (Ivanenko-Landau-Kahler geometry) (1927-1928).
• Together with Georgy Gamow and Landau, he considered the theory of world constants (1928).
• Together with V. A. Fok, he developed the theory of parallel transfer of spinors, generalizing the Dirac equation to the case of gravitation (1929).
• Together with V. A. Ambartsumyan, he put forward the hypothesis of the production of massive particles in the process of interaction, which formed the basis of modern quantum field theory (1930).
• He was the first to propose the proton-neutron model of the nucleus (1932), later developed also by Werner Heisenberg.
• Together with E. N. Gapon, he developed the shell model of atomic nuclei (1932).
• Together with I. Tamm, he showed the possibility of interaction through the exchange of particles with non-zero rest mass (1934).
• Together with A. A. Sokolov, he developed a mathematical apparatus for the theory of cosmic ray showers (1938).
• He proposed a nonlinear generalization of the Dirac equation (1938), on the basis of which in the 1950s and 1960s, in parallel with Werner Heisenberg, he developed a unified nonlinear field theory that takes into account quarks and subquarks.
• Together with Pomeranchuk, he predicted synchrotron radiation (1944). Together with A. A. Sokolov, he developed the classical theory of synchrotron radiation (1948).
• Developed the theory of hypernuclei (1956).
• In the 60-80s, together with his students, he carried out a number of works on the theory of gravity, including putting forward the hypothesis of quark stars, developing tetrad, generalized and gauge theories of gravity, taking into account, along with curvature, also torsion.

Biography

• 1920 Graduated from the gymnasium in Poltava.
• 1920-1923 Teacher of physics and mathematics at the labor school in Poltava. At the same time he studied and graduated from the Poltava Pedagogical Institute, while working at the Poltava Astronomical Observatory.
• 1923-1927 Student of Leningrad University (was transferred after the first year from Kharkov University).
• 1927-1929 Fellow. V. A. Steklova, researcher at the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad.
• 1929-1931 Senior researcher, first head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (Kharkov). One of the main organizers and editor of the first Soviet "Physical Journal of the Soviet Union" (Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjet Union), published in Kharkov in foreign languages. Initiator and member of the Organizing Committee of the first three All-Union Theoretical Conferences in Kharkov.
• 1931, February. Approved as a professor by the Presidium of the Supreme Economic Council of the Ukrainian SSR.
• 1930-1931 Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering (former Technological) Institute, Professor of Kharkov University.
• 1931-1935 Senior researcher at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, leader of a seminar on nuclear physics.
• September 1933 One of the main organizers (along with A. F. Ioffe and I. V. Kurchatov) of the 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference in Leningrad.
• 1933-1935 Professor, head. Department of Physics, Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. M. N. Pokrovsky.
• 1932-1935 Editor of the theoretical department of the Leningrad branch of the State Technical and Theoretical Publishing House. In those years, under the editorship and with comments and notes by D. D. Ivanenko, for the first time in Russian, 8 collections of works and books of the classics of modern physics (Louis de Broglie, Heisenberg, Dirac, Schrödinger, Brillouin, Sommerfeld, Eddington, etc.) were published.
• 1935, February 27. Arrested and by the decision of the Special Meeting (OSO) at the NKVD of the USSR of March 4, 1935, he was sentenced to three years and, as a “socially dangerous element”, was expelled from Leningrad to the Karaganda labor camp (ITL). By a new resolution of the OSO dated December 30, 1935, the camp was replaced by exile to Tomsk until the end of the term.
• 1936-1939 Senior researcher at the Siberian Institute of Physics and Technology. Supervised the theoretical seminar of the theoretical department of the SPTI and the general institute theoretical seminar. Conducted a seminar on translation techniques for graduate students and applicants; edited "Proceedings of the SFTI".
• 1936-1938 Professor, head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Tomsk University.
• 1939-1942 Professor, head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Ural University (Sverdlovsk).
• 1940-1941 Professor, head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Kyiv University.
• 1940, 25 June. Defense of a doctoral dissertation on the topic "Fundamentals of the Theory of Nuclear Forces" at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• 1943-1994 Professor, Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Moscow University. For 50 years he led a theoretical seminar and from 1961 to 1994 - a gravitational seminar of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Physics Department of Moscow State University.
• 1944: At the time of preparation for the election of the Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, he takes the side of the conservative majority of the Academic Council and the dean of the faculty A. S. Predvoditelev. In his speech at a meeting of the Academic Council, he points out a number of errors in the works of I. E. Tamm. This is one of the important reasons why A. A. Vlasov receives 24 votes against 5 votes of I. E. Tamm
• 1944-1948 Head of the Department of Physics, Moscow Agricultural Academy. K. A. Timiryazev. He organized a biophysical laboratory, where he supervised the work on the use of atomic science and technology in biology and agriculture. Dismissed from the Academy after the August session of VASKhNIL 1948.
• 1945, April - August. He was in the ranks of the Soviet Army in Germany.
• 1950 The Stalin Prize was awarded for work on the theory of the "luminous" electron and on modern problems of electrodynamics, set out in the monograph Classical Field Theory, published in 1949 (together with A. A. Sokolov and I. Ya. Pomeranchuk).
• 1950-1963 Senior research fellow at the Institute of Theory of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• 1961 Initiator of the 1st Gravity Conference in Moscow. Organizer of the Soviet Gravity Commission.
• 1959-1975 Member of the International Gravity Committee.
• 1980 Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for merits in the development of science and the training of highly qualified personnel.
• 1994, December 19. Honorary title "Honoured Professor of Moscow University" was awarded.
• 1994, December 30. Died in Moscow. He was buried at the Kuntsevo cemetery.

Students

1. V. I. Mamasakhlisov
2. M. M. Mirianashvili
3. A. M. Brodsky
4. N. Guliyev
5. D. F. Kurdgelaidze
6. V. V. Rachinsky
7. V. I. Rodichev
8. N. V. Mitskevich
9. V. N. Ponomarev
10. P. I. Pronin
11. G. A. Sardanashvili

Awards

• Stalin Prize (1950) - for the development of the theory of synchrotron radiation
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1980)
• Honored Professor of Moscow University (1994)

Other

• Member of the editorial board of the journal Izvestiya vuzov. Physics"
• Member of the editorial board of the Nuovo Cimento magazine
• Member of the Russian Physical Society (1990-1994)
• Honorary Member of the International Slavic Academy of Sciences, Education, Arts and Culture (1994)

-- [ Page 1 ] --

D.D. Ivanenko. encyclopedic reference

Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko (1904–1994) is one of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century,

Professor of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Physical

Faculty of Moscow State University. His name is forever

entered the history of world science primarily as the author of the proton-neutron model

atomic nucleus (1932), the first model of nuclear forces (together with I.E. Tamm, 1934) and

predictions of synchrotron radiation (together with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, 1944). In 1929 D.D.

Ivanenko and V.A. Fok described the motion of fermions in a gravitational field (Fock-Ivanenko coefficients).

D. Ivanenko, P. Dirac and W. Heisenberg (Berlin, 1958) D.D. Ivanenko made fundamental contributions to many branches of nuclear physics, field theory, and gravitational theory: the Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation for fermions in terms of antisymmetric tensors (1928), the Ambartsumian–Ivanenko hypothesis for the production of massive particles (1930), the first shell model Ivanenko-Gapon kernels (1932), calculations of the cascade theory of cosmic showers (together with A.A. Sokolov, 1938), nonlinear generalization of the Dirac equation (1938), classical theory of synchrotron radiation (together with A.A. Sokolov, 1948 - 50), the theory of hypernuclei (together with N.N.

Kolesnikov, 1956), the hypothesis of quark stars (together with D.F. Kurdgelaidze, 1965), models of gravity with torsion, gauge theory of gravity (together with G.A.

Sardanashvili, 1983).

D.D. Ivanenko has published more than 300 scientific papers. His joint with A.A. Sokolov's monograph “Classical Field Theory” (1949) was the first book on modern field theory, in which, for the first time in the monographic literature, the mathematical apparatus of generalized functions was presented. Edited by D.D. Ivanenko published 27 monographs and collections of articles by leading foreign scientists, which played an exceptional role in the development of domestic science.

D.D. Ivanenko was the initiator and one of the organizers of the 1st Soviet Theoretical Conference (1930), the 1st Soviet Nuclear Conference (1933) and the 1st Soviet Gravitational Conference (1961), the initiator and one from the founders of the country's first scientific journal "Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion" in foreign languages ​​(1931). Scientific seminar D.D. Ivanenko at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which operated for almost 50 years, became one of the centers of world theoretical physics.

As a kind of recognition of the scientific merits of D.D. Ivanenko, six Nobel laureates left their famous sayings on the walls of his office at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University:

A physical law must have mathematical beauty (P. Dirac, 1956) Nature in its essence is simple (H. Yukawa, 1959) Opposites are not contradictions, but complement each other (N. Bohr, 1961) Time precedes everything that exists (I. Prigogine, 1987) Physics is an experimental science (S. Ting, 1988) Nature is self-consistent in its complexity (M. Gell-Mann, 2007) This publication presents a scientific biography of D.D. Ivanenko. More complete information about it can be found at http:/webcenter.ru/~sardan/ivanenko.html.

In Soviet times, it was officially considered that only academicians were worthy of history among scientists. Therefore, until now, about D.D. Ivanenko, in addition to several anniversary articles, nothing has been published. Of the literature on the history of Russian physics, the most verified and objective (as far as it was possible under the conditions of state and academic censorship) is the biographical guide: Yu.A. Khramov, Physicists (Moscow, Nauka, 1983). As a result of such censorship, among Soviet physicists, with the rarest exception, only academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Republican Academies of Sciences are present. The reference book has an article about D.D. Ivanenko and he is mentioned in articles:

"Ambartsumyan V.A.", "Heisenberg V.", "Pomeranchuk I.Ya.", "Tamm I.E.", "Fok V.A.", "Yukawa X".

Contents* Scientific biography Genius style First works (Gamow - Ivanenko - Landau) Fock - Ivanenko coefficients Model of the nucleus (who and how was wrong) Nuclear forces Nuclear 30s and 50s Synchrotron radiation Ivanenko's scientific seminar Ivanenko's gravitational school in 60-80- f List of scientific publications of D.D. Ivanenko Application. Chronicle of the life of D.D. Ivanenko *Website about D.D. Ivanenko: http://webcenter.ru/~sardan/ivanenko.html Scientific biography Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko was born on July 29, 1904 in Poltava. In 1920 he graduated from the gymnasium in Poltava, where he received the nickname "Professor". In 1920 - 23 years. - a physics teacher at school, at the same time studied and graduated from the Poltava Pedagogical Institute and entered Kharkov University, while working at the Poltava Astronomical Laboratory. In 1923 - 27 years. - student of Leningrad University, simultaneously working at the State Optical Institute. From 1927 to 1930 he was a post-graduate student and then an employee of the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1929 - 31 years. - head. theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UFTI) in Kharkov (at that time the capital of Ukraine), head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Mechanical Engineering Institute, Professor of Kharkov University. From 1931 to 1935 - senior researcher at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI) and from 1933 - head. Department of Physics, Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. M.V. Pokrovsky. February 28, 1935 D.D. Ivanenko was arrested, sentenced by the decision of the OSO of the NKVD for 3 years and sent as a “socially dangerous element” to the Karaganda labor camp, but a year later the camp was replaced by exile to Tomsk (Y.I. Frenkel, S.I. Vavilov, A. F. Ioffe, and rehabilitated him only in 1989). In 1936 - 39 years. D.D. Ivanenko is a senior researcher at the Tomsk Institute of Physics and Technology, Professor and Head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Tomsk University. In 1939 - 43 years. - head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Sverdlovsk University and in 1940 - 41. head Department of Theoretical Physics, Kyiv University.

From 1943 until the end of D.D. Ivanenko - Professor of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (first part-time), in 1944 - 48. head Department of Physics Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, and in 1949 - 63 years. part-time senior researcher at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

For the first time, Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko joined the “club” of great physicists in May 1932 (he was 27 years old), publishing an article in Nature in which, based on the analysis of experimental data, he suggested that the nucleus consists only of protons and neutrons, and the neutron is elementary particle with spin 1/2, which eliminated the so-called “nitrogen catastrophe”. A few weeks later, W. Heisenberg also published an article on the proton-neutron model of the nucleus, referring to the work of D.D. Ivanenko in Nature.

It should be noted that before that, the proton-electron model of the atomic nucleus dominated, in which, according to the Bohr hypothesis, the electron “loses its individuality” - its spin, and the energy conservation law is only statistically satisfied. However, back in 1930 D.D.

Ivanenko and V.A. Ambartsumyan suggested that the electron is born during -decay.

A kind of recognition of the scientific merit of D.D. Ivanenko was the participation of a number of outstanding physicists (P.A.M. Dirac, W. Weiskopf, F. Perrin, F. Razetti, F. Joliot-Curie, etc.) in the 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference in Leningrad in 1933. , the initiator and one of the main organizers of which was D.D. Ivanenko (along with A.F. Ioffe and I.V. Kurchatov).

In fact, it was the first international nuclear conference after the discovery of the neutron, two months ahead of the 7th Solvay Congress in Brussels.

The proton-neutron model of the nucleus raised the question of nuclear forces in a new way, which could not be electromagnetic. In 1934 D.D. Ivanenko and I.E. Tamm proposed a model of nuclear forces by exchanging particles - an electron-antineutrino pair. Although calculations showed that such forces are 14-15 orders of magnitude smaller than those required in the nucleus, this model became the starting point for the theory of mesonic nuclear forces by Yukawa, who referred to the work of Tamm - Ivanenko. It is noteworthy that the Tamm-Ivanenko model of nuclear forces is considered so important that some encyclopedias erroneously state that I.E. Tamm (and, consequently, D.D. Ivanenko) received the Nobel Prize precisely for nuclear forces, and not for the Cherenkov effect.

Another “Nobel” achievement of D.D. Ivanenko became in 1944 the prediction of synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic electrons (together with I.Ya.

Pomeranchuk). This prediction immediately attracted attention, since the synchrotron radiation set a hard limit (about 500 MeV) for the operation of the betatron. Therefore, the design and construction of betatrons was discontinued and, as a result, they switched to a new type of accelerator - the synchrotron. The first indirect confirmation of synchrotron radiation (by decreasing the radius of the electron orbit) was obtained by D. Bluitt at the 100 MeV betatron in 1946, and in 1947 the synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons in the synchrotron was first visually observed in the laboratory of G. Pollack. The unique characteristics of synchrotron radiation (intensity, spatial distribution, spectrum, polarization) have led to its wide scientific and technical application from astrophysics to medicine, and the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University has become one of the world's centers for synchrotron radiation research. Although synchrotron radiation is a “100%” Nobel effect, its authors were never awarded the Nobel Prize: first because of disputes between its American discoverers, and then because of the death of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk in 1966

D.D. Ivanenko made a fundamental contribution to the development of many branches of nuclear physics, field theory and the theory of gravity. His and V.A. Ambartsumyan's idea of ​​the birth of elementary particles formed the basis of modern quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.

D.D. Ivanenko and E.N. Gapon began to develop the shell model of the atomic nucleus. He, together with A.A. Sokolov calculated the cascade theory of cosmic showers. Together with him, he also developed the classical theory of synchrotron radiation (Stalin Prize in 1950.

together with A.A. Sokolov and I.Ya. Pomeranchuk). Together with V.A. Fock built the Dirac equation in a gravitational field (the famous Fock-Ivanenko coefficients), which became one of the foundations of the modern theory of gravity and, in fact, the first gauge theory, moreover, with spontaneous symmetry breaking. He constructed a non-linear generalization of the Dirac equation, which formed the basis of the non-linear field theory, which was developed in parallel by Heisenberg in the 1950s. He developed the tetrad theory of gravity (together with V.I. Rodichev) and the generalized theory of gravity with a torsion field (together with V.N.

Ponomarev, Yu.N. Obukhov, P.I. Pronin). Developed a gauge theory of gravity as a Higgs field (together with G.A. Sardanashvili) .

A characteristic feature of the scientific style of Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko was his amazing susceptibility to new, sometimes "crazy", but always mathematically verified ideas. In this regard, we should recall the first work of D.D. Ivanenko with G.A. Gamov on the 5th measure (1926);

theory of spinors as antisymmetric tensor fields (together with L.D.

Landau, 1928), now known as the Landau-Kähler theory;

the theory of discrete space-time Ivanenko - Ambartsumyan (1930);

the theory of hypernuclei (together with N.N. Kolesnikov, 1956);

the hypothesis of quark stars (together with D.F. Kurdgelaidze, Moscow). All these works have not lost their relevance and continue to be cited.

D.D.Ivanenko published more than 300 scientific papers. Published in 1949 (republished with additions in 1951 and translated into a number of languages), D.D. Ivanenko and A.A. Sokolov "Classical field theory" was the first modern textbook on field theory.

As noted, in 1944-48. D.D. Ivanenko was the head of the Department of Physics at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and the initiator of the first biophysical research in our country with isotope tracers (the method of tagged atoms), but was fired after the defeat of genetics at the infamous session of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948.

Another characteristic feature of the scientific thinking of D.D. Ivanenko was conceptual.

Since the 1950s, all his research has to some extent followed the idea of ​​unifying the fundamental interactions of elementary particles, gravity and cosmology. This is a unified nonlinear spinor theory (developed in parallel by Heisenberg), a theory of gravity with a cosmological term responsible for vacuum characteristics, generalized and gauge theories of gravity, and many other works.

Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko made an enormous contribution to the development of Russian theoretical physics. Back in Kharkov, he was the initiator and one of the organizers of the 1st All-Union Theoretical Conference and one of the founders of the country's first scientific journal "Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion" in foreign languages.

The famous order of A.F. Ioffe No. 64 dated 12/15/1932 on the creation at the LPTI of a “special core group”, which included A.F. Ioffe (head), I.V. Kurchatov (deputy), as well as D.D. Ivanenko and 7 other people laid the foundation for the organization of Soviet nuclear physics.

One of the points of this order D.D. Ivanenko was appointed responsible for the work of the scientific seminar. This seminar and the already mentioned 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference involved a number of well-known physicists in nuclear research (I.V. Kurchatov himself, Ya.I. Frenkel, I.E. Tamm, Yu.B. Khariton, and others). It was not without his participation in Leningrad (LFTI, State Radium Institute) and Kharkov (UFTI) that two powerful nuclear research centers arose, with which the Moscow FIAN later began to compete under the leadership of S.I. Vavilov.

Arrest, exile and war dragged out D.D. for almost ten years. Ivanenko from active scientific organizational life. In 1961, on the initiative and with the most active participation of D.D. Ivanenko, the 1st All-Union Gravity Conference was held (the issue was decided at the level of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and the conference was delayed for a year due to the objections of V.A. Fock, who considered it “premature”). Subsequently, these conferences became regular and were held under the auspices of D.D. Ivanenko of the Soviet Gravity Commission (formally, the gravity section of the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education). D.D. Ivanenko was also among the founders of the International Gravity Society and the leading international journal on gravity, General Relativity and Gravitation.

Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko was the initiator of the publication and editor of a number of translated books and collections of the most relevant works of foreign scientists. For example, the books by P.A. Dirac “Principles of Quantum Mechanics”, A. Sommerfeld “Quantum Mechanics”, A. Eddington “Theory of Relativity”, as well as collections “Principle of Relativity. G.A. Lorentz, A. Poincaré, A. Einstein, G.

Minkowski” (1935), “The latest development of quantum electrodynamics” (1954), “Elementary particles and compensating fields” (1964), “Gravitation and topology.

Actual Problems” (1966), “Group Theory and Elementary Particles” (1967), “Quantum Gravity and Topology” (1973). Under the conditions of a certain inaccessibility of foreign scientific literature, these publications gave impetus to entire areas of domestic theoretical physics, for example, gauge theory (A.M. Brodsky, G.A. Sokolik, N.P.

Konoplev, B.N. Frolov).

A kind of scientific school D.D. Ivanenko was his famous theoretical seminar, which was held at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University for 50 years. It was held on Mondays, and since the late 50s also on Thursdays. Nobel laureates P. Dirac, H. Yukava, Niels and Aage Bohr, J. Schwinger, A. Salam, I. Prigozhin, as well as other well-known foreign and domestic scientists spoke at it. One of the first secretaries of the seminar was A.A. Samara, since 1960 for 12 years - Yu.S. Vladimirov, since 1973

almost 10 years - G.A. Sardanashvili, and in the 80s - P.I. Pronin and Yu.N. Obukhov. The workshop always began with a review of the latest literature, including numerous preprints received by D.D. Ivanenko from CERN, Trieste, DESI and other world scientific centers.

Distinctive features of the seminar D.D. Ivanenko were: firstly, a wide range of problems discussed (from the theory of gravity to experiments in elementary particle physics), and secondly, the democratic nature of the discussion as a result of the democratic style of scientific communication of D.D. Ivanenko. It was natural to argue with him, to disagree, to justifiably defend one's point of view. Through a seminar by D.D. Ivanenko passed through several generations of domestic theoretical physicists from many regions and republics of our country.

It has become a kind of center, as they say now, of a network system of organization of science, in contrast to the hierarchical Academy of Sciences.

In 2004, Moscow State University celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Ivanenko by establishing a scholarship named after D.D. Ivanenko for students of the Faculty of Physics.

The style of a genius I, Sardanashvili Gennady Alexandrovich, can consider myself one of the closest students and collaborators of D.D. Ivanenko, although the "teacher-student" relationship in the Ivanenko group was radically different in freedom and equality from most scientific groups and schools, such as Landau or Bogolyubov. I was a student, graduate student and collaborator of D.D.

Ivanenko for 25 years from 1969 until his death in 1994. For 15 years (from 1973 to 1988) I was the secretary, and then the curator of the secretaries of his scientific seminars, communicating with him almost daily almost daily hours. Therefore, my opinion about D.D. Ivanenko, although subjectively, but quite competently. In my time, everyone called him "D.D." behind his back. Already in the 70s, with all the "ambiguity" of attitude towards him, he was a kind of "attraction" of both the physics department and Soviet science in general - "the same Ivanenko, famous and terrible." It made a strong impression when, in a discussion or conversation, he, as if talking about something ordinary and everyday, began to sprinkle great names - it seemed that the whole world science was standing with him at the blackboard.

Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko is rightfully included in the "club" of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century.

He joined this "club" immediately, with his first works, ambitious and aggressive:

Fock-Ivanenko coefficients at 24 years old, Ambartsumyan-Ivanenko's idea of ​​particle birth at 26 years old, nuclear model at 28 years old, nuclear forces at 30 years old. He later recalled: "At that time, walking along the Neva embankment, I told myself that I was the first theoretician in the world. That was my conviction." His mentality as a scientist was undoubtedly influenced by the success of A.A. Friedman in a polemic with Einstein, who showed that there are no absolute authorities in science.

D.D. Ivanenko did not equate himself with the "titans": Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac. Although, in terms of its significance for the development of science, his model of the nucleus is comparable to Rutherford's model of the atom, and synchrotron radiation is a “100%” Nobel effect.

The Fock-Ivanenko coefficients of parallel transfer of spinors are one of the foundations of the modern theory of gravity, the first example of a gauge theory, moreover, with spontaneous symmetry breaking. The idea of ​​Ivanenko-Ambartsumyan about the birth of massive particles, which was later realized in the model of the nucleus, in the discovery of the birth and annihilation of electrons and positrons in cosmic radiation, in the model of nuclear forces, is the cornerstone of modern quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.

The Tamm-Ivanenko model of nuclear forces not only served as a prelude to Yukawa's meson theory, but also set a general method for describing fundamental interactions in modern quantum field theory through particle exchange.

Unlike Landau, D.D. he was not fond of "classification", but considered himself equal to the main Soviet academic theorists Landau, Fock, Tamm. He knew them very well both personally and scientifically. D.D. always respectfully, but somehow distantly spoke about N.N. Bogolyubov, considering him more of a mathematician than a theoretician. He also respectfully treated, for example, D.V.

Skobeltsyn, S.N. Vernov, D.I. Blokhintsev, M.A. Markov, G.T. Zatsepin, A.A. Logunov, who took up gravity, and somehow especially warm to G.N. Flerov. D.D. sharply spoke about M.A. Leontovich (“you see, academician”) and V.L. Ginzburg. From domestic gravitationalists D.D. especially singled out V.A. Fock and A.Z. Petrov, but more like mathematicians. Long-term friendly relations connected D.D. with the greatest Soviet mathematician I.M. Vinogradov ("uncle Vanya"), director of the Institute of Mathematics ("glassworks").

What line will Landau, Fock, Tamm, Ivanenko remain in the history of world science in a couple of hundred years? Landau is Landau's theory of superfluidity, the Ginzburg-Landau equation, Landau's diamagnetism, the Landau-Lifshitz equation. Fock - Fock space and representation, Fock - Ivanenko coefficients. Tamm - Tamm - Ivanenko nuclear forces, Vavilov - Cherenkov radiation. Ivanenko is a proton-neutron model of the nucleus, Fock-Ivanenko coefficients, Tamm-Ivanenko nuclear forces, Ivanenko-Pomeranchuk synchrotron radiation. The names of Landau, Fock, Tamm - in university special courses, Ivanenko's portrait - in a school textbook on physics.

In science D.D. attracted multifaceted, multivariate tasks - "tangles of problems", the solution of which involved a comparison of a number of non-trivial factors. Pioneer work by D.D. Ivanenko on the model of the nucleus, the theory of nuclear forces and synchrotron radiation are a brilliant example of solving just such problems. It is noteworthy that D.D. could not hide his irritation if it was about the well-known course “Theoretical Physics” by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz. He considered it a collection of scientific platitudes and therefore harmful even to students.

Ivanenko's scientific thinking was systematic and purposeful. He withstood prolonged intellectual stress, was able to master the entire problem as a whole, did not seek to "simplify" it, as Landau did, but clearly singled out the main thing. Although the performances of D.D.

abounded with extensive comments and additions (which sometimes drove listeners to exhaustion), he never lost the thread of thought.

And most importantly, D.D. was generous with good ideas. In fact, almost the entire gigantic contribution of D.D. Ivanenko to world science is three brilliant ideas in terms of simplicity and competence.

(1) A neutron is an elementary particle, like a proton, and a beta electron is born.

(2) Interaction can be carried out by the exchange of not only photons, but also massive particles.

(3) During the discussion at the seminar of the abstract report on the work of the betatron launched by D. Kerst, D.D. Ivanenko just asked I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, who had previously published an article on cosmic ray particles in a magnetic field: could radiation in a magnetic field affect the process of electron acceleration in a betatron? The rest was, as they say, a matter of technique.

Of course D.D. was a complex person. His most implacable enemy L.D. He acquired Landau because of an act that is difficult to justify, and "nothing scientific, only personal." In 1939, the 4th Soviet Nuclear Conference was held in Kharkov. D.D. Ivanenko participated in it, having arrived from Sverdlovsk, where he continued to serve his exile. L.D. Landau had been released from prison by that time, but did not attend the conference. As D.D.

Ivanenko, everyone vividly discussed why Landau was not there. And then he said, "I'll call him." The next day, L.D. Landau received an unsigned telegram from Kharkov: "Kora fell ill again, we are amazed at your heartlessness." He decided that this was a telegram from the parents of Kora, his future wife, with whom he already had a long relationship, but he did not force them, having left Kharkov for Moscow in 1937. Landau arrived in Kharkov, as promised by D.D. Ivanenko. D.D. recalled: “It was in the spirit of“ jazz bands ”, and he was offended that he was put in a stupid position, instead of laughing and, conversely, reconciling. In his place, I would have done the same. At first, he even decided to sue, took revenge all his life - some kind of nonsense. "At the same time, D.D. maintained quite even personal and scientific relations with many great scientists. Somehow, in response to Landau's reproach, M.P. .Bronstein replied: "It's interesting with Demus."

D.D. It was a happy childhood, which developed in him a sense of freedom and dignity. Inner freedom was its essence. It was in conflict with the total "non-freedom" of Soviet society. The outlet was science. In science, he always did only what he wanted.

By the nature of their activities, the parents of D.D. were public figures. The desire for publicity was also inherent in Ivanenko. He liked to speak in front of an audience, to impress. D.D. He said that by nature he was a school teacher. He loved to tell, to inform. His mother was a teacher, and he himself started as a school teacher. In addition to his famous scientific seminars at the Physics Department of Moscow State University, Ivanenko led a circle of theoretical physics for undergraduate students for many years. A feature of the circle was that the students were told about the most front-line problems, and he involved many of them in theoretical physics. D.D. often gave popular science lectures, including at the Polytechnic Museum;

they were exciting and attracted a large audience, sometimes with a stampede and glass breaking.

Maternal D.D. inherited Greek and Turkish "blood" (when in 1910 or the year the famous aviator S.I. Utochkin came to Poltava with demonstration flights, Lidia Nikolaevna, to the horror of her relatives, could not resist the temptation to fly on an airplane).

D.D. he could not calculate his actions, the reaction of other people to them. He was seized with anticipation, he was possessed by the courage of "how great it would be if ..." to send the famous telegram to Gessen, play a trick on Landau, write his opinion across the wall newspaper (having barely got out of prison) or arrange the first all-Union conference on gravitation. At international conferences, he liked to speak for the sake of effect in several languages, moving from one to another. However, his surviving friendly letters to Zhenya Kanegisser in the summer of 1927 from Poltava also abound in phrases in German, English, and French.

D.D. always reacted to the presence of a pretty woman in the audience, and in this case he spoke with special brilliance. Answering the question of what caused the break in relations with Landau, he laughingly recalled that Gamov graduated from the university before anyone else from the "jazz bands" and began teaching at the Medical Institute. There he and D.D. met some of the students. They did not take Landau into the company, and he was offended.

D.D. was a brave and even adventurous person both in life and in science. He fundamentally believed that one should always fight back, and therefore sometimes got involved in a conflict with "small" people. Adored as a child by his parents and numerous relatives, D.D.

was unpretentious in everyday life, but very ambitious and often did not "feel" other people, and they considered him unceremonious, offended. However, in science, he always proceeded from the "presumption of respect." His scientific seminars were famous for their "democratism". At the same time, in the scientific discussion, he did not shade himself in front of anyone. Landau threatened to bring his entire "school" to D.D. in FIAN and disrupt it. D.D. it only irritated;

he was not afraid of Landau. Landau did not come. At the International Jubilee Conference dedicated to the 400th anniversary of Galileo in 1964 in Italy, at its philosophical symposium in Pisa, he clashed with "Feynman himself."

A lot of D.D. they didn’t like him, explaining this by his character, actions and other “negativity”. There is some truth in this. In organizational matters, he always stubbornly bent his line, which spoiled relations with people. However, Ivanenko died a long time ago, and they continue to "kick" him maniacally. It seems to me that the underlying reason for such an attitude towards D.D.

there was a kind of psychological discomfort, an unconscious irritation of unfree people who in some way infringed on themselves in relation to a free person who "pricks the eyes."

He did not join the CPSU despite the insistence of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S.I. Vavilov, who had "organizational views" on him. He categorically refused to participate in the nuclear program, although his business trip to Germany in 1945 was connected with it and A.P. "persuaded" him.

Zavenyagin, Deputy Minister of the Interior and the actual head of the nuclear project of the USSR. I also note that D.D. never participated in subbotniks, political studies and other events of this kind. His official marriage in 1972 to a woman 37 years younger (before that they had lived together for 3 years) was an unheard-of scandal at that time, a challenge to "public" morality.

Soviet times were harsh not only politically. Like the whole system, Soviet science was strictly hierarchical, and the struggle for scientific survival was administratively tough.

The first conflict arose in 1932, when Gamow and Landau tried to organize "for themselves", including Bronstein and Ambartsumian from the "jazz bands", but excluding Ivanenko, the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Then in 1935 - the arrest, camp and exile of Ivanenko. Trying to return from exile in the late 30s, D.D. Found that the "places" are already taken. I.E. Tamm persistently pushed D.D. to the periphery, to Kyiv. I managed to "hook" on Moscow State University, which was evacuated in Sverdlovsk. In Moscow, the struggle continued. After the well-known session of VASKhNIL, Ivanenko was expelled from the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. At Moscow State University, he managed to stay largely thanks to the support in the Science Department of the Central Committee, which, however, had to be "worked out."

Unlike Landau, Gamow, Frenkel, and others, in the 1920s and 1930s, D.D. Ivanenko was "restricted to travel abroad", which significantly limited the possibilities of his scientific communication with the world's leading physicists and their support. He was released abroad in the 50s. However, even then, many of his business trips were disrupted literally on the eve of his departure. Often opposed "academicians". There were cases when V.A. Fok and I.E. Tamm put the question point-blank: "Either I, or Ivanenko," which is not surprising, since foreigners are often exactly D.D. taken for the head of the Soviet delegation. D.D. never released with his wife to Western countries.

For the first time they went together only in 1992 to Italy to A. Salam. D.D. joked that if you need to get to know the country in a few minutes, just go to a public toilet.

All my life D.D. naively believed that the greater his scientific successes, the greater his services to society, which will be appreciated. Everything was the opposite. In a hierarchical system, someone's success is a real threat to others. As you know, many theoretical academicians of the 1940s and 1960s became Academicians and Heroes not for theoretical, but for defense work.

The "outcast" Ivanenko, with his scientific freedom and success, again "pricked" their eyes. They stated that D.D. not a scientist, does not “count” anything, but only “talks”. Undoubted international recognition, on the one hand, and "non-quoting" within the country became D.D.

certain phobia. He could be understood. It reached the point of absurdity when, in order not to name Ivanenko, they did not mention Heisenberg either, but wrote that "scientists in different countries proposed a proton-neutron model of the nucleus." However, Ivanenko himself was sometimes deliberately "inaccurate" in his references.

Relations D.D. with the "academicians" they finally went wrong by the mid-50s. First of all, this was due to the organizational struggle for the physics department of Moscow State University - the main and only physical university in the country that remained outside the influence of the Academy of Sciences. D.D. did not hesitate to tell how he failed the election of I.E. Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics. And these were not just intrigues and gangsterism, this was the position of the Central Committee.

It came to a loud scandal. In the end, the academicians were given a couple of departments, but the physics department remained independent of the Academy. In addition, by the end of the 1950s, Landau, Fock, Tamm, as well as many of their students and employees, had already received "everything" by Soviet standards, while Ivanenko received nothing. I had to somehow convince myself and others that this was fair, that Ivanenko was "no one", or even worse. However, neither at seminars, nor even in a narrow circle of D.D. he did not "defame" his enemies, although he gave his own assessment of a particular situation.

Swearing epithets were generally absent from his public lexicon. However, they joked that Ivanenko was not elected to the Academy only because then he would not let anyone say a word there. There was some truth in this. Unlike the Department of General Physics of the Academy of Sciences, D.D. there were quite "loyal" and respectful relations with many of the Department of Nuclear Physics.

However, D.D. in his mentality he was neither a "team player" nor a "loner";

he was the "leader". Very lively and active, he often by his very presence, unwittingly, dominated. Somehow D.D. was present at the conversation of the rector of Moscow University (in 1951 - 73) I.G. Petrovsky with the newly made "honorary doctor" of Moscow State University. Petrovsky had just mastered English and at some point hesitated. D.D. came to his aid, and then the conversation went on with Ivanenko. Petrovsky did not invite him to such events anymore. In 1964, at the International Jubilee Conference dedicated to the 400th anniversary of Galileo, in Italy, after one of the meetings, Ivanenko was sitting in a cafe with P. Dirac and his wife. A correspondent approached them and began to interview Dirac. Dirac, in his manner, delayed his answer, and Ivanenko began to speak instead. At the end of the conversation, a somewhat irritated Mrs. Dirac pointed out to the correspondent that the interview was not with Dirac, but with Ivanenko, and it should be published that way.

Like most scientists in the USSR, D.D. wanted to become an academician, although he did not "complex" that this did not work out. In the rigid hierarchical system of Soviet science, this title provided colossal organizational advantages: secretaries, staff positions, publications, business trips, for example, with his wife. Academicians were included in the nomenclature of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The material support of an academician (money, apartments, treatment, sanatoriums, rations, etc.) was also incomparable in comparison with a "simple" professor. In addition, the title of academician (as well as the highest state awards: the Order of Lenin and the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor) was a recognition of the special merits of a scientist (but not only scientific ones) to the authorities. The Soviet government did not see D.D. such merit. D.D. considered himself one of the pioneers of nuclear physics in the USSR. Through the nuclear seminar, which he led at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, many scientists came to nuclear physics, including I.V. Kurchatov and Yu.B. Khariton. The enthusiasm was such that A.F. Ioffe, as the director, was reprimanded for a bias in the subject of the institute. Specialists appeared in the country who were able to understand and repeat the American atomic bomb. D.D. was offended that the country did not pay him for it. Only in connection with the anniversary of Moscow State University in 1980 was he awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (a second-level award). Twice, in 1974 and 1984, documents were submitted for conferring on him the “Honorary Title of Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR” (a lower honorary title, which, however, gave some pension benefits), and both times they were rejected at the level of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU. For the Soviet government, officials and party functionaries D.D. although he was quite loyal, but, as they say now, "non-systemic." At the same time, D.D. was a good organizer and knew how to deal with the "high authorities". Strikingly, he managed to captivate this "boss". He was the initiator and organizer of a number of conferences, including the first All-Union Nuclear Conference in 1933 in Leningrad. At the same time, he developed a very close relationship with S.M. Kirov, the first secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus - it was necessary to find cars for meeting foreign delegates, provide for hotel accommodation, meals (cards were still valid in the country), etc.

During the organization in the 30s of the publication of the "Physical Journal of the Soviet Union" in foreign languages, he met with N.I. Bukharin, also a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, head of the research sector of the USSR Supreme Economic Council. In the 1950s and 1980s, D.D. Ivanenko constantly “was a member” of the Department of Science of the Central Committee, of the State. Committee on Science and Technology, to the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education. However, as already noted, in the organizational affairs of D.D.

very much on everyone, including the highest authorities, "pressed", apparently, sincerely believing that what is "good for Ivanenko" is good for Soviet science.

D.D. also did not "complex" that he did not receive the Nobel Prize. I did not hear him talk about the Nobel Prize for the nuclear model, although I considered this result more than a Nobel. He was amused that some foreign encyclopedias erroneously stated that Tamm, and therefore Ivanenko, had received the Nobel Prize for nuclear forces. He admitted that their model is a good "goal serve", but it was Yukawa who "scored the goal". Undoubtedly, synchrotron radiation is a “100%” Nobel effect, but its authors were never awarded the Nobel Prize: first because of disputes between its American discoverers, harsh opposition from the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then because of the death of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk in 1966. There was one more (fourth!) opportunity for D.D. to receive a Nobel. He told the following about it: “I predicted artificial electronic radioactivity (after the discovery of positron), but Kurchatov, who was at the head of the laboratory, did not want to check it. And suddenly the number “Ricerca Sientifica” comes from Italy, where Fermi reports the discovery. With Kurchatov there was an unpleasant explanation. Since then, our paths have diverged." True, they crossed again in 1945 in connection with the nuclear project and in 1946 with the creation of a biophysical laboratory at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.

D.D. maintained close scientific contacts with many foreign scientists. Of the world's "grands" these are Dirac, Heisenberg (like D.D., who developed the nonlinear spinor theory in the 50s), Louis de Broglie, Yukawa, Prigogine. D.D.'s relations were very friendly. with A.Salam. Even before receiving the Nobel Prize, Salam came to Moscow and spoke at Ivanenko's seminar, and then they said about him that he "hit on goal a lot, but hit the post." Extensive correspondence D.D. with many prominent nuclear scientists, gravitationists, "synchrotron scientists", including Pollock, one of the discoverers of synchrotron radiation.

Some tend to see D.D. and "academicians" anti-Semitic background.

Anti-Semitism was an unspoken official policy in the country, and at Moscow State University, and in Dubna. Was D.D. an anti-Semite? It was not with his pedigree that he could boast of any national exclusivity. At the everyday, ideological, scientific levels, in interpersonal relations, nothing of the kind was noticed. However, there was a tough organizational struggle.

Landau's thesis was well known: "Only a Jew can be a theoretical physicist." For the hierarchical Soviet society, it was typical that "every man for himself and all against one": A.F. Ioffe against D.S. Rozhdestvensky, and then "ate" him himself;

Moscow FIAN vs. Leningrad Fiztekh;

outstanding Soviet mathematicians - students of N.N.

Luzin against his teacher, etc. D.D. was also at the epicenter of such a struggle for the physics department of Moscow State University.

Moreover, in the Soviet tradition, it was necessary to give any business a political coloring and "signal". D.D. Ivanenko signaled directly to the Department of Science of the Central Committee. D.D. often ironically that in order to "rebuff" the ordinary, without awards and ranks, Professor Ivanenko, the signatures of the group of 5, 10 and once even 14 academicians were necessarily collected.

D.D. he did not engage in scientific platitudes, and even "enemies" admitted that it was interesting to communicate with him as a scientist. His scientific seminar was very popular for almost half a century and actually became the center of his broad scientific school. He was famous for his democratism, sharpness, but also respectfulness of the discussion. On its basis, a kind of network of scientific groups was formed in many cities of the country, united by scientific rather than administrative interests. A kind of scientific school of Ivanenko were also almost translated collections and monographs of leading foreign scientists under his editorship, many of them with large introductory review articles. They gave impetus to entire areas of Russian theoretical physics. D.D. Ivanenko was perhaps the most erudite among Russian physicists. Not without reason, in 1949, S.I. Vavilov invited him to the Main Editorial Board of the 2nd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, but D.D. was non-partisan and was not approved.

Although D.D. Ivanenko was not at all a “loner scientist”, he did not create a scientific school in the usual sense, a school of “students”. Contrary to popular belief, A.A. Sokolov was not a student of D.D. When they met in Tomsk in 1936, Sokolov had already become a candidate of sciences, and their scientific tandem from the very beginning was equal and complementary.D.D. himself blamed the fact that he never had a sufficient "administrative resource", although he always made a lot of efforts to accommodate his people , arranged rates, registrations, publications, etc. But the matter was different.If a graduate student or a young employee of D.D. was fond of something, D.D. to him, and then the "teacher-student" relationship between them turned over. Released to such a will, his students became independent scientists very early. But this is what allowed D.D. to create in the 60s - 80s post-Einstein scientists around the country and generalized theories of gravity. Its center was Ivanenko's seminar.

I worked closely with D.D. over 20 years. Before his illness in 1985, we discussed science for hours almost every day, if not at the university, then on the phone (fortunately, D.D. was a "night owl", and I also went to bed after midnight, although I got up early). We have published 21 collaborations, including 3 books and a review in Physics Reports. Another large book of ours (co-authored with Yu.N. Obukhov) was handed over to the Vysshaya Shkola publishing house, proofreading came, but 1991 came and it was never published. A heavily abridged version of this book was published in 1996, the first volume of my 4-volume "Modern Methods of Field Theory". Even earlier, in 1987, me and D.D. Ivanenko submitted a book on algebraic quantum theory to the Moscow State University Publishing House, but D.D. he himself suspended its publication in order to make way for a book with P.I. Pronin on the theory of gravity with torsion. As a result, neither one nor the other came out, but then I used the ready-made material for the 3rd volume "Modern Methods of Field Theory. Algebraic Quantum Theory" (1999). Thus, I can competently testify that D.D. was a high-level scientist. In those years, he was over seventy, and indeed he himself no longer "calculated", but he fully understood and specifically discussed the calculations of others.

He was very variable and mastered new material well, including modern mathematical apparatus. My discussions with him were fruitful, and he was a full contributor. D.D. considered himself an intuitionist, a kind of "paratrooper": the work is done and forward. At the same time, he wrote quite a few quite detailed reviews, including those for numerous collections and translations under his editorship. His scientific thinking was systemic and aimed at building a unified physical picture from cosmology to the microworld.

What attracted me most about D.D.? It was really interesting with him, he was at the front of world science, he had ideas, and I could do the rest myself. What annoyed me the most about D.D.? He always had to wait! D.D. never turned to his students and employees with household assignments. The only time he asked me to help him move to a new apartment.

Taught by bitter experience, D.D. he avoided discussing non-scientific topics in public, but since childhood, his circle of interests and communication was very wide, including literature, music, painting, architecture, history, philosophy. He knew German, English, French, Italian, Spanish, at the age of 80 he began to study Japanese. He had a good literary memory, after half a century he easily recalled the numerous rhymes that went around among their students;

boasted how once he and a German professor read Goethe in a race - who knows more, and he won.

D.D. went to bed very late, we often called him back on business after midnight.

Before going to bed, he always read. He bought, if possible, all the worthwhile fiction published in the country. I loved Dante very much. In the translation of the book by G.-Yu. Trader's "Evolution of Basic Physical Ideas" is his small supplement "On Dante's Translations".

Fridays D.D. with boxes of chocolate he walked around several kiosks in the Metropol and other places where foreign newspapers and magazines were left for him. He joked: “To make tea well, you need to wrap the teapot in Humanite.”

D.D. understood and appreciated painting, architecture. His first wife K.F. Korzukhina was the daughter of an architect and the granddaughter of the famous itinerant artist A.I. Korzukhin. Although, upon arrest in 1935, all the property of D.D. confiscated, he kept several works by Kustodiev. In Moscow, he tried not to miss a single important art exhibition.

D.D. Ivanenko was the chairman of the department of the Society for the Protection of Cultural Monuments at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. Of course, the story of Novy Arbat did not pass him by either.

He had a lengthy correspondence with the Moscow City Council that it would be more correct to call it "Kalinin Prospekt" and not "Kalinin Prospekt". It must be said that D.D. Ivanenko took terminology, especially scientific terminology, very seriously. For example, it was he who introduced the now familiar terms “eigenvalues ​​and eigenvectors” and “computer”.

D.D. there were many hobbies at different times: botany, philately, collecting butterflies, photography, filming, chess, tennis (in the 1920s there was a good stadium at the university on Vasilyevsky Island). In 1951, with a premium, he bought Moskvich, and in 1953.

it was replaced by Victory. He rode it until the mid-70s. He traveled all over the Moscow region, then the Golden Ring, then the Crimea. He often traveled to Zagorsk, twice took the poetess Anna Akhmatova, whom he knew, there.

D.D. there was a very wide circle of unscientific acquaintances. He met some people in the 1930s at the Leningrad Conservatory, which he often went to and which was then a kind of secular club, and also on the Leningrad-Moscow train. So he met Academician and Admiral A.I. Berg, historian E.V. Tarle, the Orbeli brothers, one of whom, I.

Orbeli, was then the director of the Hermitage. Then Ivanenko's daughter Mariana worked in the Hermitage, so D.D. could always get there through the service entrance. His sister Oksana Ivanenko was a famous and very "readable" Ukrainian writer, and through her he met many prominent writers and poets: Korney Chukovsky, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Tikhonov, Mikhail Zoshchenko (he was from Poltava), Olga Forsh, and Irakli Andronikov . In 1944, many of them had already returned from evacuation to Moscow, temporarily settled in the Moskva Hotel, and in the evenings they all gathered together. On the plane, returning from a business trip abroad, D.D. Ivanenko met Karl Marx's grandson Robert Longe and then corresponded with him. He also corresponded with his daughter-in-law A.

Einstein Elizabeth Einstein (she is a biologist) and with Sumi Yukawa, wife of H. Yukawa.

In the Soviet years, Dmitry Dmitrievich carefully concealed his religiosity: he traveled to Zagorsk away from random and non-random eyes;

if he wanted to bow the knee in church, then, according to his wife Rimma Antonovna, he pretended to tie a shoelace. It opened in the 90s, although he again did not advertise it in any way. As Rimma Antonovna recalls, D.D. I was very happy when I saw on TV the demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky:

"Still survived this power!" - and then he began to become hysterical - it was the suppressed horror and humiliation of arrest, camps, Great Fear that had been suppressed for many years.

Like his father, D.D. Ivanenko died on New Year's Eve. His dying words were: "And yet I won!" The first works (Gamov - Ivanenko - Landau) DD Ivanenko dated his first scientific researches to the end of 1924. He is a 3rd year student of the Leningrad University. The 4th All-Union Congress of Physicists has just ended, and he was invited along with other students to serve it. He listened to reports on modern physics, among which the speeches of P.S. Ehrenfest, met some of the physicists, including Ya.I.

Frenkel, in general, felt the atmosphere of great science. By the year 24, it became clear that Bohr's "old" quantum theory, which he knew from books and lectures, had exhausted its healthy potential. Ivanenko, like his new friends Gamow and Landau, dreamed of joining in the construction of a "new" quantum mechanics.

By that time, the works of Louis de Broglie on wave theory had already been published, an article by C. Bose was published - a new interpretation of statistics and a new derivation of Planck's formula. D.D. Ivanenko recalled:

“We, young people, were very interested in this, we began to figure something out ourselves. I had the idea that Bose statistics for light is also applicable to massive particles.

However, I had no allies, the old professors themselves did not understand anything. I explained this to Krutkov, head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, but he is a mechanic, not a theoretician. I told the mug, but everyone was skeptical. And now, a few months later, I returned from vacation, Gamow bursts into me and shouts: "Your work is printed!" I ask: "Who printed it?" - Einstein. - "Which?" - "Statistical work". It was the formula for Bose-Einstein statistics. In the autumn of 1925, Heisenberg's "new" matrix quantum mechanics appeared. We paid no attention to Heisenberg's work, and when Bohr mentioned it, we immediately arranged a special seminar, called mathematicians who explained to us the theory of matrices, matrix calculus. In 1926, Schrödinger published his equation of wave quantum mechanics. When these works appeared, we were offended that a new theory had already been built and that crumbs from the master's table would remain for us."

This kind of "crumb" was the first scientific publication of D.D. Ivanenko (together with G.A.

Gamow) in 1926, published, however, in the authoritative German journal Zeitschrift fr Physik. Gamow later commented: "Demus and I published an article where we tried to consider the wave function introduced by Schrödinger as a fifth dimension additional to the relativistic four-dimensional world of Minkowski. Later I learned that such attempts were made by others."

Although Ivanenko's first article was written jointly with Gamow, he had the closest scientific and friendly relations at that time with Landau. He recalled: “We became very close with Landau, met daily, corresponded in the summer. him through the door in case of influenza, and he responded with friendly curses.

The first of his five articles jointly with Landau, published in the same 1926, also in a central German journal, gave a derivation of the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation in the usual way, not starting from the fifth coordinate. Their more detailed article in Russian is also devoted to this.

In 1926, the next 5th Congress of Physicists took place in Moscow. D.D. Ivanenko worked as a laboratory assistant at the State Optical Institute, he had some money, and he went. At the congress, on behalf of the common name, he made a report prepared jointly with Landau, criticizing the "anti-relativist" A.K. Timiryazev.

In 1927 D.D. Ivanenko and L.D. Landau published a short note concerning the error of Ehrenfest, who incorrectly interpreted density in quantum theory. Ehrenfest admitted his mistake, but rather sharply wrote about this to his acquaintance, Professor of Leningrad University V.G. Bursian, recommending "restraint" of both authors.

In 1927, W. Heisenberg formulated his uncertainty principle, which made a huge impression, it was understandable to non-physicists, and philosophers immediately seized on it.

D.D. Ivanenko recalled: “In the summer, Gamov quite unexpectedly came to me in Poltava, but we could not see each other, since I was in the hospital;

I was given a note from Joe with the information that de “the famous Göttingen quantist proved the impossibility of applying ordinary concepts to the simplest domestic objects.” In this way I first received information about the establishment of the uncertainty principle by Heisenberg. D.D. Ivanenko responded to him with an article.

Somewhat earlier, at the beginning of 1928, a work completed at the end of 1927 was published.

joint article of three authors: G.A. Gamova, D.D. Ivanenko and L.D. Landau, devoted to the construction of theories on the basis of only fundamental world constants (Planck's constant, the speed of light, the gravitational constant). Later G.A. Gamov, D.D. Ivanenko et al. returned to the discussion of world constants in connection with Dirac's hypothesis of change of constants with time, and with Salam's "strong" gravity. This article continues to be referenced even now, in 2002 it was republished. It is all the more amusing that the article was written at the suggestion of Gamow as a birthday present for their friend in the "jazz band" Irina Sokolskaya, the uncrowned "Miss of the Faculty of Physics of Leningrad State University."

In 1928 P. Dirac published his famous equation. Before that, there was a non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for an electron. They tried to relativize it, for example, by correcting the Klein-Gordon equation with additional Pauli-type terms. D.D. Ivanenko and L.D. Landau also dealt with this problem. D.D. Ivanenko recalled: “Landau and I proposed to describe a relativistic electron by antisymmetric tensors like an electromagnetic field, but of different ranks. And at that time the Dirac equation appeared. We urgently published what was in our hands. which we referred to came out in Feb. In the paper, optimistically titled part 1, we wrote the corresponding equation, the electromagnetic field was included in it, we already derived the value of the magnetic moment of half, but it was much less than Dirac's obtaining the full spectrum of the hydrogen atom . Our publication with Dau was noticed, but Dirac's work blocked everything." In the 60s, the Ivanenko-Landau equation was rediscovered by the German mathematician Kähler in terms of exterior differential forms;

it has been shown to be equivalent to the Dirac equation. However, Kähler's work was also forgotten, and this approach, now known as Landau-Kähler geometry, began to develop again in the 1980s, including in the Ivanenko group. The fact is that in a gravitational field the Dirac and Ivanenko-Landau-Kähler equations are not equivalent, but the Ivanenko-Landau-Kähler equation, unlike the Dirac equation, describes spinor fields on lattices.

In the summer of 1928, on August 5, the 6th All-Union Congress of Physicists opened in Moscow. Many foreigners came to the congress, including P. Dirac, L. Brillouin, M. Born, P. Debye. From Moscow, the participants of the congress went by rail to Nizhny Novgorod, where the meetings continued. Then everyone boarded a specially chartered steamer that was going to Stalingrad. The meetings of the congress continued on the steamer and in university cities:

Kazan (with a big banquet) and Saratov. The steamer made stops, its passengers bathed and rested. From Stalingrad, the delegates traveled again by rail to Vladikavkaz and from there by car to Tbilisi. The congress officially ended in Tbilisi, but many participants went to Batumi. Some of the youth, including Ivanenko, Landau, several students and female students, led by Ya.I. Frenkel, after Stalingrad they went to Dombai, spent a week there, then with a guide they crossed the Military Sukhum road through the Klukhorsky pass and went down to Sukhumi.

The congress of physicists opened with a joint report by D.D. Ivanenko and L.D. Landau, which was made by Ivanenko. This was their last collaboration. As D.D. Ivanenko, after one of the meetings of the congress, he and Landau were walking around the Polytechnic Museum, Landau said something sharp, word for word, they "scientifically" dispersed, but agreed not to advertise it until the end of the congress.

Fock-Ivanenko coefficients From a mathematical point of view, in contrast to all previous works on the theory of gravity and its generalizations in the spirit of "unified theories" (Einstein, Weil, Cartan, etc.), in the Fock-Ivanenko work of 1929, it was first considered, saying in modern terms, the geometry of a non-tangent bundle. Therefore, the Nobel laureate A. Salam referred to it as a pioneering work on gauge theory. In fact, this is the first gauge model with spontaneous symmetry breaking, which later formed the basis of the gauge theory of gravity.

This article is not the first work of D.D. Ivanenko using the Dirac equation. Still cited is his joint paper with Landau, which proposed an equivalent (in flat space) description of Dirac fermions in terms of antisymmetric tensors (i.e.,

e. external differential forms). This approach is now known as Landau–Kähler geometry. At the beginning of 1929, for the geometric interpretation of the Dirac equation, D.D.

Ivanenko develops the so-called linear geometry, which is based on a linear metric, i.e. spacing, not the square of the spacing. This work interested V. A. Fock very much, and he and D. D. Ivanenko began to discuss how the Dirac equation could be written in a curved space. They quickly found a solution to this problem and presented their results in May 1929 at the 1st Soviet Theoretical Conference organized by D.D. Ivanenko in Kharkov. A general report was made (part of it was reported by D.D.

Ivanenko, part - V.A. Fock), after which they sent their joint work, which became famous, to the press. It comes from the concept of a linear metric and begins with the expression for the relativistic interval introduced in the article by D.D. Ivanenko on linear geometry. It was also preceded by the work of Fock and Ivanenko, where the then new tetrad formalism was applied to write the Dirac equation covariantly.

At that time, Ivanenko, unlike Fock, did not continue research in such a seemingly promising direction, since, as he recalled, the emerging nuclear physics “swept everything”. However, in 1930 he and V.A. Ambartsumyan proposed a discrete space model, and in 1934 he published a translation of A. Eddington's book "The Theory of Relativity" on non-Riemannian geometries and generalizations of general relativity based on them.

D.D. Ivanenko returned to the theory of gravity in the late 50s (tetrad, gauge and generalized theories of gravity, the problem of the cosmological term, quark stars, and much more), although his work with A.A. Sokolov in 1947 on the quantization of the gravitational field. It was based on the works of M.P., who was shot in 1938.

Bronstein, friend and colleague D.D. Ivanenko, which at that time could not be referred to in any way. It is not surprising that, based on his work in 1929, D.D. Ivanenko immediately and with great enthusiasm accepted the idea of ​​a gauge theory based on a generalized covariant derivative. It was the collection of articles translated into Russian "Elementary particles and compensating fields" under his editorship that gave impetus to the development of gauge theory in our country. One of the scientific results of D.D.

Ivanenko in the 70s - 80s was the construction of a gauge theory of gravity, where the gravitational field is treated as a kind of Higgs field.

Kernel model (who was wrong and how) It would seem that a very small note, signed by D.D. Ivanenko on April 21, 1932 and published on May 28 in Nature, was the quintessence of a thorough analysis of a wealth of empirical data and theoretical models.

Prior to this, according to Rutherford's model, it was believed that nuclei consist of protons and electrons. This model was based on two experimental facts: in nuclear reactions with -particles, protons are emitted from the nuclei, and in radioactive -decay, electrons. However, from the uncertainty relations it followed that unusually large forces were needed to keep the electrons within the nucleus. The fact that atomic nuclei cannot contain electrons also followed from the magnitude of the magnetic moments of the nuclei, which were much less than the magnetic moment of the electron. In addition, according to Rutherford's model, for some nuclei the quantum-mechanical rule of the connection between spin and statistics was violated. Thus, the 7N14 nitrogen nucleus should contain 14 protons and electrons, i.e. 21 particles with spin 1/2, i.e., it should have a half-integer spin and obey the Fermi-Dirac statistics. An experimental study of the intensity of the rotational spectra of the N2 molecule proved that nitrogen nuclei obey the Bose-Einstein statistics, i.e. have integer spin (which turned out to be 1). The resulting paradox was called the “nitrogen catastrophe”. Another difficulty was associated with the continuity of the electron spectrum in the processes of -decay, which testified that in individual decay acts, some part of the energy of nuclear transformation is, as it were, “lost”. To solve all these problems, Niels Bohr even suggested that electrons, getting into the nuclei, “lose their individuality” and their spin, and the law of conservation of energy is satisfied only statistically. No less bold for that time hypothesis was put forward by V.A. Ambartsumyan and D.D. Ivanenko. They suggested that there are no electrons in the nucleus at all, and that an electron is born in the very process of decay, similar to the emission of photons. In the same year, 1930, V. Pauli suggested the presence in the nucleus of neutral particles with spin 1/2, emitted from the nucleus together with the -electron. This hypothesis made it possible to ensure the fulfillment of the law of conservation of not only energy, but also momentum. However, Pauli soon had to abandon the idea that a neutral particle with spin 1/2 entering the nucleus is the particle that flies out of the nucleus, since the experimental data gave a very small mass for the latter. After the discovery of the neutron, E. Fermi called this particle "neutrino".

Thus, on the one hand, the presence of neutral particles in the nucleus could solve the problem, but these were not particles emitted together with the electron during -decay, and on the other hand: where do electrons and hypothetical Pauli particles come from during -decay?

D.D. Ivanenko elegantly, without piling up "crazy" ideas, solved this dilemma, relying on the hypothesis of the production of massive particles jointly with Ambartsumian. He suggested that, firstly, the nucleus consists of protons and neutrons discovered by J. Chadwick at the beginning of 1932 with a mass close to the mass of a proton, secondly, neutrons are the same elementary particles as protons, and thirdly , electrons are produced in -decay.

If in this first article D.D. Ivanenko still admits the presence of intranuclear electrons in the composition of -particles, but not neutrons, then in the next publication in August 1932 he definitely speaks of the birth of -electrons.

Two months later, W. Heisenberg in his work (signed on June 10, 1932) quotes Ivanenko. He writes: "This suggests the idea of ​​considering atomic nuclei built from protons and neutrons without the participation of electrons," but allows the existence of electrons inside neutrons. Evidently, Heisenberg was already working on this problem, and influenced by Ivanenko's note, he decided to immediately publish what he had. Interestingly, D.D.

Ivanenko found out about the publication of his work (May 28, 1932) through a link in Heisenberg's article.

Ivanenko's model of the nucleus, especially the statements about the elementarity of the neutron and the production of electrons, was not immediately recognized. Heisenberg himself, having accepted the proton-neutron model of the nucleus, continued to oscillate and even began to calculate the scattering of gamma radiation on nuclei as scattering on hypothetical "intraneutron" electrons. According to Ivanenko, his publication was also preceded by a difficult discussion with friends and colleagues.

Although the hypothesis that the neutron was elementary was based precisely on the already mentioned work of Ambartsumian and Ivanenko, Ambartsumian himself, recognizing the elementary nature of the neutron, had doubts about the rest and suggested waiting, in fact, refusing to publish jointly. The core model was also discussed with M.P. Bronstein, through whom L.D. knew about her. Landau, but he did not study the nucleus and called it all "philology". W. Weisskopf spoke out sharply against it. D.D. Ivanenko recalled: “I remember he objected furiously to me for several days in Kharkov. And this helped me a lot. Weisskopf’s objections just convinced me, because I rejected them, I see that this is not true. objections, I again reject them. I see that there are no objections, and I win."

An important role in the final recognition of the proton-neutron model of the nucleus was played by the discovery by P. Blackett and J. Occhialini of the production and annihilation of electrons and positrons in cosmic radiation, clearly demonstrated by peculiar showers in photographs in a cloud chamber (late 1932 - early 1933). At the same time, they referred to Ivanenko and his interpretation of -decay as a process of electron production and took into account the theory of holes and Dirac's prediction about the birth and annihilation of pairs of particles.

D.D. Ivanenko on the history of the creation of the atomic nucleus model As is known, atomic nuclei turned out to be composed of protons and neutrons, which are baryons, "heavy" particles, in contrast to electrons and other "light" particles - leptons. Here we have in mind the ordinary nuclei that are part of the atoms of the matter of the Earth, the Sun, etc., and for the time being left aside more general, also baryon systems, for example, hyper-nuclei, containing, along with protons and neutrons, hyperons and other, still hypothetical , exotic baryon systems of the "baryonium" type (the proton-antiproton system not yet discovered with certainty). We will also not touch on the recently discussed hypothetical superdense nuclei containing the bosonic condensate of pions, which may be realized in space objects or in the collision of nuclei. Speaking of atoms, we will have in mind the usual systems composed of electrons revolving around nuclei, unless indications are made of mesoatoms, in which the electron is replaced by a muon or pion, or to systems of the positronium type (electron-positron nuclear-free atom).

The hypothesis of the proton-neutron composition of nuclei was expressed by me shortly after the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick (his communication is dated February 17, 1932), it was finally confirmed already at the beginning of the formation of modern nuclear physics. As is now clear, the proton-neutron model turned out to be one of the necessary starting points for the entire development of nuclear physics, along with other fundamental discoveries and ideas of the "great three years" of 1932-1934. These primarily include: the discovery of heavy water and the deuteron, artificial fission of nuclei, the discovery of the positron, artificial positron and electron radioactivity, cosmic showers, the neutrino hypothesis, the creation of the first accelerators, elucidation of the specific nature of nuclear forces, the field model of nuclear forces as a step towards theory mesons, approaches to drop and shell models of nuclei.

Since the main arguments against the existence of electrons in nuclei, i.e. against the old proton-electron model, and the substantiation of the baryon model has long been generally recognized, are set out in monographs, university courses, works on the history and philosophy of science, are formulated briefly in school textbooks, at first glance it may seem redundant to return to this issue now. However, until now, some authors, including historians of science, keep silent about the rather lengthy disputes around the proton-neutron model, erroneously talk about its alleged immediate recognition. In fact, this model of the nucleus was not at all immediately unconditionally accepted, with it in 1932 - 1933. other ideas competed, there were rather lengthy discussions around it. An analysis of these discussions (in particular, Heisenberg's hesitation regarding the full recognition of the proton-neutron model, to the development of which he himself made a great contribution) is of interest not only for the history of nuclear physics, but in a certain sense also for the current stage of knowledge of matter, associated with the interpretation of elementary particles as systems of quarks (and later, perhaps, subquark - preon - structures of the quarks themselves).

Therefore, first of all, let us dwell on the discussions about the proton-neutron model in the first years after its appearance, in particular, at the 1st Soviet Conference on the Atomic Nucleus in 1933 and at the Solvay Congress in the same year.

Since the value of the mass of nuclei is approximately twice for light nuclei and three times for heavier ones than the value of their charge, it is impossible to build nuclei from protons alone (distracting from the nature of nuclear forces that could somehow counteract the Coulomb repulsion of protons). Therefore, the model of the proton-electronic composition of nuclei, proposed by the Dutch physicist Van den Broek (1913), turned out to be natural, who, in addition, established that the serial number in the Mendeleev periodic system coincides with the charge of the nucleus.

The mass of the nucleus was determined by the number of protons, and to compensate for part of the charge, the presence of an appropriate number of electrons in the nuclei was allowed, for example, it was believed that there were 14 protons and seven electrons in the nitrogen nucleus. The emission of electrons by nuclei during beta decay, at first glance similar to the appearance of protons during nuclear fission, also spoke in favor of this model. The presence of (the maximum possible number) of alpha particles in the nuclei also seemed obvious. The theory of alpha decay as a quantum tunneling effect (Gamow, Condon and Gurney, 1928) pointed to the presence of a potential barrier and confirmed the existence of some short-range forces in nuclei, in contrast to the Coulomb interaction.

For the theory of atomic electrons, for a long time it was sufficient to know the mass and charge of the nucleus;

However, when the spin and magnetic moments of many nuclei were measured by the beginning of the 1930s and the type of their statistics was determined, ever deeper contradictions in the proton-electron model began to emerge. It turned out that quantum mechanics could not be applied to supposed "intranuclear" electrons. According to the experiments, nuclei with an even mass number A had integer values ​​of the spin, while those with an odd mass number had half-integer values ​​of the spin, which could not be reconciled with the allowed total number of protons and electrons in the nuclei. Further, experiments have shown that even-mass-number nuclei obey Bose statistics;

this was especially convincingly proved by the observations of the striped spectrum of nitrogen by the Italian physicist Rasetti (later a member of the Fermi group, who stimulated Fermi's interest in the study of the nucleus). At the same time, the proton-electron model led for nitrogen-14 to Fermi-Dirac statistics. The question of the statistics of a system of fermions was analyzed in detail by Ehrenfest and Oppenheimer;

their theorem stated that a system of an odd number of fermions (which are protons and electrons - particles with half-integer spin) should obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, and a system (for example, nuclei) of an even number of fermions - Bose statistics.

The critical situation for the proton-electron model, which was especially clearly manifested in this example, began to be called the "nitrogen catastrophe". Some physicists (eg Geitler, Herzberg) began to talk about the "loss" of spin by intranuclear electrons, about the "loss" of statistical properties. The analysis of the magnetic moments of nuclei proceeded in the same direction (the Soviet physicists A.N.

Terenin, S.E. Frish and others). All nuclear magnetic moments turned out to be of the order of the proton rather than the electron Bohr magneton (note that the "Bohr" value of the magneton for the electron was introduced by Romanian physicists even before the advent of Bohr's theory).

However, arguments based on magnetic moments, to some extent, played the opposite role of indications related to spin and nuclear statistics, which confused me quite a lot. Indeed, there is no conservation law for magnetic moments;

moreover, it is for relativistic particles that these moments decrease, and the supposed light "intranuclear" electrons could well be considered relativistic, in contrast to protons and alpha particles, so that the small values ​​of the magnetic moments of the nuclei, perhaps, did not contradict the presence of electrons inside them.

Along with these arguments, the anomalous behavior of "intranuclear" electrons was indicated by beta decay with its continuous energy spectrum of electrons (up to a certain energy value). The treatment of beta decay as a tunneling effect in the spirit of alpha decay has not been successful. It seemed strange that a continuous spectrum appeared during the transition of a nucleus from one state with a certain energy to another (the experiments of Ellis and Mott, later Meitner and Ortmann).

Niels Bohr again tried to see here a violation of the law of conservation of energy, just as in his unsuccessful attempt, together with Kramers and Slater, to predict the non-conservation of energy in atomic processes, in the Compton effect (which was refuted by Bothe's experiments, but still played a certain positive role in the development of the theory Kramers-Heisenberg dispersion and generally emphasized the critical state of Bohr's theory, which had exhausted its possibilities on the eve of the creation of quantum mechanics). Of course, the deep difficulties in understanding the structure of the nucleus and beta decay, pointing to the anomalous behavior of "intranuclear" electrons, were known to all who thought about these problems, and even before the discovery of the neutron, options for resolving the difficulties were proposed.

Niels Bohr believed that it was impossible to give an electron a reasonable sense of a charged material point in a region of small size smaller than its classical radius.

Supporting these ideas of Bohr, Heisenberg in his report at the 7th Solvay Congress (1933) listed the difficulties with spin, statistics, energy yields, beta decay, and pointed out the inapplicability of quantum mechanics to "intranuclear" electrons. In fact, as modern experiments show, for example, with the Compton effect, scattering and birth of particles, quantum electrodynamics, which operates with point electrons, is valid in any case up to distances four orders of magnitude smaller than the electron radius. Nevertheless, these, although not very clear, considerations of Bohr went partly in the right direction - in the direction of an analysis of the behavior of electrons at small distances. Concerning beta decay, Bohr proposed to build a new theory in which the law of conservation of energy would not take place;

in a milder form, he spoke about this as early as the end of 1933 at the 7th Solvay Congress, pointing out the impossibility, in his opinion, of defining the concept of energy in certain nuclear processes.

Pauli categorically disagreed with Bohr's ideas about the nonconservation of energy in beta decay, and even more so with his attempt to explain the origin of stellar radiation in this way (the connection between energy nonconservation and stellar radiation was at one time supported by Landau and Beck). In a letter to Bohr (July 17, 1929), Pauli wrote that he did not agree with that part of the article sent to him which referred to beta decay, and advised Bohr to refuse to publish it: "Let the stars quietly continue to radiate." Nevertheless, this discussion probably played a positive role, prompting Pauli to put forward the hypothesis of ejection from the nucleus during beta decay together with the electron of a particle of small or vanishingly small mass, called the neutrino, to ensure the conservation of energy.

Apparently, for the first time this particle was mentioned by Pauli in a letter addressed to Meitner and Geiger - participants in the physics conference in Tübingen - and beginning with the appeal:

"Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen...". Pauli himself was not sure of his hypothesis and at first did not mention it in publications, and a reference to it was made in one of Oppenheimer's articles.

The hypothesis was presented by Pauli in 1931 at a conference in Pasadena and in more detail at the Solvay Congress in 1933. Actually, neutrinos (more precisely, antineutrinos) were discovered in 1957 by Reines, who used intense flows of antineutrinos from reactors. As is known, Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay, constructed with the assumption of the existence of neutrinos,

(even its simplest form - the Perrin theory) with all further refinements as the basis of the theory of weak interactions, actually left no doubts about the reality of neutrinos.

At the same time, in my work of 1930 with V.A. Ambartsumyan and in a somewhat later work by Heisenberg put forward the idea of ​​a significant change in the geometric structure of space-time at small distances, namely, the idea of ​​transition to discreteness. A simple lattice was chosen as the model, and the potential was calculated (Green's function of the Laplace–Poisson equation in finite differences). This led to the replacement of the Coulomb 1 potential proportional to r at small r by a value proportional to a, where a is the lattice spacing;

thereby eliminating the infinite value of the electron's own energy. To a certain extent, fortunately, these considerations have not been applied to "intranuclear" electrons, but in themselves have given impetus to many versions of the theory of discrete space or discrete time alone, developed up to the present time.

One way or another, but this work prompted Ambartsumyan and me to analyze the behavior of electrons inside nuclei from the most fundamental positions, taking into account, of course, the mentioned anomalies with spin, statistics, magnetism, and beta decay. It is significant that the assessment of nuclear energy by the mass defect indicated its great importance;

the energy released during nuclear reactions (millions of electron volts) significantly exceeded the electron's own energy;

in the atomic shell, the binding energy and the energy of atomic transitions are much less than the self-energy of the electron; therefore, electrons retain their individuality in atoms.

[R. July 16 (29), 1904] - Sov. physicist. After graduating in 1927 Len. un-ta worked in a number of scientific and educational in-t in Leningrad, Kharkov, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk, Kyiv. Since 1943 - prof. Moscow university Since 1949 he has also worked at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. I. first made an assumption about the structure of the atomic nucleus of protons and neutrons (1932). Simultaneously with I. E. Tamm, he laid the foundations of the theory of specificity. nuclear forces (1934-36). Joint with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk and A. A. Sokolov, he developed (1944-48) the theory of electromagnetic radiation emitted by "luminous" electrons accelerated to very high energies in accelerators such as the betatron and synchrotron.

I. also proposed a new linear matrix geometry and a theory of parallel transfer of spinor wave functions of an electron (developed by him jointly with V. A. Fok), which made it possible to generalize Dirac's quantum equation to the case of the presence of gravitation.

Joint with A. A. Sokolov, he was engaged in solving equations of the cascade theory of space. showers, taking into account the force of radiative friction, the quantum theory of gravity, etc. Works: Classical field theory (New problems), 2nd ed., M.-L., 1951 (with A. A. Sokolov);

Quantum field theory, Moscow-Leningrad, 1952. Ivanenko, Dmitry Dmitrievich (b. 29.VII.1904) - Soviet theoretical physicist, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. R. in Poltava.

Graduated from Leningrad University (1927). He worked at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1929-31 - head. theoretical department of the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, then - in the universities of Leningrad, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk and Kyiv. Since 1943 - professor at Moscow University. The works relate to quantum field theory, nuclear theory, synchrotron radiation, unified field theory, theory of gravity, history of physics.

Together with V. A. Fok, having generalized the Dirac equation to the case of gravitation, he developed the theory of parallel transfer of spinors (1929), and with V. A. Ambartsumyan he developed the theory of discrete space-time (1930). In 1932, he established the proton-neutron model of the nucleus, considering the neutron as an elementary particle, and pointed out that during beta decay, an electron is born like a photon.

Together with E. N. Gapon, he began the development of shells for protons and neutrons in nuclei. With I. E. Tamm, he showed the possibility of interaction through particles with rest mass, and laid the foundations for the first field non-phenomenological theory of paired (electron-neutrino) nuclear forces (1934). Predicted (1944), together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk, synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons in magnetic fields, and developed his theory with A. A. Sokolov (State Prize of the USSR, 1950). Established (1938) a non-linear spinor equation.

He developed a non-linear unified theory that takes into account quarks and subquarks.

He developed a gauge theory of gravity, which takes into account, along with curvature, also torsion.

His students: V. I. Mamasakhlisov, M. M. Mirianashvili, A. M. Brodsky, N. Guliyev, D. F. Kurdelaidze, V. V. Rachinsky, V. I. Rodichev, A. A. Sokolov and others Works: Classical field theory / D. D. Ivanenko, A. A. Sokolov. - 2nd ed., M.; L., Gostekhizdat, 1951; Quantum field theory / A. A. Sokolov, D. D. Ivanenko. - M.; L., Gostekhizdat, 1952; Historical sketch of the development of the general theory of relativity. - Tr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology, 1957, v. 17, p. 389-424. Lit.: The development of physics in the USSR. - M., Nauka, 1967, 2 books. Ivanenko, Dmitry Dmitrievich Rod. 1904, mind. 1994. Physicist, specialist in the theory of nuclear forces, synchrotron radiation.

-- [ Page 1 ] --

G.A. Sardanashvili*

Dmitry Ivanenko

great theoretical physicist of the 20th century.

Scientific biography

* http://www.g-sardanashvily.ru

D.D. Ivanenko. Encyclopedic reference Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko (1904–1994) is one of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century, professor at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. His name entered the history of world science forever, primarily as the author of the proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus (1932), the first model of nuclear forces (together with I.E. Tamm, 1934) and the prediction of synchrotron radiation (together with I. .J. Pomeranchuk, 1944). In 1929 D.D.

Ivanenko and V.A. Fok described the motion of fermions in a gravitational field (Fock-Ivanenko coefficients).

D. Ivanenko, P. Dirac and W. Heisenberg (Berlin, 1958) D.D. Ivanenko made fundamental contributions to many branches of nuclear physics, field theory, and gravitational theory: the Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation for fermions in terms of antisymmetric tensors (1928), the Ambartsumian–Ivanenko hypothesis for the production of massive particles (1930), the first shell model Ivanenko-Gapon kernels (1932), calculations of the cascade theory of cosmic showers (together with A.A. Sokolov, 1938), nonlinear generalization of the Dirac equation (1938), classical theory of synchrotron radiation (together with A.A. Sokolov, 1948 - 50), the theory of hypernuclei (together with N.N.

Kolesnikov, 1956), the hypothesis of quark stars (together with D.F. Kurdgelaidze, 1965), models of gravity with torsion, gauge theory of gravity (together with G.A.

Sardanashvili, 1983).

D.D. Ivanenko has published more than 300 scientific papers. His joint with A.A. Sokolov's monograph “Classical Field Theory” (1949) was the first book on modern field theory, in which, for the first time in the monographic literature, the mathematical apparatus of generalized functions was presented. Edited by D.D. Ivanenko published 27 monographs and collections of articles by leading foreign scientists, which played an exceptional role in the development of domestic science.

D.D. Ivanenko was the initiator and one of the organizers of the 1st Soviet Theoretical Conference (1930), the 1st Soviet Nuclear Conference (1933) and the 1st Soviet Gravitational Conference (1961), the initiator and one from the founders of the country's first scientific journal "Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion" in foreign languages ​​(1931). Scientific seminar D.D. Ivanenko at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which operated for almost 50 years, became one of the centers of world theoretical physics.

As a kind of recognition of the scientific merits of D.D. Ivanenko, six Nobel laureates left their famous sayings on the walls of his office at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University:

A physical law must have mathematical beauty (P. Dirac, 1956) Nature in its essence is simple (H. Yukawa, 1959) Opposites are not contradictions, but complement each other (N. Bohr, 1961) Time precedes everything that exists (I. Prigogine, 1987) Physics is an experimental science (S. Ting, 1988) Nature is self-consistent in its complexity (M. Gell-Mann, 2007) This publication presents a scientific biography of D.D. Ivanenko. More complete information about it can be found at http:/webcenter.ru/~sardan/ivanenko.html.

In Soviet times, it was officially considered that only academicians were worthy of history among scientists. Therefore, until now, about D.D. Ivanenko, in addition to several anniversary articles, nothing has been published. Of the literature on the history of Russian physics, the most verified and objective (as far as it was possible under the conditions of state and academic censorship) is the biographical guide: Yu.A. Khramov, Physicists (Moscow, Nauka, 1983). As a result of such censorship, among Soviet physicists, with the rarest exception, only academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Republican Academies of Sciences are present. The reference book has an article about D.D. Ivanenko and he is mentioned in articles:

"Ambartsumyan V.A.", "Heisenberg V.", "Pomeranchuk I.Ya.", "Tamm I.E.", "Fok V.A.", "Yukawa X".

Scientific biography The style of a genius First works (Gamow - Ivanenko - Landau) Fock - Ivanenko coefficients Model of the nucleus (who and how was wrong) Nuclear forces Nuclear 30s and 50s Synchrotron radiation Ivanenko's scientific seminar Ivanenko's gravitational school in the 60-80s List scientific publications of D.D. Ivanenko Application. Chronicle of the life of D.D. Ivanenko *Website about D.D. Ivanenko: http://webcenter.ru/~sardan/ivanenko.html Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko was born on July 29, 1904 in Poltava. In 1920 he graduated from the gymnasium in Poltava, where he received the nickname "Professor". In 1920 - 23 years. - a physics teacher at school, at the same time studied and graduated from the Poltava Pedagogical Institute and entered Kharkov University, while working at the Poltava Astronomical Laboratory. In 1923 - 27 years. - student of Leningrad University, simultaneously working at the State Optical Institute. From 1927 to 1930 he was a post-graduate student and then an employee of the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1929 - 31 years. - head. theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UFTI) in Kharkov (at that time the capital of Ukraine), head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Mechanical Engineering Institute, Professor of Kharkov University. From 1931 to 1935 - senior researcher at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI) and from 1933 - head. Department of Physics, Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. M.V. Pokrovsky. February 28, 1935 D.D. Ivanenko was arrested, sentenced by the decision of the OSO of the NKVD for 3 years and sent as a “socially dangerous element” to the Karaganda labor camp, but a year later the camp was replaced by exile to Tomsk (Y.I. Frenkel, S.I. Vavilov, A. F. Ioffe, and rehabilitated him only in 1989). In 1936 - 39 years. D.D. Ivanenko is a senior researcher at the Tomsk Institute of Physics and Technology, professor and head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Tomsk University. In 1939 - 43 years. - head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Sverdlovsk University and in 1940 - 41. head Department of Theoretical Physics, Kyiv University.

From 1943 until the end of D.D. Ivanenko - Professor of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (first part-time), in 1944 - 48. head Department of Physics Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, and in 1949 - 63 years. part-time senior researcher at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

For the first time, Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko joined the “club” of great physicists in May 1932 (he was 27 years old), publishing an article in Nature in which, based on the analysis of experimental data, he suggested that the nucleus consists only of protons and neutrons, and the neutron is elementary particle with spin 1/2, which eliminated the so-called “nitrogen catastrophe”. A few weeks later, W. Heisenberg also published an article on the proton-neutron model of the nucleus, referring to the work of D.D. Ivanenko in Nature.

It should be noted that before that, the proton-electron model of the atomic nucleus dominated, in which, according to the Bohr hypothesis, the electron “loses its individuality” - its spin, and the energy conservation law is only statistically satisfied. However, back in 1930 D.D.

Ivanenko and V.A. Ambartsumyan suggested that the electron is born during -decay.

A kind of recognition of the scientific merit of D.D. Ivanenko was the participation of a number of outstanding physicists (P.A.M. Dirac, W. Weiskopf, F. Perrin, F. Razetti, F. Joliot-Curie, etc.) in the 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference in Leningrad in 1933. , the initiator and one of the main organizers of which was D.D. Ivanenko (along with A.F. Ioffe and I.V. Kurchatov).

In fact, it was the first international nuclear conference after the discovery of the neutron, two months ahead of the 7th Solvay Congress in Brussels.

The proton-neutron model of the nucleus raised the question of nuclear forces in a new way, which could not be electromagnetic. In 1934 D.D. Ivanenko and I.E. Tamm proposed a model of nuclear forces by exchanging particles - an electron-antineutrino pair. Although calculations showed that such forces are 14-15 orders of magnitude smaller than those required in the nucleus, this model became the starting point for the theory of mesonic nuclear forces by Yukawa, who referred to the work of Tamm - Ivanenko. It is noteworthy that the Tamm-Ivanenko model of nuclear forces is considered so important that some encyclopedias erroneously state that I.E. Tamm (and, consequently, D.D. Ivanenko) received the Nobel Prize precisely for nuclear forces, and not for the Cherenkov effect.

Another “Nobel” achievement of D.D. Ivanenko became in 1944 the prediction of synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic electrons (together with I.Ya.

Pomeranchuk). This prediction immediately attracted attention, since the synchrotron radiation set a hard limit (about 500 MeV) for the operation of the betatron. Therefore, the design and construction of betatrons was discontinued and, as a result, they switched to a new type of accelerator - the synchrotron. The first indirect confirmation of synchrotron radiation (by decreasing the radius of the electron orbit) was obtained by D. Bluitt at the 100 MeV betatron in 1946, and in 1947 the synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons in the synchrotron was first visually observed in the laboratory of G. Pollack. The unique characteristics of synchrotron radiation (intensity, spatial distribution, spectrum, polarization) have led to its wide scientific and technical application from astrophysics to medicine, and the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University has become one of the world's centers for synchrotron radiation research. Although synchrotron radiation is a “100%” Nobel effect, its authors were never awarded the Nobel Prize: first because of disputes between its American discoverers, and then because of the death of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk in 1966

D.D. Ivanenko made a fundamental contribution to the development of many branches of nuclear physics, field theory and the theory of gravity. His and V.A. Ambartsumyan's idea of ​​the birth of elementary particles formed the basis of modern quantum field theory and the theory of elementary particles.

D.D. Ivanenko and E.N. Gapon began to develop the shell model of the atomic nucleus. He, together with A.A. Sokolov calculated the cascade theory of cosmic showers. Together with him, he also developed the classical theory of synchrotron radiation (Stalin Prize in 1950.

together with A.A. Sokolov and I.Ya. Pomeranchuk). Together with V.A. Fock built the Dirac equation in a gravitational field (the famous Fock-Ivanenko coefficients), which became one of the foundations of the modern theory of gravity and, in fact, the first gauge theory, moreover, with spontaneous symmetry breaking. He constructed a non-linear generalization of the Dirac equation, which formed the basis of the non-linear field theory, which was developed in parallel by Heisenberg in the 1950s. He developed the tetrad theory of gravity (together with V.I. Rodichev) and the generalized theory of gravity with a torsion field (together with V.N.

Ponomarev, Yu.N. Obukhov, P.I. Pronin). Developed a gauge theory of gravity as a Higgs field (together with G.A. Sardanashvili) .

A characteristic feature of the scientific style of Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko was his amazing susceptibility to new, sometimes "crazy", but always mathematically verified ideas. In this regard, we should recall the first work of D.D. Ivanenko with G.A. Gamov according to 5 dimensions (1926); theory of spinors as antisymmetric tensor fields (together with L.D.

Landau, 1928), now known as the Landau-Kähler theory; the theory of discrete space-time Ivanenko - Ambartsumyan (1930); the theory of hypernuclei (together with N.N. Kolesnikov, 1956); the hypothesis of quark stars (together with D.F. Kurdgelaidze, Moscow). All these works have not lost their relevance and continue to be cited.

Similar works:

"2013 - 2014 academic year 1 1. Explanatory note The program in physics for grade 11a of the physical and mathematical profile is compiled on the basis of the author's program in physics for grades 10-11 of educational institutions of the authors V.S. Danyushenkov, O.V. Korshunova (profile level ), published in the collection of the Program of educational institutions. Physics. Grades 10-11, Moscow, Education, 2010. The program was compiled for the UMK by the author G.Ya. Myakishev. This educational and methodical kit is intended ... "

«PREFACE I INTRODUCTION. The role of history of II on the way to normal science of normal science IV normal science as a solution to puzzles V Priority VI anomaly and the emergence of scientific discoveries VII crisis and the emergence of scientific theories VIII reaction to crisis IX Nature and the need for scientific revolutions X Revolution as a change in the view of the world XI THE INDIFFERENCE OF REVOLUTIONS XII THE SOLUTION OF REVOLUTIONS XIII THE PROGRESS THAT REVOLUTIONS BRING 1969 SUPPLEMENT FOREWORD The proposed work...”

“Recommended by the UMO for classical university education of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 010701 Physics. Moscow MTsNMO publishing house 2007 UDC 53 (023) BBK 22.3ya721+74.262.22 G83 Educational publication Yu.M. Grigoriev, V.M. Tuymaada International Olympiad: Ed. Selyuka B. V. M.: MTsNMO, 2007. 160 p.: ill. ISBN 978-5-94057-256-5. Tuymaada Olympiad was organized in...»

"FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRODYNAMICS Chapter VII Electrostatics Exercise 7.. 67 Chapter VIII Direct current laws Exercise 8... 73 3 www.5balls.ru Chapter IX Magnetic field Exercise 9.. 83 Chapter X Electric current in various media Exercise 10.. 90 Exercise 11.. 102 Exercise 12.. 105 LABORATORY WORKS Laboratory work No. 1. 112 Laboratory work №2.. 115 Laboratory work №3.. 117 Laboratory work №4. 119 Laboratory work №5. 121 Laboratory work №6. 123 Laboratory work...»

“STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Minsk State University 2009 UDC 519.2 Levakov, AA Stochastic differential equations / AA Levakov. Minsk: BGU, 2009. 231 p. ISBN 978-985-518-250-5. The monograph presents the theory of stochastic differential equations, which is one of the main tools for studying random processes. Three branches of the theory of stochastic differential equations are considered: existence theorems, stability theory, and integration methods. Facts are given from ... "

“A brief history of the formation and development of atomic and molecular spectral analysis of matter is considered. The content, forms and methods of university education in the basics of analyzing the spectra of atoms and molecules of gases and liquids, which are used in the oil and gas industry, are highlighted. The didactic effectiveness of studying the principles and methods of atomic and molecular spectral analysis in classes in physics and chemistry for the professional training of future researchers of nature and creators of new ... "

“VICTOR BOCCHKAREV ALEXANDER KOLPAKIDI SUPERFRAU FROM THE GRU Moscow OLMA-PRESS 2002 BBK 67.401.212 B 865 The exclusive right to publish the book by V. Bochkarev and A. Kolpakidi Superfrau from the GRU belongs to the publishing house OLMA-PRESS-Education. The release of a work or part of it without the permission of the publisher is considered illegal and is punishable by law. Artist Bochkarev V.V., Kolpakidi A.I. B 865 Superfrau from the GRU. - M.: OLMA-PRESS-Education, 2002. - p.: ill. - (Dossier) ISBN 5-94849-085-8 Biography ... "

“State ideology and values ​​in state policy and management (towards the formation of political axiology) Materials of the permanent scientific seminar Issue No. 3 (41) Moscow Scientific expert 2011 UDC 323.2 (470 + 571) (063) LBC 66.3 (2Ros), 1 G 72 Scientific adviser of the seminar: V.I. Yakunin, Doctor of Political Sciences Seminar co-leaders: A.I. Solovyov, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor; S.S. Sulakshin, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor G 72 ... "

Dmitry Dmitrievich Ivanenko (1904–1994) is one of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century, professor at the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.

The name of D.D. Ivanenko forever entered the history of world science, primarily as the author of the proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus, the first model of nuclear forces (together with I.E. Tamm) and the prediction of synchrotron radiation (together with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk) .

D.D. Ivanenko was born on July 29, 1904 in Poltava. In 1920 he graduated from the gymnasium in Poltava, where he received the nickname "Professor". In 1920-23. - a teacher of physics and mathematics at school, at the same time studied and graduated from the Poltava Pedagogical Institute and entered Kharkov University, while working at the Poltava Astronomical Laboratory. In 1923-27. - student of the Leningrad University. From 1927 to 1930 he was a scholarship holder and then a researcher at the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1929-31. - head. theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UFTI) in Kharkov (at that time the capital of Ukraine), head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Mechanical Engineering Institute, Professor of Kharkov University. From 1931 to 1935 - senior researcher at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI) and from 1933 head. Department of Physics, Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. M.V. Pokrovsky. D.D. Ivanenko was arrested on February 28, 1935, sentenced by the decision of the OSO NKVD for 3 years and sent to Karaganda ITL as a “socially dangerous element”, but a year later the camp was replaced by exile to Tomsk (D.D. Ivanenko himself believed that he was saved by S.I. Vavilov, and he was rehabilitated only in 1989). In 1936-39. D.D.Ivanenko - Senior Researcher of the Institute of Physics and Technology, Professor and Head. Department of Theoretical Physics, Tomsk University. In 1939-42. - head. Department of Theoretical Physics of the Sverdlovsk University and in 1940-41. head Department of Theoretical Physics, Kyiv University. From 1943 until the end of his life, D.D. Ivanenko was a professor at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, and part-time in 1944-48. head Department of Physics Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and in 1950-63. senior researcher at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

For the first time, D.D. Ivanenko joined the "club" of great physicists in May 1932 (he was 27 years old), having published in Nature an article in which, based on the analysis of experimental data, he suggested that the nucleus consists only of protons and neutrons, moreover, the neutron is an elementary particle with spin ½, which eliminated the so-called "nitrogen catastrophe". A few weeks later, Heisenberg also published an article on the proton-neutron model of the nucleus, referring to the work of D.D. Ivanenko in Nature. It should be noted that before that, the proton-electron model of the atomic nucleus dominated, in which, according to the Bohr hypothesis, the electron “loses its individuality” - its spin, and the energy conservation law is satisfied only statistically. However, back in 1930, D.D. Ivanenko and V.A. Ambartsumyan suggested that an electron is produced during β-decay. A kind of recognition of the scientific merits of D.D. Ivanenko was the participation of a number of outstanding physicists (Dirac, Weiskopf, Perrin, Razetti, Joliot-Curie, etc.) in the 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference in Leningrad in 1933, the initiator and one of the main organizers of which were D.D. Ivanenko (along with A.F. Ioffe and I.V. Kurchatov). In fact, it was the first international nuclear conference, two months ahead of the international conference in Brussels.

The proton-neutron model of the nucleus raised the question of nuclear forces in a new way, which could not be electromagnetic. In 1934, D.D. Ivanenko and I.E. Tamm proposed a model of nuclear forces by exchanging particles - an electron-antineutrino pair. Although calculations showed that such forces are 14-15 orders of magnitude smaller than those needed in the nucleus, this model became the starting point for the theory of mesonic nuclear forces by Yukawa, who referred to the work of Tamm - Ivanenko. It is noteworthy that the Tamm-Ivanenko model of nuclear forces is considered so important that some encyclopedias erroneously state that I.E. Tamm (and, consequently, D.D. Ivanenko) received the Nobel Prize precisely for nuclear forces, and not for the Cherenkov effect.

Another "Nobel" achievement of D.D. Ivanenko was in 1944 the prediction of synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic electrons (together with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk). This prediction immediately attracted attention, since the synchrotron radiation set a hard limit (on the order of 500 MeV) for the operation of the betatron. Therefore, the design and construction of betatrons was discontinued and, as a result, they switched to a new type of accelerator - the synchrotron. The first indirect confirmation of synchrotron radiation (by reducing the radius of the electron orbit) was obtained by Blewitt at the 100 MeV betatron in 1946, and in 1947 synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons in the synchrotron was first visually observed in Pollack's laboratory. The unique characteristics of synchrotron radiation (intensity, spatial distribution, spectrum, polarization) have led to its wide scientific and technical application from astrophysics to medicine, and the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University has become one of the world's centers for synchrotron radiation research. Although synchrotron radiation is a "100%" Nobel effect, its authors were never awarded the Nobel Prize - first because of disputes between its American discoverers, and then because of the death of I.Ya. Pomeranchuk in 1966.

D.D. Ivanenko made a fundamental contribution to the development of many branches of nuclear physics, field theory and the theory of gravitation. His and V.A. Ambartsumyan's idea of ​​the birth of elementary particles formed the basis of quantum field theory. D.D.Ivanenko and E.N.Gapon began to develop the shell model of the atomic nucleus. Together with A.A. Sokolov, he created the cascade theory of cosmic showers. Together with A.A. Sokolov, he developed the classical theory of synchrotron radiation (Stalin Prize in 1950, together with A.A. Sokolov and I.Ya. Pomeranchuk). Together with V.A.Fok, he built the Dirac equation in a gravitational field (the famous Fock-Ivanenko coefficients). Proposed the first model of gravitational field quantization (together with A.A. Sokolov). Constructed a non-linear generalization of the Dirac equation. He developed the tetrad theory of gravity (together with V.I. Rodichev) and the generalized theory of gravity with a torsion field (together with V.N. Ponomarev, Yu.N. Obukhov, P.I. Pronin). Developed a gauge theory of gravity as a Higgs field (together with G.A.Sardanashvili).

A characteristic feature of the scientific style of D.D. Ivanenko was his amazing receptivity to new, sometimes 'crazy', but always mathematically verified ideas. In this series, we should recall the first work of D.D. Ivanenko with G.A. Gamov on the 5-dimensional Kalutz-Klein theory (1926), the theory of spinors as antisymmetric tensor fields together with L.D. Landau (1928) (now known as the Landau-Kahler theory), Ivanenko-Ambartsumyan's theory of discrete space-time (1930), the hypothesis of quark stars together with D.F. Kurdgelaidze. All these works have not lost their relevance and continue to be cited at the present time.

Published in 1949 (republished with additions in 1951 and translated into a number of languages), the book by D.D. Ivanenko and A.A. Sokolov “Classical Field Theory” became the first modern textbook on field theory.

As already noted, in 1944-48. D.D. Ivanenko concurrently was the head of the Department of Physics of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and the initiator of the first biophysical research in our country with isotope tracers (the method of tagged atoms), but was fired after the defeat of genetics at the infamous session of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948.

Another characteristic feature of D.D. Ivanenko's scientific thinking was conceptuality. Since the 1950s, all his research has to some extent followed the idea of ​​unifying the fundamental interactions of elementary particles, gravity and cosmology. This is a unified nonlinear spinor theory (developed in parallel by Heisenberg), a theory of gravity with a cosmological term responsible for vacuum characteristics, generalized and gauge theories of gravity, and many other works.

D.D. Ivanenko made a huge contribution to the development of Russian theoretical physics. While still in Kharkov, he was the initiator and one of the organizers of the first three All-Union Theoretical Conferences.

The famous order of A.F. Ioffe No. 64 dated 12/15/1932 on the creation of a “special core group” at LFTI, including A.F. Ioffe himself (head), I.V. Kurchatov (deputy), as well as D. D. Ivanenko and 7 other people laid the foundation for the organization of Soviet nuclear physics. One of the points of this order, D.D. Ivanenko was appointed responsible for the work of the scientific seminar. This seminar and the already mentioned 1st All-Union Nuclear Conference involved a number of well-known physicists in nuclear research (I.V. Kurchatov himself, Ya.I. Frenkel, I.E. Tamm, Yu.B. Khariton, etc.). It was not without his participation in Leningrad (LFTI, State Radium Institute) and Kharkov (UFTI) that two powerful nuclear research centers arose, with which the Moscow FIAN later began to compete under the leadership of S.I. Vavilov.

Arrest, exile and war pulled D.D. Ivanenko out of active scientific and organizational life for almost ten years. In 1961, on the initiative and with the most active participation of D.D. Ivanenko, the 1st All-Union Gravity Conference was held (A.Z. Petrov was the chairman of the Organizing Committee, the issue was resolved at the level of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and the conference was delayed for a year due to the objections of V .A. Fock, who considered it "premature"). Subsequently, these conferences became regular and were held under the auspices of the Soviet Gravity Commission (formally, the Gravity Section of the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education) created on the initiative of D.D. Ivanenko. D.D.Ivanenko was also among the founders of the International Gravitational Society and the leading international journal on gravity, General Relativity and Gravitation.

D.D. Ivanenko was the initiator of the publication and editor of a number of translated books and collections of the most relevant works of foreign scientists. For example, we should mention Dirac's books "Principles of Quantum Mechanics" published in the early thirties, Sommerfeld's "Quantum Mechanics", Eddington's "Theory of Relativity", as well as the collections "Principle of Relativity. G. A. Lorentz, A. Poincaré, A. Einstein, G. Minkowski" (1935), "The latest development of quantum electrodynamics" (1954), "Elementary particles and compensating fields" (1964), " Gravity and topology. Actual Problems" (1966), "Group Theory and Elementary Particles" (1967), "Quantum Gravity and Topology" (1973). In the conditions of a certain inaccessibility of foreign scientific literature, these publications gave impetus to entire areas of domestic theoretical physics, for example, gauge theory (A.M. Brodsky, G.A. Sokolik, N.P. Konopleva, B.N. Frolov).

It is impossible not to recall the famous theoretical seminar of D.D. Ivanenko, which was held at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University for 50 years. It was held on Mondays, and since the end of the 60s also on Thursdays. Nobel laureates Dirac, Yukava, Niels and Aage Bohr, Schwinger, Salam, Prigozhin, as well as other well-known foreign and domestic scientists spoke at it. One of the first secretaries of the seminar was A.A. Samarsky, since 1960 for 12 years - Yu.S. Vladimirov, since 1973 for almost 10 years - G.A. Sardanashvili, and in the 80s - P. I. Pronin. The seminar always began with a review of the latest literature, including numerous preprints received by D.D. Ivanenko from CERN, Trieste, DESY and other world scientific centers. Distinctive features of D.D. Ivanenko's seminar were, firstly, a wide range of discussed problems - from the theory of gravity to experiments in elementary particle physics, and, secondly, the democracy of the discussion, which was a consequence of the democratic style of scientific communication of D.D. Ivanenko. It was natural to argue with him, to disagree, to justifiably defend one's point of view. Several generations of domestic theoretical physicists from many regions and republics of our country passed through the seminar of D.D. Ivanenko. It has become a kind of center, as they say now, of a network system of organization of science, in contrast to the hierarchical Academy of Sciences.

As a kind of recognition of the scientific merits of D.D. Ivanenko, five Nobel laureates: P. Dirac, H. Yukava, N. Bor, I. Prigogine and S. Ting, left their well-known sayings on the walls of D. D. Ivanenko’s office on the physical faculty.

Moscow State University celebrated the anniversary of Professor Ivanenko by establishing a scholarship named after D.D. Ivanenko for students of the Faculty of Physics.

Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Leading Researcher
Departments of Theoretical Physics
G.A.Sardanashvili