Ferdinand III - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Military career of Ferdinand III

Even during the life of his father, in 1625, he was crowned king of Hungary, and in 1627 the king of Bohemia, nevertheless, the emperor did not allow him to actively interfere in affairs at all. Only in the last years of his father's life, especially after the death of Wallenstein, did Ferdinand III enter the field of political activity.

In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, he inflicted a decisive defeat on the Swedes at Nördlingen (September 6 and 7), after which his troops terribly plundered Württemberg and other lands that fell into their hands.

Ferdinand in 1637 succeeded to the imperial throne on the death of his father, quite unhindered, partly due to the popularity he won for himself with the Nördlingen victory. He was less subordinate to the Jesuits than his father, but nevertheless, despite the desire to end the endless and devastating war, for a long time he did not agree to even the most modest concessions to the Protestants.

In 1647, Ferdinand was almost captured by the Swedish leader of the partisan riders Helmgold Wrangel, he was rescued with great difficulty.

In 1648, Ferdinand finally agreed to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, which granted certain rights to the Protestants (Reformed and Lutheran). Ferdinand succeeded in liberating his possessions from the military and robber gangs wandering here and there only in 1654. His reign in the internal history of the empire passed without a trace. He was a gifted musician and composer.

Family

In 1631 he married Maria Anna of Spain, younger daughter of King Philip III. Children:

Ferdinand IV (1633-1654),
Marianna (1634-1696), wife of the Spanish King Philip IV. Their son, Charles II - the last of the Habsburgs on the Spanish throne.,
Philipp August (1637-1639), Archduke of Austria,
Maximilian Thomas (1638-1639), Archduke of Austria,
Leopold I (1640-1705), Holy Roman Emperor,
Mary (1646)

In 1648, Ferdinand married a second time to Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Leopold V. They had one son:

Karl Joseph (1649-1664), 47th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.

In 1651 he married Eleonora Gonzaga, daughter of Charles II Gonzaga. Children:

Teresia Maria Josepha (1652-1653).
Eleonora Maria Josepha (1653-1697), wife of King Michael Koribut Wisniewiecki of Poland, then Charles V, Duke of Lorraine,
Maria Anna Josepha (1654-1689), wife of Johann Wilhelm, Elector of the Palatinate.
Ferdinand Joseph (1657-1658).

during his lifetime, he crowned his son with the Hungarian (in 1625) Czech (in 1627) crowns, but he began to allow him to real affairs only towards the end of his life.

Ferdinand III succeeded to the imperial throne in 1637, at the height of the Thirty Years' War. The new emperor did not have a great state mind, was rather indifferent to the affairs of government and was not fond of the broad political plans of his father. He was much more interested in music: several spiritual hymns composed by Ferdinand have survived to this day.

The emperor was a sincere Catholic, but he did not at all have that fanaticism that distinguished the spreaders of Catholic teaching. Ferdinand did not like the Jesuits, he sincerely felt sorry for his subjects, who experienced terrible hardships during the war, and, perhaps, was ready to give the Protestants religious freedom, but it was difficult for him to change his father's system of government and free himself from the heavy influence of his ministers.

Since the accession of Ferdinand to the throne, the war has taken an unfavorable turn for the Catholic party. In February 1638, the Protestants defeated the imperial army at the Reinfeld. The French army occupied Alsace, and the next year - Artois. The Swedes, who controlled Northern Germany, invaded Silesia in 1642. In 1643, the emperor was forced to start negotiations, but they proceeded sluggishly, while his army, meanwhile, suffered one defeat after another. In 1648, the Swedes laid siege to Prague, and only the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia saved the city from capture.

The terms of the peace were very difficult for the empire. France received Alsace, which belonged to Austria (except Strasbourg), Sundgau, and important fortresses: Breisach and Philippsburg. Stetin, the island of Rügen, Wismar, the bishopric of Bremen and Verden went to Sweden. Their Protestant allies also received an increase in their territories. The independence of the Netherlands and the Swiss Union was recognized. It was decided that the Protestants would keep all the lands acquired before 1624. The hated restorative edict of the emperor was no longer remembered. Imperial power in Germany finally lost all significance: the Peace of Westphalia legitimized the independence of the princes, giving them the right to wage war and conclude alliances both among themselves and with foreign sovereigns.

Ferdinand III devoted the last years of his life to clearing Germany of former soldiers who had united in robber gangs. He died on April 2, 1657 in Vienna.

Ferdinand III(Italian Ferdinando III d "Asburgo-Lorena; May 6, 1769, Florence - June 18, 1824, Florence) - Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1790-1801 and 1814-1824, Elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg in 1803-1806, Grand Duke Würzburg in 1806-1814.

Ferdinand was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Maria Luisa, Infanta of Spain. He inherited from his father the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1790. Being an art lover, he added several new acquisitions to the collection of his Medici ancestors, including Raphael's Madonna del Granduca.

Through the efforts of the British, he opposed France, for which his lands were occupied by the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796, and finally conquered in 1799. He ruled Tuscany until 1801, when Napoleon turned his duchy into the kingdom of Etruria and gave it to his sister Elisa. In compensation, Ferdinand received the Electorship of Salzburg.

According to the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805, Ferdinand was forced to cede Salzburg, but received the Grand Duchy of Würzburg created for him. He remained its ruler until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, after which he returned to Tuscany again.

He died in Florence in 1824 and was succeeded by his son Leopold.

Family

Since 1790 he was married to Louise Maria of Bourbon-Sicily (1773-1802), daughter of Ferdinand I and Maria Carolina of Austria. Children:

Caroline Ferdinanda Teresa (1793-1802)
Francis Leopold (1794-1800)
Leopold II (1797-1870), Grand Duke of Tuscany
Maria Luisa Josepha (1799-1857)
Maria Teresa (1801-1855), wife of King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

In 1821, Ferdinand married a second time to Maria Ferdinand of Saxony (1796-1865), they had no children.

FERDINAND III THE HOLY

King of Castile (Spain) in 1217-1252 King of León 1230-1252 Son of Alphonse IX and Berengala of Castile. Zh .: 1) from 1219 Beatrice, daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia (died 1234); 2) from 1237 Jeanne d "Omal and Pontier (Died 1278). Born 1200. Died May 31, 1252.

Ferdinand's parents had to divorce shortly after his birth, because, due to their close relationship, the pope declared their marriage invalid. After the death of Enrique I, Berengala was elected queen of Castile, but she lost the crown to her son. It seemed that Alphonse IX had to defend the rights of Ferdinand, who was as much his son as the son of the Infanta of Castile. But, wanting to personally seize the throne, Alphonse waged war against Ferdinand. Ferdinand, who was supported by most of the cities and part of the nobility, repelled the attack of his father and forced him to make peace with him. Then he waged war against the house of Lara and other noble lords who did not want to recognize his power, defeated all opponents, and forced Count Lara to flee to the country of the Moors.

The new king was a highly educated and energetic man, possessed of political tact and zeal in matters of faith. Having strengthened himself in power, he gave an extremely powerful impetus to the reconquest and, in the course of many years of wars, took possession of almost all Muslim territories in the south of the peninsula. In 1225, he undertook his first campaign in Andalusia, conquered Andujar and other villages near Cordoba. In 1230, his father, the Leonese king, died, leaving no male offspring. He bequeathed the Kingdom of León to his two daughters. However, the Cortes gave the crown to Ferdinand. At the same time, a law was passed that decreed that Castile and León should continue to be an inseparable whole for all eternity. Having united both kingdoms in his hands, Ferdinand resumed campaigns in Andalusia. In 1233, the brave Castilian commander Alvaro Perez de Castro defeated a large army of the Moors at Jerez in the Guadiana. In 1237, Cordoba, an important fortress and the old capital of the Caliphate, was taken. The king drove out all the Muslims from there, and turned the huge mosque into a Christian church. In 241, the Moorish emir of Murcia recognized himself as a vassal of the Castilian king and allowed a Christian garrison into his city. In 1246 Ferdinand laid siege to Jaen. The emir who ruled there came to the king's camp, fell on his knees before him, and ceded his capital to the victor along with all his cities. The magnanimous Ferdinand raised the emir from his knees, took only Jaen, and left the rest of the cities to the Moor as vassal possessions. All these victories prepared the main conquest of Ferdinand. From northern Andalusia, he went on a campaign against Seville, besieging it from the sea, land and from the river. During this siege, for the first time, a naval squadron was assembled and the foundation was laid for the Castilian fleet. In 1248 Seville capitulated. Most of its inhabitants moved beyond the mountains of the Sierra Nevada to Granada, which remained the only independent possession of Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. In the last years of his life, Ferdinand took possession of the coastal cities of Andalusia: Medina-Sidonia, Arcos, Sanlúcara and others.

Monarchs. 2012

Military career of Ferdinand III

Prior to accession to the imperial throne, Ferdinand Ernest commanded the imperial troops very successfully, and his father - the then emperor Ferdinand II - awarded him the rank of generalissimo. All four periods of the Thirty Years' War - Czech, Danish, Swedish and Franco-Swedish - are associated with his name.

With him, this war ended. At first, the future generalissimo participated in military campaigns under the command of Field Marshal Valley, adopted the best experience of this capable commander, and after his death he became a worthy successor.

When Archduke Ferdinand Ernest put on heavy military armor for the first time, imperial troops, together with the Catholic army of Count Johann Tilly, crushed uprisings in the Czech Republic and Hungary.

The young heir to the imperial throne so distinguished himself in this that his father, for military prowess, granted him the Hungarian crown in 1625, and the next year - the Czech Republic.

The defeat of Denmark and the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629 ended this military campaign. But a bloc of France, England and a number of other European states immediately formed against the empire of the Austrian Habsburgs. Against Ferdinand II and the Catholic League, the block managed to throw a more powerful power than small Denmark - Sweden.

Having secured their rear by a peace treaty with the Poles, the Swedes rushed into battle. The Swedish king Gustav II Adolf won a number of major victories, including such high-profile ones as at Breitenfeld in 1631 and at Lützen in 1632.

It was then, in the initial period of the war, that Field Marshal Valley, the commander of the Austrian troops, died. And twenty-four-year-old Ferdinand Ernest was not afraid of the responsibility of taking on the supreme command.

I must say, this turned out to be a very successful solution to the problem. For under the command of the novice commander, the troops of the Austrian Empire took the fortresses of Donauvert and Regensburg, in 1634 they won the battle of Nördlingen and drove the Swedes out of southern Germany.

Of course, the talents of Generalissimos Wallenstein and Tilly played a role in this great victory, but the energetic Ferdinand Ernest bore the brunt of the campaign.

Despite the defeat suffered, the Swedes were still strong. “You will still dance with me, damned Habsburgs,” Gustav II Adolf threatened from afar, gathering new forces, “There is no one stronger than my Sweden in the world!” And only in 1635, the combined Spanish and Austrian armies of Ferdinand Ernest turned the tide in favor of the Habsburgs, thus putting an end to the "Swedish" period of the Thirty Years' War.

Now, frustrated by the successes of the Austrians, France caught on. “So they will get to us,” the French king muttered at secular receptions. “We ought to give the Habsburgs in the teeth, but stronger. Viv la France!” If until 1635 France only helped the allies with weapons and subsidies, then the defeat of the Swedes pushed her to open hostilities - this was the beginning of the fourth period of the Thirty Years' War.

Foppish France began to fight in three regions at once - the Southern Netherlands, Northern Italy and on the Rhine. But at first she had no success - Ferdinand Ernest turned out to be much more successful, and in 1637 his troops were already under the walls of Paris. Even the cunning Richelieu was unable to stop the coming defeat of France.

Accession to the throne of the "Holy Roman Empire"

But history gave this country a chance. Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" Ferdinand II died, having bequeathed the imperial throne to his son-commander. Apparently, the burden of intra-imperial problems that unexpectedly fell on Generalissimo Ferdinand, who became emperor, turned out to be so great that he was forced to engage in military affairs much less than before accession to the throne.

Richelieu immediately took advantage of this and in two years managed to turn the tide in his favor. Ferdinand III was forced to agree to the conclusion of the Paris peace, although this peace was clearly unfavorable to the Austrians. But this decision also showed the wisdom of Ferdinand III, who sought to end the Thirty Years' War that had bothered all of Europe as soon as possible.

He, probably, before many European politicians understood that Europe, in principle, has already been divided and new territories can only be found in the southeast.

Ferdinand III planned to expand Austria by freeing European lands captured by the Turks. That is why he needed peace in Europe. But in order to achieve it, it was necessary to spin: “We will make peace,” Richelieu and the German princes - Protestants told him, “but for this you, your imperial highness, must break the alliance with Spain. And then the two of you took us into the “pincers”. Because of this, we cannot sleep peacefully!” “Well,” Ferdinand III agreed, “Austria has no interests in common with Spain ...”

Ferdinand III began unofficial sounding on peace issues as early as 1640, but only two years later did official negotiations begin.

It took six whole years to reconcile all mutual interests. But on November 9, 1648, finally, this grandiose viper tangle of mutually intertwining claims and contradictions for influence in Europe was cut by the Westphalian peace treaty on November 9, 1648.

Ferdinand III, despite his military youth, was one of those "intellectuals" for whom books, music, collecting paintings and sculptures, engaging in natural sciences were of much greater interest than immoral politics and its implementation by force - war.

In adulthood, he increasingly preferred to solve emerging interstate problems through diplomacy, rather than guns and sabers. But he was also a realist, who understood well that without armed force, the state could not exist in the conditions in which the Habsburg empire was. Therefore, he gave a lot of effort to the improvement of the Austrian army.

It was he who had priority in creating the Austrian regular army in 1649. He created it from sixty-three divisions and himself became its supreme commander.

Ferdinand III Ernest died in 1657.

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Ferdinand III - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Military career of Ferdinand III

Family

Family

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is FERDINAND III HOLY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Military career of Ferdinand III

Accession to the throne of the "Holy Roman Empire"

Portal for the student. Self-training

Family

Family

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is FERDINAND III HOLY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Military career of Ferdinand III

Accession to the throne of the "Holy Roman Empire"

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